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compensate+for+loss

  • 81 entschädigen

    v/t: Person: compensate ( oder recompense) ( für for); als Entschuldigung: make amends to; fig. Sache: compensate, reward, make up for s.th. umg.
    * * *
    to recoup; to reimburse; to compensate; to indemnify; to remunerate
    * * *
    ent|schä|di|gen [Ent'ʃɛːdɪgn] ptp entschädigt
    1. vt
    (für for) (lit, fig) to compensate, to recompense, to indemnify (form); (für Dienste etc) to reward; (esp mit Geld) to remunerate; (= Kosten erstatten) to reimburse, to indemnify (form)

    das Theaterstück entschädigte uns für das lange Warten — the play made up for the long wait

    2. vr

    sich (für etw) entschä́digen — to compensate oneself for sth

    ihr Mann ist fremdgegangen, aber sie hat sich reichlich dafür entschädigt — her husband was unfaithful to her but she got her own back with a vengeance

    * * *
    1) (to give money to (someone) or to do something else to make up for loss or wrong they have experienced: This payment will compensate (her) for the loss of her job.) compensate
    2) (to pay (someone) for something he has done.) remunerate
    * * *
    ent·schä·di·gen *
    vt
    1. (Schadensersatz leisten)
    ▪ jdn [für etw akk] \entschädigen to compensate sb [for sth]
    ▪ etw [durch etw akk/mit etw dat] \entschädigen to compensate for sth [with sth]
    2. (ein lohnender Ausgleich sein)
    ▪ jdn [für etw akk] \entschädigen to make up to sb [for sth]
    * * *
    transitives Verb compensate ( für for)

    jemanden für etwas entschädigen — (fig.) make up for something

    * * *
    entschädigen v/t: Person: compensate ( oder recompense) (
    für for); als Entschuldigung: make amends to; fig Sache: compensate, reward, make up for sth umg
    * * *
    transitives Verb compensate ( für for)

    jemanden für etwas entschädigen — (fig.) make up for something

    * * *
    v.
    to compensate v.
    to indemnify v.
    to recoup v.
    to reimburse v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > entschädigen

  • 82 entschädigen

    entschädigen v 1. GEN, PAT reimburse; 2. PERS compensate; 3. RECHT, VERSICH compensate, indemnify; 4. WIWI compensate • entschädigen für PAT compensate for, make up for • jmdn. für etw. entschädigen GEN compensate sb for sth
    * * *
    v 1. <Geschäft, Patent> reimburse; 2. < Person> compensate; 3. <Recht, Versich> compensate, indemnify; 4. <Vw> compensate ■ jmdn. für etw. entschädigen < Geschäft> compensate sb for sth
    * * *
    entschädigen
    to compensate, to indemnify, to make amends, to make up, to redeem, to recoup, (zurückerstatten) to reimburse, to recompense, to repay;
    • j. entschädigen to make good the damage [done] to s. o.;
    • sich für etw. entschädigen to recover one’s loss, to reimburse (recoup) o. s.;
    • j. für seine Bemühungen entschädigen to pay (recompense, remunerate) s. o. for his trouble;
    • enteigneten Eigentümer entschädigen to indemnify the owner of property taken for public use;
    • j. für einen Verlust entschädigen to compensate (indemnify) s. o. for a loss.

    Business german-english dictionary > entschädigen

  • 83 compensar

    v.
    1 to make up for (valer la pena).
    no me compensa (perder tanto tiempo) it's not worth my while (wasting all that time)
    2 to compensate, to balance, to compensate for, to make for.
    El dinero compensa la pérdida The money compensates the loss.
    El jefe compensa a la chica The boss compensates the girl.
    El juez compensó a María por el accidente The judge compensated Mary for...
    3 to clear.
    El juez compensó el caso de Ricardo The judge cleared John's case.
    * * *
    1 (pérdida, error) to make up for
    2 (indemnizar) to compensate, indemnify
    3 TÉCNICA to balance, compensate
    4 familiar (merecer la pena) to be worth one's while
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=indemnizar) to compensate ( por for)

    ¿cómo puedo compensarte por lo que has hecho por mí? — how can I repay you for what you have done for me?

    2) (=equilibrar) [+ pérdida, falta] to compensate for, make up for; [+ efecto, bajada] to compensate for, offset; [+ gastos] to repay, reimburse; [+ error] to make amends for
    3) (Mec) [+ ruedas] to balance
    4) (Econ) [+ cheque] to clear
    2.
    VI

    no compensa — it's not worth it, it's not worthwhile

    te compensa hacerlo — it's worth you doing it, it's worth your while doing it o to do it

    compensa gastarse más dinero ahora y ahorrarlo después — it pays to spend more now and save money later, it's worth spending more now to save money later on

    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo

    no compensa hacer un viaje tan largo — it's not worth making such a long journey; (+ me/te/le etc)

    2.
    1)
    a) ( contrarrestar) <pérdida/deficiencia> to compensate for, make up for; < efecto> to offset
    b) < persona>

    lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños — he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages

    2) < cheque> to clear
    3.
    compensarse v pron
    a) fuerzas (recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out
    b) pérdida/efecto
    * * *
    = compensate, offset, repay, even out, balance, make + amends (for/to), balance out, requite.
    Ex. Whatever the immediate difficulties may be, they will be more than compensated for by the long-term benefits of automated bibliographic control.
    Ex. Space requirements are less and capital outlay is considerably less, though this is offset by the higher maintenance costs.
    Ex. The administrator will be more than repaid by high staff morale for all the trouble-shooting and unglamorous behind-the-scenes planning.
    Ex. But damp paper was still preferred for much ordinary printing until late in the nineteenth century, partly because it evened out the minor inequalities of used type in the days before the introduction of hot-metal composing machines which cast type afresh for each job.
    Ex. It often requires careful diplomacy by acquisitions librarians to balance sharp faculty interests.
    Ex. The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.
    Ex. If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.
    Ex. The sultan requited the king of China's present by sending him ten swords with scabbards encrusted in pearls.
    ----
    * compensar a Alguien = make + it + up to + Alguien.
    * compensar por = make up for, outweigh, outbalance.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo

    no compensa hacer un viaje tan largo — it's not worth making such a long journey; (+ me/te/le etc)

    2.
    1)
    a) ( contrarrestar) <pérdida/deficiencia> to compensate for, make up for; < efecto> to offset
    b) < persona>

    lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños — he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages

    2) < cheque> to clear
    3.
    compensarse v pron
    a) fuerzas (recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out
    b) pérdida/efecto
    * * *
    = compensate, offset, repay, even out, balance, make + amends (for/to), balance out, requite.

    Ex: Whatever the immediate difficulties may be, they will be more than compensated for by the long-term benefits of automated bibliographic control.

    Ex: Space requirements are less and capital outlay is considerably less, though this is offset by the higher maintenance costs.
    Ex: The administrator will be more than repaid by high staff morale for all the trouble-shooting and unglamorous behind-the-scenes planning.
    Ex: But damp paper was still preferred for much ordinary printing until late in the nineteenth century, partly because it evened out the minor inequalities of used type in the days before the introduction of hot-metal composing machines which cast type afresh for each job.
    Ex: It often requires careful diplomacy by acquisitions librarians to balance sharp faculty interests.
    Ex: The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.
    Ex: If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.
    Ex: The sultan requited the king of China's present by sending him ten swords with scabbards encrusted in pearls.
    * compensar a Alguien = make + it + up to + Alguien.
    * compensar por = make up for, outweigh, outbalance.

    * * *
    compensar [A1 ]
    vi
    no compensa hacer un viaje tan largo para quedarse sólo tres días it's not worth making such a long journey just to stay three days
    (+ me/te/le etc): no me compensa hacerlo por tan poco dinero it's not worth my while doing it for so little money
    no creo que le compense venirse hasta aquí para trabajar dos horas I don't think it's worth her coming here (just) to work two hours
    ■ compensar
    vt
    A
    1 ‹pérdida› to compensate for, make up for; ‹efecto› to offset
    2 ‹persona› compensar a algn POR algo to compensate sb FOR sth
    lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages
    quisiera compensarte de alguna manera por la molestia I would like to repay you in some way for all your trouble
    B ‹cheque› to clear
    1 «fuerzas» ( recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out
    2
    «pérdida/efecto»: compensarse CON algo: esto se compensa con una rebaja en los impuestos this is offset by o compensated for by tax cuts
    * * *

     

    compensar ( conjugate compensar) verbo intransitivo:

    no me compensa it's not worth my while
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( contrarrestar) ‹pérdida/deficiencia› to compensate for, make up for;

    ‹ efecto› to offset;

    b) ‹ persona› compensar a algn por algo ‹por pérdidas/retraso› to compensate sb for sth;

    ◊ lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages

    2 ‹ cheque› to clear
    compensarse verbo pronominal [ fuerzas] ( recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out
    compensar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (equilibrar) to make up for
    2 (indemnizar) to compensate (for)
    II verbo intransitivo (merecer la pena) to be worthwhile: no me compensa vivir tan lejos, it's not worth my while to live so far away
    ' compensar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amortizar
    - comida
    - comido
    - gratificar
    - suplir
    - recuperar
    - resarcir
    English:
    amends
    - atone
    - compensate
    - good
    - hedge
    - make up
    - make up for
    - offset
    - redeem
    - cancel
    - even
    - off
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [contrarrestar] to make up for;
    su talento compensa la falta de educación formal her talent makes up for the fact that she lacks a formal education;
    compensaron las pérdidas con las ganancias the profit they made cancelled out their losses
    2. [indemnizar]
    compensar a alguien (de o [m5] por) to compensate sb (for);
    la compensaron con 2 millones she got 2 million in compensation;
    te compensaré por el esfuerzo I'll make it worth your while
    ♦ vi
    to be worthwhile;
    no compensa it's not worth it;
    no me compensa (perder tanto tiempo) it's not worth my while (wasting all that time);
    compensa más comprarlo a granel it pays o it's more economical to buy it in bulk
    * * *
    I v/t compensate ( por for)
    II v/i fig
    be worthwhile
    * * *
    : to compensate for, to make up for
    : to be worth one's while
    * * *
    1. (contrarrestar) to make up for / to compensate
    2. (indemnizar) to pay compensation [pt. & pp. paid]
    3. (valer la pena) to be worth your while

    Spanish-English dictionary > compensar

  • 84 Schaden

    Schaden m 1. PAT, RECHT damage; 2. VERSICH claim, damage • einen Schaden decken FIN cover a loss • einen Schaden regulieren VERSICH adjust a claim • für den Schaden aufkommen GEN, VERSICH compensate for the damage • jmdm. Schäden bis zu £ 10.000 zugestehen VERSICH award sb £ 10,000 damages • Schaden abschätzen GEN appraise damages • Schaden erleiden WIWI suffer damage • Schaden nehmen WIWI suffer damage • Schaden taxieren GEN appraise damages • zum Schaden von GEN to the detriment of
    * * *
    m 1. <Patent, Recht> damage; 2. < Versich> claim, damage ■ einen Schaden decken < Finanz> cover a loss ■ einen Schaden regulieren < Versich> adjust a claim ■ jmdm. Schäden bis zu £ 10.000 zugestehen < Versich> award sb £ 10,000 damages ■ Schaden abschätzen < Geschäft> appraise damages ■ Schaden erleiden <Vw> suffer damage ■ Schaden nehmen <Vw> suffer damage ■ Schaden taxieren < Geschäft> appraise damages ■ zum Schaden von < Geschäft> to the detriment of
    * * *
    Schaden
    damage, loss, (Kosten) cost[s], (Nachteil) prejudice, detriment, disadvantage, mischief, (rechtlich) tort, (Verletzung) injury, harm, (Versicherung) loss, casualty, claim;
    • je Schaden (Versicherung) each and every loss;
    • ohne Schaden [zu nehmen] without prejudice;
    • zum Schaden von to the detriment of;
    • abschätzbarer Schaden estimable loss;
    • in Geld abzulösender Schaden constructive loss;
    • allgemeiner Schaden general damage;
    • durch Vieh angerichteter Schaden cattle damage;
    • lang anhaltender Schaden protracted loss;
    • außergewöhnlicher Schaden exceptional loss;
    • auf Brandstiftung beruhender Schaden incendiary loss;
    • auf Unfall beruhender Schaden accidental injury;
    • beträchtlicher Schaden considerable (extensive) damage, substantial harm;
    • eigentlicher Schaden actual loss;
    • bereits eingetretener Schaden detriment already incurred;
    • noch nicht eingetretener Schaden unaccrued damage;
    • einklagbarer Schaden actionable loss, civil injury;
    • empfindlicher Schaden serious loss;
    • entstandener Schaden loss incurred, resulting damage;
    • durch einen Autounfall entstandener Schaden accidental collision damage;
    • bei der Brandbekämpfung entstandener Schaden fire-fighting damage;
    • tatsächlich entstandener Schaden actual damage;
    • auf dem Transport entstandener Schaden damage in transit;
    • durch Vertragsbruch entstandener Schaden loss occasioned by breach of contract;
    • erheblicher Schaden serious (heavy, considerable) loss;
    • erlittener Schaden damage suffered, sustained loss;
    • ernstlicher Schaden serious loss;
    • ersetzbarer Schaden recoverable average;
    • nicht ersetzbarer Schaden irreparable injury;
    • laut Versicherungspolice zu ersetzender Schaden loss recoverable under a policy;
    • fahrlässiger Schaden accidental injury;
    • festgestellter Schaden ascertained (proved, observed) damage, (Spediteur) known damage;
    • in Geld feststellbarer Schaden pecuniary damage;
    • nicht in Geld feststellbarer Schaden general damage;
    • finanzieller Schaden money damage, pecuniary loss;
    • fingierter Schaden constructive injury;
    • durch die Versicherung voll gedeckter Schaden loss fully covered by insurance;
    • geldwerter Schaden pecuniary damage (loss);
    • geringer Schaden slight injury;
    • geringfügiger Schaden nominal (small) damage;
    • gesundheitlicher Schaden injury to health;
    • durch Schadenersatz nicht gutzumachender Schaden inadequate damage;
    • nicht wieder gutzumachender Schaden injury past redress;
    • immaterieller Schaden nominal damage;
    • indirekter Schaden remote damage;
    • konkreter Schaden special damage, actual loss;
    • körperlicher Schaden bodily injury (harm);
    • materieller Schaden material (physical) damage;
    • mittelbarer Schaden indirect (consequential) damage (loss);
    • nachgewiesener Schaden proved damage;
    • nomineller Schaden nominal damage;
    • radioaktiver Schaden radioactive losses;
    • regulierter Schaden (Versicherung) settled claim;
    • schätzungsbedürftiger Schaden unliquidated damage;
    • wirtschaftlich nicht zu Buch[e] schlagender Schaden non-economic damage;
    • schwerer Schaden serious (substantial) damage;
    • substantiierter Schaden substantiated damage;
    • tatsächlicher Schaden actual damage;
    • unabsehbarer Schaden immeasurable (incalculable) loss;
    • unbedeutender (unerheblicher) Schaden nominal (negligible) damage;
    • uneinbringlicher Schaden irretrievable loss;
    • unerheblicher Schaden trivial loss, negligible damage;
    • unmittelbarer Schaden direct damage (loss), positive injury;
    • unübersehbarer Schaden incalculable loss;
    • versicherter Schaden direct (insured) loss;
    • von Ihnen zu vertretender Schaden damage chargeable to you;
    • verursachter Schaden damage done;
    • vorausberechneter (vorausberechenbarer) Schaden speculative damage;
    • nicht voraussehbarer Schaden remote damage;
    • nicht zurechenbarer Schaden remote damage;
    • nur auf die versicherte Gefahr zurückzuführender Schaden loss from insured peril only;
    • Schaden jeder Art loss or damage;
    • Schaden wirtschaftlicher Art material damage;
    • Schaden im Einzelfall special damage;
    • Schaden an der Ladung damage to cargo;
    • Schaden durch inneren Verderb damage by intrinsic defects;
    • Schaden durch Wasser damage caused by water;
    • Schaden abschätzen to estimate (assess, value) the damage, to assess a loss;
    • Schaden anmelden to give notice of claim;
    • Schaden anrichten to [cause] damage;
    • schweren Schaden anrichten to cause serious damage, (Unwetter) to cause havoc;
    • für einen Schaden aufkommen to indemnify, to compensate;
    • Schadenaufnehmen to assess the damage;
    • Schaden ausbessern (beheben) to repair a damage;
    • Schaden besichtigen to inspect the extent of damage;
    • Schaden auf 1000 L beziffern to put the loss at L 1000;
    • Schaden decken to make good a deficiency, (Versicherung) to recover a loss;
    • sich von einem Schaden erholen (Börse) to recover one’s losses;
    • Schaden erleiden to suffer damage, to sustain (incur, meet with) a loss;
    • Schaden durch unzulässige Staatseingriffe erleiden to suffer from undue regulations;
    • Schaden ermitteln to estimate (assess) damage;
    • Schaden ersetzen to make good the damage done, to make up for a loss;
    • jem. den Schaden in voller Höhe ersetzen to pay full indemnity to s. o.;
    • Schaden feststellen to estimate the loss;
    • Schaden zu vertreten haben to be answerable for (responsible for, liable in) damages;
    • für einen Schaden haften (haftbar sein) to be responsible for (liable in) a damage, to be liable for a loss;
    • zu Schaden kommen to come to grief;
    • seinen Schaden mindern to mitigate one’s damage (loss);
    • für einen Schaden aufkommen müssen to be liable for a loss;
    • seinen Schaden nachweisen to prove one’s damage;
    • auf dem Transport Schaden nehmen to suffer damage in transit;
    • Schaden regeln (regulieren) to settle a loss (claim);
    • einem Kunden in Höhe des entstandenen Schadens haftbar sein to be liable to a customer in extent of a loss;
    • Schaden tragen to be liable for (bear) a loss;
    • Schaden vergüten to make good a loss;
    • mit Schaden verkaufen to sell at a loss;
    • Ersatz des mittelbaren Schadens verlangen to claim constructive damages;
    • gegen Schaden versichern to insure against loss;
    • Schaden verursachen to cause damage;
    • Schaden zufügen to damnify, to injure, to do (inflict) an injury, to inflict damage, to hurt, to [cause a] damage.

    Business german-english dictionary > Schaden

  • 85 наваксвам

    make up for; fetch up; get back, recover, retrieve
    наваксвам си съня catch up on o.'s sleep
    наваксвам загубеното време make up for lost time
    наваксвам закъснение (за влак) make up lost time
    наваксвам загуба make up for a loss, cover/compensate a loss
    наваксвам изостаналост в плана catch up on the plan
    * * *
    нава̀ксвам,
    гл. make up for; fetch up; get back, recover, retrieve; разг. make up leeway; \наваксвам закъснение (за влак) make up for a loss, cover/compensate a loss; \наваксвам съня си catch up on o.’s sleep.
    * * *
    catch up; recover; retrieve
    * * *
    1. make up for;fetch up;get back, recover, retrieve 2. НАВАКСВАМ загуба make up for a loss, cover/compensate a loss 3. НАВАКСВАМ загубеното време make up for lost time 4. НАВАКСВАМ закъснение (за влак) make up lost time 5. НАВАКСВАМ изостаналост в плана catch up on the plan 6. НАВАКСВАМ си съня catch up on o.'s sleep

    Български-английски речник > наваксвам

  • 86 عوض

    عَوَّضَ \ make amends: to show that one is sorry, by doing sth. helpful: I must make amends for the harm I have done. \ عَوَّضَ عَلَى \ remunerate: to pay sb. for some service given. \ See Also كافأ (كَافَأَ)‏ \ عَوَّضَ عَن \ compensate: to make a suitable payment for some loss or bad effect: Many companies compensate their workers if they are hurt at work. compensate for: to provide sth. good that makes a loss or bad effect seem less: Nothing can compensate (me) for the loss of my husband. make up for: to do sth. to put right (a wrong, a loss, etc.): You must make up for lost time by working late today.

    Arabic-English dictionary > عوض

  • 87 resarcir

    v.
    1 to indemnify, to make it all up to, to pay to satisfaction, to make it up to.
    El gobierno resarció a Ricardo The government indemnified Richard.
    2 to compensate, to compensate for, to refund, to reimburse.
    Ricardo resarció la traición de María Richard compensated Ann's treachery.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ZURCIR], like link=zurcir zurcir
    1 to compensate, indemnify
    1 to make up for
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=pagar) to repay; (=compensar) to indemnify, compensate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    resarcir a alguien DE algo — de daños/inconvenientes to compensate somebody for something; de gastos to reimburse somebody for something

    2.
    resarcirse v pron

    resarcirse DE algo — ( desquitarse) to get one's own back for something; ( compensar) to make up for something

    * * *
    = make + amends (for/to).
    Ex. The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    resarcir a alguien DE algo — de daños/inconvenientes to compensate somebody for something; de gastos to reimburse somebody for something

    2.
    resarcirse v pron

    resarcirse DE algo — ( desquitarse) to get one's own back for something; ( compensar) to make up for something

    * * *
    = make + amends (for/to).

    Ex: The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.

    * * *
    resarcir [I4 ]
    vt
    1 (indemnizar) resarcir a algn DE algo to compensate sb FOR sth
    fue resarcido de los daños sufridos he was compensated o he received compensation for the damage caused
    es difícil de leer pero te resarce del esfuerzo it is difficult to read but it's rewarding o it's worth the effort o it repays the effort
    2 (reembolsar) resarcir a algn DE algo to reimburse sb FOR sth
    resarcirse DE algo (desquitarse) to get one's own back FOR sth; (compensar) to make up FOR sth
    * * *

    resarcir ( conjugate resarcir) verbo transitivo resarcir a algn DE algo ‹de daños/inconvenientes› to compensate sb for sth;
    ‹ de gastos› to reimburse sb for sth
    resarcirse verbo pronominal resarcirse DE algo ( desquitarse) to get one's own back for sth;
    ( compensar) to make up for sth
    resarcir verbo transitivo to compensate
    ' resarcir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    subsanar
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    resarcir a alguien (de) to compensate sb (for);
    la aseguradora lo resarció por los daños sufridos the insurance company paid him compensation o compensated him for the damage caused
    * * *
    v/t compensate (de for), reimburse (de for)
    * * *
    resarcir {83} vt
    : to compensate, to indemnify

    Spanish-English dictionary > resarcir

  • 88 Schadenersatz

    Schadenersatz
    amends, indemnification, indemnity, reimbursement, (Abfindung) paying off, buying out, (in Geld) damages, compensation for damage, compensatory damages (US), (Wiedergutmachung) reparation of the damage (US), redress;
    • zum Schadenersatz verpflichtet liable to pay (respond in) damages, bound to allow indemnity;
    • angemessener Schadenersatz adequate (fair) damages;
    • durch Verzögerung der Zuerkennung entstehender Schadenersatz intervening damages;
    • fahrlässigkeitsunabhängiger Schadenersatz compensation irrespective of negligence;
    • der Form halber festgesetzter geringer (nomineller) Schadenersatz nominal damages;
    • vertraglich festgesetzter Schadenersatz liquidated damages;
    • festgestellter Schadenersatz proved damages;
    • der Höhe nach noch nicht feststehender Schadenersatz unliquidated damages;
    • pauschalierter Schadenersatz agreed damages;
    • üblicher Schadenersatz general damages;
    • unbezifferter Schadenersatz indeterminate damages;
    • verbürgter Schadenersatz collateral guaranty;
    • verschärfter Schadenersatz exemplary (punitive) damages, retributive damages (US);
    • zuerkannter Schadenersatz (Versicherung) awarded damages, award;
    • im Ermessungswege zuerkannter Schadenersatz discretionary damages;
    • doppelt zuerkannter Schadenersatz double damages;
    • rechtlich zuerkannter Schadenersatz legal award;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Annahmeverweigerung damages for non-acceptance;
    • Schadenersatz für Betriebskrankheiten compensation for industrial diseases;
    • Schadenersatz für Betriebsunfälle workmen’s compensation;
    • Schadenersatz wegen verspäteter Fertigstellung damages for delay in finishing;
    • Schadenersatz für Folgeschäden special damages;
    • Schadenersatz in Geld pecuniary damages;
    • Schadenersatz für entgangenen Gewinn consequential damages;
    • unbezifferter Schadenersatz wegen unerlaubter Handlung unliquidated damages for tort;
    • Schadenersatz wegen widerrechtlicher Kündigung damages for wrongful dismissal;
    • Schadenersatz wegen ausgebliebener Lieferung damages for non-delivery;
    • Schadenersatz für Mehraufwendungen out-of-pocket loss rule;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Nichterfüllung damages for non-fulfilment;
    • Schadenersatz für tatsächlich eingetretenen Schaden substantial damages;
    • Schadenersatz wegen arglistiger Täuschung damages for the tort of deceit or fraud;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Verdienstausfalls damages for loss of earnings;
    • Schadenersatz des Verkehrswertes commercial indemnity;
    • Schadenersatz für Verschlechterung der Wohngegend compensation for loss of amenities;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Vertragsverletzung damages for breach of contract;
    • Schadenersatz aberkennen (nicht anerkennen) to disallow compensation;
    • gleichwertigen Schadenersatz anbieten to offer an equivalent for damage done;
    • Schadenersatz beanspruchen to claim damages, (bei der Versicherung) to place a claim;
    • Schadenersatz beantragen to make a claim for damages;
    • grundsätzliche Feststellung der Verpflichtung zum Schadenersatz beantragen to sue for damages at large;
    • j. wegen Schadenersatzes belangen to come upon s. o. for damages;
    • Schadenersatz berechnen to lay damages;
    • Schadenersatz dem Grunde nach einklagen to sue for unliquidated damages;
    • zwei Millionen Dollar Schadenersatz einklagen to seek 2-million in damages;
    • Schadenersatz einreichen to advance a claim for indemnification;
    • Schadenersatz erhalten to recover (obtain) damages;
    • Anspruch auf Schadenersatz erhalten to be awarded entitlement to damages;
    • auf Schadenersatz erkennen to award damages against;
    • Schadenersatz erlangen to recover damages;
    • Schadenersatz wegen unerlaubter Handlung erlangen to obtain damages in tort;
    • Schadenersatz feststellen to lay (liquidate) damages;
    • Schadenersatz der Höhe nach feststellen to assess [the] damages;
    • Schadenersatz fordern to claim damages;
    • auf Schadenersatz haften to be liable for (respond in) damages, to be responsible for [a loss];
    • auf Schadenersatz klagen to bring an action for damages, to sue for damages;
    • Schadenersatz leisten to pay (respond in, US) damages, to make amends (reparations) for an injury, to redeem, to compensate, to pay compensation, to make reparation for an injury (US);
    • einem Arbeiter Schadenersatz für einen Betriebsunfall leisten to compensate a workman for his injuries;
    • auf Schadenersatz verklagen to sue for damages;
    • Schadenersatz verlangen to lodge a claim for (demand) compensation, to claim as compensation [for a loss], to demand (collect, claim) damages, to seek recovery;
    • vor Gericht Schadenersatz wegen Betruges verlangen to sue damages in tort for deceit;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Frachtbeschädigung verlangen to bring an action for damage of the cargo;
    • Schadenersatz für geringe Lebenserwartung verlangen to claim damages for loss of expectation of life;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Nichterfüllung verlangen to sue in tort for conversion;
    • Schadenersatz auf dem Regresswege verlangen to sue for damages by way of recovery;
    • vollen Schadenersatz vom Spediteur verlangen to hold the carrier responsible for the full value;
    • Schadenersatz wegen Vertragsbruchs verlangen to claim damages for breach of contract;
    • zur Leistung von Schadenersatz verurteilen to award (order) damages;
    • Schadenersatz verweigern to disallow damages;
    • auf Schadenersatz verklagt werden to be defendant in an action for damages;
    • zum Schadenersatz verurteilt werden to be cast in damages;
    • Schadenersatz zahlen to pay damages;
    • jem. Schadenersatz zubilligen to award damages against;
    • jem. Schadenersatz zuerkennen (zusprechen) to award s. o. a sum for damages.

    Business german-english dictionary > Schadenersatz

  • 89 desquitar

    v.
    1 to retrieve a loss.
    2 to win one's money back again.
    3 to retaliate, to take revenge; to meet with one.
    4 to requite, to compensate, to compensate for.
    * * *
    1 (compensar un mal) to compensate
    2 (vengar) to avenge
    1 (compensar de un mal) to make good
    2 (vengarse) to take one's revenge (de, on), get even (de, with)
    * * *
    1.
    VT [+ pérdida] to make good, make up
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    ----
    * desquitarse = get + one back on, revenge, take + revenge, avenge, take + vengeance.
    * desquitarse de = retaliate against.
    * * *
    * desquitarse = get + one back on, revenge, take + revenge, avenge, take + vengeance.
    * desquitarse de = retaliate against.
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [descontar] to deduct
    * * *
    v/t compensate (de for)

    Spanish-English dictionary > desquitar

  • 90 компенсировать

    •

    The two trays are independently mounted and the movement of each is opposed to the other to cancel out the forces set up by each tray.

    •

    To compensate for the loss of steam,...

    •

    This effect could be counterbalanced by using more material.

    •

    The saving of steel might offset the high fabrication costs.

    •

    The moisture brought in with the air would be offset by the reduction in moisture diffusion.

    * * *
    Компенсировать -- to compensate for, to (counter)balance for, to offset, to make up for; to accommodate, to overcome
     The higher turbine inlet temperature obtained with this unit compensates for the loss in efficiency due to the coal-gasification process.
     They have been individually balanced for their inherent capacitance.
     Dry operation leads to improved cycle efficiency to offset expected higher fuel costs.
     The increase in vapor density with increase in pressure accommodates the increasing vapor mass flow rate.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > компенсировать

  • 91 make

    A n ( brand) marque f ; what make is your car? de quelle marque est ta voiture? ; what make of computer is it? quelle est la marque de cet ordinateur?
    B vtr ( prét, pp made)
    1 ( create) faire [dress, cake, coffee, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise] ; to make the bed faire le lit ; to make a rule établir une règle ; to make the law faire or édicter fml les lois ; to make sth from faire qch avec ; wine is made from grapes le vin se fait avec du raisin ; to make sth for sb, to make sb sth faire qch pour qn ; to be made for sb être fait pour qn ; to be made for each other être fait l'un pour l'autre ; to make room/the time for sth trouver de la place/du temps pour qch ; to make sth out of faire qch en ; what is it made (out) of? en quoi est-ce fait? ; it's made (out) of gold c'est en or ; to see what sb is made of voir de quoi est fait qn ; let's see what he's made of voyons de quoi il est fait ; show them what you're made of! montre-leur de quel bois tu te chauffes ○ ! ; to be as clever as they make them être malin comme pas un ○ ; to make A into B faire B à partir de A ; to make fruit into jam faire de la confiture à partir des fruits ; to make a house into apartments transformer une maison en appartements ; made in France/by Macron fabriqué en France/par Macron ; God made man Dieu a créé l'homme ;
    2 (cause to be or become, render) se faire [friends, enemies] ; to make sb happy/jealous/popular rendre qn heureux/jaloux/populaire ; to make sb hungry/thirsty donner faim/soif à qn ; to make oneself available/ill se rendre disponible/malade ; to make oneself heard/understood se faire entendre/comprendre ; to make sth bigger agrandir qch ; to make sth better améliorer qch ; to make sth worse aggraver qch [problem, situation] ; to make sb's cold better soulager le rhume de qn ; to make exams easier, to make passing exams easier, to make it easier to pass exams faciliter les examens ; to make it easy/possible to do [person] faire en sorte qu'il soit facile/possible de faire ; that made it easy for me to leave cela a facilité mon départ ;
    3 ( cause to do) to make sb cry/jump/think faire pleurer/sursauter/réfléchir qn ; I made her smile je l'ai fait sourire ; to make sb do sth faire faire qch à qn ; I made her forget her problems/lose patience je lui ai fait oublier ses problèmes/perdre patience ; it makes me look fat/old ça me grossit/vieillit ; it makes me look ill ça me donne l'air malade ; to make sth do faire que qch fasse ; to make sth happen faire que qch se produise ; to make the story end happily faire en sorte que l'histoire se termine bien ; to make sth work [person] réussir à faire marcher qch [machine etc] ; to make sth grow/burn [person] réussir à faire pousser/brûler qch ; [chemical, product] faire pousser/brûler qch ; it makes your face look rounder ça fait paraître ton visage plus rond ; it makes her voice sound funny cela lui donne une drôle de voix ;
    4 (force, compel) to make sb do obliger qn à faire ; they made me (do it) ils m'ont obligé, ils m'ont forcé, ils m'y ont forcé ; to be made to do être obligé or forcé de faire ; he must be made to cooperate il faut qu'il coopère ; to make sb wait/talk faire attendre/parler qn ;
    5 ( turn into) to make sb sth, to make sth of sb faire de qn qch ; it's been made into a film on en a fait or tiré un film ; to make sb a star faire de qn une vedette ; we made him treasurer on l'a fait trésorier ; we made Tom treasurer on a choisi Tom comme trésorier ; to be made president for life être fait président à vie ; to make sb one's assistant faire de qn son adjoint ; to make a soldier/a monster of sb faire de qn un soldat/un monstre ; it'll make a man of you hum ça fera de toi un homme ; he'll never make a teacher il ne fera jamais un bon professeur ; she'll make a good politician elle fera une fine politicienne ; to make sb a good husband être un bon mari pour qn ; to make sth sth, to make sth of sth faire de qch qch ; to make a habit/a success/ an issue of sth faire de qch une habitude/une réussite/une affaire ; do you want to make something of it? ( threatening) tu veux vraiment qu'on en discute? ; to make too much of sth faire tout un plat de qch ○ ; that will make a good shelter/a good tablecloth cela fera un bon abri/une bonne nappe ;
    6 (add up to, amount to) faire ; three and three make six trois et trois font six ; how much does that make? ça fait combien? ; that makes ten altogether ça fait dix en tout ; that makes five times he's called ça fait cinq fois qu'il appelle ;
    7 ( earn) gagner [salary, amount] ; to make £300 a week gagner 300 livres sterling par semaine ; he makes more in a week than I make in a month il gagne plus en une semaine que je ne gagne en un mois ; how much ou what do you think she makes? combien crois-tu qu'elle gagne? ; to make a living gagner sa vie ; to make a profit réaliser des bénéfices ; to make a loss subir des pertes ;
    8 (reach, achieve) arriver jusqu'à [place, position] ; atteindre [ranking, level] ; faire [speed, distance] ; to make the camp before dark arriver au or atteindre le camp avant la nuit ; to make the six o'clock train attraper le train de six heures ; we'll never make it nous n'y arriverons jamais ; to make the first team entrer dans la première équipe ; to make the charts entrer au hit-parade ; to make the front page of faire la une ○ de [newspaper] ; to make six spades ( in bridge) faire six piques ; to make 295 ( in cricket) faire or marquer 295 ;
    9 (estimate, say) I make it about 30 kilometres je dirais 30 kilomètres environ ; I make the profit £50 les bénéfices doivent s'élever à 50 livres sterling ; I make it five o'clock il est cinq heures à ma montre ; what time do you make it? quelle heure as-tu? ; what do you make the distance (to be)? quelle est la distance à ton avis? ; let's make it six o'clock/five dollars disons six heures/cinq dollars ; can we make it a bit later? peut-on dire un peu plus tard? ; what do you make of it? qu'en dis-tu? ; what does she make of him? qu'est-ce qu'elle pense or dit de lui? ; I don't know what to make of it je ne sais quoi en penser ; I can't make anything of it je n'y comprends rien ;
    10 ( cause success of) assurer la réussite de [holiday, day] ; a good wine can make a meal un bon vin peut assurer la réussite d'un repas ; it really makes the room [feature, colour] ça rend bien ; that interview made her career as a journalist cette interview lui a permis de faire carrière dans le journalisme ; it really made my day ça m'a rendu heureux pour la journée ; ‘go ahead, make my day!’ iron ‘allez, vas-y!’ ; to make or break sb/sth décider de l'avenir de qn/qch ;
    11 ○ ( have sex with) se faire ◑ [woman] ;
    12 sout ( eat) prendre [meal] ;
    13 Elec fermer [circuit] ;
    14 Games ( shuffle) battre [cards] ;
    15 Games ( win) to make a trick faire une levée.
    C vi ( prét, pp made)
    1 ( act) to make as if to do faire comme si on allait faire ; she made as if to kiss him elle a fait comme si elle allait l'embrasser ; he made like ○ he was injured il a fait semblant d'être blessé ;
    3 ( shuffle cards) battre.
    to be on the make ○ ( for profit) avoir les dents longues ; ( for sex) être en chasse ○ ; to make it ○ (in career, life) y arriver ; (to party, meeting) réussir à venir ; ( be on time for train etc) y être ; ( have sex) s'envoyer en l'air ○ (with avec) ; I'm afraid I can't make it malheureusement je ne peux pas y aller ; if they don't make it by 10pm s'ils n'arrivent pas avant 10h.
    ▶ make after [sb] poursuivre.
    ■ make at:
    ▶ make at [sb] attaquer (with avec).
    ■ make do:
    ▶ make do faire avec ; to make do with se contenter de qch ;
    ▶ make [sth] do se contenter de.
    ■ make for:
    ▶ make for [sth]
    1 ( head for) se diriger vers [door, town, home] ;
    2 ( help create) permettre, assurer [easy life, happy marriage] ;
    ▶ make for [sb]
    1 ( attack) se jeter sur ;
    2 ( approach) se diriger vers.
    ■ make good:
    ▶ make good réussir ; a poor boy made good un garçon pauvre qui a réussi ;
    ▶ make good [sth]
    1 ( make up for) réparer [damage, omission, loss] ; rattraper [lost time] ; combler [deficit, shortfall] ;
    2 ( keep) tenir [promise].
    ■ make off filer ○ ; to make off across the fields/towards the town s'enfuir à travers les champs/vers la ville ; to make off with sth/sb se tirer ○ avec qch/qn.
    ■ make out:
    1 ( manage) s'en tirer ○ ; how are you making out? comment ça marche ○ ? ;
    2 US ( grope) se peloter ○ ;
    3 ( claim) affirmer (that que) ; he's not as stupid as he makes out il n'est pas aussi bête qu'il (le) prétend ;
    ▶ make out [sth], make [sth] out
    1 (see, distinguish) distinguer [shape, writing] ;
    2 ( claim) to make sth out to be prétendre que qch est ;
    3 (understand, work out) comprendre [puzzle, mystery, character] ; to make out if or whether comprendre si ; I can't make him out je n'arrive pas à le comprendre ;
    4 ( write out) faire, rédiger [cheque, will, list] ; to make out a cheque GB ou check US to sb faire un chèque à qn, signer un chèque à l'ordre de qn ; it is made out to X il est à l'ordre de X ; who shall I make the cheque out to? à quel ordre dois-je faire le chèque? ;
    5 ( expound) to make out a case for sth argumenter en faveur de qch ;
    ▶ make oneself out to be prétendre être [rich, brilliant] ; faire semblant d'être [stupid, incompetent].
    ■ make over:
    ▶ make over [sth], make [sth] over
    1 ( transform) transformer [building, appearance] (into en) ;
    2 ( transfer) céder [property] (to à).
    ▶ make towards [sth/sb] se diriger vers.
    ■ make up:
    ▶ make up
    1 ( put make-up on) to make oneself up se maquiller ;
    2 ( after quarrel) se réconcilier (with avec) ;
    3 to make up for ( compensate for) rattraper [lost time, lost sleep, missed meal, delay] ; combler [financial loss, deficit] ; compenser [personal loss, bereavement] ;
    4 to make up to ○ faire de la lèche à ○ [boss, person] ;
    ▶ make up [sth], make [sth] up
    1 ( invent) inventer [excuse, story] ; you're making it up! tu inventes! ; to make sth up as one goes along inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;
    2 ( prepare) faire [parcel, bundle, garment, road surface, bed] ; préparer [prescription] ; composer [type] ; she had the fabric made up into a jacket elle s'est fait faire une veste avec le tissu ;
    3 ( constitute) faire [whole, personality, society] ; to be made up of être fait or composé de ; to make up 10% of constituer 10% de ;
    4 ( compensate for) rattraper [loss, time] ; combler [deficit, shortfall] ; to make the total up to £1,000 compléter la somme pour faire 1 000 livres au total ;
    5 ( put make-up on) maquiller [person, face, eyes] ;
    6 ( stoke up) alimenter, s'occuper de [fire] ;
    7 to make it up ( make friends) se réconcilier (with avec) ; I'll make it up to you somehow ( when at fault) j'essaierai de me faire pardonner ; ( when not at fault) je vais trouver quelque chose pour compenser.
    ■ make with ○:
    ▶ make with [sth] US ( hurry and bring) se dépêcher d'apporter ;
    ▶ make it with [sb] se faire ◑.

    Big English-French dictionary > make

  • 92 компенсирам

    (загуба) compensate, make amends for, make up (for s.th. to s.o.), offset, pay, make good
    (уравновесявам) balance, counterpoise, compensate for; тех. balance, equilibrate
    * * *
    компенсѝрам,
    гл. ( загуба) compensate, make amends for, make up (for s.th. to s.o.), offset, pay, make good, recoup; (само материална загуба) indemnify (s.o. for s.th.); ( уравновесявам) balance, counterbalance, counterpoise, compensate for; countervail, техн. balance, equilibrate.
    * * *
    atone; compensate: Nothing can компенсирам the loss of my money. - Нищо не може да компенсира загубата на парите ми.; counterpoise; countervail
    * * *
    1. (загуба) compensate, make amends for, make up (for s.th. to s.o.), offset, pay, make good 2. (само материална загуба) indemnify (s.o. for s.th.) 3. (уравновесявам) balance, counterpoise, compensate for;mex. balance, equilibrate 4. това компенсира всичките ни загуби this makes up for all our losses

    Български-английски речник > компенсирам

  • 93 wettmachen

    v/t (trennb., hat -ge-) make up for, compensate for ( durch with, by); (Geld) recoup
    * * *
    to offset
    * * *
    wẹtt|ma|chen
    vt sep
    to make up for; Verlust etc to make good; Rückstand, Vorsprung to make up
    * * *
    (to compensate for or cancel out the faults of: His willingness to work redeemed him in her eyes.) redeem
    * * *
    wett|ma·chen
    [ˈvɛtmaxn̩]
    vt
    ▪ etw \wettmachen to make up sth
    ▪ etw \wettmachen to make up for sth
    * * *
    transitives Verb (ugs.) make up for

    etwas durch etwas wettmachen — make up for something with something; (wieder gutmachen) make good <loss, mistake, etc.>

    * * *
    wettmachen v/t (trennb, hat -ge-) make up for, compensate for (
    durch with, by); (Geld) recoup
    * * *
    transitives Verb (ugs.) make up for

    etwas durch etwas wettmachen — make up for something with something; (wieder gutmachen) make good <loss, mistake, etc.>

    * * *
    n.
    catching up n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wettmachen

  • 94 erstatte

    1
    возмеща́ть, заменя́ть; вознагражда́ть
    * * *
    displace, take the place of, replace
    * * *
    vb replace ( fx oil by (el. with) coal),
    F substitute ( fx coal for oil);
    ( vikariere) substitute for;
    ( om afdød) no-one can take his place;
    ( give erstatning for) compensate for, make good, make up for;
    [ erstatte en noget] compensate somebody for (the loss of) something,
    F indemnify somebody for (the loss of) something;
    [ erstatte et tab] make good (el. repair) a loss.

    Danish-English dictionary > erstatte

  • 95 reparar

    v.
    1 to repair, to fix (coche, aparato).
    Reparamos las ventanas rotas We repaired the broken windows.
    2 to rear, to buck, to rise on the hind legs, to shy.
    3 to redress.
    Los abogados repararon a Ricardo The lawyers redressed Richard.
    * * *
    1 (arreglar) to repair, mend, fix
    2 (remediar - daño) to make good; (- perjuicio, insulto) to make up for
    3 (vengarse) to avenge
    4 (restablecer) to restore, renew
    5 (reflexionar) to consider
    6 (corregir) to correct
    7 (advertir) to see, notice
    1 (advertir) to notice, see
    2 (darse cuenta) to realize (en, -)
    3 (hacer caso) to pay attention to; (considerar) to consider
    4 (detenerse) to stop, stall
    \
    no reparar en gastos to spare no expense
    reparar en detalles to pay attention to detail
    * * *
    verb
    to repair, fix
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=arreglar) to repair, mend, fix
    2) [+ energías] to restore; [+ fortunas] to retrieve
    3) [+ ofensa] to make amends for; [+ suerte] to retrieve; [+ daño, pérdida] to make good; [+ consecuencia] to undo
    4) [+ golpe] to parry
    5) (=observar) to observe, notice
    6) Cono Sur (=imitar) to mimic, imitate
    2. VI
    1)

    reparar en — (=darse cuenta de) to observe, notice

    2)

    reparar en — (=poner atención en) to pay attention to, take heed of; (=considerar) to consider

    repara en lo que vas a hacer — consider what you are going to do, reflect on what you are going to do

    3) LAm [caballo] to rear, buck
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < coche> to repair, fix; <gotera/avería> to mend, fix
    2) <fuerzas/energías> to restore
    3) < error> to correct, put right; <ofensa/agravio> to make amends for, make up for; <daño/perjuicio> to make good, compensate for
    2.
    1)
    a) (considerar, pensar) (gen en frases negativas)

    reparar EN algo: no repara en gastos she spares no expense; no repararon en sus advertencias — they took no notice of o paid no heed to his warnings

    2) (Méx) caballo/toro to rear, shy
    * * *
    = mend, repair, undo, redress, fix, right.
    Ex. In some organisations microcomputers will be maintained (that is, mended) by a central computer department, but if this is not the case it may be necessary to take out separate maintenance contracts.
    Ex. In the more common perspective of linear causality, we seek to explain a negative consequence by searching for its root cause and repairing it.
    Ex. The National Library of Estonia, established in 1918, is undergoing a revolutionary period of undoing the effects of the cultural policies of the communist regime.
    Ex. To redress this iniquity women are demanding not only equal pay for equal work, but equal pay for work of equal value.
    Ex. There is always a need to fix manually the formatting of articles taken from an online service such as DIALOG.
    Ex. The author questions whether this is a transitional phenomenon which will be righted later.
    ----
    * no reparar en gastos = lash out (on).
    * reparar daños = repair + the damage, remedy + the damage.
    * reparar un agravio = right + a wrong, right + an injustice, make + amends (for/to).
    * reparar un daño = right + a wrong, make + amends (for/to).
    * reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).
    * sin reparar = unrepaired.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < coche> to repair, fix; <gotera/avería> to mend, fix
    2) <fuerzas/energías> to restore
    3) < error> to correct, put right; <ofensa/agravio> to make amends for, make up for; <daño/perjuicio> to make good, compensate for
    2.
    1)
    a) (considerar, pensar) (gen en frases negativas)

    reparar EN algo: no repara en gastos she spares no expense; no repararon en sus advertencias — they took no notice of o paid no heed to his warnings

    2) (Méx) caballo/toro to rear, shy
    * * *
    = mend, repair, undo, redress, fix, right.

    Ex: In some organisations microcomputers will be maintained (that is, mended) by a central computer department, but if this is not the case it may be necessary to take out separate maintenance contracts.

    Ex: In the more common perspective of linear causality, we seek to explain a negative consequence by searching for its root cause and repairing it.
    Ex: The National Library of Estonia, established in 1918, is undergoing a revolutionary period of undoing the effects of the cultural policies of the communist regime.
    Ex: To redress this iniquity women are demanding not only equal pay for equal work, but equal pay for work of equal value.
    Ex: There is always a need to fix manually the formatting of articles taken from an online service such as DIALOG.
    Ex: The author questions whether this is a transitional phenomenon which will be righted later.
    * no reparar en gastos = lash out (on).
    * reparar daños = repair + the damage, remedy + the damage.
    * reparar un agravio = right + a wrong, right + an injustice, make + amends (for/to).
    * reparar un daño = right + a wrong, make + amends (for/to).
    * reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).
    * sin reparar = unrepaired.

    * * *
    reparar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (arreglar) ‹coche› to repair, mend, fix; ‹gotera/avería› to mend, fix
    B ‹fuerzas/energías› to restore
    C ‹error› to correct, put right; ‹ofensa/agravio› to make amends for, make up for; ‹daño/perjuicio› to make good, compensate for
    ■ reparar
    vi
    A
    1 (considerar, pensar) ( gen en frases negativas) reparar EN algo:
    no repara en gastos she doesn't think o worry about the cost, she spares no expense
    no repararon en sus advertencias they took no notice of o paid no heed to his warnings
    reparó en las manchas del techo she noticed the stains on the ceiling
    les hizo reparar en la calidad del tejido he drew their attention to the quality of the cloth
    como si no hubiera reparado en mi presencia as if he hadn't even noticed I was there, as if he hadn't registered my presence
    B ( Méx) «caballo/toro» to rear, shy
    * * *

     

    reparar ( conjugate reparar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ coche› to repair, fix;

    ‹gotera/avería› to mend, fix

    ‹ofensa/agravio› to make amends for, make up for;
    ‹daño/perjuicio› to make good, compensate for
    verbo intransitivo
    1 reparar EN algo ( darse cuenta) to notice sth;
    ( considerar):

    2 (Méx) [caballo/toro] to rear, shy
    reparar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una máquina, etc) to repair, mend
    2 (un daño, error, una pérdida) to make good: nadie puede reparar la pérdida de un ser querido, no one can make up for the loss of a beloved one
    (una ofensa) to make amends for: no sé cómo reparar el mal que te causé, I don't know how to make amends for all the harm I did you
    3 (fuerzas, energías) necesitas reparar fuerzas, you need to get your strength back
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (darse cuenta de, fijarse en) to notice [en, -]
    2 (considerar) to consider: repara en que será ella la que salga perdiendo, you should realise that she's the one who'll end up losing
    ' reparar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    componer
    - nogalina
    English:
    fix
    - fix up
    - good
    - mend
    - recondition
    - redress
    - repair
    - amends
    - atone
    - remedy
    - right
    - spare
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [vehículo, aparato] to repair, to fix;
    llevar algo a reparar to take sth to be repaired o fixed
    2. [error, daño] to make amends for, to make up for
    3. [fuerzas] to restore
    ♦ vi
    [percatarse]
    no reparó en que una de las ruedas estaba pinchada he didn't notice that one of the tyres had a puncture;
    ¿reparaste en la cara que pusieron? did you see their expression?;
    no repara en los posibles obstáculos she doesn't realize the possible pitfalls;
    no reparar en gastos to spare no expense
    * * *
    I v/t repair;
    reparar fuerzas get one’s strength back
    II v/i
    :
    reparar en algo notice sth;
    no reparar en gastos not worry about the cost
    * * *
    1) : to repair, to fix, to mend
    2) : to make amends for
    3) : to correct
    4) : to restore, to refresh
    1)
    reparar en : to observe, to take notice of
    2)
    reparar en : to consider, to think about
    * * *
    1. (arreglar) to repair / to mend
    2. (fijarse) to notice

    Spanish-English dictionary > reparar

  • 96 supplire

    supplire v. intr. ( compensare) to make* up (for sthg.), to compensate (for sthg.): supplire alla mancanza di qlco., to make up for the lack of sthg.: supplisce con l'impegno alla mancanza di esperienza, he makes up for his lack of experience by working very hard; supplire a una perdita, to make up for a loss
    ◆ v.tr. ( sostituire) to replace, to substitute, to stand* in for: supplire un insegnante, to stand in for a teacher; supplire una segretaria in ferie, to substitute for a secretary on holiday; lo supplirò per una settimana, I shall take his place (o substitute for him) for a week.
    * * *
    [sup'plire]
    1. vt
    to stand in for, replace temporarily
    2. vi
    (aus avere)

    supplire a — (difetto, mancanza) to make up for, compensate for

    * * *
    [sup'plire] 1.
    verbo transitivo (sostituire temporaneamente) to stand* in for [ insegnante]; to substitute [ impiegato]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

    supplire a qcs. — to make up o compensate for sth

    * * *
    supplire
    /sup'plire/ [102]
      (sostituire temporaneamente) to stand* in for [ insegnante]; to substitute [ impiegato]
     (aus. avere) supplire a qcs. to make up o compensate for sth.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > supplire

  • 97 oppveie

    verb. (overført) [ kompensere] make up for, compensate for, offset (f.eks.

    offset a loss

    ) verb. (gjøre bedre) outweigh verb. (gjøre godt igjen) make good verb. (være like god som) be as good as, be equal to, be a (good) substitute verb. (erstatte, gjenoprette etc.) compensate for (f.eks.

    a disadvantage, a loss

    ); make up for (f.eks.

    a disadvantage, a loss

    ) verb. [ nøytralisere] neutralize

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > oppveie

  • 98 risarcire

    persona compensate (di for)
    danno compensate for
    * * *
    risarcire v.tr.
    1 (dir., comm.) to repay*, to refund, to indemnify, to compensate; ho diritto a essere risarcito della perdita subita, I am entitled to be indemnified for (o to recoup) the loss suffered; risarcire qlcu. dei danni, to pay compensation for damages
    2 (non com.) ( riparare) to restore, to repair.
    * * *
    [risar'tʃire]
    verbo transitivo to compensate [persona, danno]
    * * *
    risarcire
    /risar't∫ire/ [102]
    to compensate [persona, danno]; è stato risarcito he got compensation.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > risarcire

  • 99 убыток

    сущ.
    ( утрата чего-л) loss(es); ( ущерб) damage(s); ( вред) lesion

    возмещать (понесённые) убытки — ( расходы) to compensate (indemnify, recoup) ( smb) for the damages (expenses, losses) (incurred, suffered); make amends; refund (reimburse) ( smb's) expenses; repair ( smb's) damages (loss/es)

    нести (понести) убытки — to bear (incur, suffer, sustain) damage(s) (loss/es)

    причинять убытки — to cause (inflict) damage(s) (loss/es)

    терпеть убытки — to bear (incur, suffer, sustain) damage(s) (loss/es)

    уменьшать убытки — ( потери) to mitigate (reduce) damages (loss/es)

    возмещение убытков — compensation for damage(s); damages; indemnity; indemnification; ( репарация) reparation

    общая сумма понесённых убытков — aggregate damage; damages at large

    причинение убытков — damnification; impairment; infliction of damage(s) (of loss/es)

    размер убытков — extent (measure) of damage(s) (of loss/es)

    распределение убытков — distribution of damage(s) (of loss/es) ( between)

    уменьшение суммы присуждённых убытков — mitigation (reduction) of damages (of loss/es)

    установление размера убытков — ascertainment (assessment) of the extent (measure) of damage(s) (of loss/es)

    убытки, понесённые вследствие чрезвычайных расходов — damage(s) caused (incurred) by extraordinary expenditure (expenses)

    ближайшие убытки, непосредственные убытки — proximate damage(s)

    - убытки по частной аварии
    - будущие убытки
    - валовой убыток
    - вероятные убытки
    - возможные убытки
    - временные убытки
    - действительные убытки
    - денежные убытки
    - косвенные убытки
    - многократные убытки
    - невозмещаемые убытки
    - неизбежные убытки
    - обыкновенные убытки
    - ожидаемые убытки
    - отдалённые убытки
    - предельные убытки
    - прямые убытки
    - согласованные убытки
    - фактические убытки
    - штрафные убытки

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > убыток

  • 100 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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  • Compensate — Com pen*sate, v. i. To make amends; to supply an equivalent; followed by for; as, nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • compensate — ► VERB 1) give (someone) something to reduce or balance the bad effect of loss, suffering, or injury. 2) (compensate for) make up for (something undesirable) by exerting an opposite force or effect. DERIVATIVES compensator noun compensatory… …   English terms dictionary

  • compensate — com|pen|sate [ˈkɔmpənseıt US ˈka:m ] v [Date: 1600 1700; : Latin; Origin: , past participle of compensare, from compendere; COMPENDIUM] 1.) [I] to replace or balance the effect of something bad ▪ Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • compensate — [[t]kɒ̱mpənseɪt[/t]] compensates, compensating, compensated 1) VERB To compensate someone for money or things that they have lost means to pay them money or give them something to replace that money or those things. [V n for n] The official… …   English dictionary

  • compensate — verb 1 (I) to replace or balance something good that has been lost or is lacking, by providing or doing something equally good: Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate. (+ for): Her intelligence more than… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

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