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61 школа
ж.1) ( учебное заведение) school; (здание тж.) schoolhouseбеспла́тная шко́ла — free school
ходи́ть в шко́лу — go to school
отда́ть в шко́лу (вн.) — send (d) to school
око́нчить шко́лу — leave school
нача́льная шко́ла — primary ['praɪ-] school брит.; elementary school амер.
сре́дняя шко́ла — secondary school брит.; high school амер.
вы́сшая шко́ла (высшее образование) — higher education; ( в названиях нек-рых вузов) higher school
вы́сшая шко́ла эконо́мики — higher school of economics
вече́рняя шко́ла — evening school / class
худо́жественная шко́ла — art school
шко́ла верхово́й езды́ — riding school
2) (учёба, накопление опыта) schoolingсуро́вая шко́ла жи́зни — the hard school of life
пройти́ суро́вую жи́зненную шко́лу — be educated in the school of hard kicks идиом.
пройти́ хоро́шую шко́лу — 1) ( получить хорошее образование) get good training, be well-trained 2) ( о жизненном опыте) gain wisdom ['wɪzd-] by experience
3) (направление в науке, искусстве) schoolголла́ндская шко́ла жив. — the Dutch school
романти́ческая [класси́ческая] шко́ла лит., иск. — the romantic [classical] school
4) ( группа единомышленников) school (of thought)челове́к ста́рой шко́лы — a man of the old school
5) с.-х. ( питомник для растений) nursery -
62 ni 's
id quod, the usual classical Gaelic with the verb substantive to denote comparative state: tha i ni's fheàrr, she is better, Ir nios, Middle Irish ní is: "thing that is", from ni and is. The usual and true Gaelic form na 's is not a degraded form of Irish ni 's. The Gaelic na of na 's is simply na = id quod (see na); the Irish is some mediæval development with ní, for old ana, id quod, was lost, the simple a( art.) being used now in its stead, as in Old Irish As it was impossible to use a in the comparative construction with clearness, recourse was had to ní is. Thus Irish: An tan do thógradh ní ba mó do dheunamh = Gaelic An tan a thogradh e na bu mhò a dhèanamh. Hence ni 's should never have been used in Scottish Gaelic. -
63 music
[ˈmjuːzɪk] noun1) the art of arranging and combining sounds able to be produced by the human voice or by instruments:موسيقى( also adjective) a music lesson.
2) the written form in which such tones etc are set down:الألْحانThe pianist has forgotten to bring her music.
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64 θεός
θεός, ὁ, [dialect] Boeot. [full] θιός, [dialect] Lacon. [full] σιός (v. infr.), Cypr., Cret. [full] θιός Inscr.Cypr.135.27 H., Leg.Gort.1.1, [dialect] Dor. also [full] θεύς Call.Cer.58; acc. θεῦν v.l. ib. 130; voc. (only late) θεός, alsoA , Ev.Matt. 27.46, PMag.Lond.121.529, etc.; but classical in compd. names, Ἀμφίθεε, Τιμόθεε:—God, the Deity, in general sense, both sg. and pl. (εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ θεοὺς καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐπὶ θεὸν ἁρμόζει μεταφέρειν Plot.6.8.1
), θ. δὲ τὸ μὲν δώσει τὸ δ' ἐάσει God will grant.., Od.14.444;οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως οὐδὲ θ. τεύξειε 8.177
, cf. 3.231, Il.13.730 (alsoθεὸς Ζεύς Od.4.236
, 14.327);θ. καὶ ἀγαθὴ τύχη Pl.Lg. 757e
, cf. Timocl.3 D.;σὺν θεῷ Il.9.49
, S.Aj. 765, etc. (less freq. ξὺν τῷ θ. ib. 383); σὺν θ. εἰρημένον Hdt.1.86, cf. 3.153;σὺν θ. εἰπεῖν Pl.Prt. 317b
: so in pl.,σύν γε θεοῖσιν Il.24.430
;οὔ τοι ἄνευ θεοῦ Od.2.372
; οὐ θεῶν ἄτερ pi.P.5.76;ἐκ θεόφι Il.17.101
; ὑπὲρ θεόν against his will, 17.327;ἂν θ. θέλῃ Alex. 231
;θ. θέλοντος Men.Mon. 671
: in pl.,ἂν θεοὶ θέλωσιν Alex.247
; θεῶν συνεθελόντων, βουλομένων, X.Eq.Mag.9.8, Luc.Macr.29;εἰ ὀρθῶς ἢ μή, θ. οἶδε Pl.Phdr. 266b
, cf.R. 517b, etc.; in oaths,θ. ἴστω S.OC 522
(lyr.), etc.;πρὸς θεῶν Hdt.5.49
, D.1.15, etc.: bless you! good heavens! for heaven's sake!M.Ant.
7.17, Arr.Epict.2.19.15, al.; τὸν θ. σοι ib.3.7.19, al.: qualified by τις, Od.9.142, etc.;οὐκ ἄνευ θεῶν τινος A.Pers. 164
(troch.), E.Ba. 764;κατὰ θεόν τινα Id.IA 411
, Pl. Euthd. 272e;κατὰ θεόν πως εἰρημένα Id.Lg. 682a
: doubled in poets,θεὸν θεόν τις ἀγλαϊζέτω B.3.21
, cf. Diagor.1; , cf. Paus.Gr.Fr.203; θεοί (Cret. θιοί) as an opening formula in Inscrr. (sc. τύχην ἀγαθὴν διδοῖεν), Leg.Gort.1.1, IG 12.52, etc.: sg., θ. τύχη ib.5(2).1, etc.: in Prose also with the Art.,ὁ θ. πάντων ἂν εἴη αἴτιος Pl.R. 379c
, cf. Lg. 716c, etc.; τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θ., τὰ παρὰ τῶν θ., X.Mem.1.3.1, 2.6.8.b θεοί, opp.ἄνδρες, πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε Il.1.544
;ὃν Ξάνθον καλέουσι θ., ἄνδρες δὲ Σκάμανδρον 20.74
: in Comparisons, ;θεοῖς ἐναλίγκια μήδεα Od.13.89
; also in sg.,θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος αὐδήν Il.19.250
;θεὸς ὥς 5.78
;ὥς τε θεός 3.381
: prov., θεὸς πρὸς ἀνθρώπους, of an 'angel's visit', Herod.1.9.c of special divinities, νέρτεροι θ. A.Pers. 622, S.Ant. 602 (lyr.); ἐνέρτεροι θ. Il.15.225; οἱ κάτωθεν θ. S.Ant. 1070;θ. οὐράνιοι h.Cer.55
, A.Ag.90 (anap.); οἱ δώδεκα θ. Ar.Eq. 235, X.Eq.Mag.3.2, IG22.30, etc.; μὰ τοὺς δώδεκα θ. Men.Sam.91; in dual, τὼ σιώ ([dialect] Lacon.), of Castor and Pollux, ναὶ τὼ ς. X.An.6.6.34, HG4.4.10, Ar.Lys.81: so in [dialect] Boeot., of Amphion and Zethus, νεὶ τὼ σιώ (leg. θιώ) Id.Ach. 905.d ὁ θ., of natural phenomena, ὁ θ. ὕει (sc. Ζεύς) Hdt.2.13;ὁ θ. ἐνέσκηψε βέλος Id.4.79
; ἔσεισεν ὁ θ. (sc. Ποσειδῶν) X.HG4.7.4; of the sun, Hdt.2.24, A.Pers. 502, E.Alc. 722; δύνοντος τοῦ θ. App.BC4.79; the weather, τί δοκεῖ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ; Thphr.Char.25.2.2 metaph., of abstract things,τὸ δ' εὐτυχεῖν τόδ' ἐν βροτοῖς θεός τε καὶ θεοῦ πλέον A.Ch.60
;ἡ φρόνησις ἁγαθὴ θ. μέγας S.Fr. 922
;θ. γὰρ καὶ τὸ γιγνώσκειν φίλους E.Hel.
<*>60; ὁ πλοῦτος τοῖς σοφοῖς θ. Id.Cyc. 316; φθόνος κάκιστος θ. Hippothoon 2.3 as title of rulers, θεῶν ἀδελφῶν (sc. Ptolemy Il and Arsinoe), Herod.1.30, etc.; (Rosetta, ii B.C.);Ἀντίοχος ὅτῳ θεὸς ἐπώνυμον γίγνεται App.Syr.65
; θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ, of Augustus, OGI655.2 (Egypt, 24 B.C.);θ. ἡμῶν καὶ δεσπότης IPE4.71
(Cherson., ii A.D.).b = Lat. Divus, Mon.Anc.Gr.10.4, Str.4.1.1, etc.; οἱ ἐν θεοῖς αὐτοκράτορες,= divi Imperatores, IG12(1).786 ([place name] Rhodes).c generally of the dead,καὶ ζῶντός σου καὶ εἰς θεοὺς ἀπελθόντος PPetr.2p.45
(iii B.C.); θεοῖς χθονίοις,= Lat. Dis Manibus, IG14.30,al.4 one set in authority, judge, τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ θ., ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ., LXXEx.21.6, 22.8; θεοὺς οὐ κακολογήσεις ib.22.28(27).II θεός fem., goddess,μήτε θήλεια θεός, μήτε τις ἄρσην Il.8.7
, cf. Hdt.2.35, al.; , cf. 141, Orac.ib.21.52; esp. at Athens, of Athena, Decr. ap. And.1.77, Pl.Ti. 21a, etc.; ἁ Διὸς θεός, Ζηνὸς ἡ θ., S.Aj. 401 (lyr.), 952 ( ἡ Διὸς θεά ib. 450); of other goddesses,ποντία θεός Pi.I. 8(7).36
; ἡ νερτέρα θ.,= Περσεφόνη, S.OC 1548, etc.; of Thetis, Pl. Ap. 28c; of Niobe, S.El. 150 (lyr.), Ant. 834 (anap.): in dual, of Demeter and Persephone,τὰ τοῖν θεοῖν ψηφίσματα Ar.V. 378
(lyr.);οὐδ' ἔδεισε τὼ θεώ And.1.125
; freq. in oaths, ; , 532.III as Adj. in [comp] Comp. θεώτερος, divine, θύραι θ., opp. καταιβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν, Od.13.111; χορὸς θ. Call.Ap. 93, cf.Dian. 249, D.P.257. (Derived by Hdt.2.52 fr. τίθημι ([etym.] κόσμῳ θέντες τὰ πρήγματα), by Pl.Cra. 397d fr. θεῖν. Etym. dub.) [In [dialect] Ep. (twice in Hom.) and Trag. (E.Ba.47, 1347, al., not in Com.), as monosyll. by synizesis,θεοί Il.1.18
, Thgn.142;θεῶν h.Cer.55
, 259;θεοῖς Thgn.171
;θεοῖσιν Od.14.251
; : even in nom. θεός before a vowel, E.Or. 399 (cf. Pors. ad loc.), HF 347; in Pi.P. 1.56 apptly. a short monosyll.] -
65 ἀρχαῖος
A from the beginning or origin:I mostly of things, ancient, ;ἐσθής Hdt.5.88
; codd.; ; χερὸς σῆς πίστιν ἀρχαίαν faith firm for ever, ib. 1632 codd.2 old-fashioned, antiquated, A.Pr. 317 (lyr.), Ar.Nu. 984, D.22.14; of literary style, Demetr.Eloc. 244.3 ancient, former,τὸ ἀ. ῥέεθον Hdt.1.75
;τοῦ ἀ. λόγου Id.7.160
;οὐ γὰρ δὴ τό γ' ἀ. δέμας S.OC 110
; οἱ ἀ., opp. οἱ ὕστερον, Th.2.16;ἀ. φύσις A.Ch. 281
, Hp. Art.53, Pl.Smp. 193c, etc.;φύσις καὶ κατάστασις ἀ. Democr.278
; coupled withπαλαιός, παλαιὸν δῶρον ἀρχαίου θηρός S.Tr. 555
, cf. Lys. 6.51, D.l.c.II of persons,Θέμιν.. ἀρχαίαν ἄλοχον Διός Pi.Fr.6.5
; ἀ. θεαί, of the Erinyes, A.Eu. 728; ; οἱ ἀ. the Ancients, name given by Arist. to the pre-Socratics, Metaph. 1069a25, GC 314a6; in Lit. Crit., ancient, classical writers, Demetr. Eloc.15,67; in Plot., the philosophers down to Aristotle, 5.1.9; in NT, the Fathers, Ev.Matt.5.21, al.2 ancient, old, βαλὴν ἀ., of Darius, A.Pers. 657 (lyr.); ;ἑταῖρος X.Mem.2.8.1
; οἱ ἀ. κύριοι the original owners, BGU 992 ii 6 (ii B. C.); τὰς ἀ. πόλεις (banished from) their original cities, Polystr.p.22 W.; ἀ. μαθητής an original disciple, Act.Ap.21.16;ἀ. μύστης Inscr.Magn.215
b; παιδαγωγὸς ἀ., i.e of old, formerly, E.El. 287, cf. 853.III neut. as Adv., τὸ ἀρχαῖον, [dialect] Ion. [var] contr. τὠρχαῖον, anciently, Hdt.1.56, 173, al., [dialect] Att.;ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀ. Hdt.4.117
;ἐξ ἀρχαίων D.S.1.14
.2 regul. Adv. ἀρχαίως in olden style,καινὰ ἀ. λέγειν Pl.Phdr. 267b
, cf. Isoc.4.8, D.9.48;ἀ. καὶ σεμνῶς Aeschin.1.183
.IV irreg. [comp] Comp.ἀρχαιέστερος Pi.Fr.45
(on ἀρχέστατος v. h. v.); usual [comp] Comp. : [comp] Sup.- ότατος Hdt.1.105
, etc.V as Subst., τὸ ἀρχαῖον, of money, prime cost,πλέον τοῦ ἀ. X.Vect.3.2
; principal, mostly in pl., Ar.Nu. 1156, etc.;τἀρχαῖα ἀποδιδόναι D.34.26
, etc.; τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀπέστησαν lost their capital, Id.1.15: opp. ἔργον, Id.27.10; opp. πρόσοδοι, Is.6.38.2 ἀρχαίη, ἡ, = ἀρχή, Eust.475.1, etc.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀρχαῖος
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66 ἤ
ἤ (A), [dialect] Ep. also [full] ἠέ (in signf. A.11 ἤ (or ἠέ) folld. by ἦ (or ἦε), v. infr.), Conj. with two chief senses, Disj. (2 ἢ.. ἤ either.. or, , cf. 151, 5.484, etc.; soἢ.. ἤτοι.. Pi.N.6.4
, Fr. 138;ἤτοι.. ἤ.. A.Ag. 662
, S. Ant. 1182, Th.2.40, etc. (in Classical Gr. the alternative introduced by ἤτοι is emphasized, later no distn. is implied, Ep.Rom.6.16;ἤτοι.. ἢ.. ἤ.. PTeb.5.59
(ii B.C.)); ἤ repeated any number of times,ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι ἢ τεὸν ἢ Αἴαντος ἰὼν γέρας ἢ Ὀδυσῆος Il.1.138
, cf. Od.15.84, S.Ant. 707; ἤ is prob. wrongly accented in codd. of Il.2.289, Od.3.348, 19.109, v. ἦ Adv.1.3:ἢ πόλις βροτός θ' ὁμοίως A.Eu. 524
(lyr.) is exceptional.3 or else, otherwise,εἰδέναι δεῖ περὶ οὗ ἂν ᾖ ἡ βουλή, ἢ παντὸς ἁμαρτάνειν ἀνάγκη Pl.Phdr. 237c
;μή με λυπεῖτε, ἢ φεύξομ' ἐκ τῆς οἰκίης Herod.5.74
; ζῶντα κακῶς λέγειν ἐκώλυσε.., ἢ τρεῖς δραχμὰς ἀποτίνειν ἔταξε Lex Sol. ap. Plu.Sol.21, cf. 24, IG12.94.10, Them.Or.21.260a.II in Questions or Deliberations in Disj. form(the accentuation is ἢ ([etym.] ἠέ) folld. by ἦ ([etym.] ἦε), Hdn. Gr.2.24, al., A.D.Conj.224.28):1 Direct questions,a introduced by ἢ (ἠέ), ἢ δολιχὴ νοῦσος ἦ Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα.. κατέπεφνεν; Od.11.172; ἤ τι κατὰ πρῆξιν ἦ μαψιδίως ἀλάλησθε.. ; 3.72, cf. 1.408, 16.462, Il.6.378, 15.735, 16.12, etc.b without an introductory Particle, θεός νύ τις ἦ βροτός ἐσσι; art thou a goddess or a mortal? Od.6.149, cf. 1.226, 4.314, 372, 643, 20.130, 21.194, Il.10.63, 425, 534, 15.203: accented ἦ, Hdn.Gr.2.145, al., but ἤ freq. in codd. of Hom. and always in codd. of later writers: ἤκουσας ἢ οὐκ ἤκουσας ἢ κωφῇ λέγω; A.Th. 202; ἄρτι δὲ ἥκεις ἢ πάλαι; Pl.Cri. 43a; κακουργεῖν δεῖ ἢ οὔ; ib. 49c; preceded by πότερον, πότερον δοκεῖ σοι κάκιον εἶναι, τὸ ἀδικεῖν ἢ τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι; Id.Grg. 474c, etc.2 Indirect questions, freq. epexegetic of a preceding question and identical in form with direct questions.aεἴπ' ἄγε,.. ἤ ῥ' ἐθέλει.., ἦ ἀπέειπε.. Il.9.674
; ;διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν ἢ ὅ γε.. ἐναρίζοι ἦε χόλον παύσειεν 1.190
; later withεἰ.. ἤ A.Ch. 890
,Ag. 478, S.OC80, etc.; πότερον orπότερα.. ἤ.. Id.Pers.148
, 352, Ag.630, etc.; sts.εἴτε.. ἤ E.El. 897
;ἢ.. εἴτε S.Aj. 177
.b without introductory Particle,οὐδέ τι οἶδα ζώει ὅ γ' ἦ τέθνηκε Od.11.464
, cf. Il.10.546, Od.24.238.B COMPARATIVE, than, as, after a [comp] Comp., Il.11.162, etc.: after positive Adjs. which imply comparison, ἄλλος, ἕτερος ἤ.., S.OT 595, Tr. 835(lyr.);ἐναντίος ἤ Pl.Grg. 481c
; ἴδιόν τι πάσχειν πάθος ἢ οἱ ἄλλοι ibid.: after Advbs. or adverbial phrases, πλήν, πρίν, πρόσθεν, χωρίς (qq. v.), ἀλλά (v. ἀλλ' ἤ); τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἤ.. Id.Cri. 44a
(f.l. in Smp. 173a);ἐν τῷ πέμπτῳ καὶ δεκάτῳ ϝέτει ἀπὸ τῶ ποτεχεῖ ϝέτεος ἢ Ἀριστίων ἐφορεύει Tab.Heracl.1.121
;παρὰ δόξαν ἢ ὡς αὐτὸς κατεδόκεε Hdt.1.79
, cf. 8.4;διαφερόντως ἤ.. Pl.Phd. 85b
; οὐδ' ὅσον ἤ.. not so much as.., not more than.., Theoc.9.21: after Verbs implying comparison, βούλεσθαι ἤ.. to wish rather than.., v. βούλομαι IV,αἱρέω B. 11.1b
; so φθάνειν ἤ.. to come sooner than.., Il.23.445, Od.11.58;ἐπιθυμεῖν ἤ.. X.Cyr.1.4.3
;δέχεσθαι ἤ.. Lys.10.21
: less freq. after a word not implying comparison, δίκαιον ἡμέας ἔχειν.. (sc. μᾶλλον)ἤ περ Ἀθηναίους Hdt.9.26
;ἐμοὶ πικρὸς.. ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς S.Aj. 966
(s.v.l.);δεδικαιωμένος ἢ ἐκεῖνος Ev.Luc.18.14
.2 joining two Comparatives which refer to the same subject,πάντες κ' ἀρησαίατ' ἐλαφρότεροι πόδας εἶναι ἢ ἀφνειότεροι Od.1.165
;ταχύτερα ἢ σοφώτερα Hdt.3.65
;μανικώτεροι ἢ ἀνδρειότεροι Pl.Tht. 144b
, cf. Ar.Ach. 1078.3 rarely after a [comp] Sup., (s.v.l.);πίθοιτό κεν ὔμμι μάλιστα ἢ ἐμοί A.R.3.91
.4 ἢ οὐ is used when a neg. precedes, , cf.5.94, Th.2.62, etc.: after an implied neg.,ὠμὸν.. πόλιν ὅλην διαφθεῖραι μᾶλλον ἢ οὐ τοὺς αἰτίους Id.3.36
.5 freq. omitted with numerals after πλείων, ἐλάττων, μείων, ἔτη.. πλείω ἑβδομήκοντα v.l. in Pl.Ap. 17d;οὐ μεῖον πεντακοσίους X.An.6.4.24
: sts. with an inf. or conditional clause, ; τίς εὐπραξία σπανιωτέρα.., εἰ [δύναμις] πάρεστιν (for ἢ δύναμιν παρεῖναι); Th.1.33.6 pleon. with a gen.,τίς ἂν αἰσχίων εἴη ταύτης δόξα, ἢ δοκεῖν.. Pl.Cri. 44c
, cf. Lys.10.28.7 the Disj. and [comp] Comp. uses are found together in Il.15.511 βέλτερον, ἢ ἀπολέσθαι ἕνα χρόνον ἠὲ βιῶναι, ἢ δηθὰ στρεύγεσθαι ἐν αἰνῆ δηϊοτῆτι better, either to die once for all or win life, than long to toil in battle. [ἢ οὐ, ἢ οὐκ combine by Synizesis into one syll. in Trag. and Com., A.Pr. 330, S.Aj. 334, Ar.Lys. 128; so usually in [dialect] Ep., Od.1.298, al.; ;ἢ εἰ Alex.201
.]------------------------------------ἤ (B), an exclamation expressing disapproval,2 to call attention, ποῦ Ξανθίας; ἢ Ξανθία where's Xanthias? hi, Xanthias! Ar.Ra. 271.------------------------------------ἤ (or [full] ἦ) (C), Cypr. forA if, Inscr.Cypr.135.6H.2 Cret. for when, after, ἤ κ' ἀποστᾷ μωλῆν after retiring, he shall take proceedings, Leg.Gort.1.52; ἐν ταῖς τριάκοντα ἤ κα ϝείποντι within 30 days from the time of their proclamation, ib.8.18. -
67 ὀλισθάνω
ὀλισθ-άνω (also [suff] ὀλισθ-αίνω Arist.Pr. 936a15, 939a26, A.R.1.377, etc., but never in good [dialect] Att.): [tense] fut.A , Nonn.D.36.458 : [tense] pf.ὠλίσθηκα Hp.Art.57
, 65 : [tense] plpf. ὠλισθήκειν (v. infr. 11.1): [tense] aor.ὠλίσθησα AP9.125
, Str.Chr.4.8 (p.476 Kr.), etc. ; [ per.] 3pl.ὠλίσθησαν Nic.Fr.74.51
(codd. Ath., ὠλίσθηναν cj. Schn.) ; part. fem.ὀλισθήνασα Id.Al.89
: but in classical [dialect] Att. always [tense] aor. 2 ὤλισθον, part. ὀλισθών, inf. ὀλισθεῖν (Hom. only in Il., in [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg. ὄλισθε, v. infr.):—slip, fall upon a slippery path,ἔνθ' Αἴας μὲν ὄλισθε θέων Il.23.774
; ἐκ δέ οἱ ἧπαρ ὄλισθεν his liver fell from him, 20.470 ; ἐξ ἀντύγων ὤλισθε he slipped from.., S.El. 746 ;ὀ. τῆς χειρὸς ὁ σίδηρος Arist.Mech. 854a19
;νηὸς ὀλισθών AP9.267
(Phil.) ; ὐ. εἴσω, ἔξω, of a bone, slip out of the socket on one side or the other, Hp.Fract.14,37 ; slips, loses its force,S.
Fr. 960 : metaph.,ὀ. εἰς νοῦσον AP7.233
(Apollonid.);ἐς Ἅιδου IG14.1642
; in moral sense, make a slip, Ar.Ra. 690 ; in literary sense,εἰς τερατώδεις ὀ. ἀναπλασμούς Metrod.Herc.831.5
.2 slip or glide along,ὀ. ἐν τῷ λάβδα ἡ γλῶττα Pl.Cra. 427b
;βέλος διὰ σαρκὸς ὄλισθεν Theoc.25.230
.II causal, sprain by slipping,ὠλισθήκει τὸν γλουτόν Philostr.
V A3.39, cf. Gym.14.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὀλισθάνω
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68 Bogardus, James
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 14 March 1800 Catskill, New York, USAd. 13 April 1874 New York, New York, USA[br]American constructor of the first buildings composed entirely of cast iron, and inventor of engraving and die-sinking machinery.[br]James Bogardus was neither architect nor engineer but he manufactured iron grinding machinery and was known especially for inventing his engraving and die-sinking machinery. He completed his first iron-fronted building in 1848, the five-storeyed chemist shop of John Milhau at 183 Broadway in New York City, but the building for which he is best known was the slightly later example (begun in 1848) that was created as a factory for his own use. This four-storeyed structure was in Center Street, New York City, and its exterior consisted entirely of cast-iron piers and lintels. He went on to build other iron structures around the middle of the century, and these early examples were both functional and attractive, with their simple classical columns and plain architraves contrasting with the heavier and richer ornamentation of such buildings in the second half of the century.[br]Further ReadingH.Russell-Hitchcock, 1958, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Penguin, Pelican History of Art series (section on "Building with Iron and Glass").D.Yarwood, 1985, Encyclopaedia of Architecture, Batsford (section on "Ironwork").DY -
69 Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste
[br]b. 1734 Lyons, France d. 1829[br]French architect particularly interested in the scientific and mathematical basis of architectural structure, and who at an early date introduced reinforced concrete into supporting piers in his buildings.[br]From 1795 Rondelet was Professor at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics and while there was responsible for a major treatise on building construction: this was his Traité théorique et pratique de l'art de bâtir, published in four volumes in 1802–17. From 1806 he taught at the Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture, which was soon afterwards merged with the Ecole Polytechnique. It was when Rondelet took over the work of com-pleting the Panthéon in Paris, after the death of Jacques-Germain Soufflot, that he had the opportunity of putting some of his particular structural ideas into practice. In 1755 the King had appointed Soufflot architect of the great new church to be dedicated to the patron saint of the city, Sainte Geneviève. In this neo-classical structure based upon Greek cross plan, Soufflot intended four slender piers, each encased in three engaged columns, to support the pendentives for the dome to rise over the crossing. It was a fine and elegant building on a large scale, but by the early nineteenth century, when the church had become a pantheon, cracks were appearing in the masonry. When Rondelet succeeded as architect after Soufflot's death, he strengthened and enlarged the piers, employing a faced concrete structure reinforced with metal. He used a metalreinforced mortar with rubble aggregate.[br]BibliographyAn article by Rondelet appears in: 1989, Le Panthéon: Symbole des Révolutions, pp. 308–10 (book of the Exhibition at the Hôtel de Sully, Paris), ed. Picard, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France.Further ReadingM.N.Mathuset-Bandouin, 1980, "Biographie de Jean Rondelet", Soufflot et son temps, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France, 155ö7.DYBiographical history of technology > Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste
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70 Soane, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 September 1753 Whitchurch, Englandd. 20 January 1837 London, England[br]English architect whose highly personalized architectural style foreshadowed the modern architecture of a century later.[br]Between 1777 and 1780 Soane studied in Italy on a Travelling Scholarship, working in Rome but also making extensive excursions further south to Paestum and Sicily to study the early and more severely simple Greek temples there.His architectural career began in earnest with his appointment as Surveyor to the Bank of England in 1788. He held this post until 1833 and during this time developed his highly individual style, which was based upon a wide range of classical sources extending from early Greek to Byzantine themes. His own work became progressively more linear and austere, his domes and arches shallower and more segmental. During the 1790s and early 1800s Soane redesigned several halls in the Bank, notably the Bank Stock Office, which in 1791 necessitated technological experimentation.The redesigning was required because of security problems which limited window openings to high-level positions and a need for fireproof construction because the site was so restricted. Soane solved the difficulties by introducing light through lunettes set high in the walls and through a Roman-style oculus in the centrally placed shallow dome. He utilized hollow terracotta pots as a lightweight material in the segmental vaulting.Sadly, the majority of Soane's work in the Bank interior was lost in the rebuilding during the 1930s, but Soane went on to develop his architectural style in his houses and churches as well as in a quantity of public buildings in Whitehall and Westminster.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1831. Fellow Society of Antiquaries 1795. RA 1802. Royal Academy Professor of Architecture 1806. FRS 1821.Further ReadingSir John Summerson, 1952, Sir John Soane, 1753–1837, Art and Technics. Dorothy Stroud, 1961, The Architecture of Sir John Soane, Studio.DY -
71 Sullivan, Louis Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.[br]Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.[br]BibliographyArticle by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.Further ReadingHugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.DY -
72 δύο
δύο gen. and acc. δύο, dat. δυσί (as early as Thu. 8, 101, 1 codd., then Aristot.+; Polyaenus 2, 3, 8; 3, 9, 47; TestJob 38:8; pap in Mayser I2/2, 73; ins e.g. IPriene s. index; B-D-F §63, 1; Mlt-H. 170), dual gen. δυοῖν (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 8 Jac.) (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) ‘two’.ⓐ as simple adj. or subst. twoα. nom.א. used w. subst.: δ. δαιμονιζόμενοι two possessed pers. Mt 8:28; δ. τυφλοί 9:27; 20:30; cp. 26:60; 27:38 and oft.ג. δ. ἢ τρεῖς two or three used approximately for a small number (Ananius Lyr. [VI B.C.] Fgm. 2 [AnthLG3] in Athen. 3, 78f δύʼ ἢ τρεῖς ἀνθρώπους; X., An. 4, 7, 5; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 232) Mt 18:20; J 2:6; 1 Cor 14:29. In the same sense δ. καὶ τρεῖς (Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 4 D.; 11 D.; Polyaenus 6, 1, 2) 2 Cor 13:1.ד. w. the art. (PGiss 2 II, 5; 14; TestJob 35:3; 39:4) Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (Gen 2:24).β. gen. Mt 18:16 (Dt 19:15); Lk 12:6; J 8:17; Ac 12:6 al.γ. dat. Mt 6:24; Mk 16:12; Lk 16:13; Ac 12:6; 21:33; Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6).δ. acc. Mt 4:18, 21; 10:10, 29; 14:17; 18:8 and oft.ⓑ in idiomatic phrases: w. prep. εἰς δ. in two (Lucian, Tox. 54; PGM 13, 262; TestJud 2:6) Mt 27:51a; Mk 15:38; ἀνὰ δ. two apiece Lk 9:3; ἀνὰ δύο δύο two by two Lk 10:1; cp. J 2:6; κατὰ δ. two at a time 1 Cor 14:27. Also δύο δύο two by two Mk 6:7 (this way of expressing a distributive number is found also in LXX, Gen 7:3, 9, 15 and is widely regarded as a Semitism [Wlh., Einl.2 1911, 24; JWackernagel, TLZ 34, 1909, 227]. Nevertheless it occurs as early as Aeschyl., Pers. 981 [but s. Mussies 218: perh. not distributive but w. emotional value]; Soph., Fgm. 191 Nauck2; POxy 121, 9 [III A.D.] τρία τρία; cp. the mixed expr. κατὰ δύο δύο in the magical pap POxy 886, 19 [III A.D.], in Medieval Gk. [KDieterich, Unters. z. Gesch. d. griech. Sprache 1898, 188], and in Mod. Gk. [JPsichari, Essai sur le Grec de la Septante: Rev. des Ét. juives 55, 1908, 161–208, esp. 183ff]. Cp. Dssm., LO 98f [LAE 122f]; Mlt. 21 n. 3; 97; Mlt-H. 270; 439f; Thumb 128; B-D-F §248, 1; Rdm.2 72; s. also HThesleff, Studies on Intensification in Early and Classical Greek ’54). On Mk 6:7 see JJeremias, NT Essays: Studies in Memory of TWManson ’59, 136–43.—In Rv 9:12 it can be understood as a translation of the Heb. dual double, twofold (cp. TestJob 53:2 διπλῶς τὸ οὐαί).—JGonda, Reflections on the Numerals ‘One’ and ‘Two’ in Ancient IE Languages ’53. S. also entry δισμυριάς. DELG.—M-M.
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