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121 do
Ⅰ.do1 [du:]à la forme interrogative ⇒ 1 (a) dans les question tags ⇒ 2 (b) à la forme négative ⇒ 1 (c) usage emphatique ⇒ 1 (d) usage elliptique ⇒ 1 (e) faire ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (d), 2 (f)-(j), 2 (m), 2 (q), 3 (c) s'occuper de ⇒ 2 (c) étudier ⇒ 2 (e) suffire ⇒ 2 (k), 3 (d) s'en tirer ⇒ 3 (a) aller ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (e)ⓘ GRAM Les formes négatives sont don't/doesn't et didn't, qui deviennent do not/does not et did not à l'écrit, dans un style plus soutenu.∎ do you know her? est-ce que tu la connais?, la connais-tu?;∎ don't/didn't you know? vous ne le savez/saviez pas?;∎ did I understand you correctly? vous ai-je bien compris?, est-ce que je vous ai bien compris?;∎ why don't you tell her? pourquoi est-ce que tu ne (le) lui dis pas?, pourquoi ne (le) lui dis-tu pas?;∎ do I know London! si je connais Londres?;∎ boy, do I hate paperwork! nom d'un chien, qu'est-ce que je peux avoir horreur des paperasses!∎ he takes you out a lot, doesn't he? il te sort souvent, n'est-ce pas ou hein?;∎ he doesn't take you out very often, does he? il ne te sort pas souvent, n'est-ce pas ou hein?;∎ so you want to be an actress, do you? alors tu veux devenir actrice?;∎ you didn't sign it, did you? (in disbelief, horror) tu ne l'as pas signé, quand même?;∎ you surely don't want any more, do you? tu ne veux quand même pas en reprendre, si?;∎ look, we don't want any trouble, do we? (encouraging, threatening) écoute, nous ne voulons pas d'histoires, hein?∎ I don't believe you je ne te crois pas;∎ please don't tell her s'il te plaît, ne (le) lui dis pas;∎ British don't let's go out ne sortons pas∎ I DO believe you sincèrement, je vous crois;∎ do you mind if I smoke? - yes I DO mind cela vous dérange-t-il que je fume? - justement, oui, ça me dérange;∎ he DOES know where it is il sait bien où c'est;∎ we DO like it here (refuting accusation) mais si, nous nous plaisons ici, bien sûr que nous nous plaisons ici; (like it very much) nous nous plaisons vraiment ici;∎ I DID tell you (refuting someone's denial) mais si, je te l'ai dit, bien sûr que je te l'ai dit; (emphasizing earlier warning) je te l'avais bien dit;∎ if you DO decide to buy it si tu décides finalement de l'acheter;∎ let me know when you DO decide dis-moi quand tu auras décidé;∎ DO sit down asseyez-vous donc;∎ DO let us know how your mother is surtout dites-nous comment va votre mère;∎ DO stop crying mais arrête de pleurer, enfin∎ you know as much as/more than I do tu en sais autant que/plus que moi;∎ so do I/does she moi/elle aussi;∎ neither do I/does she moi/elle non plus;∎ he didn't know and neither did I il ne savait pas et moi non plus;∎ do you smoke? - I do/don't est-ce que vous fumez? - oui/non;∎ may I sit down? - please do puis-je m'asseoir? - je vous en prie;∎ I'll talk to her about it - please do/don't! je lui en parlerai - oh, oui/non s'il vous plaît!;∎ don't, you'll make me blush! arrête, tu vas me faire rougir!;∎ will you tell her? - I may do (le) lui diras-tu? - peut-être;∎ I may come to Paris next month - let me know if you do il se peut que je vienne à Paris le mois prochain - préviens-moi si tu viens;∎ you said eight o'clock - oh, so I did tu as dit huit heures - oh, c'est vrai;∎ I liked her - you didn't! (surprised) elle m'a plu - non! vraiment?;∎ I wear a toupee - you do? (astonished) je porte une perruque - vraiment? ou non! ou pas possible!;∎ it belongs/it doesn't belong to me - does/doesn't it? cela m'appartient/ne m'appartient pas - vraiment?;∎ yes you do - no I don't mais si - mais non;∎ yes it does - no it doesn't mais si - mais non;∎ you know her, I don't tu la connais, moi pas;∎ you don't know her - I do! tu ne la connais pas - si (je la connais)!;∎ I do (marriage service) ≃ oui∎ not only did you lie… non seulement tu as menti…;∎ little did I realize… j'étais bien loin de m'imaginer…∎ what are you doing? qu'est-ce que tu fais?, que fais-tu?, qu'es-tu en train de faire?;∎ are you doing anything next Saturday? est-ce que tu fais quelque chose samedi prochain?;∎ what do you do for a living? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?;∎ what are these files doing here? qu'est-ce que ces dossiers font ici?;∎ somebody DO something! que quelqu'un fasse quelque chose!;∎ there's nothing more to be done il n'y a plus rien à faire;∎ he does nothing but sleep, all he does is sleep il ne fait que dormir;∎ you'll have to do it again il va falloir que tu le refasses;∎ he did a good job il a fait du bon travail;∎ what do I do to start the machine? comment est-ce que je fais pour mettre la machine en marche?;∎ what do I have to do to make you understand? mais qu'est-ce que je dois faire pour que tu comprennes?;∎ have I done the right thing? ai-je fait ce qu'il fallait?;∎ what are you going to do about the noise? qu'est-ce que tu vas faire au sujet du bruit?;∎ what can I do for you? que puis-je (faire) pour vous?;∎ the doctors can't do anything more for him la médecine ne peut plus rien pour lui;∎ that dress really does something/nothing for you cette robe te va vraiment très bien/ne te va vraiment pas du tout;∎ the new wallpaper does a lot for the room le nouveau papier peint transforme la pièce;∎ what do you do for entertainment? quelles sont vos distractions?, comment est-ce que vous vous distrayez?;∎ what shall we do for water to wash in? où est-ce qu'on va trouver de l'eau pour se laver?;∎ who did this to you? qui est-ce qui t'a fait ça?;∎ what have you done to your hair? qu'est-ce que tu as fait à tes cheveux?;∎ I hate what your job is doing to you je n'aime pas du tout l'effet que ton travail a sur toi;∎ it does something to me ça me fait quelque chose;∎ humorous don't do anything I wouldn't do ne fais pas de bêtises;∎ that does it! cette fois c'en est trop!;∎ that's done it, the battery's flat et voilà, la batterie est à plat(b) (produce, provide → copy, report) faire;∎ I don't do portraits je ne fais pas les portraits;∎ British the pub does a good lunch on sert un bon déjeuner dans ce pub;∎ could you do me a quick translation of this? pourriez-vous me traduire ceci rapidement?;∎ do you do day trips to France? (to travel agent) est-ce que vous avez des excursions d'une journée en France?(c) (work on, attend to) s'occuper de;∎ he's doing your car now il est en train de s'occuper de votre voiture;∎ can you do Mrs Baker first? (in hairdresser's) peux-tu t'occuper de Mme Baker d'abord?;∎ to do the garden s'occuper du jardin;∎ he's doing the garden il est en train de jardiner;∎ they do you very well in this hotel on est très bien dans cet hôtel;∎ this old car has done me well over the years cette voiture m'a bien servi au cours des années(d) (clean, tidy → room, cupboard) faire; (decorate → room) faire la décoration de; (arrange → flowers) arranger;∎ to do one's teeth se brosser les dents∎ to do medicine/law étudier la médecine/le droit, faire sa médecine/son droit;∎ we're doing Tartuffe nous étudions Tartuffe(f) (solve → sums, crossword, equation) faire∎ the car will do over 100 ≃ la voiture peut faire du 160;∎ it does thirty-five miles to the gallon ≃ elle fait sept litres aux cents (kilomètres);∎ we did the trip in under two hours nous avons fait le voyage en moins de deux heures(h) Cinema, Theatre & Television (produce → play, film) faire; (appear in) être dans; (play part of) faire; Music (perform) jouer∎ to do sth in the oven faire (cuire) qch au four;∎ how would you like your steak done? comment voulez-vous votre steak?∎ she's doing three years for robbery elle fait trois ans pour vol(k) (be enough or suitable for) suffire;∎ will £10 do you? 10 livres, ça te suffira?;∎ those shoes will have to do the children for another year les enfants devront encore faire un an avec ces chaussures∎ well that's that done, thank goodness bon, voilà qui est fait, dieu merci;∎ once I've done what I'm doing dès que j'aurai fini ce que je suis en train de faire;∎ have you done eating/crying? tu as fini de manger/pleurer?;∎ it will never be done in time ce ne sera jamais fini à temps;∎ done! (in bargain) marché conclu!∎ he does you very well il t'imite très bien∎ she was done for speeding elle s'est fait pincer pour excès de vitesse;∎ we could do you for dangerous driving nous pourrions vous arrêter pour conduite dangereuse□∎ you've been done tu t'es fait rouler ou avoir∎ to do London/the sights faire Londres/les monuments∎ to do drugs se camer;∎ let's do lunch il faudrait qu'on déjeune ensemble un de ces jours∎ I'll do you! je vais m'occuper de toi, moi!(a) (perform → in exam, competition etc) s'en tirer, s'en sortir;∎ you did very well tu t'en es très bien tiré ou sorti;∎ his team didn't do well in the match son équipe ne s'en est pas très bien tirée pendant le match;∎ the company's not doing too badly l'entreprise ne se débrouille pas trop mal;∎ how are you doing in the new job/at school? comment te débrouilles-tu dans ton nouveau travail/à l'école?;∎ try to do better in future essaie de mieux faire à l'avenir;∎ how are we doing with the corrections? (checking progress) où en sommes-nous avec les corrections?;∎ well done! bien joué!, bravo!(b) (referring to health) aller;∎ how is she doing, doctor? comment va-t-elle, docteur?;∎ he's not doing too well il ne va pas trop bien;∎ mother and baby are both doing well la maman et le bébé se portent tous les deux à merveille;∎ how is your eldest boy doing? comment va votre aîné?(c) (act, behave) faire;∎ do as you please fais ce qui te plaît, fais ce que tu veux;∎ do as you're told! fais ce qu'on te dit!;∎ you would do well to listen to your mother tu ferais bien d'écouter ta mère;∎ to do well by sb bien traiter qn;∎ British to be/to feel hard done by être/se sentir lésé;∎ British he'll feel very hard done by if you don't at least send him a birthday card il se sentira vraiment blessé si tu ne lui envoies même pas de carte d'anniversaire;∎ proverb do as you would be done by = traite les autres comme tu voudrais être traité(d) (be enough) suffire;∎ will £20 do? 20 livres, ça ira ou suffira?;∎ that will do! (stop it) ça suffit comme ça!(e) (be suitable) aller;∎ that will do (nicely) ça ira ou conviendra parfaitement, cela fera très bien l'affaire;∎ this won't do ça ne peut pas continuer comme ça;∎ it wouldn't do to be late ce ne serait pas bien d'arriver en retard;∎ will that do? (as alternative) est-ce que ça ira?;∎ will Sunday do instead? et dimanche, ça irait?(f) (always in continuous form) (happen) is there anything doing at the club tonight? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose au club ce soir?;∎ there's nothing doing here at weekends il n'y a rien à faire ici le week-end;∎ familiar nothing doing (rejection, refusal) rien à faire∎ it has to do with your missing car c'est au sujet de votre voiture volée;∎ that's got nothing to do with it! (is irrelevant) cela n'a rien à voir!;∎ I want nothing to do with it/you je ne veux rien avoir à faire là-dedans/avec toi;∎ I had nothing at all to do with it je n'avais rien à voir là-dedans, je n'y étais pour rien;∎ it's nothing to do with me je n'y suis pour rien;∎ we don't have much to do with the people next door nous n'avons pas beaucoup de contacts avec les gens d'à côté;∎ what I said to him has got nothing to do with you (it's none of your business) ce que je lui ai dit ne te regarde pas; (it's not about you) ce que je lui ai dit n'a rien à voir avec toi;∎ that has a lot to do with it cela joue un rôle très important;∎ he is or has something to do with printing il est dans l'imprimerie∎ to do for sb faire le ménage chez qn4 noun∎ the do's and don'ts of car maintenance les choses à faire et à ne pas faire dans l'entretien des voitures∎ he's having a do to celebrate his promotion il donne une fête pour célébrer sa promotion;∎ leaving do pot m de départ∎ dog do crotte f de chien□∎ to do away with oneself mettre fin à ses jours(a) (criticize, disparage) rabaisser□, médire sur□, dire du mal de□ ;∎ to do oneself down se rabaisser□∎ I'm done for je suis cuit;∎ the project is done for le projet est tombé à l'eau ou foutu;∎ the industry is done for l'industrie est fichue∎ shopping always does for me je suis toujours crevé après les courses;∎ I'm done for je suis mort ou crevé;∎ it was that last hill that did for me c'est la dernière colline qui m'a épuisé□∎ who does for you? qui fait votre ménage?(a) (murder, kill) zigouiller, buter, butter∎ I'm completely done in je suis complètement crevé∎ to do one's back/one's knee in se bousiller le dos/le genou;∎ you'll do your lungs in tu vas te bousiller les poumons∎ to do sb out of sth soutirer□ ou carotter qch à qn; (money) refaire ou escroquer□ qn de qch;∎ to do sb out of a job (of person) faire perdre son travail à qn□ ;∎ all this automation is doing people out of jobs toute cette automatisation supprime des emplois□ ;∎ the new structure did him out of his job la nouvelle structure lui a fait perdre son travail;∎ she's been done out of her share of the money elle s'est fait escroquer de sa part de l'argent∎ the whole house needs doing over toute la maison a besoin d'être refaite➲ do up(a) (fasten → dress, jacket) fermer; (→ zip) fermer, remonter; (→ buttons) boutonner; (→ shoelaces) attacher;∎ do me up will you? tu peux fermer ma robe?(b) (wrap, bundle up) emballer;∎ envelopes done up in bundles of 20 des enveloppes en paquets de 20;∎ a parcel done up in brown paper un paquet emballé dans du papier kraft∎ the house needs a bit of doing up la maison a besoin d'être un peu refaite ou retapée;∎ to do oneself up (make more glamorous) se faire beau/belle;∎ I didn't recognize you all done up like that je ne t'ai pas reconnu tout beau comme ça;∎ to be done up to the nines être sur son trente et un∎ it does up at the side cela se ferme sur le côté∎ I could have done with some help j'aurais eu bien besoin d'aide;∎ I could do with a drink je prendrais bien un verre, j'ai bien envie de prendre un verre∎ I can't do or be doing with all this noise je ne supporte pas ce vacarme;∎ he couldn't be doing with living in London il ne pouvait pas supporter de vivre à Londres(c) (after "what") (act with regard to) faire de;∎ she didn't know what to do with herself (to keep busy) elle ne savait que faire ou à quoi s'occuper; (for joy) elle ne se tenait pas de joie; (for awkwardness) elle était gênée, elle ne savait plus où se mettre;∎ what are we going to do with your father for two whole weeks! qu'allons-nous faire de ton père pendant deux semaines entières?;∎ what do you want me to do with this? que veux-tu que je fasse de ça?;∎ what have you done with the hammer? qu'as-tu fait du marteau?(d) (with past participle) (finish with) finir avec;∎ I'm done with men for ever j'en ai fini pour toujours avec les hommes;∎ I haven't done with him yet! (haven't finished scolding him) je n'en ai pas encore fini avec lui!;∎ I'm done with trying to be nice to her je n'essaierai plus jamais d'être gentil avec elle;∎ can I borrow the ashtray if you've done with it? puis-je emprunter le cendrier si tu n'en as plus besoin?faire sans;∎ he'll have to do without il devra s'en passer ou faire sansse passer de;∎ I could have done without this long wait j'aurais bien pu me passer de cette longue attente;∎ we can do without the sarcasm on n'a pas besoin de ces sarcasmesⅡ.do2 [dəʊ] -
122 open
A n2 ( exposed position) terrain m découvert ; in/into the open en terrain découvert ; fig to be out in the open être étalé en plein jour ; to bring sth out into the open mettre qch au grand jour ; to come out into the open (and say…) parler franchement (et dire…) ; let's get all this out in the open mettons cartes sur table ;B adj1 ( not closed) [door, box, parcel, book, eyes, shirt, wound, flower] ouvert ; [arms, legs] écarté ; ( to the public) [bank, shop, bar, bridge, meeting] ouvert ; to get sth open ouvrir qch ; to burst ou fly open s'ouvrir brusquement or violemment ; ‘open 9 to 5’ ‘ouvert de 9 à 5’ ; ‘open on Sundays’ ‘ouvert le dimanche’ ; the book lay open le livre était ouvert ; the door was partly ou slightly ou half open la porte était entrouverte ; to be open for business ou to the public être ouvert au public ; my door is always open ma porte est toujours ouverte ; is there a bank open? est-ce qu'il y a une banque ouverte? ;2 ( not obstructed) to be open [road] être ouvert (à la circulation) ; [canal, harbour] être ouvert (à la navigation) ; [telephone line, frequency] être libre ; the open air le plein air ; in the open air en plein air, au grand air ; ( at night) à la belle étoile ; open country la rase campagne ; open ground un terrain vague ; the open road la grand-route ; the open sea la haute mer ; an open space un espace libre ; the (wide) open spaces les (grands) espaces libres ; an open view une vue dégagée (of de) ; open water une étendue d'eau dégagée ; they're trying to keep the bridge/tunnel open ils essaient de laisser le pont/tunnel ouvert à la circulation ;3 ( not covered)[car, carriage] découvert, décapoté ; [tomb] ouvert ; [mine, sewer] à ciel ouvert ; an open fire un feu (de cheminée) ;4 ( susceptible) open to the air/to the wind/to the elements exposé à l'air/au vent/aux éléments ; open to attack exposé à l'attaque ; to be open to offers/to suggestions/to new ideas/to criticism être ouvert aux offres/aux suggestions/aux nouvelles idées/à la critique ; to be open to persuasion être prêt à se laisser convaincre ; to lay ou leave oneself open to criticism/to attack s'exposer (ouvertement) à la critique/à l'attaque ; it is open to doubt ou question whether on peut douter que (+ subj) ; this incident has left his honesty open to doubt ou question cet incident met en doute son honnêteté ;5 ( accessible) ( jamais épith) [job, position] libre, vacant ; [access, competition] ouvert à tous ; [meeting, hearing, session] public/-ique ; to be open to sb [competition, service, park, facilities] être ouvert à qn ; there are several courses of action/choices open to us nous avons le choix entre plusieurs lignes de conduite/plusieurs possibilités ;6 ( candid) [person, discussion, declaration, statement] franc/franche ; to be open (with sb) about sth être franc/franche (avec qn) à propos de qch ;7 ( blatant) [hostility, rivalry, attempt, contempt] non dissimulé ; [disagreement, disrespect] manifeste ; in open rebellion ou revolt en rébellion ouverte ;8 ( undecided) [question] non résolu, non tranché ; to leave the date/decision open laisser la date/décision en suspens ; the race/election is (wide) open l'issue de la course/l'élection est indécise ; to have ou keep an open mind about sth réserver son jugement sur qch ; open return/ticket Transp retour m/billet m ouvert or open ; she kept my job open elle m'a gardé mon travail ; the job is still open l'emploi est toujours vacant ; I have an open invitation to visit him/Paris je suis invité chez lui/à Paris quand je veux ;9 ( with spaces) [weave, material] ajouré ;10 Sport [tournament, contest] open ;11 Mus [string] à vide ;12 Ling [vowel, syllable] ouvert.C vtr1 ( cause not to be closed) ouvrir [door, envelope, letter, wound, box, shirt, umbrella, button, jar] ; to open one's arms/legs ouvrir or écarter les bras/jambes ; ouvrir, déplier [map, newspaper] ; dilater [pores] ; to open a door/window slightly ou a little entrouvrir une porte/fenêtre ; to open one's eyes/mouth ouvrir les yeux/la bouche ; to open one's mind (to sth) s'ouvrir (à qch) ;2 ( begin) ouvrir, entamer [discussions, negotiations, meeting] ; entamer, engager [conversation] ; ouvrir [account, enquiry] ; to open the score ou scoring Sport ouvrir la marque ; to open fire ouvrir le feu ; she opened the show with a song elle a ouvert le spectacle avec une chanson ; to open the door to ouvrir la porte à [abuse, corruption] ;4 ( inaugurate) inaugurer [shop, bridge] ; ouvrir [exhibition] ; to open parliament ouvrir la session parlementaire ;5 ( make wider) ⇒ open up.D vi1 ( become open) [door, window, flower, curtain] s'ouvrir ; his eyes/mouth opened il a ouvert les yeux/la bouche ; to open into ou onto sth [door, room, window] donner sur qch ; open wide! ( at dentist's) ouvrez grand! ; to open slightly ou a little [window, door] s'entrouvrir ;3 ( begin) [meeting, conference, discussion, play] commencer ; to open with sth [person, meeting, play] commencer par qch ; to open by doing [person] commencer par faire ;4 Art, Cin, Theat ( have first performance) [film] sortir (sur les écrans) ; [exhibition] ouvrir ; the play opens in London on the 25th la première de la pièce aura lieu à Londres le 25 ; we open on the 25th nous donnons la première le 25 ;5 ( be first speaker) [person] ouvrir le débat ; to open for the defence/the prosecution Jur prendre la parole au nom de la défense/du ministère public ;6 ( become wider) ⇒ open up ;7 Fin [shares] débuter.■ open out:▶ open out ( become broader) [river, passage, path, view] s'élargir ; [countryside] s'étendre ; [flower] s'ouvrir, éclore ; to open out into [passage, tunnel] déboucher sur [room, cave] ; [stream, river] se jeter dans [pool, lake] ;▶ open [sth] out, open out [sth] ouvrir, déplier [garment, newspaper, map].■ open up:▶ open up1 ( unlock a building) ouvrir ; I'll open up for you je t'ouvre ; ‘police! open up!’ ‘police! ouvrez!’ ;3 ( speak freely) s'ouvrir ;4 ( develop) [opportunities, possibilities, market] s'ouvrir ;5 ( become open) [flower] s'ouvrir, éclore ;7 Mil ( start firing) se mettre à tirer ;▶ open [sth] up, open up [sth]1 ( make open) ouvrir [parcel, suitcase, wound] ;3 ( unlock) ouvrir [shop, building] ;5 ( make accessible) ouvrir [area, road, country] ; exploiter [forest, desert] ; fig ouvrir [opportunities, possibilities, career] ; to open up new horizons for sb ouvrir de nouveaux horizons à qn ; they are trying to open the region up to trade ils essaient de développer le commerce dans cette région. -
123 break
break [breɪk]casser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) briser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (i), 1 (j) fracturer ⇒ 1 (b) enfoncer ⇒ 1 (e) violer, enfreindre ⇒ 1 (f) rompre ⇒ 1 (h) couper ⇒ 1 (h) ruiner ⇒ 1 (k) amortir ⇒ 1 (l) se casser ⇒ 2 (a) se briser ⇒ 2 (a) se fracturer ⇒ 2 (b) cassure, brisure ⇒ 3 (a) fissure, fente ⇒ 3 (b) ouverture ⇒ 3 (c) interruption ⇒ 3 (d) pause ⇒ 3 (e) évasion ⇒ 3 (f) chance ⇒ 3 (g) changement ⇒ 3 (h)(a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) casser, briser; (→ branch, lace, string, egg, toy) casser;∎ break the stick in two cassez le bâton en deux;∎ to break sth into pieces mettre qch en morceaux;∎ to get broken se casser;∎ to break a safe forcer un coffre-fort;∎ figurative to break bread with sb partager le repas de qn;∎ figurative to break sb's heart briser le cœur à qn;∎ Ross broke her heart Ross lui a brisé le cœur;∎ it breaks my heart to see her unhappy ça me brise le cœur de la voir malheureuse;∎ figurative to break the ice rompre ou briser la glace∎ to break one's leg se casser ou se fracturer la jambe;∎ to break one's neck se casser ou se rompre le cou;∎ the fall broke his back la chute lui a brisé les reins;∎ familiar figurative they broke their backs trying to get the job done ils se sont éreintés à finir le travail;∎ familiar we've broken the back of the job nous avons fait le plus gros du travail;∎ familiar I'll break his neck if I catch him doing it again! je lui tords le cou si je le reprends à faire ça!;(c) (render inoperable → appliance, machine) casser;∎ you've broken the TV tu as cassé la télé(d) (cut surface of → ground) entamer; (→ skin) écorcher; Law (seals → illegally) briser; (legally) lever;∎ the seal on the coffee jar was broken le pot de café avait été ouvert;∎ the skin isn't broken la peau n'est pas écorchée;∎ to break new or fresh ground innover, faire œuvre de pionnier;∎ scientists are breaking new or fresh ground in cancer research les savants font une percée dans la recherche contre le cancer(e) (force a way through) enfoncer;∎ the river broke its banks la rivière est sortie de son lit;∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;(f) Law (violate → law, rule) violer, enfreindre; (→ speed limit) dépasser; (→ agreement, treaty) violer; (→ contract) rompre; (→ promise) manquer à; Religion (→ commandment) désobéir à; (→ Sabbath) ne pas respecter;∎ she broke her appointment with them elle a annulé son rendez-vous avec eux;∎ he broke his word to her il a manqué à la parole qu'il lui avait donnée;∎ Law to break parole = commettre un délit qui entraîne la révocation de la mise en liberté conditionnelle;∎ Military to break bounds violer la consigne∎ to break jail s'évader (de prison);∎ to break camp lever le camp;(h) (interrupt → fast, monotony, spell) rompre; Electricity (→ circuit, current) couper; Typography (→ word, page) couper;∎ we broke our journey at Brussels nous avons fait une étape à Bruxelles;∎ a cry broke the silence un cri a déchiré ou percé le silence;∎ the plain was broken only by an occasional small settlement la plaine n'était interrompue que par de rares petits hameaux;∎ Military to break step rompre le pas∎ the new offer broke the deadlock la nouvelle proposition a permis de sortir de l'impasse;∎ he's tried to stop smoking but he can't break the habit il a essayé d'arrêter de fumer mais il n'arrive pas à se débarrasser ou se défaire de l'habitude;∎ to break sb of a habit corriger ou guérir qn d'une habitude;∎ to break oneself of a habit se corriger ou se défaire d'une habitude(j) (wear down, destroy → enemy) détruire; (→ person, will, courage, resistance) briser; (→ witness) réfuter; (→ health) abîmer; (→ alibi) écarter;∎ torture did not break him or his spirit il a résisté à la torture;∎ this scandal could break them ce scandale pourrait signer leur perte;∎ the experience will either make or break him l'expérience lui sera ou salutaire ou fatale(k) (bankrupt) ruiner;∎ her new business will either make or break her sa nouvelle affaire la rendra riche ou la ruinera;∎ to break the bank (exhaust funds) faire sauter la banque;(l) (soften → fall) amortir, adoucir;∎ we planted a row of trees to break the wind nous avons planté une rangée d'arbres pour couper le vent(m) (reveal, tell) annoncer, révéler;∎ break it to her gently annonce-le lui avec ménagement(n) (beat, improve on) battre;∎ to break a record battre un record;∎ the golfer broke 90 le golfeur a dépassé le score de 90(o) (solve → code) déchiffrer∎ to break sb's service (in tennis) prendre le service de qn;∎ Hingis was broken in the fifth game Hingis a perdu son service dans le cinquième jeu∎ can you break a £10 note? pouvez-vous faire de la monnaie sur un billet de 10 livres?∎ to break wind lâcher un vent(a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) se casser, se briser; (→ branch, stick) se casser, se rompre; (→ lace, string, egg, toy) se casser;∎ to break apart se casser ou se briser (en morceaux);∎ the plate broke in two l'assiette s'est cassée en deux;∎ to break into pieces se casser en morceaux;∎ figurative her heart broke elle a eu le cœur brisé∎ is the bone broken? y a-t-il une fracture?;∎ humorous any bones broken? rien de cassé?∎ the dishwasher broke last week le lave-vaisselle est tombé en panne la semaine dernière(d) (disperse → clouds) se disperser, se dissiper; Military (→ troops) rompre les rangs; (→ ranks) se rompre∎ to break free se libérer;∎ the ship broke loose from its moorings le bateau a rompu ses amarres(f) (fail → health, person, spirit) se détériorer;∎ the witness broke under questioning le témoin a craqué au cours de l'interrogatoire;∎ she or her spirit did not break elle ne s'est pas laissée abattre;∎ their courage finally broke leur courage a fini par les abandonner(g) (take a break) faire une pause;∎ let's break for coffee arrêtons-nous pour prendre un café(h) (arise suddenly → day) se lever, poindre; (→ dawn) poindre; Press & Television (→ news) être annoncé; (→ scandal, war) éclater(i) (move suddenly) se précipiter, foncer∎ she was so upset that her voice kept breaking elle était tellement bouleversée que sa voix se brisait∎ the sea was breaking against the rocks les vagues se brisaient sur les rochers∎ her waters have broken elle a perdu les eaux∎ to break right/badly bien/mal se passer∎ break! break!, stop!3 noun(a) (in china, glass) cassure f, brisure f; (in wood) cassure f, rupture f; Medicine (in bone, limb) fracture f; figurative (with friend, group) rupture f; (in marriage) séparation f;∎ the break with her husband was a painful experience ça a été très pénible pour elle quand elle s'est séparée de son mari;∎ her break with the party in 1968 sa rupture avec le parti en 1968;∎ to make a clean break with the past rompre avec le passé(c) (gap → in hedge, wall) trouée f, ouverture f; Geology (→ in rock) faille f; (→ in line) interruption f, rupture f; Typography (→ in word) césure f; (→ in pagination) fin f de page;∎ a break in the clouds une éclaircie(d) (interruption → in conversation) interruption f, pause f; (→ in payment) interruption f, suspension f; (→ in trip) arrêt m; (→ in production) suspension f, rupture f; (→ in series) interruption f; Literature & Music pause f; (in jazz) break m;∎ guitar break (in rock) (courte) improvisation f de guitare;∎ Electricity a break in the circuit une coupure de courant;∎ Radio a break for commercials, a (commercial) break un intermède de publicité; Television un écran publicitaire, une page de publicité;∎ Television a break in transmission une interruption des programmes (due à un incident technique)∎ let's take a break on fait une pause?;∎ we worked all morning without a break nous avons travaillé toute la matinée sans nous arrêter;∎ he drove for three hours without a break il a conduit trois heures de suite;∎ you need a break (short rest) tu as besoin de faire une pause; (holiday) tu as besoin de vacances;∎ an hour's break for lunch une heure de pause pour le déjeuner;∎ lunch break pause f de midi;∎ do you get a lunch break? tu as une pause à midi?;∎ a weekend in the country makes a pleasant break un week-end à la campagne fait du bien;∎ familiar give me a break! (don't talk nonsense) dis pas n'importe quoi!; (stop nagging) fiche-moi la paix!∎ Law jail break évasion f (de prison);∎ she made a break for the woods elle s'est élancée vers le bois;∎ to make a break for it prendre la fuite∎ you get all the breaks! tu en as du pot!;∎ to have a lucky break avoir de la veine;∎ to have a bad break manquer de veine;∎ this could be your big break ça pourrait être la chance de ta vie;∎ she's never had an even break in her life rien n'a jamais été facile dans sa vie;∎ give him a break donne-lui une chance; (he won't do it again) donne-lui une seconde chance∎ a break in the weather un changement de temps;∎ the decision signalled a break with tradition la décision marquait une rupture avec la tradition(i) (carriage) break m∎ at break of day au point du jour, à l'aube∎ to have a service break or a break (of serve) (in tennis) avoir une rupture de service (de l'adversaire);∎ to have two break points (in tennis) avoir deux balles de break;∎ he made a 70 break (in snooker, pool etc) il a fait une série de 70►► Computing break character caractère m d'interruption;Computing break key touche f d'interruption∎ I broke away from the crowd je me suis éloigné de la foule;∎ he broke away from her grasp il s'est dégagé de son étreinte∎ a group of MPs broke away from the party un groupe de députés a quitté le parti;∎ as a band they have broken away from traditional jazz leur groupe a (complètement) rompu avec le jazz traditionneldétacher;∎ they broke all the fittings away from the walls ils ont décroché toutes les appliques des murs(in tennis) = gagner le service de son adversaire après avoir perdu son propre service(a) (vehicle, machine) tomber en panne;∎ the car has broken down la voiture est en panne(b) (fail → health) se détériorer; (→ authority) disparaître; (→ argument, system, resistance) s'effondrer; (→ negotiations, relations, plan) échouer;∎ radio communications broke down le contact radio a été coupé;∎ their marriage is breaking down leur mariage se désagrège(c) (lose one's composure) s'effondrer;∎ to break down in tears fondre en larmes∎ the report breaks down into three parts le rapport comprend ou est composé de trois parties∎ to break down into sth se décomposer en qch∎ we must break down old prejudices il faut mettre fin aux vieux préjugés(b) (analyse → idea, statistics) analyser; (→ reasons) décomposer; (→ account, figures, expenses) décomposer, ventiler; (→ bill, estimate) détailler; (→ substance) décomposer;∎ the problem can be broken down into three parts le problème peut se décomposer en trois parties➲ break in∎ a month should be enough to break you in to the job un mois devrait suffire pour vous faire ou vous habituer au métier(b) (clothing) porter (pour user);∎ I want to break these shoes in je veux que ces chaussures se fassent(c) (knock down → door) enfoncer∎ to break in on sb/sth interrompre qn/qch∎ they broke into the safe ils ont fracturé ou forcé le coffre-fort;∎ they've been broken into three times ils se sont fait cambrioler trois fois∎ the audience broke into applause le public s'est mis à applaudir;∎ to break into a run/sprint se mettre à courir/à sprinter;∎ the horse broke into a gallop le cheval a pris le galop(c) (conversation) interrompre(d) (start to spend → savings) entamer;∎ I don't want to break into a £20 note je ne veux pas entamer un billet de 20 livres∎ the firm has broken into the Japanese market l'entreprise a percé sur le marché japonais(a) (separate) se détacher, se casser;∎ a branch has broken off une branche s'est détachée (de l'arbre)∎ he broke off in mid-sentence il s'est arrêté au milieu d'une phrase;∎ to break off for ten minutes prendre dix minutes de pause;∎ to break off for lunch s'arrêter pour déjeuner(c) (end relationship) rompre;∎ she's broken off with him elle a rompu avec lui(a) (separate) détacher, casser;∎ to break sth off sth casser ou détacher qch de qch(b) (end → agreement, relationship) rompre;∎ they've broken off their engagement ils ont rompu leurs fiançailles;∎ to break it off (with sb) rompre (avec qn);∎ Italy had broken off diplomatic relations with Libya l'Italie avait rompu ses relations diplomatiques avec la Libye∎ to break a desk open ouvrir un bureau en forçant la serrure∎ to break out in spots or in a rash avoir une éruption de boutons;∎ to break out in a sweat se mettre à transpirer;∎ she broke out in a cold sweat elle s'est mise à avoir des sueurs froides∎ to break out from or of prison s'évader (de prison);∎ we have to break out of this vicious circle il faut que nous sortions de ce cercle vicieux(bottle, champagne) ouvrir(sun) percer;∎ I broke through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin à travers la foule;∎ the troops broke through enemy lines les troupes ont enfoncé les lignes ennemies;∎ she eventually broke through his reserve elle a fini par le faire sortir de sa réservepercer; figurative & Military faire une percée;∎ figurative his hidden feelings tend to break through in his writing ses sentiments cachés tendent à transparaître ou percer dans ses écrits➲ break up(a) (divide up → rocks) briser, morceler; Law (→ property) morceler; (→ soil) ameublir; (→ bread, cake) partager;∎ she broke the loaf up into four pieces elle a rompu ou partagé la miche en quatre;∎ illustrations break up the text le texte est aéré par des illustrations(c) (end → fight, party) mettre fin à, arrêter; Commerce & Law (→ conglomerate, trust) scinder, diviser; Commerce (→ company) scinder; Politics (→ coalition) briser, rompre; Administration (→ organization) dissoudre; (→ empire) démembrer; (→ family) séparer;∎ his drinking broke up their marriage le fait qu'il buvait a brisé ou détruit leur mariage(d) (disperse → crowd) disperser;∎ the news really broke her up la nouvelle l'a complètement bouleversée∎ her stories really break me up! ses histoires me font bien marrer!(a) (split into pieces → road, system) se désagréger; (→ ice) craquer, se fissurer; (→ ship) se disloquer;∎ the ship broke up on the rocks le navire s'est disloqué sur les rochers(b) (come to an end → meeting, party) se terminer, prendre fin; (→ partnership) cesser, prendre fin; (→ talks, negotiations) cesser;∎ when the meeting broke up à l'issue ou à la fin de la réunion;∎ their marriage broke up leur mariage n'a pas marché(c) (boyfriend, girlfriend) rompre;∎ she broke up with her boyfriend elle a rompu avec son petit ami;∎ they've broken up ils se sont séparés∎ we break up for Christmas on the 22nd les vacances de Noël commencent le 22;∎ when do we break up? quand est-ce qu'on est en vacances?(f) (lose one's composure) s'effondrer(a) (end association with → person, organization) rompre avec;∎ the defeat caused many people to break with the party la défaite a poussé beaucoup de gens à rompre avec le parti(b) (depart from → belief, values) rompre avec;∎ she broke with tradition by getting married away from her village elle a rompu avec la tradition en ne se mariant pas dans son village -
124 secure
[si'kjuə] 1. adjective1) ((often with against or from) safe; free from danger, loss etc: Is your house secure against burglary?; He went on holiday, secure in the knowledge that he had done well in the exam.) sikker2) (firm, fastened, or fixed: Is that door secure?) sikker3) (definite; not likely to be lost: She has had a secure offer of a job; He has a secure job.) sikker; tryg2. verb1) ((with against or from (something bad)) to guarantee or make safe: Keep your jewellery in the bank to secure it against theft.) sikre2) (to fasten or make firm: He secured the boat with a rope.) sikre•- securely- security
- security risk* * *[si'kjuə] 1. adjective1) ((often with against or from) safe; free from danger, loss etc: Is your house secure against burglary?; He went on holiday, secure in the knowledge that he had done well in the exam.) sikker2) (firm, fastened, or fixed: Is that door secure?) sikker3) (definite; not likely to be lost: She has had a secure offer of a job; He has a secure job.) sikker; tryg2. verb1) ((with against or from (something bad)) to guarantee or make safe: Keep your jewellery in the bank to secure it against theft.) sikre2) (to fasten or make firm: He secured the boat with a rope.) sikre•- securely- security
- security risk -
125 open
I 1. ['əʊpən]1) (not closed) [door, box, eyes, shirt, wound, flower] aperto; [bank, shop, bar] aperto (al pubblico)to get sth. open — aprire qcs.
the door was partly o half open la porta era socchiusa; to be open for business o to the public — essere aperto al pubblico
to be open — [ road] essere aperto (al traffico); [canal, harbour] essere aperto (per la navigazione); [telephone line, frequency] essere libero
in the open air — all'aria aperta o all'aperto; (at night) all'addiaccio o all'aperto
an open view — una visuale libera; fig. una visione aperta
3) (not covered) [car, carriage] scoperto, senza capote; [mine, sewer] a cielo apertoopen to the air, to the wind, to the elements — esposto all'aria, al vento, agli elementi
open to attack — esposto all'attacco, agli attacchi
to be open to offers, to suggestions, to new ideas, to criticism — essere aperto o disposto ad accettare offerte, suggerimenti, nuove idee, critiche
to lay oneself open to criticism essere esposto o esporsi alle critiche; it is open to question whether — è in dubbio o una questione aperta se
5) (accessible) [job, position] libero, vacante; [access, competition] aperto (a tutti); [meeting, hearing, session] pubblicoto be open to sb. — [competition, service, park, facilities] essere aperto a qcn.
6) (candid) [person, discussion, declaration, statement] sinceroto be open (with sb.) about sth. — essere sincero (con qcn.) su qcs
7) (blatant) [hostility, contempt] evidente, dichiarato; [disagreement, disrespect] aperto, evidente8) (undecided) [ question] apertothe election is (wide) open — l'elezione è aperta o è incerta
to have an open mind about sth. — avere una mentalità aperta nei confronti di qcs.
9) (with spaces) [weave, material] traforato11) mus. [ string] vuoto12) ling. [vowel, syllable] aperto2.1) (outside)to be, come out in the open — fig. essere, uscire allo scoperto
II 1. ['əʊpən]to bring sth. out into the open — portare qcs. allo scoperto
1) (cause not to be closed) aprire [door, box, shirt, wound]; slacciare [ button]; dilatare [ pores]to open a door slightly o a little socchiudere una porta, una finestra; to open one's mind (to sth.) — aprirsi (a qcs.)
2) (begin) aprire, iniziare [discussions, meeting]; aprire, intavolare [ conversation]; aprire [ enquiry]3) comm. (set up) aprire, avviare [shop, business, branch]4) (inaugurate) aprire, inaugurare [exhibition, bridge]2.1) (become open) [door, flower, curtain] aprirsito open into o onto [door, window] dare su; open wide! (at dentist's) apra bene! to open slightly o a little — [window, door] socchiudersi
2) comm. (operate) [shop, bank, bar] aprire3) (begin) [meeting, discussion, play] aprirsi, iniziareto open by doing — [ person] cominciare con il fare
4) (have first performance) [ film] uscire (sugli schermi); [ exhibition] aprire5) (be first speaker) [ person] aprire il dibattito7) econ. [ shares] aprire8) gioc. aprire•- open out- open up* * *['əupən] 1. adjective1) (not shut, allowing entry or exit: an open box; The gate is wide open.) aperto2) (allowing the inside to be seen: an open book.) aperto3) (ready for business etc: The shop is open on Sunday afternoons; After the fog had cleared, the airport was soon open again; The gardens are open to the public.) aperto4) (not kept secret: an open show of affection.) aperto5) (frank: He was very open with me about his work.) franco, aperto6) (still being considered etc: Leave the matter open.) (in sospeso)7) (empty, with no trees, buildings etc: I like to be out in the open country; an open space.) aperto2. verb1) (to make or become open: He opened the door; The door opened; The new shop opened last week.) aprire, aprirsi2) (to begin: He opened the meeting with a speech of welcome.) aprire•- opener- opening
- openly
- open-air
- open-minded
- open-plan
- be an open secret
- bring something out into the open
- bring out into the open
- in the open
- in the open air
- keep/have an open mind
- open on to
- the open sea
- open to
- open up
- with open arms* * *I 1. ['əʊpən]1) (not closed) [door, box, eyes, shirt, wound, flower] aperto; [bank, shop, bar] aperto (al pubblico)to get sth. open — aprire qcs.
the door was partly o half open la porta era socchiusa; to be open for business o to the public — essere aperto al pubblico
to be open — [ road] essere aperto (al traffico); [canal, harbour] essere aperto (per la navigazione); [telephone line, frequency] essere libero
in the open air — all'aria aperta o all'aperto; (at night) all'addiaccio o all'aperto
an open view — una visuale libera; fig. una visione aperta
3) (not covered) [car, carriage] scoperto, senza capote; [mine, sewer] a cielo apertoopen to the air, to the wind, to the elements — esposto all'aria, al vento, agli elementi
open to attack — esposto all'attacco, agli attacchi
to be open to offers, to suggestions, to new ideas, to criticism — essere aperto o disposto ad accettare offerte, suggerimenti, nuove idee, critiche
to lay oneself open to criticism essere esposto o esporsi alle critiche; it is open to question whether — è in dubbio o una questione aperta se
5) (accessible) [job, position] libero, vacante; [access, competition] aperto (a tutti); [meeting, hearing, session] pubblicoto be open to sb. — [competition, service, park, facilities] essere aperto a qcn.
6) (candid) [person, discussion, declaration, statement] sinceroto be open (with sb.) about sth. — essere sincero (con qcn.) su qcs
7) (blatant) [hostility, contempt] evidente, dichiarato; [disagreement, disrespect] aperto, evidente8) (undecided) [ question] apertothe election is (wide) open — l'elezione è aperta o è incerta
to have an open mind about sth. — avere una mentalità aperta nei confronti di qcs.
9) (with spaces) [weave, material] traforato11) mus. [ string] vuoto12) ling. [vowel, syllable] aperto2.1) (outside)to be, come out in the open — fig. essere, uscire allo scoperto
II 1. ['əʊpən]to bring sth. out into the open — portare qcs. allo scoperto
1) (cause not to be closed) aprire [door, box, shirt, wound]; slacciare [ button]; dilatare [ pores]to open a door slightly o a little socchiudere una porta, una finestra; to open one's mind (to sth.) — aprirsi (a qcs.)
2) (begin) aprire, iniziare [discussions, meeting]; aprire, intavolare [ conversation]; aprire [ enquiry]3) comm. (set up) aprire, avviare [shop, business, branch]4) (inaugurate) aprire, inaugurare [exhibition, bridge]2.1) (become open) [door, flower, curtain] aprirsito open into o onto [door, window] dare su; open wide! (at dentist's) apra bene! to open slightly o a little — [window, door] socchiudersi
2) comm. (operate) [shop, bank, bar] aprire3) (begin) [meeting, discussion, play] aprirsi, iniziareto open by doing — [ person] cominciare con il fare
4) (have first performance) [ film] uscire (sugli schermi); [ exhibition] aprire5) (be first speaker) [ person] aprire il dibattito7) econ. [ shares] aprire8) gioc. aprire•- open out- open up -
126 stuff
1. nounbe made of sterner stuff — aus härterem Stoff gemacht sein (fig.)
the stuff that dreams/heroes are made of — der Stoff, aus dem die Träume sind/Helden gemacht sind (fig.)
do painting or drawing, stuff like that — malen oder zeichnen oder so was (ugs.)
do one's stuff — (coll.) seine Sache machen
know one's stuff — (coll.): (be knowledgeable) sich auskennen; (know one's job) seine Sache verstehen
2. transitive verbthat's the stuff! — (coll.) so ist's richtig!
stuff something with or full of something — etwas mit etwas voll stopfen (ugs.)
[go and] get stuffed! — (sl.) hau ab! (ugs.)
stuff oneself — (sl.) sich voll stopfen (ugs.)
stuff one's face — (sl.) sich (Dat.) den Bauch voll stopfen (ugs.)
stuff ballot boxes — (Amer.): (insert bogus votes) Stimmen fälschen
2) (sl.)stuff it! — Scheiß drauf! (derb)
3. intransitive verbhe can stuff it! — er kann mich mal! (derb)
sich voll stopfen (ugs.)* * *I noun1) (material or substance: What is that black oily stuff on the beach?; The doctor gave me some good stuff for removing warts; Show them what stuff you're made of! (= how brave, strong etc you are).) das Zeug2) ((unimportant) matter, things, objects etc: We'll have to get rid of all this stuff when we move house.) das Zeug3) (an old word for cloth.) der Wollstoff•- academic.ru/117093/know_one%27s_stuff">know one's stuff- that's the stuff! II verb1) (to pack or fill tightly, often hurriedly or untidily: His drawer was stuffed with papers; She stuffed the fridge with food; The children have been stuffing themselves with ice-cream.) vollstopfen3) (to fill the skin of (a dead animal or bird) to preserve the appearance it had when alive: They stuffed the golden eagle.) ausstopfen•- stuffing- stuff up* * *[stʌf]we've heard all this \stuff before das haben wir doch alles schon mal gehört!there is a lot of \stuff about it on TV im Fernsehen wird dauernd darüber berichtethis latest book is good \stuff sein neues Buch ist echt gutto know one's \stuff sich akk auskennenhe certainly knows his \stuff er weiß, wovon er sprichtcamping \stuff Campingsachen plsticky \stuff klebriges Zeughe's made of the same \stuff as his father er ist aus demselben Holz geschnitzt wie sein Vaterthe [very] \stuff of sth das Wesentliche [o der Kern] einer S. genthe \stuff of which heroes are made der Stoff, aus dem Helden sind5.II. vt▪ to \stuff sb/oneself jdn/sich vollstopfen▪ to \stuff down ⇆ sth etw in sich akk hineinstopfen pej, etw verschlingen pej [o hum fam verdrücken]4. (push inside)they \stuffed the money into a bag and ran from the bank sie stopften das Geld in eine Tasche und rannten aus der Bank\stuffed chicken gefülltes Hähnchen [o SCHWEIZ Poulet]to \stuff animals Tiere ausstopfen* * *[stʌf]1. n1) Zeug ntblack/sweet etc stuff — schwarzes/süßes etc Zeug
the stuff that dreams are made of — der Stoff, aus dem die Träume sind
show him what kind of stuff you're made of — zeig ihm, aus welchem Holz du geschnitzt bist
there was a lot of rough stuff — es ging ziemlich rau zu
it's poor/good stuff — das ist schlecht/gut
this book is strong stuff —
he brought me some stuff to read/to pass the time — er hat mir etwas zum Lesen/zur Unterhaltung mitgebracht
and stuff like that — und so was (inf)
all that stuff about how he wants to help us — all das Gerede, dass er uns helfen will
stuff and nonsense — Quatsch m (inf), Blödsinn m
2) (inf)that's the stuff! — so ists richtig!, weiter so!
go on, do your stuff! — nun mach mal or doch!
to know one's stuff — wissen, wovon man redet, sich auskennen
See:→ hot stuff3) (= possessions) Zeug nt, Sachen pl4) (inf: drugs) Stoff m (inf)5) (old: cloth) Material nt, Stoff m2. vt1) (= fill) container, room, person vollstopfen; hole zustopfen, verstopfen; contents, object, books (hinein)stopfen (into in +acc); (into envelope) stecken (into in +acc)to stuff sb with food — jdn mit Essen vollstopfen, jdn mästen (inf)
to stuff one's face (inf) — sich vollstopfen (inf)
I'm stuffed ( inf : with food ) — ich bin total voll (inf)
to stuff sth away —
he stuffed some money into my hand —
to stuff one's fingers into one's ears — sich (dat) die Finger in die Ohren stecken
4) (Brit inf)get stuffed! — du kannst mich mal (inf)!
I told him to stuff it or to get stuffed — ich habe ihm gesagt, er kann mich mal (inf)
you can stuff your job etc — du kannst deinen blöden Job etc behalten (inf)
stuff him! — der kann mich mal! (inf)
3. vi(inf: eat) sich vollstopfen (inf)4. vrto stuff oneself (with food/on cakes) — sich (mit Essen/Kuchen) vollstopfen (inf)
* * *stuff [stʌf]A s1. Stoff m, Material n2. (Roh)Stoff m, (-)Material n3. a) (Woll)Stoff m, Zeug n, Gewebe n4. Zeug n, Sachen pl (Gepäck, Ware etc, a Nahrungsmittel etc):this is good stuff umg das ist was Gutes5. fig (fades etc) Zeug:he is (made) of sterner stuff er ist aus härterem Holz geschnitzt;he has good stuff in him in ihm steckt etwas;the stuff that heroes are made of das Zeug, aus dem Helden gemacht sind;that’s the stuff (to give them)! umg so ists richtig!, nur weiter so!;he knows his stuff er kennt sich aus, er versteht sein Fach;do your stuff! umg auf gehts!;6. (wertloses) Zeug, Plunder m, Kram m umg (auch fig):take that stuff away! nimm das Zeug weg!;stuff and nonsense! dummes Zeug!7. a) umg Zeug n, Stoff m (Schnaps etc)b) sl Stoff m (Drogen)8. sl Getue n, Sums m10. Lederschmiere f11. TECH Ganzzeug n, Papiermasse f:stuff engine Holländer m12. TECH Bauholz nB v/tstuff o.s. sich (den Magen) vollstopfen (on, with mit);stuff a pipe eine Pfeife stopfen;my nose is stuffed up meine Nase ist verstopft oder zu3. ein Sofa etc polsternwith mit)5. überfüllen, -laden ( beide:with mit)6. jemanden überfüttern7. Geflügela) stopfenb) GASTR füllen, farcieren8. Tiere ausstopfen9. POL US eine Wahlurne mit gefälschten Stimmzetteln füllen11. (zusammen)pressen, (-)stopfen12. Leder mit Fett imprägnieren13. vulg eine Frau stopfen vulg (schlafen mit):C v/i sich (den Magen) vollstopfen* * *1. nounthe stuff that dreams/heroes are made of — der Stoff, aus dem die Träume sind/Helden gemacht sind (fig.)
2) no pl., no indef. art. (activity, knowledge)do painting or drawing, stuff like that — malen oder zeichnen oder so was (ugs.)
do one's stuff — (coll.) seine Sache machen
know one's stuff — (coll.): (be knowledgeable) sich auskennen; (know one's job) seine Sache verstehen
2. transitive verbthat's the stuff! — (coll.) so ist's richtig!
1) stopfen; zustopfen [Loch, Ohren]; (in taxidermy) ausstopfen; (Cookery) füllenstuff something with or full of something — etwas mit etwas voll stopfen (ugs.)
[go and] get stuffed! — (sl.) hau ab! (ugs.)
stuff oneself — (sl.) sich voll stopfen (ugs.)
stuff one's face — (sl.) sich (Dat.) den Bauch voll stopfen (ugs.)
stuff ballot boxes — (Amer.): (insert bogus votes) Stimmen fälschen
2) (sl.)stuff it! — Scheiß drauf! (derb)
3. intransitive verbhe can stuff it! — er kann mich mal! (derb)
sich voll stopfen (ugs.)* * *n.Stoff -e m.Stopfen - m.Zeug nur sing. n. v.stopfen v.vollstopfen v. -
127 expense
n1) расход; трата2) pl расходы, издержки, затраты
- absorbed expenses
- accommodation expenses
- accompanying expenses
- accrued expenses
- acquisition expenses
- actual expenses
- additional expenses
- administration expenses
- administrative expenses
- advertising expenses
- agreed expenses
- aggregate expenses
- amortization expenses
- annual expenses
- anticipated expenses
- arbitration expenses
- auditing expenses
- average expenses
- bad debt expenses
- bank expenses
- banking expenses
- bank operating expenses
- bloated expenses
- bloated operating expenses
- board expenses
- broker's expenses
- budget expenses
- budgetary expenses
- budgeted expenses
- building expenses
- business expenses
- business travel expenses
- cable expenses
- calculated expenses
- capitalized expenses
- carriage expenses
- cash expenses
- city's operating expenses
- clerical expenses
- collecting expenses
- collection expenses
- commercial expenses
- commission expenses
- compensation expenses
- computed expenses
- considerable expenses
- constant expenses
- contango expenses
- contract expenses
- contractual expenses
- controllable expenses
- current expenses
- current operating expenses
- customs expenses
- daily expenses
- dead expenses
- debt service expenses
- deductible expenses
- deferred expenses
- delivery expenses
- depreciation expenses
- direct expenses
- disbursement expenses
- discharging expenses
- discount expenses
- distribution expenses
- eligible expenses
- encashment expenses
- engineering expenses
- entertainment expenses
- equipment maintenance expenses
- establishment expenses
- estimated expenses
- everyday expenses
- exceptional expenses
- excess expenses
- executive expenses
- extra expenses
- extraordinary expenses
- extravagant expenses
- factory expenses
- federal expense
- fee and commission expenses
- financial expenses
- financing expenses
- fixed expenses
- flat expenses
- foreign exchange expenses
- formation expenses
- forwarding expenses
- freight expenses
- fringe benefit expenses
- funding expenses
- general expenses
- general and administrative expenses
- general average expenses
- general occuppancy expenses
- general operating expenses
- guardianship expenses
- harbour expenses
- hauling expenses
- heavy expenses
- high expenses
- hotel expenses
- identifiable additional expenses
- idle facility expenses
- idle plant expenses
- impairment-related expenses
- incidental expenses
- income expense on bonds
- income tax expense
- incurred expenses
- indirect expenses
- interest expenses
- initial expenses
- installation expenses
- insurance expenses
- interest expenses
- interest expense on current accounts in credit
- interest expense on debenture
- interest expense on demand deposits loans
- interest expenses on items with agreed maturity dates
- interest expense on special savings accounts
- itemized medical expenses
- job-hunting expenses
- job travel expenses
- lavish expenses
- law expenses
- legal expenses
- living expenses
- loading expenses
- lodging expenses
- mail expenses
- maintenance expenses
- management expenses
- manufacturing expenses
- marketing expenses
- material expenses
- maximum expenses
- medical expenses
- minimum expenses
- miscellaneous expenses
- monetary expenses
- monthly expenses
- mortgage expenses
- moving expenses
- necessary expenses
- noncash expenses
- noncontrollable expenses
- noninterest operating expenses
- nonoperating expenses
- nonproductive expenses
- nonrecurrent expenses
- nonrecurring expenses
- office expenses
- one-off expenses
- operating expenses
- operational expenses
- organizational expenses
- other expenses
- out-of-pocket expenses
- overall expenses
- overhead expenses
- overseas housing expenses
- packing expenses
- particular expenses
- payroll expenses
- per capita expenses
- period expenses
- permissible expenses
- personal expenses
- personal consumption expenses
- personnel expenses
- petty expenses
- planned expenses
- pocket expenses
- postage expenses
- postal expenses
- preliminary expenses
- prepaid expenses
- preparation expenses
- processing expenses
- production expenses
- promotion expenses
- promotional expenses
- protest expenses
- public expenses
- publicity expenses
- quality expenses
- reasonable expenses
- recovery expenses
- recurrent expenses
- recurring expenses
- reimbursable expenses
- reinvoiced expenses
- relocation expenses
- removal expenses
- removing expenses
- rent expense
- repair expenses
- representation expenses
- rework expenses
- running expenses
- running-in expenses
- sales promotion expense
- salvage expenses
- selling expenses
- selling, general and administrative expenses
- service expenses
- shipping expenses
- ship's expenses
- special expenses
- specific expenses
- standing expenses
- starting expenses
- start-up expense
- stationary expenses
- stevedoring expenses
- storage expenses
- subsistence expenses
- substituted expenses
- sundry expenses
- supplementary expenses
- tax expenses
- tax deductible interest expenses
- telephone expenses
- telex expenses
- testamentary expenses
- title expenses
- total expenses
- towage expenses
- trade expenses
- transfer expenses
- transhipment expenses
- transport expenses
- transportation expenses
- travel expenses
- travel and entertainment expenses
- travelling expenses
- trimming expenses
- uncontrollable expenses
- unforeseen expenses
- unit expenses
- unloading expenses
- unproductive expenses
- unreasonable expenses
- unreimbursed expenses
- unreimbursed job travel expenses
- unscheduled expenses
- unwarranted expenses
- upkeep expenses
- variable expenses
- wages expenses
- warehouse expenses
- warranty expenses
- wheeling expenses
- working expenses
- works general expenses
- expenses as percentage of sales
- expenses for the account of
- expenses for protesting a bill
- expenses in foreign exchange
- expenses of carriage
- expenses of the carrier
- expenses of circulation
- expenses of collection
- expenses of discharge
- expenses of haulage
- expenses of the insured
- expenses of the parties
- expenses of production
- expenses of protest
- expenses of reproduction
- expenses of shipping
- expenses of trackage
- expenses of transhipping
- expenses of transportation
- expenses on arbitration
- expenses on charter
- expenses on collection
- expenses on compensation for damage
- expenses on currency transactions
- expenses on customer transactions
- expenses on erection work
- expense on financing commitments
- expenses on guarantee commitments
- expenses on insurance
- expenses on materials
- expenses on off-balance-sheet transactions
- expenses on patenting procedure
- expenses on payment instruments
- expenses on repairs
- expenses on replacement
- expenses on scientific research
- expenses on security transactions
- expenses on selling
- expenses on selling effort
- expenses on setting-up
- expenses on storage
- expenses on technical service
- expenses on trading securities
- expenses on treasury operations and interbank transactions
- expenses per head of population
- at the expense of
- at great expense
- at the owner's expense and risk
- at the firm's expense
- less expenses
- minus expenses
- free of expenses
- free of all expenses
- expenses charged forward
- expenses connected with capital lease
- expenses connected with fund transfer
- expenses connected with obtaining credit
- expenses connected with the procedure in bankruptcy
- expenses deducted
- expenses incurred in searching for a job
- expenses prepaid
- expenses related to receivership
- absorb expenses
- account for the expenses
- advance expenses
- allocate expenses
- apportion expenses
- approve expenses
- assess expenses
- assume expenses
- authorize expenses
- avoid expenses
- avoid extra expenses
- bear expenses
- calculate expenses
- cause expenses
- charge expenses to the account of smb.
- compensate for expenses
- cover expenses
- curb expenses
- curtail expenses
- cut down expenses
- defray expenses
- determine expenses
- distribute expenses
- double expenses
- duplicate expenses
- entail expenses
- enter as expense
- estimate expenses
- experience extensive expenses
- go to expense
- halve expenses
- increase expenses
- incur expenses
- indemnify for expenses
- involve expenses
- itemize expenses
- limit expenses
- make expenses
- meet expenses
- offset expenses
- overestimate expenses
- participate in expenses
- pay expenses
- pile up expenses
- place expenses to smb.'s charge
- pool expenses
- prepay expenses
- put to expense
- put to great expense
- recognize expenses
- recompense expenses
- recover expenses
- reduce expenses
- refund the expenses
- reimburse smb. for expenses
- repay expenses
- run up expenses
- save expenses
- sequestrate expenses
- share expenses
- slash expenses
- spare no expense
- split expenses
- substantiate the expenses
- undertake expensesEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > expense
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128 land
land [lænd]terres ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d) région ⇒ 1 (c) pays ⇒ 1 (e), 1 (f) royaume ⇒ 1 (f) poser ⇒ 2 (a) débarquer ⇒ 2 (a) hisser ⇒ 2 (b) décrocher ⇒ 2 (c) atterrir ⇒ 3 (a) arriver à quai ⇒ 3 (b) tomber ⇒ 3 (c) finir ⇒ 3 (d)1 noun(a) (for farming, building etc) terre f;∎ he works on the land il travaille la terre;∎ this is good farming land c'est de la bonne terre;∎ building land terrain constructible;∎ land for sale (sign) terrain à vendre;∎ to live off the land vivre des ressources naturelles de la terre;∎ figurative to see how the land lies, to find out the lie or lay of the land tâter le terrain(b) (property) terre f, terres fpl;∎ their lands were confiscated leurs terres ont été confisquées;∎ get off my land! sortez de mes terres!(c) (area, region) région f;∎ the desert lands of Northern Australia les régions désertiques du nord de l'Australie∎ Nautical to make land reconnaître la terre;∎ Nautical they sighted land ils aperçurent la terre;∎ we travelled by land to Cairo nous sommes allés au Caire par la route;∎ over land and sea sur terre et sur mer∎ to travel in distant lands voyager dans des pays lointains;∎ the victory was celebrated throughout the land le pays tout entier a fêté la victoire;∎ a land of opportunity un pays où tout est possible∎ he is no longer in the land of the living il n'est plus de ce monde;∎ she lives in a land of make-believe elle vit dans un monde de chimères∎ they landed him on the deck of the ferry ils l'ont fait atterrir sur le pont du ferry;∎ they have succeeded in landing men on the moon ils ont réussi à envoyer des hommes sur la Lune∎ he's just landed a good job il vient juste de décrocher ou dégoter un bon boulot∎ he caught me a blow that nearly landed me in the water il m'a flanqué un tel coup que j'ai bien failli me retrouver dans l'eau;∎ this could land us in real trouble ça pourrait nous attirer de gros ennuis ou nous mettre dans le pétrin;∎ you've landed us in a nice mess! tu nous as mis dans de beaux draps!;∎ it'll land you in prison! tu finiras en prison!∎ I landed him a blow or landed him one on the nose je lui ai flanqué ou collé mon poing dans la figure∎ I got landed with the job of organizing the party c'est moi qui me suis retrouvé avec la fête à organiser□, c'est moi qui me suis tapé l'organisation de la fête;∎ I've been landed with the job of telling him c'est à moi qu'il est revenu de le lui dire;∎ we got landed with their children for the weekend ils nous ont refilé leurs gosses ou il a fallu se farcir leurs gosses tout le week-end;∎ as usual, I got landed with all the work comme d'habitude, c'est moi qui me suis tapé tout le travail;∎ they landed me with the bill c'est moi qui ai écopé de l'addition∎ they land at 7 p.m. ils atterrissent ou leur avion arrive à 19 heures;∎ to land on the moon atterrir sur la Lune, alunir;∎ to land in the sea amerrir;∎ to land on an aircraft carrier apponter (sur un porte-avions)(c) (ball) tomber, retomber; (gymnast, ski-jumper, horse, high jumper) se réceptionner; (falling object, bomb, parachutist) tomber; (bird) se poser;∎ an apple/the ball landed on her head elle a reçu une pomme/le ballon sur la tête;∎ to land on one's feet retomber sur ses pieds; (of cat) retomber sur ses pattes;∎ familiar figurative he always manages to land on his feet il arrive toujours à retomber sur ses pattes∎ he slipped and landed in a puddle il a glissé et a atterri dans une flaque d'eau;∎ I hope that problem doesn't land on my desk j'espère que ce problème ne va pas atterrir sur mon bureau;∎ the car landed in the ditch la voiture a terminé sa course dans le fossé□ ;∎ he landed in jail il s'est retrouvé en prison□(prices → in town) du terrain; (→ in country) de la terre; (ownership) foncier; British History (army) de terre; (worker) agricole►► Law land act loi f agraire;land agent (administrator) régisseur m, intendant(e) m,f; British (estate agent) agent m immobilier;land bank crédit m foncier;land breeze brise f de terre;land bridge isthme m;Accountancy land charge dette f foncière;land crab crabe m terrestre;the Land of Enchantment = surnom donné au Nouveau-Mexique;Land's End = pointe de la Cornouailles;Land of Lincoln = surnom donné à l'Illinois;the Land of the Midnight Sun la terre du soleil de minuit;land reform réforme f agraire;land register cadastre m;land registration inscription f au cadastre;land registry cadastre m;land registry office bureau m du cadastre;land route voie f de terre;land tax impôt m foncier, contribution f foncièrefamiliar (finish up) finir□, atterrir;∎ the letter landed up in Finland la lettre a atterri en Finlande;∎ you'll land up in jail! tu finiras en prison!;∎ I landed up at a friend's house j'ai atterri ou échoué chez un ami;∎ I landed up having to dance with him il a fallu que je danse avec lui□ ;∎ I always landed up with the worst jobs je me tapais toujours les tâches les plus ingrates à faireⓘ A land fit for heroes Cette expression ("un pays digne de ses héros") trouve son origine dans un discours que le Premier ministre britannique Lloyd George prononça en 1918. Il y expliquait la façon dont il envisageait l'avenir de son pays au sortir de la Première Guerre mondiale, et déclarait qu'il incombait au gouvernement de faire de la Grande-Bretagne a fit country for heroes to live in ("un pays qui ferait honneur à ses héros"). On utilise aujourd'hui cette formule dans sa version modifiée et souvent sur le mode ironique en parlant de la façon dont un pays traite ses soldats. On dira par exemple if the returning veterans hoped for a land fit for heroes, they were to be sadly disappointed ("si, une fois de retour au pays, les anciens combattants s'étaient imaginé trouver un pays digne de héros, ils allaient être amèrement déçus").
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