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accomplish+work

  • 81 решать

    решить
    1. (+ инф.; принимать решение) decide (+ to inf., on, for ger.), determine (+ to inf., on ger.), resolve (+ to inf.), make* up one's mind (+ to inf.); сов. тж. be determined (+ to inf.)

    он решил ехать — he decided / determined, или made up his mind, to go

    2. (вн.; о задаче, вопросе и т. п.) solve (d.)

    это решает дело, вопрос — that settles the matter, question

    решать задачуwork out a problem; сов. тж. solve a problem; (перен.) work on a task; сов. тж. achieve / accomplish a task; cope with a task

    это не решает вопроса — it does not decide / settle the question

    решать участь боя — decide the outcome of the battle

    решить судьбу (рд.) — decide / seal the fate (of)

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > решать

  • 82 exécuter

    exécuter [εgzekyte]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. [+ plan, ordre, mouvement, mission, instruction] to carry out ; [+ travail] to do ; [+ tâche] to perform ; (Computing) [+ programme] to run
       b. [+ tableau] to paint
       c. [+ morceau de musique] to perform
       d. ( = tuer) to execute
    * * *
    ɛgzekyte
    1.
    1) ( faire) to carry out [tâche, travaux]; to do [exercice]
    2) ( appliquer) to carry out [ordre, dessein, menace]; to fulfil [BrE] [promesse]; Commerce to fill [commande]; Droit to fulfil [BrE] [contrat]; to enforce [loi, jugement]
    3) ( tuer) to execute [condamné, otage]
    4) Musique to perform, to play [morceau]
    5) Informatique to run [programme]; to execute [instruction]

    2.
    s'exécuter verbe pronominal ( obéir) to comply
    * * *
    ɛɡzekyte vt
    1) [prisonnier] to execute

    Le prisonnier a été exécuté à l'aube. — The prisoner was executed at dawn.

    2) [tâche] to execute, to carry out
    3) MUSIQUE (= jouer) to perform, to execute

    Le pianiste va maintenant exécuter une valse de Chopin. — The pianist is now going to perform a waltz by Chopin.

    4) INFORMATIQUE to run
    * * *
    exécuter verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( faire) to carry out, to accomplish [tâche, mission]; to carry out [travaux, projet]; to do [exercice, travail, dessin, plongeon]; to execute [saut]; faire exécuter des travaux to have work done;
    2 ( appliquer) to carry out [consigne, ordre, dessein, menace]; to fulfilGB [promesse]; Comm to fill [commande]; Jur to fulfilGB [contrat, obligation]; to enforce [loi, jugement]; to implement [traité]; Pharm to make up [ordonnance];
    3 ( tuer) to execute [condamné, otage]; to kill [victime]; fig to polish off [adversaire]; to slate GB, to pan [auteur, acteur, politicien]; to demolish [œuvre]; se faire exécuter par les critiques to be slated GB ou panned by the critics;
    4 Mus to perform, to play [morceau];
    5 Ordinat to run [programme]; to execute [instruction];
    6 Jur ( saisir) to distrain upon [débiteur].
    B s'exécuter vpr ( obéir) to comply; il a fini par s'exécuter he eventually complied.
    [ɛgzekyte] verbe transitif
    1. [mouvement, cabriole] to do, to execute
    2. [confectionner - maquette, statue] to make ; [ - tableau] to paint
    3. [interpréter - symphonie] to perform, to play ; [ - chorégraphie] to perform, to dance
    4. [mener à bien - consigne, ordre, mission] to carry out (separable), to execute ; [ - projet] to carry out
    5. [commande] to carry out (separable)
    6. [tuer - condamné] to execute, to put to death ; [ - victime] to execute, to kill
    7. (familier) [vaincre - joueur] to slaughter, to trounce
    8. (familier) [critiquer] to slate (UK), to pan
    9. DROIT [testament] to execute
    [arrêt, jugement, traité] to enforce
    [débiteur] to distrain upon (inseparable)
    ————————
    s'exécuter verbe pronominal intransitif
    je lui demandai de sortir, il s'exécuta de mauvaise grâce I asked him to go out, he did so ou complied reluctantly

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > exécuter

  • 83 སྤྱོད་པ་

    [spyod pa]
    carya, action, behavior, practice, conduct, enactment, life and work, do, move, act, use, employ, apply, utilize, operate, live doings, way of (life, living, behaving, practicing, working), application, how to apply, the activity of, the work of, deeds, ascetic disciplines, enjoy practice, perform, accomplish, perpetrate, succeed in, bring into subjection, overpower, coerce, make use of, enjoy, complete meditation, perpetrated action, accomplishing of any action, an object attained, thing done, duty, mode, manner, treat, 1 of 10 stobs bcu

    Tibetan-English dictionary > སྤྱོད་པ་

  • 84 изработи

    to compose, to work out, to elaborate, to make, to manufacture, to work up, to shape, to fashion, to finish, to accomplish, to carry out

    Македонско-англиски речник > изработи

  • 85 युज्


    yuj
    1) (cf. 2. yu cl. 7. P. Ā. Dhātup. XXIX, 7) yunákti, yuṅkté (ep. alsoᅠ yuñjati, - te;

    Ved. yojati, - te;
    yuje, yujmahe, 3. pl. yujata Impv. yukshvá;
    Pot. yuñjīyāt R. ;
    pf. yuyója, yuyujé RV. etc. etc., 3. sg. yuyojate RV. VIII, 70, 7 ;
    aor. Class. P. ayokshīt, ayaukshīt orᅠ ayujat;
    Ved. alsoᅠ Ā. áyuji;
    Ved. and Class. ayukshi, ayukta;
    fut. yoktā́ Br. ;
    yokshyati ib. ;
    - te AV. etc. etc.;
    inf. yoktum Br. ;
    yujé RV. ;
    ind. p. yuktvā́ ib. etc. etc.;
    yuktvā́ya RV. Br. ;
    - yujya MBh. etc.), to yoke orᅠ join orᅠ fasten orᅠ harness (horses orᅠ a chariot) RV. etc. etc.;
    to make ready, prepare, arrange, fit out, set to work, use, employ, apply ib. ;
    to equip (an army) R. ;
    to offer, perform (prayers, a sacrifice) BhP. ;
    to put on (arrows on a bow-string) MBh. ;
    to fix in, insert, inject (semen) ṠBr. ;
    to appoint to, charge orᅠ intrust with (loc. orᅠ dat.) MBh. VP. ;
    to command, enjoin BhP. ;
    to turn orᅠ direct orᅠ fix orᅠ concentrate (the mind, thoughts etc.) upon (loc.) TS. etc. etc.;
    (P. Ā.) to concentrate the mind in order to obtain union with the Universal Spirit., be absorbed in meditation ( alsoᅠ with yogam) MaitrUp. Bhag. etc.;
    to recollect, recall MBh. ;
    to join, unite, connect, add, bring together RV. etc. etc. (Ā. to be attached, cleave to Hariv.);
    to confer, orᅠ bestow anything (acc.) upon (gen. orᅠ loc.) BhP. MārkP. (Ā. with acc., to become possessed of MBh. ;
    with ātmani, to use for one's self, enjoy Mn. VI, 12);
    to bring into possession of, furnish orᅠ endow with (instr.) Mn. MBh. R. etc.. ;
    to join one's self to (acc.) RV. ;
    (in astron.) to come into union orᅠ conjunction with (acc.) VarBṛS.:
    Pass. yujyáte (ep. alsoᅠ - ti;
    aor. áyoji), to be yoked orᅠ harnessed orᅠ joined etc. RV. etc. etc.;
    to attach one's self to (loc.) Hit. ;
    to be made ready orᅠ prepared for (dat.) Bhag. ;
    to be united in marriage Gaut. MBh. ;
    to be endowed with orᅠ possessed of (instr. with orᅠ without saha) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (in astron.) to come into conjunction with (instr.) VarBṛS. ;
    to accrue to, fall to the lot of (gen.) Pañcat. ;
    to be fit orᅠ proper orᅠ suitable orᅠ right, suit anything (instr.), be fitted for (loc.), belong to orᅠ suit any one (loc. orᅠ gen.), deserve to be (nom.) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (with na) not to be fit orᅠ proper etc. for (instr.) orᅠ to (inf., alsoᅠ with pass. sense = « ought not to be») Kāv. Kathās. Pañcat.:
    Caus. yojayati (m. c. alsoᅠ - te;
    aor. ayūyujat;
    Pass. yojyate), to harness, yoke with (instr.), put to (loc.) Kauṡ. MBh. etc.;
    to equip (an army), draw up (troops) MBh. R. etc.;
    to use, employ, set to work, apply, undertake, carry on, perform, accomplish Mn. MBh. etc.;
    to urge orᅠ impel to Bhartṛ. Prab. ;
    to lead towards, help to (loc.) Sarvad. ;
    to set (snares, nets etc.) MBh. Hit. ;
    to put orᅠ fix on (esp. arrows) ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. etc.;
    to aim (arrows) at (loc.) R. ;
    to fasten on orᅠ in, attack, adjust, add, insert Kauṡ. Kāv. Pur. ;
    (with manas, ātmānam etc.) to direct the thoughts to, concentrate orᅠ fix the mind upon (loc.) MBh. Hariv. Pur. ;
    to join, unite, connect, combine, bring orᅠ put together ( alsoᅠ = write, compose) R. Var. Rājat. etc.;
    to encompass, embrace MBh. ;
    to put in order, arrange, repair, restore Rājat. ;
    to endow orᅠ furnish orᅠ provide with (instr.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to mix (food) with (instr.) Mn. VII, 218 ;
    to confer anything upon (loc.) BhP. ;
    (in astron.) to ascertain orᅠ know ( jānāti) the conjunction of the moon with an asterism (instr.) Pāṇ. 3-1, 26 Vārtt. 11 Pat. ;
    (Ā.) to think little of, esteem lightly, despise Vop. in Dhātup. XXXIII, 36:
    Desid. yuyukshati, to wish to harness orᅠ yoke orᅠ join etc.;
    to wish to appoint orᅠ institute MBh. ;
    to wish to fix orᅠ aim (arrows) BhP. ;
    (Ā.) to wish to be absorbed in meditation, devout Bhaṭṭ.:
    Intens. yoyujyate, yoyujīti orᅠ yoyokti
    + Gr. cf. Gk. ζεύγνυμι, ζυγόν;
    Lat. jungere, jugum;
    Lith. júngus;
    Slav. igo;
    Goth. juk;
    Germ. joh, ñoch;
    Angl. Sax. geoc;
    Eng. yoke
    yúj
    2) mfn. (mostly ifc.;

    when uncompounded, the strong cases have a nasal
    e.g.. nom. yuṅ, yuñjau, yuñjas, but aṡva-yuk etc. Pāṇ. 7-1, 71)
    joined, yoked, harnessed, drawn by RV. etc. etc.
    (cf. aṡva-, hari-, hayôttama-yuj);
    furnished orᅠ provided orᅠ filled with, affected by, possessed of (instr., mostly comp.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    bestowing, granting (e.g.. kāma-yuj, « granting wishes») Hariv. ;
    exciting, an exciter (e.g.. yuṇbhiyaḥ, an excñexciter of fear) Bhaṭṭ. ;
    being in couples orᅠ pairs, even (not odd orᅠ separate) Lāṭy. Mn. MBh. etc.;
    m. a yoke-fellow, companion, comrade, associate RV. AV. Br. ;
    a sage who devotes his time to abstract contemplation W. ;
    a pair, couple, the number « two» Pañcar. ;
    du. the two Aṡvins L. ;
    (in astron.) the zodiacal sign Gemini

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > युज्

  • 86 ворочать горами

    move (remove) mountains; accomplish (do, work) wonders

    До чего же непонятное среди людей происходит иной раз. Работать бы людям да работать, жить в полную силу, разворачиваться, горами двигать, а поглядишь - не всегда и не у каждого так получается. (В. Кочетов, Журбины) — How puzzling life was... Work's the thing! It would seem there was nothing to stop people from taking life in both hands, from moving mountains; but look round for a moment - not everyone found it that way.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ворочать горами

  • 87 perago

    pĕr-ăgo, ēgi, actum ( inf. paragier, Cato, Orig. 7, p. 1), 3, v. a.
    I.
    To thrust through, pierce through, transfix (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    Theseus latus ense peregit,

    transpierced, Ov. H. 4, 119:

    aliquem ardenti quercu,

    Val. Fl. 1, 146; cf.:

    externa peragi dextrā,

    Sil. 11, 364.—Hence, transf., to kill, slay, Mart. 5, 37, 16.—
    B.
    To pass through, traverse:

    freta,

    Ov. H. 15, 65:

    cum sol duodena peregit Signa,

    id. M. 13, 618.—
    II.
    To drive about, harass, disturb, disquiet, agitate, annoy a person or thing (very rare):

    pecora peragens asilus,

    Sen. Ep. 58, 2: totum Sempronium usque eo perago, ut, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1.—
    III. A.
    In gen. (class.;

    syn.: exsequor, conficio, patro): multum egerunt, qui ante nos fuerunt, sed non peregerunt,

    Sen. Ep. 64, 8: carmen tubā solā peregit, Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

    fabulam,

    Cic. Sen. 19, 70; cf. id. ib. 18, 64 (and v. peractio):

    comitia,

    id. N. D. 2, 4, 10:

    concilium,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 4:

    partes suas,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 33, 5:

    conata,

    Juv. 13. 210:

    inceptum,

    Verg. A. 4, 452:

    cursum,

    id. ib. 4, 653; cf.:

    coeptum iter,

    Ov. F. 1, 188:

    dona,

    to finish distributing, Verg. A. 5, 362: mandata, Ov. M. 7, 502:

    aetatem, vitam, aevum,

    id. Tr. 4, 8, 13; 41; id. M. 15, 485:

    facinus,

    Juv. 6, 640; also, to exhaust:

    quot viros,

    Auct. Priap. 34.— Absol., = diagein, to pass one's life, Pers. 5, 138.— Pass. impers.:

    Quis non peractum esse cum Pompeio crederet?

    that the war with Pompey is ended, Flor. 4, 2, 53.—
    B.
    In partic., in jurid. Lat.:

    reum,

    to continue a prosecution till the defendant is condemned, Liv. 4, 42; Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 4; Ov. P. 4, 6, 30; Val. Max. 6, 2, 4:

    accusationem,

    to prosecute to the end, Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 6:

    receptus est reus, neque peractus, ob mortem opportunam,

    Tac. A. 4, 21.—
    IV.
    In gen., to work, or work up any thing.
    A.
    Lit.:

    humum,

    to till, cultivate, Ov. F. 4, 693:

    cibum,

    to digest, Plin. 9, 60, 86, § 183. —
    B.
    Trop., to go through, go over, to relate, describe, detail, state:

    legatus peragit deinde postulata...Haec paucis verbis carminis concipiendique jurisjurandi mutatis peragit,

    Liv. 1, 32, 6 sq.:

    verbis auspicia,

    to mention, id. 1, 18 fin.:

    res pace belloque gestas,

    to describe, treat of, id. 2, 1:

    dum perago tecum pauca,

    Ov. Am. 2, 2, 2:

    res tenues, tenui sermone peractas,

    delivered, Hor. S. 2, 4, 9.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > perago

  • 88 أنجز

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English dictionary > أنجز

  • 89 achieve

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > achieve

  • 90 do

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > do

  • 91 fulfil

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > fulfil

  • 92 go through, (go over)

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > go through, (go over)

  • 93 perform

    أَنْجَزَ \ accomplish: to finish (work, etc.) successfully; fulfil (sth. planned): The change to a different form of government was accomplished without fighting or opposition. achieve: to get sth. (success, one’s aim, etc.) by trying: He proved his worth as a young officer and soon achieved the rank of captain. do: to perform (work, one’s duty, one’s best, right, wrong, etc.): I have a lot to do, (used generally instead of a particular verb of action) attend to; deal with; set in order: Have you done (or written) that report yet? Has the cook done (or prepared) the vegatables for dinner? Have you done (or cleaned) your teeth?. fulfil: to carry out; perform (a promise, an order, a duty, etc.). go through, (go over): (with with) to complete: If you start a course, you must go through with it. perform. \ See Also حَصَلَ عَلَى، أحرز (أَحْرَزَ)، حقق (حَقَّقَ)‏

    Arabic-English glossary > perform

  • 94 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 95 פועל I

    פּוֹעַלI m. (b. h. פֹּעַל; פָּעַל) work, achievement. Midr. Till. to Ps. 44 ed. Bub. פ׳ שפעלת שיצאווכ׳ the work which thou didst accomplish, that they went forth from Egypt; Yalk. ib. 746. Ned.62a עשה דברים לשם פָּעֳלָם do things for the sake of their effect (for the good which is achieved through them (Treat. Der. Er. Zutta ch. II לשום פְּעוּלָּתָן); (Rashi: לשם פּוֹעֲלָם in the name of their Maker).

    Jewish literature > פועל I

  • 96 פּוֹעַל

    פּוֹעַלI m. (b. h. פֹּעַל; פָּעַל) work, achievement. Midr. Till. to Ps. 44 ed. Bub. פ׳ שפעלת שיצאווכ׳ the work which thou didst accomplish, that they went forth from Egypt; Yalk. ib. 746. Ned.62a עשה דברים לשם פָּעֳלָם do things for the sake of their effect (for the good which is achieved through them (Treat. Der. Er. Zutta ch. II לשום פְּעוּלָּתָן); (Rashi: לשם פּוֹעֲלָם in the name of their Maker).

    Jewish literature > פּוֹעַל

  • 97 подготавливать

    1) General subject: arrange, busk, fit, get up, organize, qualify (кого-л.), ready, set up, unlimber (что-л. к действию), work up, get ready, prepare, create, organise, prime
    3) Engineering: gear up (http://www.onelook.com/?w=gear+up+&ls=a)
    4) Chemistry: preform
    5) Mathematics: prepare for
    6) Economy: make ready
    7) Accounting: make, train
    8) Mining: win
    9) Diplomatic term: make arrangements about (что-л.)
    10) Automation: make ready (к работе)
    11) Makarov: commission, mount, prearrange (заранее), set, tailor, fit for (к чему-л.)
    12) Gold mining: accomplish, compile

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > подготавливать

  • 98 реализовать

    1) General subject: ( to) carry out (an activity), accomplish, actualize, embody, encash (товар), externalize, instrument, negotiate, put into force, put into practice, effect, effectuate, implement, realize, realize (план, замысел), sell, implement, fulfill, put into effect, make a reality of, put into action, discover, manifest
    2) Sports: convert (момент)
    3) Mathematics: represent
    4) Economy: off-load, sell the goods (товары), sell the produce (товары)
    6) Finances: liquidate
    7) Information technology: instantiate
    8) Oil: realise
    9) Patents: work in practice
    10) Programming: employ, carry out
    11) Science: (например: характеристики) bring together
    12) Makarov: imbody, materialize (планы и т.п.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > реализовать

  • 99 совершать чудо

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > совершать чудо

  • 100 совершенствовать

    1) General subject: accomplish, better, consummate, cultivate, develop, improve, mature, perfect, polish up, refine on, refine upon, soupe up (Сленговое выражение. Варианты: sup up, soup up.), amend, ameliorate
    2) Medicine: progress
    3) Literal: build on
    4) Sports: brush, polish, trim
    5) Engineering: mend, refine, update, upgrade
    6) Rare: culture, perfection
    9) Jargon: brush up
    10) Information technology: enhance
    11) Automation: advance, (у) update
    12) Makarov: sophisticate (машину), work up

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > совершенствовать

См. также в других словарях:

  • Accomplish — Ac*com plish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Accomplished}, p. pr. & vb. n. {Accomplishing}.] [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See {Complete}, {Finish}.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • work — [wʉrk] n. [ME werk < OE weorc, akin to Ger werk < IE base * werĝ , to do, act > Gr ergon (for * wergon), action, work, organon, tool, instrument] 1. physical or mental effort exerted to do or make something; purposeful activity; labor;… …   English World dictionary

  • Work — (w[^u]rk), v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon; to give exertion and effort to; to prepare for use, or to utilize, by labor. [1913 Webster] He could have told them of two or three gold mines, and a silver mine, and given the reason why they forbare …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Work — may refer to: Human labor: Employment House work Labor (economics), measure of the work done by human beings Manual labor, physical work done by people Wage labor, in which a worker sells their labor and an employer buys it Work (project… …   Wikipedia

  • Work Activity Management — (WAM) is the process of creating, delegating and tracking the progress of multiple tasks to completion. It is the next step in the form of project management, which is described as “the discipline of organizing and managing resources in such a… …   Wikipedia

  • work out — {v. phr.} 1. To find an answer to. * /John worked out his math problems all by himself./ * /Mary had trouble getting along with her roommate, but they worked it out./ Compare: FIGURE OUT. 2. To plan; develop. * /Mary worked out a beautiful design …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • work out — {v. phr.} 1. To find an answer to. * /John worked out his math problems all by himself./ * /Mary had trouble getting along with her roommate, but they worked it out./ Compare: FIGURE OUT. 2. To plan; develop. * /Mary worked out a beautiful design …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • work — [n1] labor, chore assignment, attempt, commission, daily grind*, drudge, drudgery, effort, elbow grease*, endeavor, exertion, functioning, grind, grindstone*, industry, job, moil, muscle, obligation, pains*, performance, production, push, salt… …   New thesaurus

  • Work (project management) — Work in project management is the amount of effort applied to produce a deliverable or to accomplish a task (a terminal element).This should not confused with duration. Bonuses for working Analysis of Work Organizational work may be analyzed into …   Wikipedia

  • work out — [v] solve; satisfy accomplish, achieve, arrange, attain, be effective, bring off, clear, come out, come to terms*, complete, compromise, construct, contrive, develop, devise, elaborate, evolve, figure out, find out, finish, fix, form, formulate,… …   New thesaurus

  • work one's will on/upon — accomplish one s purpose on she set a coiffeur to work his will on her hair …   Useful english dictionary

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