addictus

* * *

ad-dīco, xi, ctum, 3, v. a. ( imp. addice, for addic, Plaut. Poen. 2, 50;

addixti,

Mart. 12, 16), orig., to give one's assent to a thing (“addicere est proprie idem dicere et approbare dicendo,” Fest. p. 13 Müll.), in its lit. signif. belonging only to augural and judicial language (opp. abdĭco).

Of a favorable omen, to be propitious to, to favor, usually with aves as subj., and without obj.:

cum sacellorum exaugurationes admitterent aves, in Termini fano non addixere,

Liv. 1, 55, 3; so,

Fabio auspicanti aves semel atque iterum non addixerunt,

id. 27, 16, 15; also with auspicium as subj.:

addicentibus auspiciis vocat contionem,

Tac. A. 2, 14; cf. Drak. Liv. 1, 36, 3; 27, 16, 15.—And with acc. of obj.:

illum quem aves addixerant,

Fest. p. 241 Müll.—In judicial lang.: alicui aliquid or aliquem, to award or adjudge any thing to one, to sentence; hence Festus, with reference to the adjudged or condemned person, says:

“alias addicere damnare est,” p. 13 Müll.: ubi in jus venerit, addicet praetor familiam totam tibi,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 57:

bona alicui,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 52:

addictus erat tibi?

had he been declared bound to you for payment? id. Rosc. Com. 14, 41; hence ironic.: Fufidium... creditorem debitoribus suis addixisti, you have adjudged the creditor to his debtors (instead of the reverse), id. Pis. 35:

liberum corpus in servitutem,

Liv. 3, 56.—Hence subst., addictus, i, m., one who has been given up or made over as servant to his creditor:

ducite nos quo jubet, tamquam quidem addictos,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87:

addictus Hermippo et ab hoc ductus est,

Cic. Fl. 20 extr.; cf. Liv. 6, 15, 20. (The addictus, bondman, was not properly a slave = servus, for he retained his nomen, cognomen, his tribus, which the servus did not have; he could become free again by cancelling the demand, even against the will of his dominus; the servus could not; the addictus, when set free, was also again ingenuus, the servus only libertinus; v. Quint. 7, 3, 27. The inhuman law of the Twelve Tables, which, however, was never put in execution, that one indebted to several creditors should be cut in pieces and divided among them, is mentioned by Gell. 20, 1: Niebuhr, Rom. Gesch. 1, 638;

Smith's Antiq.): addicere alicui judicium,

to grant one leave to bring an action, Varr. L. L. 6, § 61 Müll.: addicere litem, sc. judici, to deliver a cause to the judge. This was the office of the praetor. Such is the purport of the law of XII. Tab. Tab. I.: POST MERIDIEM PRAESENTI STLITEM ADDICITO, ap. Gell. 17, 2:

judicem or arbitrum (instead of dare judicium),

to appoint for one a judge in his suit, Dig. 5, 1, 39, 46 and 80: addicere aliquid in diem, to adjudge a thing to one ad interim, so that, upon a change of circumstances, the matter in question shall be restored in integrum, Dig. 18, 2; 6, 1, 41; 39, 3, 9.—

In auctions, to adjudge to the highest bidder, knock down, strike off, deliver to (with the price in abl.): ecquis est ex tanto populo, qui bona C. Rabirii Postumi [p. 31] nummo sestertio sibi addici velit, Cic. Rab. Post. 17; so id. Verr. 2, 1, 55; Suet. Caes. 50.—Addicere bona alicujus in publicum, i. e. to confiscate, Caes. B. C. 2, 18;

hence in Plaut., of a parasite, who strikes himself off, as it were, i. e. promises himself to one as guest, on condition that he does not in the mean time have a higher bid, i. e. is not attracted to another by a better table,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 76 sq. —

In gen., to sell, to make over to:

addice tuam mihi meretricem,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 50:

hominem invenire neminem potuit, cui meas aedes addiceret, traderet, donaret, Auct. Or. pro Dom. 41. Antonius regna addixit pecunia,

Cic. Phil. 7, 5, 15; so Hor. S. 2, 5, 109.—In a metaph. signif.,

To deliver, yield, or resign a thing to one, either in a good or a bad sense.

In a good sense, to devote, to consecrate to:

senatus, cui me semper addixi,

Cic. Planc. 39, 93:

agros omnes addixit deae,

Vell. 2, 25;

hence, morti addicere,

to devote to death, Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45:

nolite... omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetuae servituti addicere,

to devote to perpetual slavery, Caes. B. G. 7, 77.—

In a bad sense, to give up, to sacrifice, to abandon (very freq.);

ejus ipsius domum evertisti, cujus sanguinem addixeras,

Cic. Pis. 34, 83:

libidini cujusque nos addixit,

id. Phil. 5, 12, 33; so id. Mil. 32; id. Sest. 17; id. Quint. 30; hence poet.:

quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,

to sacrifice, to surrender his love, Ov. M. 1, 617 (where some read wrongly abdicere).—

In later Latin, to attribute or ascribe a work to one:

quae (comoediae) nomini eius (Plauti) addicuntur,

Gell. 3, 3, 13.—Hence, addic-tus, P. a. (after II. D.), dedicated or devoted to a thing; hence,

Destined to:

gladiatorio generi mortis addictus,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 16; cf. Hor. Epod. 17, 11.—

Given up to, bound to:

qui certis quibusdam destinatisque sententiis quasi addicti et consecrati sunt,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 2, 5:

nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 14:

Prasinae factioni addictus et deditus,

Suet. Cal. 55.— Comp., sup., and adv. not used.

com-mendo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. mando], to commit to one for preservation, protection, etc., to intrust to one ' s charge, commit to one ' s care, commend to.

Prop.

Lit., implying a physical delivery, to deposit with, intrust to; constr. aliquem or aliquid alicui, or absol.:

commendare nihil aliud est quam deponere,

Dig. 50, 16, 186:

Oratorem meum—sic enim inscripsi— Sabino tuo commendavi,

Cic. Fam. 15, 20, 1:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui clepsit rapsitve parricida esto,

id. Leg. 2, 9, 22; 2, 16, 40:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 16, 3, 24:

corpus alicui loco,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 4:

CORPORA SARCOPHAGO,

Inscr. Orell. 4370.— Poet.:

semina sulcis,

Sil. 15, 541.—With apud or ad and acc. (rare and post-class.): Demetrius duos filios apud Gnidium hospitem suum cum magno auri pondere commendaverat, [p. 377] Just. 35, 2, 1:

cujus beneficio ad sororem Medeam est commendatus,

Hyg. Fab. 3.—

Trop.:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf.:

bona nostra haec tibi permitto et tuae mando fide,

id. And. 1, 5, 61); so,

commendare se patri in clientelam et fidem,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 9; 3, 5, 29:

tibi ejus omnia negotia, libertos, procuratores, familiam,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3, 2:

vos sum testatus, vobis me ac meos commendavi,

id. Dom. 57, 145:

totum me tuo amori fideique,

id. Att. 3, 20, 2:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 9:

simul atque natum sit animal, ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum,

id. ib. 3, 5, 16; * Cat. 15, 1; Ov. M. 6, 495:

aliquem diis,

Tac. A. 4, 17; cf. id. ib. 15, 23:

rempublicam patribus,

id. H. 1, 90; Suet. Aug. 56.— Trop.: aliquid litteris, to commit to writing, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 2:

historiam immortalitati,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36:

nomen tuum immortalitati,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; cf.:

nomen suum posteritati,

Curt. 9, 3, 5:

eum sempiternae gloriae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 6: se fugae, Auct. B. Afr. 34.—

Esp., of the dying, to commend children, parents, etc., to the care of others:

is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causā postulavisset,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 46:

hi de suā salute desperantes... parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex eo periculo fortuna servare potuisset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

ille tibi moriens nos commendavit senex,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 11; Prop. 4 (5), 11, 73:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 9.—

In gen., to commend or recommend, i. e. to procure favor for, to make agreeable, to set off with advantage, to grace (class.):

principes undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 27 fin.;

Auct. B. G. 8, 50: P. Rutilii adulescentiam ad opinionem et conscientiae et juris scientiae P. Mucii commendavit domus,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

(vox) quae una maxime eloquentiam vel commendat vel sustinet,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252; cf.:

nullā re unā magis oratorem commendari quam verborum splendore et copiā,

id. Brut. 59, 216; id. Att. 13, 19, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 21:

adfectus nemo historicorum commendavit magis,

id. 10, 1, 101:

quod me Lucanae commendet amicae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 21:

marmora commendantur maculis aut coloribus,

Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 49:

compluresque tribuni militum ad Caesarem veniunt seque ei commendant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

hoc idcirco commemoratum a te puto, uti te infimo ordini commendares,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3:

se civibus impiis,

id. ib. 5, 1, 3:

cum se numeris commendat et arte,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 261:

se tonsā cute,

id. ib. 1, 18, 7:

his factis abunde se posteritati commendasset,

Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2.—Hence, commendātus, a, um, P. a.

Commended, recommended to:

quae res gloriosior? quae commendatior erit memoriae hominum sempiternae?

Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32; id. Balb. 18, 43:

ceteris rebus habeas eos a me commendatissimos,

id. Fam. 12, 26, 2; 2, 8, 3; 13, 10, 2; 13, 64, 1.—

Agreeable, approved, distinguished, valued:

vultus commendatior,

Petr. 110, 5:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

fama commendatior,

id. 25, 10, 81, § 130.

com-mendo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. mando], to commit to one for preservation, protection, etc., to intrust to one ' s charge, commit to one ' s care, commend to.

Prop.

Lit., implying a physical delivery, to deposit with, intrust to; constr. aliquem or aliquid alicui, or absol.:

commendare nihil aliud est quam deponere,

Dig. 50, 16, 186:

Oratorem meum—sic enim inscripsi— Sabino tuo commendavi,

Cic. Fam. 15, 20, 1:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui clepsit rapsitve parricida esto,

id. Leg. 2, 9, 22; 2, 16, 40:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 16, 3, 24:

corpus alicui loco,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 4:

CORPORA SARCOPHAGO,

Inscr. Orell. 4370.— Poet.:

semina sulcis,

Sil. 15, 541.—With apud or ad and acc. (rare and post-class.): Demetrius duos filios apud Gnidium hospitem suum cum magno auri pondere commendaverat, [p. 377] Just. 35, 2, 1:

cujus beneficio ad sororem Medeam est commendatus,

Hyg. Fab. 3.—

Trop.:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf.:

bona nostra haec tibi permitto et tuae mando fide,

id. And. 1, 5, 61); so,

commendare se patri in clientelam et fidem,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 9; 3, 5, 29:

tibi ejus omnia negotia, libertos, procuratores, familiam,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3, 2:

vos sum testatus, vobis me ac meos commendavi,

id. Dom. 57, 145:

totum me tuo amori fideique,

id. Att. 3, 20, 2:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 9:

simul atque natum sit animal, ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum,

id. ib. 3, 5, 16; * Cat. 15, 1; Ov. M. 6, 495:

aliquem diis,

Tac. A. 4, 17; cf. id. ib. 15, 23:

rempublicam patribus,

id. H. 1, 90; Suet. Aug. 56.— Trop.: aliquid litteris, to commit to writing, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 2:

historiam immortalitati,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36:

nomen tuum immortalitati,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; cf.:

nomen suum posteritati,

Curt. 9, 3, 5:

eum sempiternae gloriae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 6: se fugae, Auct. B. Afr. 34.—

Esp., of the dying, to commend children, parents, etc., to the care of others:

is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causā postulavisset,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 46:

hi de suā salute desperantes... parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex eo periculo fortuna servare potuisset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

ille tibi moriens nos commendavit senex,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 11; Prop. 4 (5), 11, 73:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 9.—

In gen., to commend or recommend, i. e. to procure favor for, to make agreeable, to set off with advantage, to grace (class.):

principes undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 27 fin.;

Auct. B. G. 8, 50: P. Rutilii adulescentiam ad opinionem et conscientiae et juris scientiae P. Mucii commendavit domus,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

(vox) quae una maxime eloquentiam vel commendat vel sustinet,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252; cf.:

nullā re unā magis oratorem commendari quam verborum splendore et copiā,

id. Brut. 59, 216; id. Att. 13, 19, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 21:

adfectus nemo historicorum commendavit magis,

id. 10, 1, 101:

quod me Lucanae commendet amicae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 21:

marmora commendantur maculis aut coloribus,

Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 49:

compluresque tribuni militum ad Caesarem veniunt seque ei commendant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

hoc idcirco commemoratum a te puto, uti te infimo ordini commendares,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3:

se civibus impiis,

id. ib. 5, 1, 3:

cum se numeris commendat et arte,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 261:

se tonsā cute,

id. ib. 1, 18, 7:

his factis abunde se posteritati commendasset,

Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2.—Hence, commendātus, a, um, P. a.

Commended, recommended to:

quae res gloriosior? quae commendatior erit memoriae hominum sempiternae?

Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32; id. Balb. 18, 43:

ceteris rebus habeas eos a me commendatissimos,

id. Fam. 12, 26, 2; 2, 8, 3; 13, 10, 2; 13, 64, 1.—

Agreeable, approved, distinguished, valued:

vultus commendatior,

Petr. 110, 5:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

fama commendatior,

id. 25, 10, 81, § 130.

crēdo, dĭdi, dĭtum, 3 ( pres. subj. creduam, Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 2:

creduas,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 72; id. Trin. 3, 1, 5:

creduat,

id. Bacch. 3, 4, 5; 4, 7, 6:

creduis,

id. Am. 2, 2, 49; id. Capt. 3, 4, 73:

creduit,

id. Truc. 2, 2, 52; inf. credier, id. Poen. 2, 43;

crevi for credidi,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 1), v. a. [Sanscr. crat, crad, trust, and dha-; v. 2. do].

Orig. belonging to the lang. of business, to give as a loan, to loan, lend, make or loan to any one: (vilicus) injussu domini credat nemini;

quod dominus crediderit, exigat,

Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

quibus credas male,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 20; cf.

populis,

Cic. Rab. Post. 2, 4:

alicui grandem pecuniam,

id. ib. 2, 4; so,

pecunias ei,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 6; and:

pecuniae creditae,

id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:

centum talenta,

Quint. 5, 10, 111:

solutio rerum creditarum,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84 et saep.—Hence,

crēdĭtum, i, n., a loan, Sall. C. 25, 4; Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 27, 3; 8, 28, 3; Sen. Ben. 2, 34, 1; Quint. 5, 10, 105; 5, 10, 117; Dig. 12, 1, 19 sq. et saep.—

Transf. beyond the circle of business (very freq. in every period and species of composition).

With the prevailing idea of intended protection, to commit or consign something to one for preservation, protection, etc., to intrust to one, = committo, commendo (cf. concredo):

ubi is obiit mortem, qui mihi id aurum credidit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 15 (credere est servandum commendare, Non. p. 275, 9); so,

nummum,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 112 (for which id. ib. 4, 2, 115, concredere):

alicujus fidei potestatique (with committere),

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9, § 27; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 4, § 14: vitam ac fortunas meas, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 275, 8; cf. Ter. And. 1, 5, 37:

militi arma,

Liv. 2, 45, 10:

se suaque omnia alienissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31:

se ponto,

Ov. M. 14, 222:

se perfidis hostibus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 33:

se ventis,

Quint. 12, prooem. §

2: pennis se caelo,

Verg. A. 6, 15; cf. Ov. M. 2, 378:

se pugnae,

Verg. A. 5, 383 et saep.:

crede audacter quid lubet,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 118:

facinus magnum timido pectori,

id. Ps. 2, 1, 3:

illi consilia omnia,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 18:

arcanos sensus tibi,

Verg. A. 4, 422; cf.:

arcana libris,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 31:

aliquid cerae,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 67.— Poet., with in and acc.:

inque novos soles audent se germina tuto Credere,

Verg. G. 2, 333.—

With the prevailing idea of bestowing confidence, to trust to or confide in a person or thing, to have confidence in, to trust.

With dat.:

virtuti suorum satis credere,

Sall. J. 106, 3; cf. id. ib. 72, 2:

praesenti fortunae,

Liv. 45, 8, 6:

consules magis non confidere quam non credere suis militibus,

rather mistrusted their intentions than their valor, id. 2, 45, 4:

nec jam amplius hastae,

Verg. A. 11, 808:

ne nimium colori,

id. E. 2, 17:

bibulis talaribus,

Ov. M. 4, 731.—Freq. in eccl. Lat.:

Moysi et mihi,

Vulg. Johan. 5, 46:

verbis meis,

id. Luc. 1, 20.—

Esp., with in and acc. of pers., to believe in, trust in (eccl. Lat.):

hoc est ergo credere in Deum, credendo adhaerere ad bene coöperandum bona operanti Deo,

Aug. Enarr. in Psa. 77, 8:

qui fidem habet sine spe ac dilectione, Christum esse credit, non in Christum credit,

id. Serm. 144, 2:

qui credit in Filium habet vitam aeternam,

Vulg. Johan. 3, 36 et saep.—

To trust one in his declarations, assertions, etc., i. e. to give him credence, to believe:

injurato, scio, plus credet mihi, quam jurato tibi,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 284 sq.:

vin' me istuc tibi, etsi incredibile'st, credere?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 11:

credit jam tibi de isto,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 53:

cui omnium rerum ipsus semper credit,

in every thing, id. As. 2, 4, 59; cf. id. Truc. 2, 2, 52:

diu deliberandum et concoquendum est, utrum potius Chaereae injurato in suā lite, an Manilio et Luscio juratis in alieno judicio credatis,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 15, 45.—

Mihi crede, beliere me, confide in my words, upon my word, emoi pithou, an expression of confirmation, Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 4; Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 6; id. Mur. 19, 40; 38, 82; id. de Or. 2, 17, 72; id. Off. 3, 19, 75; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 75; 1, 43, 103; id. Fin. 2, 21, 68 et saep.; Hor. S. 1, 7, 35; 2, 6, 93 al.; cf.: mihi credite, Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15; id. Agr. 3, 4, 16; Liv. 24, 22, 17; Ov. M. 15, 254 al.—In the same sense (but more rare in Cic.):

crede mihi,

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 1; 14, 15, 2; 11, 6, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4; Ov. A. A. 1, 66; id. M. 1, 361; id. Tr. 3, 4, 25:

crede igitur mihi,

Cic. Fam. 10, 6, 2:

credite mihi,

Curt. 6, 11, 25.—

Credor in poets several times equivalent to creditur mihi:

certe credemur, ait, si verba sequatur Exitus,

Ov. F. 3, 351; so id. Tr. 3, 10, 35:

creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas, etc.,

id. M. 7, 98; so in part., id. H. 17, 129; cf.:

(Cassandra) non umquam credita Teucris,

Verg. A. 2, 247.—

Sibi, to believe one's self, trust one's own convictions, be fully convinced:

cum multa dicta sunt sapienter et graviter, tum vel in primis, crede nobis, crede tibi,

Plin. Pan. 74:

fieri malunt alieni erroris accessio, quam sibi credere,

Min. Fel. 24, 2: non satis sibi ipsi credebant, Auct. B. Alex. 6:—

With simple reference to the object mentioned or asserted, to believe a thing, hold or admit as true: velim te id quod verum est credere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 275, 6; cf.: credo et verum est, Afer ap. Quint. 6, 3, 94:

me miseram! quid jam credas? aut cur credas?

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 32:

quod fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 18; cf. Quint. 6, 2, 5:

audivi ista... sed numquam sum addictus ut crederem,

Cic. Brut. 26, 100:

ne quid de se temere crederent,

Sall. C. 31, 7:

res Difficilis ad credundum,

Lucr. 2, 1027; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 28 et saep.— Pass.:

res tam scelesta... credi non potest,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62.— Pass. impers.:

in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse unum in locum atque inter se congruere videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62.—

In gen. = opinor, arbitror, to be of opinion, to think, believe, suppose.

With acc.:

timeo ne aliud credam atque aliud nunties,

Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 4:

quae deserta et inhospita tesqua credis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 20:

fortem crede bonumque,

id. ib. 1, 9, 13:

quos gravissimos sapientiae magistros aetas vetus credidit,

Quint. 12, 1, 36.— Pass.:

potest... falsum aliquid pro vero credi,

Sall. C. 51, 36:

origo animi caelestis creditur,

Quint. 1, 1, 1; 8, prooem. §

24: Evander venerabilior divinitate creditā Carmentae matris,

Liv. 1, 7, 8.—

With acc. and inf. (so most freq.):

jam ego vos novisse credo, ut sit pater meus,

Plaut. Am. prol. 104:

cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31: caelo tonantem credidimus Jovem Regnare. Hor. C. 3, 5, 1 et saep.:

victos crederes,

one would have thought, one might have imagined, Liv. 2, 43, 9; so Curt. 4, 10, 23; cf. Zumpt, Lat. Gr. § 528.— Pass.:

navis praeter creditur ire,

Lucr. 4, 389:

quem (Athin) peperisse Limnate creditur,

Ov. M. 5, 49:

creditus est optime dixisse,

Quint. 3, 1, 11; cf. id. 10, 2, 125 al.— Impers.:

credetur abesse ab eo culpam,

Quint. 11, 1, 64:

neque sine causā creditum est, stilum non minus agere cum delet,

id. 10, 4, 1 al. — So in the abl. part. pass. credito, with acc. and inf., Tac. A. 3, 14; 6, 34.—

Absol.: credo inserted, like opinor, puto, etc., and the Gr. oimai, as a considerate, polite, or ironical expression of one's opinion, I believe, as I think, I suppose, I dare say, etc.:

credo, misericors est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 144;

so placed first,

id. Cas. 2, 6, 3; Ter. And. 2, 1, 13; Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Sull. 4, 11; Caes. B. C. 3, 70; Sall. C. 52, 13; Liv. 4, 17, 7; Hor. S. 2, 2, 90:

Mulciber, credo, arma fecit,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 32; so id. Truc. 2, 5, 27; Caes. B. C. 2, 31; Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 7; id. Tusc. 1, 22, 52; Verg. A. 6, 368 et saep.:

aut jam hic aderit, credo hercle, aut jam adest,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 74.

dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imp. duc;

but duce,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 18; id. Most. 1, 4, 11; id. Poen. 5, 4, 59; id. Rud. 2, 3, 55; id. Trin. 2, 2, 103; id. Truc. 2, 5, 26.— Perf. sync.: duxti, Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Cat. 91, 9; Prop. 1, 3, 27), v. a. [cf. Goth. tiuh-an; O. H. Germ. zieh-an, to draw; Germ. -zog, in Herzog, commander, duke], to lead, conduct, draw, bring forward, in all senses; very freq. passing over into the signif. of the compounds abducere, deducere, adducere, producere, etc., and of the synonyms agere, trahere, movere, etc. (very freq.).

Lit.

In gen.:

quo sequar? quo ducis nunc me?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 2: duc hos intro, id. Am. 2, 2, 224; id. Aul. 2, 6, 13:

duc ac demonstra mihi,

id. Cist. 2, 3, 36:

suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10 fin.; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 5 fin. et saep.:

(difficile iter) vix qua singuli carri ducerentur,

id. ib. 1, 6, 1; cf.

plaustra,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 34: aquam ducere, Cato ap. Charis. p. 192 P.; so,

aquam per fundum ejus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 4:

spiritum naribus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 5: so,

spiritum per siccas fauces,

Sen. Ben. 3, 8; cf.:

aërem spiritu,

Cic. N. D. 2, 6 fin.:

animam spiritu,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; and in gen.: spiritum, for to live, id. Fam. 10, 1; cf.:

vitam et spiritum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

tura naribus,

to inhale, Hor. C. 4, 1, 22:

sucos nectaris,

to drink in full draughts, to quaff, id. ib. 3, 3, 34; cf.

pocula,

id. ib. 1, 17, 22; and:

Liberum,

id. ib. 4, 12, 14.— Poet.:

jucunda oblivia vitae (referring to the waters of Lethe),

Hor. S. 2, 6, 62 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 714 sq.) et saep.:

mucronem,

to draw from the scabbard, Verg. A. 12, 378; cf.:

ferrum vaginā,

Ov. F. 4, 929:

ensem vagina,

Sil. 8, 342;

but: ensem duxerat faber,

had beaten out, forged, Tib. 1, 3, 48:

sortem,

Cic. Div. 2, 33; Verg. A. 6, 22;

hence, also transf. of that which is drawn by lot,

Cic. Div. 1, 18, 34; id. Rep. 1, 34; Suet. Caes. 12; Tac. A. 1, 54; 3, 28 al.:

pondus aratri,

to draw, Ov. M. 7, 119:

remos,

to row, id. ib. 1, 294; cf. id. ib. 4, 353:

numerosa brachia,

in dancing, id. Am. 2, 4, 29:

lanas,

to spin, id. ib. 4, 34; cf.

stamina,

id. ib. 4, 221:

ubera,

to milk, id. ib. 9, 358:

frena manu,

to guide, govern, id. ib. 15, 518: vela, to haul (= navigare), Prop. 1, 6, 2:

manus, of swimming,

id. 3, 20, 2:

ilia,

to draw the flanks together, become broken-winded, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 9:

os,

to draw awry, to make wry faces, Cic. Or. 25 fin.; Quint. 9, 3, 101; cf.

vultum,

Ov. M. 2, 774; id. P. 4, 8, 13; Mart. 1, 41 et saep.:

non equus impiger Curru ducet Achaico Victorem,

to draw along, Hor. C. 4, 3, 5; cf. id. Ep. 1, 1, 93.— Absol.:

sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,

to take to one's self, appropriate, Sall. J. 41, 5.—

Esp.

To lead, conduct, as a way or road:

via ducit (te), in urbem?

Verg. E. 9, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 7, 5; Verg. A. 1, 401; Ov. F. 2, 679:

Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat an Appi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 20:

via ad undas,

Ov. M. 3, 602:

via ad infernas sedes,

id. ib. 4, 433; cf.:

iter ad urbem,

id. ib. 437; Curt. 3, 28, 19; Sen. Prov. 6, 7; id. Vit. Beat. 1; Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 111; Quint. 5, 9, 14; Liv. 5, 40, 8 al.—

Se, in colloq. lang., to betake one's self, go:

jam me ad regem recta ducam,

Plaut. Am. 4, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 8, 8; id. Bacch. 4, 2, 11; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 7: Balbus duxit se a Gadibus, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 1.—

A legal t. t., to take, lead away, drag, carry off a person before court, to prison, to punishment, etc.: POST. DEINDE. MANVS. INIECTIO. ESTO. IN. IVS. DVCITO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; so,

in jus,

Liv. 2, 27:

illos duci in carcerem jubent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30:

aliquem in carcerem,

Suet. Caes. 20:

in vincula,

id. ib. 79:

ad mortem,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Phoc. 4, 3; and absol.:

ducite, ubi capiat, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 65; Sen. de Ira, 1, 16, 14; Suet. Calig. 27; Plin. Ep. 10, 97, 3 al.: NI. IVDICATVM. FACIT. AVT. QVIS. ENDO. EM. IVRE. VINDICIT. SECVM. DVCITO. VINCITO, etc., XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45:

decreta ejus modi: SI PETIT DUCAS. C. Fuficium duci jussit petitorem,

to be imprisoned, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31; so of a debtor (addictus) who is led off as a slave, Novat. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 255; Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87; Cic. Fl. 20 fin.; Liv. 6, 14 sq.; cf. id. 2, 23 med.; cf.

prov.: stultitiast venatum ducere invitas canes,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 83. —

Uxorem, to lead a wife home, i. e. to marry:

bona uxor si ea deducta est, etc.... Verum egon eam ducam domum, Quae, etc.?

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 91:

uxorem domum,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 40; Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 68:

filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9, 3; cf. Liv. 4, 4:

eum uxorem ducturum esse aliam,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 105:

uxorem (or aliquam, filiam alicujus, etc.),

id. Aul. 2, 1, 48; id. Cas. prol. 69 et saep.; Ter. And. 1, 1, 128; 2, 1, 21 et saep.; Cic. Sest. 3; Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4; id. B. C. 3, 110, 2; Verg. E. 8, 29; Vulg. Marc. 10, 11 et saep.— Absol.:

si tu negaris ducere,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 5; 2, 3, 9; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 76; Liv. 4, 4 al.: jugum ducere cum infidelibus, i. e. to be yoked in marriage, Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 14.—Rarely for nubere: si ignorans statum Erotis ut liberum duxisti, isque postea servus est judicatus, etc., Imp. Antonin. ap. Cod. Just. 5, 18, 3.—In the comic poets, of taking home prostitutes, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 35; 4, 2, 44; id. Men. 1, 2, 15; id. Stich. 5, 4, 48; id. Truc. 3, 2, 10 et saep.—

In milit. lang.

Said of a commander, to lead, to cause to move, to march his army in any direction:

locis apertis exercitum ducere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 4; cf. id. B. C. 1, 64 fin.; 1, 68, 1:

exercitum ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos,

id. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

exercitum in fines Suessionum,

id. ib. 2, 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 4, 38, 3;

5, 18, 1: exercitum (legiones, etc.) in Bellovacos,

id. ib. 2, 13, 1; 5, 24, 2 et saep.; cf. Tac. A. 2, 57:

cohortes ad eam partem munitionum, quae, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 62, 2:

exercitum Uticam,

id. ib. 2, 26, 1:

reliquas copias contra Labienum,

id. B. G. 7, 61 fin. et saep.—In pass., of the soldiers, to march, move:

quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 2.—And in act., absol., of the general himself, to march, move (a favorite expression of Liv.;

not in Caes. or Sall.): (Mettus) ducit, quam proxime ad hostem potest,

Liv. 1, 23; 1, 27; 9, 35; 22, 18 et saep.—Hence,

In gen., to lead, command an army or (more freq.) a division:

qua in legatione duxit exercitum,

Cic. Mur. 9, 20; so,

exercitum,

Nep. Eum. 13, 1; id. Epam. 7, 3:

qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 35, 6; 6, 38, 1; id. B. C. 3, 91, 1:

ordinem,

id. ib. 1, 13, 4; 3, 104, 3; Suet. Vesp. 1:

partem exercitūs,

Sall. J. 55, 4 et saep.—Rarely, to lead a division in front, in advance:

consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: post eas... inde, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 2; hence also, to march in front, take the lead, said of the division that forms the van:

pars equitum et auxiliariae cohortes ducebant, mox prima legio, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 51; cf. id. ib. 1, 64 fin. —

Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, to lead, to be leader, head, chief, first in any thing:

accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5 fin. Manut.; so,

familiam,

id. Phil. 5, 11, 30; id. Fin. 4, 16, 45:

ordines,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 20:

classem (discipulorum),

Quint. 1, 2, 24 Spald.:

funus,

Hor. Epod. 8, 12:

toros,

Ov. F. 6, 668 et saep.—

To conduct as prisoners in a triumph:

per triumphum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 67:

in triumpho,

Plin. 7, 43, 45, § 139, v. triumphus.—

With the accessory idea of creation, formation, to produce, form, construct, make, fashion, shape, dispose (cf.:

struo, pono, condo, fundo): parietem per vestibulum alicujus,

to erect, Cic. Mil. 27 fin.; cf.

muros,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 23:

vallum ex castris ad aquam,

Caes. B. C. 1, 73, 2:

fossam,

id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; 7, 73, 2:

arcum,

Ov. M. 3, 160:

lateres de terra,

Vitr. 2, 3:

vivos vultus de marmore (with excudere spirantia aera),

Verg. A. 6, 849; cf. id. ib. 7, 634; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240; Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125; Quint. 10, 3, 18 Spald.; Juv. 7, 237; hence, poet. also:

epos,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 44:

carmen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 18; 3, 14, 32:

versus,

id. ib. 5, 12, 63 et saep.:

liniam ex colore,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 81; Quint. 2, 6, 2; cf.

orbem,

id. 11, 3, 118:

alvum,

to bring forth by clysters, Cels. 2, 12; 4, 4 et saep.: alapam alicui, qs. to fetch one a box on the ear, Phaedr. 5, 3, 2; cf.

colaphum,

Quint. 6, 3, 83 Spald.:

pugnum,

Dig. 47, 10, 4 et saep.;

so esp. of processions, dances, etc.: funus,

Cic. Quint. 15 fin.; Ov. M. 14, 746; Verg. G. 4, 256; cf.

exsequias,

Plin. 8, 42, 64, § 154:

pompam,

Ov. H. 12, 152; id. F. 6, 405; id. M. 13, 699:

choros,

Tib. 2, 1, 56; Hor. C. 1, 4, 5; 4, 7, 6 et saep.; cf.

choreas,

Ov. M. 8, 582; 14, 520.—

To receive, admit, take any thing (not ante-Aug.):

cicatricem,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 66; Liv. 29, 32, 12:

rimam,

Ov. M. 4, 65:

situm,

to grow rusty, Quint. 1, 2, 18:

formam,

Ov. M. 1, 402:

colorem,

id. ib. 3, 485; cf.

pallorem,

to grow pale, id. ib. 8, 760:

nomina,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 76:

notam,

id. ib. 4, 2, 59 et saep.

Trop.

In gen., to lead, guide, draw, conduct:

progredimur quo ducit quemque voluntas,

Lucr. 2, 258; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 27; 1, 6, 57:

ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam,

id. ib. 1, 2, 31:

Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus,

id. C. 4, 8, 34; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 26:

per quaedam parva sane ducant (futurum oratorem),

id. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 1, 1, 27; 1, 5, 58.—Prov.:

ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,

Sen. Ep. 107.—

In partic.

To draw, deduce, [p. 616] derive its origin or beginning from, any thing:

ab aliqua re totius vitae ducere exordium,

Cic. Fin. 5, 7, 18; cf.:

exordium a nostra persona,

Quint. 3, 8, 8; 4, 1, 7:

principium disputationis a principe investigandae veritatis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 21 fin.:

belli initium a fame,

id. Att. 9, 9, 2; cf. Quint. 1, 1, 21:

initia causasque omnium ex quatuor temporum mutationibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

originem ab Isocrate,

Quint. 2, 15, 4; 1, 6, 38; Hor. C. 3, 17, 5 al.:

ingressionem non ex oratoriis disputationibus, sed, etc.,

Cic. Or. 3, 11:

honestum ab iis rebus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 60; id. Or. 39, 135:

nomen ex quo,

id. Ac. 11, 41; cf.:

nomen a Graeco,

Quint. 1, 6, 3; 3, 7, 1; Hor. S. 2, 1, 66 et saep.; cf.

also: utrumque (sc. amor et amicitia) ductum (al. dictum) est ab amando,

Cic. Lael. 27; id. Fin. 2, 24, 78.—

To lead a person, as regards his will or opinions, in any direction; to move, incite, induce, allure, in a good or bad sense (most freq. in the pass.):

ita me ad credendum tua ducit oratio,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 18:

nos ducit scholarum consuetudo,

Quint. 4, 2, 28; 5, 11, 19; cf. id. 9, 1, 21:

ducit te species,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 35 et saep.:

declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio, ut, etc.,

Quint. 10, 7, 21.—In the pass.:

si quis statuarum honore aut gloria ducitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58 fin.:

eloquentiae laude,

id. Or. 32, 115:

quaestu et lucro,

id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:

hoc errore ut, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 41; cf.:

litteris eorum et urbanitate, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120:

omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,

id. Off. 1, 6 et saep.—

In a bad sense, to cheat, deceive, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Capt. 4, 2, 7; Ter. And. 4, 1, 20; id. Ph. 3, 2, 15; Prop. 2, 17, 1 (3, 8, 1 M.); Ov. H. 19, 13; id. M. 3, 587 (with decipere).—

With regard to time, to draw out, extend, protract, prolong:

bellum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38, 4; id. B. C. 2, 18, 6; 2, 37, 5 sq.; Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 22, 25 et saep.; cf.:

bellum longius,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64, 2; 3, 42, 3:

bellum in hiemem,

id. ib. 1, 61, 3:

eam rem longius,

id. B. G. 7, 11, 4; cf.:

rem prope in noctem,

id. B. C. 3, 51, 7:

rem leniter,

Liv. 3, 41 et saep. Also transf., of time itself:

tempus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11; Nep. Them. 7:

diem ex die,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 4; and of persons who are put off, delayed:

ubi se diutius duci intellexit,

id. ib. 1, 16, 5.—Less freq. (mostly poet.),

In gen., of time, to pass, spend, enjoy:

aetatem in litteris,

Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 50; so,

aetatem,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 202:

vitam,

id. Epod. 17, 63; Sen. Ep. 45, 10; cf. Verg. A. 2, 641 (where, shortly before, vitam producere):

noctes,

Prop. 1, 11, 5; Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 13:

somnos,

Verg. A. 4, 560.—

In mercant. lang., to calculate, compute, reckon: age nunc summam sumptus duc, Lucil. ap. Non. 283, 30:

minimum ut sequamur, quoniam XC. medimnūm milia duximus, accedant eo, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 49; id. Att. 6, 1, 5 and 16; 6, 2, 7; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11; Gell. 1, 20, 5.—

Transf. beyond the mercant. sphere.

Rationem alicujus, to consider, calculate, care for one's advantage or interest (a favorite expression of Cicero):

duxi meam rationem, quam tibi facile me probaturum arbitrabar,

Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, § 7; so,

suam quoque rationem,

to have respect to one's own advantage, id. Verr. 2, 1, 48; and:

non minorem aratorum quam populi rationem,

Suet. Aug. 42 fin.:

salutis meae rationem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3:

rationem officii, non commodi,

id. Sest. 10, 23; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:

unius cujusque temporis ducta ratio est,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 16:

rationem officii atque existimationis,

id. Quint. 16, 53.—

In gen., to reckon, consider, hold, account, esteem as any thing (cf. aestimo and existimo;

very freq. in prose and poetry): parvi id ducebat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

pro nihilo aliquid,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 85; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16 fin.; id. Tusc. 5, 32, 90; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

ea pro falsis ducit,

Sall. C. 3, 2; cf.:

innocentiam pro malevolentia,

id. ib. 12, 1:

vos eritis judices, Laudin' an vitio duci id factum oportuit,

Ter. Ad. prol. 5; so,

aliquid honori,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

aliquid laudi, Nep. praef. § 4: aliquem despicatui,

Cic. Fl. 27, 65: nihil praeter virtutem in bonis ducere (for which, shortly after, in bonis habere = numerare), Cic. Fin. 3, 3;

aliquem in numero hostium,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 1; cf. ib. 6, 23, 8; without in, ib. 6, 21, 2; cf.:

aliquem loco affinium,

Sall. J. 14, 1 Kritz. N. cr.: aliquid testimonii loco, Quint. 5, 9, 10:

tutelae nostrae duximus, cum Africo bello urgerentur,

Liv. 21, 41; cf.:

officii duxit exorare filiae patrem, etc.,

Suet. Tib. 11:

faceret, quod e republica fideque sua duceret,

id. ib. 25, 7 et saep.:

malum cum amici tuum ducis malum,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 48; cf.:

Archytas iracundiam seditionem quandam animi vere ducebat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38:

eorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet,

Sall. J. 62, 4:

nil rectum nisi quod placuit sibi ducunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.— With acc. and inf.:

sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum,

Verg. A. 6, 690:

ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2, 7, 19 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 2; 1, 17; 1, 38; 3, 9 (three times); Sall. J. 93, 5; Liv. 22, 14, 6; 22, 59, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 2; 4, 30, 2; 6, 18 et saep.—Here too probably belongs the much disputed passage: ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit (= ludos publicos cum aliis rebus quae ad inania honoris pertinent, duxit, i. e. existimavit habendos et ponendos in medio rationis atque abundantiae, ut inter rationem, quae plane spernit inania, et abundantiam, quae eadem ostentat, media via incederet), he thought right to manage them in a middle course between reason and profusion, Tac. Agr. 6 fin., v. Dübner and Orell. ad h. l.

lībertīnus, a, um, adj. [libertus], of or belonging to the condition of a freedman (opp. ingenuus, of the condition of a freeborn person; cf. in the foll. the passage Tac. A. 15, 57, and under II. A. the passage from Gai. Inst. 1, 10 and 11):

homo liber, qui se vendidit, manumissus non ad suum statum revertitur, quo se abdicavit, sed efficitur libertinae condicionis,

enters into the condition of a freedman, becomes a freedman, Dig. 1, 5, 21:

in classem mille socii navales cives Romani libertini ordinis scribi jussi,

Liv. 43, 12, 9; 42, 27, 3 (for which:

navales socii cives Romani, qui servitutem servissent,

id. 40, 18, 7); Suet. Gram. 18:

Atilius quidam libertini generis,

Tac. A. 4, 62; 2, 85; Suet. Aug. 44:

libertinus homo,

a freedman, Cic. Balb. 11, 28; id. Cat. 3, 6, 14; id. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124; cf.:

mulieris libertinae sermo,

of a freedwoman, Liv. 39, 13, 2:

libertina mulier,

Tac. A. 15, 57; Suet. Calig. 16:

ut me libertino patre natum,

of a father who was a freedman, Hor. S. 1, 6, 6;

so,

id. ib. 45; 46; id. Ep. 1, 20, 20:

sunt etiam libertini optimates,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

miles,

Suet. Aug. 25:

plebs,

Plin. 14, 4, 5, § 48:

opes,

Mart. 5, 13, 6:

homines libertini ordinis,

Gell. 5, 19, 12.—Hence,

Subst.

lībertīnus, i, m., a freedman (in reference to his status in society or the state;

whereas a freedman was called libertus in reference to the manumitter): qui servus est, si manumittatur, fit libertinus,

Quint. 5, 10, 60; cf.:

servus cum manumittitur, libertinus: addictus recepta libertate ingenuus,

id. 7, 3, 27:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini. Ingenui sunt, qui liberi nati sunt: libertini sunt, qui ex justa servitute manumissi sunt,

Gai. Inst. 1, §§ 10 and 11; Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 10:

sed ita pars libertinorumst, nisi patrono qui advorsatust, ni illi offecit, etc.,

id. Pers. 5, 2, 57:

Ti. Gracchus libertinos in urbanas tribus transtulit,

Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 38; id. Phil. 3, 6 fin.:

libertini centuriati,

Liv. 10, 21, 4:

libertinis detrahenda est auctoritas,

Quint. 11, 1, 88:

neminem libertinorum adhibitum ab eo cenae,

Suet. Aug. 74:

primus omnium libertinorum scribere' historiam orsus,

id. Rhet. 3:

quae deberetur cuidam libertino, clienti tuo,

id. Caes. 2; cf. id. Claud. 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 281:

unde Mundior exiret vix libertinus honeste,

id. ib. 2, 7, 12:

libertinis nullo jure uti praetextis licebat,

Macr. S. 1, 6, 13.—

Transf., the son of a freedman, opp. libertus, the freedman himself (only acc. to a statement of Suetonius and of Isidore; v. the foll.):

ignarus, temporibus Appii et deinceps aliquandiu libertinos dictos non ipsos, qui manumitterentur, sed ingenuos ex his procreatos,

Suet. Claud. 24:

libertorum filii apud antiquos libertini appellabantur, quasi de libertis nati. Nunc vero libertinus aut a liberto factus aut possessus,

Isid. Orig. 9, 4, 47: libertinos ab ingenuis adoptari jure posse, Mas. Sab. ap. Gell. 5, 19, 11.—

lībertīna, ae, f., a freedwoman, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 16:

ingenuamne an libertinam?

id. ib. 3, 1, 189:

amore libertinae perinfamis,

Suet. Vit. 2:

aulica,

id. Oth. 2; Gai. Inst. 3, § 51:

tutior merx est Libertinarum,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 48:

Myrtale,

id. C. 1, 33, 15:

Phryne,

id. Epod. 14, 15:

libertinas ducere,

Ulp. Fragm. 13, 1:

libertinae quae longa veste uterentur,

Macr. S. 1, 6, 13.

lībertīnus, i, v. 1. libertinus, II. A.

măthēmătĭcus, a, um, adj., = mathêmatiko:s, of or belonging to mathematics, mathematical (class.).

Adj.:

mathematica nota,

Vitr. 1, 1:

artes,

Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2:

cogitatio,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 2:

disciplinae,

i. e. geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music, geography, optics, Gell. 1, 9, 6.—

Subst.

Măthēmătĭcus, i, m.

A mathematician, Cic. de Or 1, 3, 10; id. Ac. 2, 36, 116; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 5; Sen. Ep. 88, 26.—

An astrologer (post-Aug.):

mathematici, genus hominum potentibus infidum, sperantibus fallax, quod in civitate nostra et vetabitur semper et retinebitur,

Tac. H. 1, 22:

nota mathematicis genesis tua,

Juv. 14, 248; Tert. Apol. 43:

qui de salute principis... mathematicos consulit, cum eo qui responderit, capite punitur,

Paul. Sent. 5, 21, 3.—

Măthēmătĭca, ae, f.

Mathematics, Sen. Ep. 88, 23; v. l. mă-thēmătĭcē ( = mathêmatikê, sc. technê).—

Astrology:

addictus mathematicae, persuasionisque plenus, cuncta fato agi,

Suet. Tib. 69.

măthēmătĭcus, a, um, adj., = mathêmatiko:s, of or belonging to mathematics, mathematical (class.).

Adj.:

mathematica nota,

Vitr. 1, 1:

artes,

Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2:

cogitatio,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 2:

disciplinae,

i. e. geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music, geography, optics, Gell. 1, 9, 6.—

Subst.

Măthēmătĭcus, i, m.

A mathematician, Cic. de Or 1, 3, 10; id. Ac. 2, 36, 116; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 5; Sen. Ep. 88, 26.—

An astrologer (post-Aug.):

mathematici, genus hominum potentibus infidum, sperantibus fallax, quod in civitate nostra et vetabitur semper et retinebitur,

Tac. H. 1, 22:

nota mathematicis genesis tua,

Juv. 14, 248; Tert. Apol. 43:

qui de salute principis... mathematicos consulit, cum eo qui responderit, capite punitur,

Paul. Sent. 5, 21, 3.—

Măthēmătĭca, ae, f.

Mathematics, Sen. Ep. 88, 23; v. l. mă-thēmătĭcē ( = mathêmatikê, sc. technê).—

Astrology:

addictus mathematicae, persuasionisque plenus, cuncta fato agi,

Suet. Tib. 69.

măthēmătĭcus, a, um, adj., = mathêmatiko:s, of or belonging to mathematics, mathematical (class.).

Adj.:

mathematica nota,

Vitr. 1, 1:

artes,

Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2:

cogitatio,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 2:

disciplinae,

i. e. geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music, geography, optics, Gell. 1, 9, 6.—

Subst.

Măthēmătĭcus, i, m.

A mathematician, Cic. de Or 1, 3, 10; id. Ac. 2, 36, 116; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 5; Sen. Ep. 88, 26.—

An astrologer (post-Aug.):

mathematici, genus hominum potentibus infidum, sperantibus fallax, quod in civitate nostra et vetabitur semper et retinebitur,

Tac. H. 1, 22:

nota mathematicis genesis tua,

Juv. 14, 248; Tert. Apol. 43:

qui de salute principis... mathematicos consulit, cum eo qui responderit, capite punitur,

Paul. Sent. 5, 21, 3.—

Măthēmătĭca, ae, f.

Mathematics, Sen. Ep. 88, 23; v. l. mă-thēmătĭcē ( = mathêmatikê, sc. technê).—

Astrology:

addictus mathematicae, persuasionisque plenus, cuncta fato agi,

Suet. Tib. 69.

ob-noxĭus, a, um, adj.

Lit.

Subject, liable to punishment, obnoxious to punishment, punishable: obnoxius poenae obligatus ob delictum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 191 Müll.:

ego tibi me obnoxium esse fateor culpae compotem,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 61; Dig. 48, 15, 1:

ego lege Aquiliā obnoxius sum,

ib. 11, 3, 14.—

Liable or addicted to a fault or failing, guilty of it (cf.: deditus, addictus); constr.

With dat.:

animus neque delicto neque lubidini obnoxius,

not addicted to vice or to sensual pleasures, Sall. C. 52, 21:

communi culpae,

Ov. A. A. 1, 395:

facto,

Tib. 3, 4, 15.—

With gen.:

obnoxios criminum, digno supplicio subjectos, sepulturae tradi non vetamus,

for, on account of, Cod. Just. 3, 44, 11.—

Transf., in gen.

Subject, submissive, obedient, complying:

dum illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret,

Sall. C. 14, 6:

obnoxium atque subjectum esse alicui,

Liv. 7, 30, 2; 6, 28, 7; 23, 12, 9; 37, 53, 4; 42, 46, 3; Flor. 4, 4, 2. —

Obliged, under obligation, beholden, indebted, responsible, answerable:

uxori obnoxius sum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 22:

totam Graeciam beneficio libertatis obnoxiam Romanis esse,

Liv. 35, 31:

fratris radiis obnoxia Luna,

Verg. G. 1, 396:

facies nullis obnoxia gemmis,

not indebted to any jewels, Prop. 1, 2, 21:

tantum in eo obnoxius est, si quid ipse dolo fecerit,

Gai. Inst. 3, 207.—

Exposed to a person, humbled before one:

ne obnoxius filio sim et servo,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 80.—

Submissive, abject, servile, slavish, mean-spirited, timid, cowardly, etc.:

non quibus ego essem obnoxius,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 150:

summissaeque manus, faciesque obnoxia mansit,

Ov. M. 5, 235:

si aut superbus, aut obnoxius videar,

Liv. 23, 12:

pax,

servile, dishonorable, id. 9, 10.—

Subject, liable, exposed, obnoxious to any thing; with dat., ad, or in and acc.

With dat.:

infidis consiliis obnoxius,

Tac. H. 3, 55:

insidiis,

id. A. 14, 40:

infelici fecunditate fortunae,

exposed, id. ib. 2, 75:

aemulationi, odio, privatis affectionibus,

id. ib. 3, 58:

morbo,

Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 221:

contumeliis,

Suet. Tib. 63:

bello,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 73:

plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii,

Sall. C. 48, 5:

urbs artis itineribus (sc. incendiis),

Tac. A. 15, 38.—

With ad: terra solida ad tales casus obnoxia, exposed to such accidents (viz. earthquakes), Plin. 2, 82, 84, § 197.—

With in and acc.:

in omnia obnoxius,

exposed to every thing, Flor. 3, 20, 1. —

In gen., exposed or liable to injury, danger, or misfortune, weak, infirm, frail:

in hoc obnoxio domicilio animus liber habitat,

Sen. Ep. 65, 21:

supplex et obnoxius,

Cic. ad Brut. 1, 17, 6:

corpora,

sickly, weakly, Plin. 31, 6, 32, § 60:

flos,

which soon falls off, soon suffers injury, frail, delicate, id. 14, 2, 4, § 27.—

Obnoxium est, it is hazardous, dangerous, Tac. Or. 10.— Comp.:

obnoxior (al. noxior),

Sen. Clem. 1, 13.—Hence, adv.: obnoxĭē (only in Plaut. and Liv.).

Guiltily, culpably:

nihil obnoxie perire,

quite innocently, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 41.—

Submissively, slavishly, timidly:

sententias dicere,

Liv. 3, 39, 1.

servĭo, īvi and ii, ītum, 4 ( imperf. servibas, Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; fut. servibo, id. Men. 5, 9, 42; id. Merc. 3, 2, 3; Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 45:

servibit,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 76; id. Trin. 2, 2, 27), v. n. (once pass., v. I. B. infra) [servus], to be a servant or slave, to serve, be in service (freq. and class.).

Lit.

Absol.: Ha. Quid tu, servusne es, an liber? Ps. Nunc quidem etiam servio, Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 16:

nunc qui minus servio, quam si forem serva nata?

id. Rud. 1, 3, 37:

in liberatā terrā liberatores ejus servire,

Liv. 34, 50:

per centum annos,

id. 39, 37, 5:

an addictus, quem lex servire, donec solverit, jubet, servus sit,

Quint. 7, 3, 26:

qui Libertate caret, Serviet aeternum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 41:

servire liberaliter,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 11:

serviet utiliter (captivus),

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 70 et saep.:

servire juste (opp. injuste imperare),

Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28; id. Phil. 6, 7, 19:

vincti per centum annos servistis,

Liv. 39, 37:

servit vetus hostis Cantaber, serā domitus catenā,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 21.—

With dat. of the person to whom service is rendered, to be enslaved to, to serve:

justum est, tuos tibi servos tuo arbitratu serviat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 71:

lenoni,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 33:

servitum tibi me abducito, ni fecero,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 105:

venire in eum locum, ubi parendum alteri et serviendum sit,

Cic. Rab. Post. 8, 22; cf.:

sive regi sive optimatibus serviant,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 55:

ut hoc populorum intersit, utrum comi domino an aspero serviant, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 33, 50:

Athenas victas Lacedaemoniis servire pati,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 4:

minata, Servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo,

Ov. M. 15, 827.—

With apud:

tam ille apud nos servit, quam ego nunc hic apud te servio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 62:

filius meus illi apud vos servit captus in Alide,

id. ib. 2, 2, 80:

hoc pacto apud te serviam,

id. Aul. 1, 1, 12:

apud lenonem,

id. Poen. 4, 2, 87:

si quis apud nos servisset, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 182.—

With homogeneous object:

servitutem: qui in servitute est eo jure, quo servus, aut, ut antiqui dixerunt, qui servitutem servit,

Quint. 7, 3, 26:

tu usque a puero servitutem servivisti in Alide,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 12:

quorum majorum nemo servitutem servivit,

Cic. Top. 6, 29; id. Mur. 29, 61:

qui (cives) servitutem servissent,

Liv. 40, 18, 7; 45, 15, 5: neque erile negotium plus curat quam si non servitutem [p. 1683] serviat, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 2; 3, 1, 150 (not servitute, v. Ritschl ad h. l.).—So with dat. of person:

me servitutem servire huic homini optumo,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 31; id. Aul. 4, 1, 6; id. Rud. 3, 4, 42; cf.:

sed is privatam servitutem servit illi an publicam?

id. Capt. 2, 2, 84 (v. infra, II.):

ego haud diu: ab ineunte adulescentiā tuis servivi servitutem imperiis,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 21; and with apud:

apud hunc servitutem servio,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 17.—

Pass. (perh. only in the foll. passage):

adsuescamus... servis paucioribus serviri,

Sen. Tranq. 9, 3.—

In gen., with dat. of object (a person or thing), to be devoted or subject to; to be of use or service to; to serve for, be fit or useful for; to do a service to, to comply with, gratify, humor, accommodate; to have respect to, to regard or care for; to consult, aim at, to accommodate one's self to, etc. (so esp. freq. in Cic.; cf.:

pareo, appareo, ministro): tibi servio atque audiens sum imperii,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 25; Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 48:

quoniam sibi (rei publicae) servissem semper, numquam mihi... ut jam mihi servirem, consulerem meis,

id. Planc. 38, 92; cf.:

servire populo,

id. ib. 4, 11; id. Fin. 5, 9, 27 et saep.:

cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 52; cf.:

cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt,

id. Lael. 22, 82:

aetati hujus,

id. Fin. 5, 9, 27:

mori alicujus,

Nep. Them. 1, 3:

semper aut belli aut pacis serviit artibus,

Vell. 1, 13, 3:

amori aliorum flagitiosissime,

Cic. Cat. 2, 4, 8:

auribus alicujus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 27:

bello,

id. B. G. 7, 34:

brevitati,

Cic. de Or. 2, 80, 327:

commodis alicujus,

id. Rep. 1, 4, 8; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 24; id. Inv. 2, 45, 132:

rei publicae commodis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 20, 64; cf.:

compendio suo privato,

Caes. B. C. 3, 32:

constantiae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 16, 5:

dignitati (with consulere rei publicae),

id. Sest. 10, 23:

dolori meo,

id. ib. 6, 14:

existimationi,

id. Verr. 1, 10, 29; id. Att. 5, 11, 5:

famae,

id. ib. 5, 10, 2:

gloriae,

id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:

gravitati vocum aut suavitati,

id. Or. 54, 182:

vel honori multorum vel periculo (with obedire tempori),

id. Brut. 69, 242:

indulgentiae,

id. Cael. 32, 79:

iracundiae (with parere dolori),

id. Prov. Cons. 1, 2:

laudi et gloriae,

id. Cat. 1, 9, 23:

laudi existimationique,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 5:

numeris (orationis),

id. Or. 52, 176:

oculis civium,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 29:

pecuniae,

id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:

personae,

id. Off. 3, 29, 106:

petitioni,

id. Verr. 1, 9, 24:

posteritati,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 35:

rei familiari,

id. Rosc. Am. 15, 43; cf.

rei,

Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 27:

rumori,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 14; Caes. B. G. 4, 5 fin.:

tempori,

Cic. Sest. 6, 14; id. Tusc. 3, 27, 66; id. Att. 8, 3, 6; 10, 7, 1:

utilitati salutique,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9, § 27:

valetudini,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1:

vectigalibus,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 171:

venustati vel maxime,

id. ib. 2, 78, 316;

2, 80, 327: verbis praecedentibus,

Quint. 9, 4, 63.— Pass. impers.:

ut communi utilitati serviatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:

concisum est ita, ut non brevitati servitum sit, sed magis venustati,

id. de Or. 2, 80, 327.—

With homogeneous object (cf. supra, I. d):

ab ineunte adulescentiā Tuis servivi servitutem imperiis et praeceptis, pater... Meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 21 sqq.—

Transf., of things.

In gen., to help, assist, be serviceable to, be useful for (post-Aug.):

ut totus truncus alienigenis surculis serviat,

Col. 4, 29, 14; cf.:

tabularia debent servire gallinis,

id. 6, 3, 2:

chartis serviunt calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 64, § 157:

candelae luminibus et funeribus serviunt,

id. 16, 37, 70, § 178:

eademque materia et cibis et probris serviat,

id. 33, 12, 54, § 152:

laetor quod domus aliquando C. Cassi, serviet domino non minori,

Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 8.—

Esp., jurid. t. t., of buildings, lands, etc., to be subject to a servitude:

praedia, quae serviebant,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 9; so,

aedes,

id. Off. 3, 16, 67:

neque servire quandam earum aedium partem in mancipi lege dixisset,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

eodem numero (incorporalium) sunt et jura praediorum urbanorum et rusticorum, quae etiam servitutes vocantur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 14 fin.; Paul. Sent. 1, 17; cf. Dig. 8, 2, 20, §§ 3 and 5; 8, 6, 8, § 1 al.; and v. servitus, II. B., and servus, II.