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a+major+disaster

  • 21 bringen

    to take home; to bring; to carry; to fetch; to take
    * * *
    brịn|gen
    * * *
    1) (to cause to be in a certain condition etc: You'll get me into trouble.) get
    2) (to make (something or someone) come (to or towards a place): I'll bring plenty of food with me; Bring him to me!) bring
    3) (to result in: This medicine will bring you relief.) bring
    4) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) hold
    * * *
    brin·gen
    < brachte, gebracht>
    [ˈbrɪŋən]
    vt
    1. (tragen)
    ▪ etw \bringen to bring sth; (hinbringen a.) to take sth
    den Müll nach draußen \bringen to take/bring out sep the rubbish BRIT [or garbage]
    etw in Stellung \bringen to position sth
    ▪ [jdm] etw \bringen to bring [sb] sth, to bring sth [to sb]; (hinbringen a.) to take [sb] sth, to take sth [to sb]
    ▪ jdm etw \bringen to bring sb sth
    sich dat etw \bringen lassen to have sth brought to one
    etw auf den Markt \bringen to market sth; Neues a. to launch sth
    ▪ jdn irgendwohin \bringen to take [or see] [or accompany] sb somewhere; (herbringen a.) to bring sb somewhere
    ▪ jdn/etw irgendwohin \bringen to take sb/sth somewhere; (herbringen a.) to bring sb/sth somewhere
    das Auto in die Garage \bringen to put the car in the garage
    jdn zum Bahnhof/nach Hause/in die Klinik \bringen to take sb to the station/home/to the clinic
    die Kinder ins [o zu] Bett \bringen to put the children to bed
    7. (lenken)
    die Diskussion/das Gespräch auf jdn/etw \bringen to bring the discussion/conversation round [or around] to sb/sth
    das Gespräch auf ein anderes Thema \bringen to change the topic of conversation
    etw auf eine Umlaufbahn \bringen to put sth into orbit
    jdn auf den rechten Weg \bringen to get sb on the straight and narrow
    ▪ [jdm] etw \bringen:
    so ein großer Rasen kann einem schon eine Menge Arbeit \bringen such a large lawn can mean a lot of work for one
    der letzte Frühling brachte uns viel Regen last spring saw a lot of rain, there was [or we had] a lot of rain last spring
    [jdm] Ärger \bringen to cause [sb] [or to give sb] trouble
    [jdm] Glück/Unglück \bringen to bring [sb] [good]/bad luck
    [jdm] Nachteile \bringen to be disadvantageous [to sb], to have its drawbacks [for sb]
    Stimmung in etw akk \bringen to liven up sth sep
    jdm Trost \bringen to comfort [or console] sb
    [jdm] Vorteile \bringen to be to sb's advantage, to have its advantages [for sb]
    ▪ jdm eine Nachricht \bringen to bring sb news
    es zu hohem Ansehen \bringen to earn high esteem
    es zu etwas/nichts \bringen to get somewhere/nowhere [or not get anywhere]
    es auf einem Gebiet/im Leben zu etwas/nichts \bringen to get somewhere/nowhere [or not get anywhere] in a field/in life
    es zu nichts weiter als zu etw dat \bringen to not get further than sth
    es zum Firmenleiter/Millionär \bringen to become [or make it to] company director/to become a millionaire
    es zum Präsidenten \bringen to become [or make] president
    es weit \bringen to get far
    11. (fam: erreichen)
    der Motor brachte es auf 500.000 km the engine kept going for 500,000 km
    er brachte es in der Prüfung auf 70 Punkte he got 70 points in the exam
    der Wagen bringt es auf 290 km/h this car can do 290 kph
    es auf ein gutes Alter \bringen to reach a ripe old age
    12. (versetzen)
    diese Niederlage bringt uns wieder dahin, wo wir angefangen haben this defeat will take us back to where we started
    das bring ich vor das Gremium! I'll take that to the board!
    das bringt dich noch in Teufels Küche! you'll get into [or be in] a hell of a mess if you do that! fam
    jdn außer sich akk \bringen to exasperate sb
    jdn in Bedrängnis \bringen to get sb into trouble
    jdn aus der Fassung \bringen to bewilder sb
    sich/jdn in Gefahr \bringen to endanger oneself/sb, to expose oneself/sb to danger
    jdn ins Gefängnis \bringen to put [or fam land] sb in prison
    jdn/etw vor Gericht \bringen to take sb/sth to court
    jdn/etw unter seine Gewalt \bringen to gain power over sb/to get sth under one's control
    jdn ins Grab \bringen to be the death of sb usu hum
    jdn zum Nervenzusammenbruch \bringen to give sb a nervous breakdown
    sich akk [nicht] aus der Ruhe \bringen lassen to [not] get worked [or fam het] up
    jdn in Schwierigkeiten \bringen to put [or get] sb into a difficult position
    jdn zur Verzweiflung \bringen to make sb desperate, to drive sb to despair
    jdn zur Wut \bringen to make sb furious, to enrage sb
    ▪ etw an sich akk \bringen (fam) to get sth; (stehlen) to collar sth fam
    ▪ etw hinter sich akk \bringen (fam) to get sth over and done with
    ▪ etw mit sich dat \bringen to cause sth; (zwangsläufig a.) to involve [or entail] sth
    ▪ etw bringt es mit sich dat, dass jd etw tut sth causes sb to do sth
    das bringt es mit sich, dass... that means that...
    ihre Krankheit bringt es mit sich, dass... it's because of [or to do with] her illness that...
    ▪ jd bringt es nicht über sich akk, etw zu tun sb cannot bring himself to do sth
    13. (anregen)
    etw zum Brennen/Laufen \bringen to get sth to burn/work
    jdn dahin [o dazu] [o so weit] \bringen, etw zu tun [o dass jd etw tut] to make sb do sth
    mit seinen ständigen Mäkeleien bringt er mich noch dahin, dass ich kündige his incessant carping will make me hand in my notice [one day]
    du bringst ihn nie dazu mitzukommen you'll never get him to come along
    jdn auf eine Idee \bringen to give sb an idea
    jdn zum Laufen/Singen/Sprechen \bringen to make sb run/sing/talk
    jdn zum Schweigen \bringen to silence sb
    etw zum Stehen \bringen to bring sth to a stop
    14. (rauben)
    ▪ jdn um etw akk \bringen to rob sb of sth; (durch eigene Schuld) to cost sb sth
    jdn um seinen guten Ruf/seine Stellung \bringen Folgen to cost sb his reputation/job
    jdn um den Schlaf \bringen to keep sb awake; (länger a.) to cause sb sleepless nights
    jdn um den Verstand \bringen to drive sb mad
    15. (fam: veröffentlichen)
    ▪ etw \bringen to print [or publish] sth
    was bringt die Zeitung darüber? what does it say in the paper?
    die Zeitung brachte nichts/einen Artikel darüber there was nothing/an article in the paper about it
    alle Zeitungen brachten es auf der ersten Seite all the papers had it on the front page
    eine Serie \bringen to run a series
    16. (fam: senden)
    ▪ etw \bringen to broadcast sth; TV to show [or broadcast] sth
    das Fernsehen bringt nichts darüber there's nothing on television about it
    um elf Uhr \bringen wir Nachrichten the news will be at eleven o'clock
    17. (fam: darstellen)
    ▪ jdn \bringen to act [or play the part of] sb
    18. (fam: vorführen)
    ▪ etw \bringen Kino, Nachtlokal to show sth; Artist, Tänzerin, Sportler to perform sth; Sänger to sing sth
    ▪ jdm etw \bringen to offer sb sth [or sth to sb]
    jdm ein Ständchen \bringen to serenade sb; s.a. Opfer
    ▪ [jdm] etw \bringen to bring in sth sep [for sb]
    das bringt nicht viel Geld that won't bring [us] in much money
    die Antiquität brachte 100.000 Euro the antique fetched [or was sold for] €100,000
    einen Gewinn \bringen to make a profit
    das bringt nichts! (fam) it's not worth it
    Zinsen \bringen to earn interest
    21. (sl: können)
    sie/es bringts she's/it's got what it takes
    meinst du, ich bring's? do you think I can do it?
    das bringt sie gut she's good at it
    das bringt er nicht he's not up to it
    na, bringt dein Mann es noch [im Bett]? well, can your husband keep it up [in bed]? fam
    der Wagen bringt 290 km/h this car can do 290 kph
    der Motor bringts nicht mehr! the engine's had it [or done for] fam
    die alte Kiste wird es noch für 'ne Weile \bringen there's still some life left in the old crate fam
    dieses Werkzeug bringts doch nicht these tools are no good
    wer hier zu wenig bringt, fliegt! if you're not up to form, you're out!
    was bringt der Wagen denn so an PS? what's the top HP of this car?
    eine Leistung \bringen to do a good job
    das bringt nichts (zwecklos) it's pointless, there's no point; (nutzlos) it's useless, that's no use
    das bringts nicht that's useless [or no use
    22. (fam: bewegen)
    ▪ etw irgendwohin \bringen to get sth somewhere
    alleine bringe ich die schwere Vase nicht von der Stelle I can't move [or shift] this heavy vase alone
    23. (fam: machen)
    ich bring ihn nicht satt! I can't give him enough to eat!
    ich bring das Hemd nicht sauber I can't get the shirt clean
    bringst du das Radio wieder in Ordnung? can you get the radio to work?
    24.
    ▶ einen Hammer \bringen (fam) to drop a bombshell
    ▶ einen Klops \bringen NORDD to put one's foot in it [or one's mouth] fam
    ▶ das kannst du doch nicht \bringen! you can't [go and] do that!
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (herbringen) bring; (hinbringen) take

    sie brachte mir/ich brachte ihr ein Geschenk — she brought me/I took her a present

    Unglück/Unheil [über jemanden] bringen — bring misfortune/disaster [upon somebody]

    jemandem Glück/Unglück bringen — bring somebody [good] luck/bad luck

    2) (begleiten) take

    jemanden nach Hause/zum Bahnhof bringen — take somebody home/to the station

    die Kinder ins Bett od. zu Bett bringen — put the children to bed

    3)

    es zu etwas/nichts bringen — get somewhere/get nowhere or not get anywhere

    es weit bringen — get on or do very well

    es im Leben weit bringen — go far in life

    4)

    jemanden ins Gefängnis bringen — <crime, misdeed> land somebody in prison or gaol

    das Gespräch auf etwas/ein anderes Thema bringen — bring the conversation round to something/change the topic of conversation

    jemanden wieder auf den rechten Weg bringen — (fig.) get somebody back on the straight and narrow

    jemanden zum Lachen/zur Verzweiflung bringen — make somebody laugh/drive somebody to despair

    jemanden dazu bringen, etwas zu tun — get somebody to do something

    etwas hinter sich bringen — (ugs.) get something over and done with

    es nicht über sich (Akk.) bringen [können], etwas zu tun — not be able to bring oneself to do something

    etwas an sich (Akk.) bringen — (ugs.) collar something (sl.)

    5)

    jemanden um den Schlaf/Verstand bringen — rob somebody of his/her sleep/drive somebody mad

    6) (veröffentlichen) publish

    alle Zeitungen brachten Berichte über das Massaker — all the papers carried reports of the massacre

    7) (senden) broadcast

    das/ein Opfer bringen — make the/a sacrifice

    eine Nummer/ein Ständchen bringen — perform a number/a serenade

    das kannst du nicht bringen — (ugs.) you can't do that

    einen großen Gewinn/hohe Zinsen bringen — make a large profit/earn high interest

    das Gemälde brachte 50 000 Euro — the painting fetched 50,000 euros

    das bringt nichts od. bringt's nicht — (ugs.) it's pointless

    10)

    das bringt es mit sich, dass... — that means that...

    11) (verursachen) cause <trouble, confusion>
    13) (bes. südd.) s. bekommen 1. 2)
    * * *
    bringen; bringt, brachte, hat gebracht; v/t
    1. an diesen Ort (auch fig): bring; (holen) auch get, fetch;
    bring doch mal das Salz aus der Küche would you fetch the salt from the kitchen?;
    was bringt dich hierher? what brings you here?;
    die Wolken bringen Regen these clouds bring ( oder mean) rain;
    was wird uns morgen bringen? what will tomorrow hold in store (for us)?;
    an den Tag bringen fig bring sth to the light of day ( oder out into the open);
    mit sich bringen involve; (erfordern) require;
    die Umstände bringen es mit sich it’s inevitable under the circumstances;
    das bringt das Leben so mit sich life is like that, that’s life, that’s the way the cookie crumbles umg
    2. an einen anderen Ort (auch fig): take; (tragen) auch carry; (setzen, legen, stellen) put; (begleiten) take, see:
    jemanden zur Bahn/nach Hause bringen take ( oder see) sb to the station/home;
    bring es ins Haus take ( oder put) it inside;
    er wurde ins Krankenhaus gebracht he was taken to (US to the) hospital;
    ich brachte ihm Pralinen I took him some chocolates;
    zu Bett bringen put the children to bed;
    jemanden vor Gericht bringen take sb to court, bring sb up before the court;
    das bringt mich in eine peinliche Lage that puts me into an embarrassing situation;
    in den Handel bringen bring ( oder introduce) sth onto the market;
    etwas in Umlauf bringen introduce sth into circulation
    3. (verursachen, zur Folge haben) cause; (verschaffen) bring;
    Glück/Unglück bringen bring good/bad luck;
    das bringt nur Ärger that’ll cause nothing but trouble;
    brachte ihm keine Linderung brought ( oder gave) him no relief
    4. (einbringen) (Gewinn etc) bring in;
    Zinsen bringen bear ( oder yield) interest;
    die Bücher haben auf dem Flohmarkt noch 20 Euro gebracht umg the books fetched 20 euros at the flea market, I got 20 euros for the books at the flea market;
    das bringt nichts umg that won’t get you etc anywhere, that’s no use;
    es bringt nicht viel, wenn man … one does not get much mileage out of … (+ger)
    was bringt das? umg what’s the point
    5. (schaffen) do; (erreichen) manage;
    welche Leistung bringt der Motor? what can the engine do?;
    bringt er, was er verspricht? does he keep his promises?;
    es (bis) auf achtzig Jahre bringen live to be eighty;
    er brachte es auf acht Punkte in Prüfung etc, auch Sport: he managed eight points;
    es zu etwas/nichts bringen go far/get nowhere;
    bringen make it to major etc;
    bringen achieve fame and fortune;
    er könnte es noch weit bringen he could go far yet;
    es dahin bringen, dass manage to (+inf)
    jemanden dahin bringen, dass bring sb to (+inf), make sb (+inf) warnend:
    du wirst es noch so weit bringen, dass … umg you’d better watch your step or …; → zuwege
    6. meist mit präpositionalen obj (etwas, einen Zustand, eine Handlung bewirken)
    jemanden in Gefahr/Not/Rage/Schwierigkeiten etc
    bringen get sb into danger/trouble/a rage/difficulties;
    sie bringt sich ständig in Schwierigkeiten she keeps getting herself into difficulties ( oder awkward situations);
    ins Lot bringen sort sth out;
    in Einklang/Kontakt/Zusammenhang etc
    bringen mit harmonize/bring into contact/bring into connection etc with;
    jemanden zur Verzweiflung bringen drive sb to despair;
    jemanden zum Lachen/Reden/Schweigen etc
    bringen make sb laugh/talk/be quiet ( oder shut up umg);
    etwas zum Einsturz/zum Explodieren bringen make sth collapse/explode;
    sie brachte den Wagen zum Stehen she stopped the car ( oder pulled up);
    sie brachte Abwechslung/Leben/Unruhe etc
    in mein Leben she brought variety to my life/she gave my life a breath of fresh air/she brought chaos into my life;
    wir müssen endlich System in die Sache bringen we have to give it some kind of system
    7. (Programm, Film etc) auch show; THEAT bring, stage; MUS perform, play, (Lied) sing; Zeitung etc: bring;
    was bringt das 1. Programm heute Abend? what’s on channel one this evening?;
    die letzte Ausgabe brachte … the last issue had …;
    haben sie schon etwas über das Unglück gebracht? have they already reported on the accident?
    8. umg, meist jugendspr (schaffen)
    das bring ich nicht! I (just) can’t do it;
    ich weiß nicht, ob ich das bringe I’m not sure I can manage it;
    es bringen umg make it; (zuwege bringen) pull it off;
    das kannst du doch nicht bringen! you can’t possibly do that!, that’s not on!;
    du glaubst nicht, was sie heute wieder gebracht hat! you’ll never believe what she did today!;
    (gut/schlecht sein)
    es (nicht) bringen have a/no point, (not) cut the mustard;
    Drogen bringens nicht drugs are no good;
    das bringt’s (voll) umg that’s (really) excellent ( oder brilliant)
    9. umg (kriegen) get sb/sth somewhere;
    ich bring das Ding nicht in die Schachtel I can’t get the thing into the box;
    ich bring den Schmutz nicht von den Schuhen I can’t get the dirt off these shoes
    bringen change the subject to sth;
    bringen (erinnern) remind sb about sth; (anregen) make sb think about, do etc sth;
    du bringst mich auf etwas now that you mention it;
    jemanden auf die schiefe Bahn/den richtigen Weg bringen lead sb off/onto the straight and narrow;
    11. mit präp:
    an sich/in seinen Besitz bringen acquire, take possession of;
    hinter sich bringen get it over with;
    bringen I can’t bring myself to do it;
    jemanden um etwas bringen deprive sb of sth; (betrügen) do sb out of sth umg
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (herbringen) bring; (hinbringen) take

    sie brachte mir/ich brachte ihr ein Geschenk — she brought me/I took her a present

    Unglück/Unheil [über jemanden] bringen — bring misfortune/disaster [upon somebody]

    jemandem Glück/Unglück bringen — bring somebody [good] luck/bad luck

    2) (begleiten) take

    jemanden nach Hause/zum Bahnhof bringen — take somebody home/to the station

    die Kinder ins Bett od. zu Bett bringen — put the children to bed

    3)

    es zu etwas/nichts bringen — get somewhere/get nowhere or not get anywhere

    es weit bringen — get on or do very well

    4)

    jemanden ins Gefängnis bringen — <crime, misdeed> land somebody in prison or gaol

    das Gespräch auf etwas/ein anderes Thema bringen — bring the conversation round to something/change the topic of conversation

    jemanden wieder auf den rechten Weg bringen — (fig.) get somebody back on the straight and narrow

    jemanden zum Lachen/zur Verzweiflung bringen — make somebody laugh/drive somebody to despair

    jemanden dazu bringen, etwas zu tun — get somebody to do something

    etwas hinter sich bringen — (ugs.) get something over and done with

    es nicht über sich (Akk.) bringen [können], etwas zu tun — not be able to bring oneself to do something

    etwas an sich (Akk.) bringen — (ugs.) collar something (sl.)

    5)

    jemanden um den Schlaf/Verstand bringen — rob somebody of his/her sleep/drive somebody mad

    7) (senden) broadcast

    das/ein Opfer bringen — make the/a sacrifice

    eine Nummer/ein Ständchen bringen — perform a number/a serenade

    das kannst du nicht bringen — (ugs.) you can't do that

    einen großen Gewinn/hohe Zinsen bringen — make a large profit/earn high interest

    das Gemälde brachte 50 000 Euro — the painting fetched 50,000 euros

    das bringt nichts od. bringt's nicht — (ugs.) it's pointless

    10)

    das bringt es mit sich, dass... — that means that...

    11) (verursachen) cause <trouble, confusion>
    12) (salopp): (schaffen, erreichen)
    13) (bes. südd.) s. bekommen 1. 2)
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: brachte, gebracht)
    = to bring v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: brought)
    to get v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: got)
    or p.p.: gotten•)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bringen

  • 22 accidente aéreo

    plane crash, air accident (frml)
    * * *
    (n.) = air disaster, air crash, plane crash
    Ex. A topic such as metal fatigue assumed a new importance in the 1950s as the unexpected cause of at least two major air disasters.
    Ex. The flags flew at half-mast on Sunday in honour of Poland's president and over 90 other top officials who died in an air crash on Saturday.
    Ex. He lost his life in a tragic plane crash while travelling to attend the 1st Slovak Bibliography Conference in January 1956.
    * * *
    plane crash, air accident (frml)
    * * *
    (n.) = air disaster, air crash, plane crash

    Ex: A topic such as metal fatigue assumed a new importance in the 1950s as the unexpected cause of at least two major air disasters.

    Ex: The flags flew at half-mast on Sunday in honour of Poland's president and over 90 other top officials who died in an air crash on Saturday.
    Ex: He lost his life in a tragic plane crash while travelling to attend the 1st Slovak Bibliography Conference in January 1956.

    * * *
    plane crash

    Spanish-English dictionary > accidente aéreo

  • 23 cercano

    adj.
    1 close, immediate, near, nearby.
    2 close, dear.
    * * *
    1 (inmediato) near, close
    2 (vecino) nearby, neighbouring (US neighboring)
    3 (pariente) close
    \
    el Cercano Oriente the Near East
    * * *
    (f. - cercana)
    adj.
    close, near, nearby
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [lugar] nearby

    • cercano a — close to, near, near to

    2) [amigo, pariente] close

    • cercano a — close to

    3) [en el tiempo]

    ahora, cuando está cercano el primer aniversario de su muerte — now, as the first anniversary of her death approaches

    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( en el espacio) nearby, neighboring*

    cercano a algo — near something, close to something

    b) ( en el tiempo) close, near
    2) <pariente/amigo> close
    * * *
    = adjacent, adjoining, close [closer -comp., closest -sup.], immediate, nearby [near-by], neighbouring [neighboring, -USA], near at hand, close at hand, in sight, over the horizon, on the horizon, close-by, proximate, near [nearer -comp., nearest -sup.], within sight, within range.
    Ex. Before him there are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.
    Ex. The library is poorly sited outside the shopping centre and on the brow of a hill, and faces competition from adjoining libraries.
    Ex. Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex. This system offers immediate access when required by users and staff, preferably several users at the same time.
    Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex. The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.
    Ex. The firm does not have to be near at hand, but there must be plenty of cooperation and consultation as to selection of stock.
    Ex. Material needed daily should be stored close at hand.
    Ex. The trend is definitely towards the electronic submission, but the point where this method will entirely supplant the others is not yet in sight.
    Ex. This article surveys the changes which have already occurred and those which are just over the horizon.
    Ex. The author concludes with descriptions of advances in the technology currently on the horizon.
    Ex. The second phase of the study entailed interviewing at close-by universities in the Midwest.
    Ex. For example, Literature and Language should be proximate, as should Commerce and Economics and Business, Psychology and Medicine, and so on.
    Ex. He was a loner himself, a small-town country boy who spent most of his time wandering about the hills and fields near his home.
    Ex. As the major US telecommunications service providers install fibre optic cable, the availability of interactive video is within sight.
    Ex. 77% of the world's population lives within range of a mobile network.
    ----
    * cercano a = approaching, in close proximity to.
    * Cercano Oriente = Near East.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * del Cercano Oriente = Near-Eastern.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future.
    * en un futuro muy cercano = in the very near future.
    * en un período más o menos cercano = in the near future.
    * experiencia cercana a la muerte = near death experience.
    * futuro cercano, el = near future, the.
    * lado más cercano, el = near side, the.
    * lo más cercano a = the nearest thing to.
    * pariente cercano = close relation.
    * redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( en el espacio) nearby, neighboring*

    cercano a algo — near something, close to something

    b) ( en el tiempo) close, near
    2) <pariente/amigo> close
    * * *
    = adjacent, adjoining, close [closer -comp., closest -sup.], immediate, nearby [near-by], neighbouring [neighboring, -USA], near at hand, close at hand, in sight, over the horizon, on the horizon, close-by, proximate, near [nearer -comp., nearest -sup.], within sight, within range.

    Ex: Before him there are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.

    Ex: The library is poorly sited outside the shopping centre and on the brow of a hill, and faces competition from adjoining libraries.
    Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex: This system offers immediate access when required by users and staff, preferably several users at the same time.
    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex: The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.
    Ex: The firm does not have to be near at hand, but there must be plenty of cooperation and consultation as to selection of stock.
    Ex: Material needed daily should be stored close at hand.
    Ex: The trend is definitely towards the electronic submission, but the point where this method will entirely supplant the others is not yet in sight.
    Ex: This article surveys the changes which have already occurred and those which are just over the horizon.
    Ex: The author concludes with descriptions of advances in the technology currently on the horizon.
    Ex: The second phase of the study entailed interviewing at close-by universities in the Midwest.
    Ex: For example, Literature and Language should be proximate, as should Commerce and Economics and Business, Psychology and Medicine, and so on.
    Ex: He was a loner himself, a small-town country boy who spent most of his time wandering about the hills and fields near his home.
    Ex: As the major US telecommunications service providers install fibre optic cable, the availability of interactive video is within sight.
    Ex: 77% of the world's population lives within range of a mobile network.
    * cercano a = approaching, in close proximity to.
    * Cercano Oriente = Near East.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * del Cercano Oriente = Near-Eastern.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future.
    * en un futuro muy cercano = in the very near future.
    * en un período más o menos cercano = in the near future.
    * experiencia cercana a la muerte = near death experience.
    * futuro cercano, el = near future, the.
    * lado más cercano, el = near side, the.
    * lo más cercano a = the nearest thing to.
    * pariente cercano = close relation.
    * redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.

    * * *
    cercano -na
    A
    1 (en el espacio) nearby, neighboring* cercano A algo near sth, close TO sth
    los pueblos cercanos a Durango the villages in the vicinity of o close to o near Durango
    una suma cercana al millón an amount close to o close on a million
    2 (en el tiempo) close, near
    cercano A algo close TO sth
    se sentía cercano a su fin he felt the end was near o close, he felt he was close to the end
    Compuesto:
    el Cercano Oriente the Near East
    B ‹pariente/amigo› close
    * * *

     

    cercano
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    1

    cercano a algo near sth, close to sth;



    cercano a algo close to sth
    2 ‹pariente/amigo› close
    cercano,-a adjetivo
    1 close, nearby
    un pueblo cercano, a nearby village
    2 (pariente) close
    3 Cercano Oriente, Near East
    ' cercano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cercana
    - ir
    - próxima
    - próximo
    - vecina
    - vecino
    - futuro
    English:
    close
    - early
    - immediate
    - near
    - nearby
    - nursery
    - offshore
    - proximate
    - next
    * * *
    cercano, -a adj
    1. [en el espacio] nearby;
    cercano a near, close to
    el Cercano Oriente the Near East
    2. [en el tiempo] near;
    cercano a near, close to
    3. [con cifras] close;
    pagaron un precio cercano a los 2 millones they paid close to o nearly 2 million
    4. [pariente, amigo, colaborador] close;
    según fuentes cercanas a la familia real,… according to sources close to the royal family,…
    5. [en contenido]
    una obra más cercana a la tragedia que a la comedia a play that is closer to tragedy than to comedy
    * * *
    adj nearby;
    cercano a close to, near to
    * * *
    cercano, -na adj
    : near, close
    * * *
    cercano adj
    1. (en distancia) near / nearby
    2. (una persona) close

    Spanish-English dictionary > cercano

  • 24 incitar

    v.
    1 to incite (a la violencia).
    el hambre le incitó a robar hunger made him steal
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?
    María incitó a la multitud Mary incited the multitude
    2 to abet, to instigate.
    María incitó al policía Mary abetted the cop.
    * * *
    1 to incite (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    2) urge, encourage
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.
    Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
    Ex. This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex. This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex. As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex. For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    ----
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.

    Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

    Ex: This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex: This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex: As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex: For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

    * * *
    incitar [A1 ]
    vt
    incitar a algn A algo to incite sb TO sth
    incitaron al ejército a la rebelión they incited the army to rebellion o to rebel
    películas que incitan a la violencia films which encourage violence o which incite people to violence
    lo hizo incitado por sus compañeros his friends encouraged him to do it, his friends put him up to it ( colloq)
    incitar a algn CONTRA algn to incite sb AGAINST sb
    los incitaba contra sus superiores he was inciting them against their superiors
    * * *

    incitar ( conjugate incitar) verbo transitivo incitar a algn a algo to incite sb to sth;
    incitar a algn contra algn to incite sb against sb
    incitar verbo transitivo to incite, urge: sus discursos incitaron a la rebelión, his speeches incited them to rebellion
    ' incitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azuzar
    - desafiar
    - invitar
    - picar
    - tentar
    - empujar
    - empujón
    English:
    egg on
    - incite
    - put up to
    - spur
    - sting
    - tempt
    - egg
    - stir
    - whip
    * * *
    to incite;
    un discurso que incita a la violencia a speech inciting people to violence;
    el hambre lo incitó a robar hunger made him steal;
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?;
    incitar a alguien a la fuga/venganza to urge sb to flee/avenge himself
    * * *
    v/t incite
    * * *
    : to incite, to rouse

    Spanish-English dictionary > incitar

  • 25 plaga

    f.
    1 plague.
    plaga de langostas plague of locusts
    2 swarm.
    3 plague (epidemia).
    una de las plagas modernas one of the plagues of modern society
    4 pest.
    5 vermin.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: plagar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: plagar.
    * * *
    1 (epidemia) plague
    2 (de insectos) plague, pest
    3 figurado invasion
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Agr) (Zool) pest; [de langostas] plague; (Bot) blight
    2) (=azote) scourge
    3) (=exceso) glut, abundance
    4) (=aflicción) affliction, grave illness
    * * *
    a) (de insectos, ratas) plague

    trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga — they brought along their horde of children

    b) (calamidad, azote) plague

    la plaga del turismo — the menace o scourge of tourism

    * * *
    = pest, plague, blight, infestation, pestilence, endemic disease, endemic illness.
    Ex. For example, a rabbit is always a mammal of a particular species and sometimes a pest, a pet, or the basis of a stew.
    Ex. Parish registers, wills and inventories will be analysed to discover as much information as possible on the migration of population, the effect of the plague, and the incidence of illegitimacy.
    Ex. In Ohio State we've been trying to develop for the last fifteen years a grape that will still survive the grape blight that wiped out the vineyards in southern Ohio in the 1920s.
    Ex. Accounts were given of various recent major and smaller disasters such as extreme weather conditions, power failures, explosions, civil disruption, mould, infestations and spontaneous combustion.
    Ex. Much of what lies before our eyes today like a tongue of fire -- animal pestilences and the poisoning of our foodstuffs -- was already announced many years ago.
    Ex. Tuberculosis, the paradigmatic endemic disease of the nineteenth century, was a social disease and a social problem.
    Ex. Some other sources highlight the implementation of measures to control the development of endemic illnesses, particular to the 19th century, namely, dysentery, diphtheria, smallpox, tuberculosis, leprosy, & yellow fever, among others.
    ----
    * control de plagas = pest control.
    * plaga de hongos = fungal infestation.
    * * *
    a) (de insectos, ratas) plague

    trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga — they brought along their horde of children

    b) (calamidad, azote) plague

    la plaga del turismo — the menace o scourge of tourism

    * * *
    = pest, plague, blight, infestation, pestilence, endemic disease, endemic illness.

    Ex: For example, a rabbit is always a mammal of a particular species and sometimes a pest, a pet, or the basis of a stew.

    Ex: Parish registers, wills and inventories will be analysed to discover as much information as possible on the migration of population, the effect of the plague, and the incidence of illegitimacy.
    Ex: In Ohio State we've been trying to develop for the last fifteen years a grape that will still survive the grape blight that wiped out the vineyards in southern Ohio in the 1920s.
    Ex: Accounts were given of various recent major and smaller disasters such as extreme weather conditions, power failures, explosions, civil disruption, mould, infestations and spontaneous combustion.
    Ex: Much of what lies before our eyes today like a tongue of fire -- animal pestilences and the poisoning of our foodstuffs -- was already announced many years ago.
    Ex: Tuberculosis, the paradigmatic endemic disease of the nineteenth century, was a social disease and a social problem.
    Ex: Some other sources highlight the implementation of measures to control the development of endemic illnesses, particular to the 19th century, namely, dysentery, diphtheria, smallpox, tuberculosis, leprosy, & yellow fever, among others.
    * control de plagas = pest control.
    * plaga de hongos = fungal infestation.

    * * *
    1 (de insectos, ratas) plague
    una plaga de langostas a plague of locusts
    las ardillas son consideradas una plaga squirrels are considered to be a pest
    trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga they brought along their horde of children
    2 (calamidad, azote) plague
    las siete plagas de Egipto the seven plagues of Egypt
    la plaga del turismo the menace o scourge of tourism
    la plaga de la urbanización descontrolada the scourge o disaster of uncontrolled urban development
    * * *

    Del verbo plagar: ( conjugate plagar)

    plaga es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    plaga sustantivo femenino
    a) (de insectos, ratas) plague;


    b) (calamidad, azote) plague

    plaga sustantivo femenino
    1 (de insectos, malas hierbas, etc) plague, pest
    2 (desgracia, azote) curse, menace
    ' plaga' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brotar
    - infestar
    English:
    combat
    - horde
    - pest
    - plague
    - blight
    * * *
    plaga nf
    1. [de insectos] plague
    plaga de langosta plague of locusts
    2. [desastre, calamidad] plague;
    el tabaco es una de las plagas modernas smoking is one of the plagues of modern society;
    la zona se vio afectada por una plaga de robos the area suffered a spate of robberies
    3. [de gente] swarm;
    una plaga de turistas a swarm of tourists
    * * *
    f
    1 AGR pest
    2 MED plague
    3 fig
    scourge; ( abundancia) glut
    * * *
    plaga nf
    1) : plague, infestation, blight
    2) calamidad: disaster, scourge
    * * *
    plaga n plague

    Spanish-English dictionary > plaga

  • 26 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 27 proporción

    f.
    1 proportion, rate, ratio.
    2 proportion, extent, degree.
    * * *
    1 proportion
    \
    en proporciones iguales in equal proportions
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gen] proportion; (Mat) ratio; (=relación) relationship; (=razón, porcentaje) rate
    2) pl proporciones [de objeto] proportions; [de plan, escándalo] scope

    se desconocen las proporciones del desastre — the size o extent o scope of the disaster is unknown

    de proporciones — LAm (=enorme) huge, vast

    3) (=oportunidad) chance, opportunity, right moment
    4) pl proporciones Méx (=riqueza) wealth sing
    * * *
    1) ( relación) proportion

    guardar/no guardar proporción con algo — to be in/out of proportion to something

    2) proporciones femenino plural ( dimensiones) proportions (pl)
    * * *
    = multiplication ratio, percentage, proportion, ratio, share, split.
    Ex. Would you have some ideas as to what the multiplication ratio of bibliographic records affected by those transactions was against the authority file?.
    Ex. But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.
    Ex. Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.
    Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex. The clicker paid each man according to what he had set, keeping for himself a share equal to that of the most productive hand.
    Ex. For instance, a public library service might be said to have a 40:60 split in the provision of information and/or cultural materials, while an industrial library will be wholly information-based.
    ----
    * alcanzar proporciones alarmantes = reach + alarming proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones catastróficas = reach + catastrophic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones de crisis = grow to + crisis proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones desmesuradas = reach + epic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones épicas = reach + epic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones exageradas = reach + epic proportions.
    * crisis de enormes proporciones = situation of crisis proportions.
    * de proporciones catastróficas = of catastrophic proportions.
    * de proporciones históricas = larger-than-life.
    * en proporción a = proportionate to, in proportion to.
    * la proporción mayor de = the lion's share of.
    * proporciones astronómicas = astronomical proportions.
    * proporción hombres-mujeres = sex ratio.
    * sentido de la proporción = sense of proportion.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * * *
    1) ( relación) proportion

    guardar/no guardar proporción con algo — to be in/out of proportion to something

    2) proporciones femenino plural ( dimensiones) proportions (pl)
    * * *
    = multiplication ratio, percentage, proportion, ratio, share, split.

    Ex: Would you have some ideas as to what the multiplication ratio of bibliographic records affected by those transactions was against the authority file?.

    Ex: But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.
    Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.
    Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex: The clicker paid each man according to what he had set, keeping for himself a share equal to that of the most productive hand.
    Ex: For instance, a public library service might be said to have a 40:60 split in the provision of information and/or cultural materials, while an industrial library will be wholly information-based.
    * alcanzar proporciones alarmantes = reach + alarming proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones catastróficas = reach + catastrophic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones de crisis = grow to + crisis proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones desmesuradas = reach + epic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones épicas = reach + epic proportions.
    * alcanzar proporciones exageradas = reach + epic proportions.
    * crisis de enormes proporciones = situation of crisis proportions.
    * de proporciones catastróficas = of catastrophic proportions.
    * de proporciones históricas = larger-than-life.
    * en proporción a = proportionate to, in proportion to.
    * la proporción mayor de = the lion's share of.
    * proporciones astronómicas = astronomical proportions.
    * proporción hombres-mujeres = sex ratio.
    * sentido de la proporción = sense of proportion.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.

    * * *
    A (relación) proportion
    la cabeza no guarda proporción con el resto del cuerpo the head is out of proportion to the rest of the body
    la proporción es de tres vasos de agua por uno de limón the proportion is three glasses of water to one of lemon juice
    los sueldos no suben en proporción a la inflación salaries are not keeping up with o keeping pace with inflation, salaries are not rising at the same rate as inflation
    se fijará en proporción a los ingresos it will be set in proportion to income
    se agrega leche y harina en proporciones iguales add milk and flour in equal proportions
    Compuestos:
    arithmetic proportion o ratio
    geometric proportion o ratio
    B proporciones fpl (dimensiones) proportions (pl)
    el edificio es de grandes proporciones it is a large building, the building is of large proportions
    el horno es de unas proporciones gigantescas the furnace is huge o immense o massive o of massive proportions
    * * *

    proporción sustantivo femenino
    1 ( relación) proportion;

    2
    ◊ proporciones sustantivo femenino plural ( dimensiones) proportions (pl)

    proporción sustantivo femenino
    1 (relación) proportion: su precio no guarda proporción con su calidad, the price is out of proportion to its quality
    la proporción de nacimientos y muertes, the proportion of births to deaths 2 proporciones, (tamaño) size sing: un desastre de grandes proporciones, a huge disaster
    3 Mat ratio
    ' proporción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    índice
    - tasa
    - a
    - en
    - medida
    - por
    English:
    proportion
    - proportionate
    - ratio
    - inverse
    - odds
    * * *
    1. [relación] proportion;
    en proporción a in proportion to;
    guardar proporción (con) to be in proportion (to);
    los dos edificios no guardan proporción entre sí the two buildings are out of proportion
    2. Mat proportion
    proporción aritmética arithmetic proportion;
    proporción geométrica geometric proportion
    3.
    proporciones [tamaño] size;
    [importancia] extent, scale;
    el escándalo alcanzó proporciones mayúsculas the scandal reached huge proportions;
    * * *
    f proportion;
    en proporción a in proportion to
    * * *
    1) : proportion
    2) : ratio (in mathematics)
    3) proporciones nfpl
    : proportions, size
    de grandes proporciones: very large
    * * *
    proporción n proportion
    ¿qué proporciones tiene la nevera? how big is the fridge?

    Spanish-English dictionary > proporción

  • 28 grande

    adj.
    1 big, large.
    un gran artista a great artist
    el gran favorito the firm favorite
    una gran figura a big name
    una gran parte de mi trabajo implica… a large part of my job involves…
    una gran responsabilidad a heavy responsibility
    a lo grande in a big way, in style
    grandes almacenes department store
    Gran Bretaña Great Britain
    el Gran Cañón the Grand Canyon
    gran danés great Dane
    gran éxito smash (hit) (disco, libro)
    los Grandes Lagos the Great Lakes
    la Gran Muralla (China) the Great Wall (of China)
    el gran público the general public
    2 old (de edad). (Mexican Spanish, River Plate)
    3 fantastic(informal). ( River Plate)
    4 magnus, Mag, magnum.
    5 grand, formidable, majestical, stately.
    m.
    grandee (noble).
    * * *
    1 (tamaño) large, big
    2 (fuerte, intenso) great
    3 (mayor) grown-up, old, big
    \
    a lo grande on a grand scale, in a big way
    estar grande una cosa a alguien to be too big on somebody
    pasarlo en grande familiar to have a great time
    vivir a lo grande figurado to live in style
    Grande de España grandee Table 1 NOTA See also gran/Table 1
    * * *
    adj.
    1) big
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    ( antes de sm sing gran)
    1) [de tamaño] big, large; [de estatura] big, tall; [número, velocidad] high, great

    ¿cómo es de grande? — how big o large is it?, what size is it?

    en cantidades más grandes — in larger o greater quantities

    grandísimo — enormous, huge

    un esfuerzo grandísimo — an enormous effort, a huge effort

    ¡grandísimo tunante! — you old rogue!

    hacer algo a lo grande — to do sth in style, make a splash doing sth *

    2) (=importante) [artista, hazaña] great; [empresa] big
    3) (=mucho, muy) great

    se estrenó con gran éxito — it was a great success, it went off very well

    4) [en edad]
    (=mayor)

    ya eres grande, Raúl — you are a big boy now, Raúl

    ¿qué piensas hacer cuando seas grande? — what do you want to do when you grow up?

    5)

    ¡qué grande! — Arg * how funny!

    2. SMF
    1) (=personaje importante)
    2) LAm (=adulto) adult
    3. SF
    1) Arg [de lotería] first prize, big prize
    2) And ** (=cárcel) clink **, jail
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo [ gran is used before singular nouns]
    1)
    a) ( en dimensiones) large, big; <boca/nariz> big
    b) ( en demasía) too big

    me queda or me está grande — it's too big for me

    quedarle grande a alguien — puesto/responsabilidad to be too much for somebody

    2) ( alto) tall
    3) (Geog)
    4) ( en edad)

    los más grandes pueden ir solos — the older o bigger ones can go on their own

    a) (notable, excelente) great

    un gran hombre/vino — a great man/wine

    b) ( poderoso) big
    6)
    a) (en intensidad, grado) great

    me llevé un susto más grande...! — I got such a fright!

    una temporada de gran éxito — a very o a highly successful season

    7)
    a) ( en número) < familia> large, big; < clase> big

    la gran parte or mayoría de los votantes — the great o vast majority of the voters

    b) ( elevado)

    a gran velocidad — at high o great speed

    en grande: lo pasamos en grande — we had a great time (colloq)

    •
    II
    masculino, femenino
    1) (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name
    2)
    a) ( mayor)

    quiero ir con los grandes — I want to go with the big boys/girls

    b) ( adulto)
    •
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], big [bigger -comp., biggest -sup.], bulky, considerable, deep [deeper -comp., deepest -sup.], extensive, great [greater -comp., greatest -sup.], heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], huge, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], large scale [large-scale], tremendous, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], abysmal, heavyweight [heavy weight], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], of the highest order.
    Ex. If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.
    Ex. Fiction is a big item for children and also just for ordinary public library users.
    Ex. Like all enumerative schedules, the LC schedules are bulky, extending to some 8000 pages.
    Ex. The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex. The world's largest processing department's plans and policies are always of deep interest.
    Ex. The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex. Clearly, great variations can be expected between different indexing languages for different databases.
    Ex. In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.
    Ex. Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex. A user searching for Smith's 'History as Argument' who was not sure under which subject it would be entered, would have to prowl through a huge number of cards in a card catalog to find the entry under SMITH.
    Ex. Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex. It is in the development of such large-scale services that problems are seen most acutely.
    Ex. There has been tremendous growth in libraries since then, but, fundamentally, it has been possible to build on the foundation that nineteenth-century heroes constructed.
    Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex. However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex. The major problem encountered in encouraging young adults to use public libraries is the abysmal lack of specialist young adult librarians = El principal problema que se encuentra para es incentivar a los jóvenes a usar las bibliotecas públicas es la enorme falta de bibliotecarios especialistas en temas relacionados con los adolescentes.
    Ex. Heavyweight information technology firms such as IBM are appearing in the market and challenging traditional players.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. I've got to tell you, and I do say this affectionately, but we're talking about a geek of the highest order.
    ----
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * armar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * calabacín grande = marrow, marrow squash.
    * causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.
    * celebrar a lo grande = make + a song and dance about.
    * con gran capacidad = capacious.
    * con gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * con gran densidad de población = densely populated.
    * con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.
    * con gran esplendor = grandly.
    * con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.
    * con gran motivación = highly-motivated.
    * con gran sentimiento = earnestly.
    * conseguir en gran medida + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * contribuir en gran medida a + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio, go far in + Gerundio, go far towards + Gerundio.
    * con una gran cultura = well-read.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * con una gran tradición = long-standing.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * con un gran suspiro = with a deep sigh.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * demasiado grande = oversized.
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * el gran hermano = big brother.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * empresa de grandes derroches = high roller.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers, in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, to a great extent, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte = largely, in large part, in large measure, for the most part, to a great extent, to a great degree.
    * en un gran aprieto = in dire straits.
    * en un gran apuro = in dire straits.
    * esperar una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * expresión típica de Gran Bretaña = Briticism.
    * extra grande = extra-large.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * gran bebedor = heavy drinker.
    * gran belleza = scenic beauty.
    * Gran Bretaña = Britain, Great Britain.
    * gran calidad = high standard.
    * gran cantidad de = large crop of, mass of.
    * gran categoría = high standard.
    * gran cosa = big deal.
    * gran danés = Great Dane.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * grandes almacenes = department store.
    * grandes cantidades de = storerooms of, huge numbers of, huge numbers of, great numbers of.
    * grandes escritores, los = great imaginative writers, the.
    * grandes robles nacen de pequeñas bellotas = great oaks from little acorns grow.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * grande superficie = shopping mall, shopping complex, shopping centre.
    * grandes y pequeños = great and small.
    * grande y tenebroso = cavernous.
    * gran ducado = grand-duchy.
    * gran espectáculo = extravaganza.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * gran mentira = big fat lie.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * gran pantalla de televisión = large-screen television.
    * gran parte = much.
    * gran parte de = much of.
    * gran peso = heavy weight.
    * gran placer = great pleasure.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * gran salto adelante = giant leap, great leap forward.
    * gran tiburón blanco = great white shark.
    * gran titular = headline banner.
    * hacer grandes esfuerzos por = take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer grandes progresos = make + great strides.
    * hacer un gran esfuerzo = go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo.
    * hacer un gran negocio = make + a killing.
    * IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).
    * influir en gran medida = become + a force.
    * jaula grande para pájaros = aviary.
    * jugador de grandes apuestas = high roller.
    * la Gran Manzana = the Big Apple.
    * la gran mayoría de = the vast majority of, the bulk of.
    * levantar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * lo suficientemente grande = large enough, big enough.
    * más grande = greater.
    * muy grande = big time.
    * Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.
    * no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * pasarlo a lo grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasarlo en grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasárselo en grande = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * Pedro el Grande = Peter the Great.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * Pie Grande = Bigfoot, Sasquatch.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran alivio = be a welcome relief.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran avance = be half the battle.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * taza grande = mug.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener una gran tradición = have + a long ancestry.
    * tener un gran impacto = have + a big impact.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo [ gran is used before singular nouns]
    1)
    a) ( en dimensiones) large, big; <boca/nariz> big
    b) ( en demasía) too big

    me queda or me está grande — it's too big for me

    quedarle grande a alguien — puesto/responsabilidad to be too much for somebody

    2) ( alto) tall
    3) (Geog)
    4) ( en edad)

    los más grandes pueden ir solos — the older o bigger ones can go on their own

    a) (notable, excelente) great

    un gran hombre/vino — a great man/wine

    b) ( poderoso) big
    6)
    a) (en intensidad, grado) great

    me llevé un susto más grande...! — I got such a fright!

    una temporada de gran éxito — a very o a highly successful season

    7)
    a) ( en número) < familia> large, big; < clase> big

    la gran parte or mayoría de los votantes — the great o vast majority of the voters

    b) ( elevado)

    a gran velocidad — at high o great speed

    en grande: lo pasamos en grande — we had a great time (colloq)

    •
    II
    masculino, femenino
    1) (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name
    2)
    a) ( mayor)

    quiero ir con los grandes — I want to go with the big boys/girls

    b) ( adulto)
    •
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], big [bigger -comp., biggest -sup.], bulky, considerable, deep [deeper -comp., deepest -sup.], extensive, great [greater -comp., greatest -sup.], heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], huge, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], large scale [large-scale], tremendous, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], abysmal, heavyweight [heavy weight], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], of the highest order.

    Ex: If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.

    Ex: Fiction is a big item for children and also just for ordinary public library users.
    Ex: Like all enumerative schedules, the LC schedules are bulky, extending to some 8000 pages.
    Ex: The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex: The world's largest processing department's plans and policies are always of deep interest.
    Ex: The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex: Clearly, great variations can be expected between different indexing languages for different databases.
    Ex: In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.
    Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex: A user searching for Smith's 'History as Argument' who was not sure under which subject it would be entered, would have to prowl through a huge number of cards in a card catalog to find the entry under SMITH.
    Ex: Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex: It is in the development of such large-scale services that problems are seen most acutely.
    Ex: There has been tremendous growth in libraries since then, but, fundamentally, it has been possible to build on the foundation that nineteenth-century heroes constructed.
    Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex: However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex: The major problem encountered in encouraging young adults to use public libraries is the abysmal lack of specialist young adult librarians = El principal problema que se encuentra para es incentivar a los jóvenes a usar las bibliotecas públicas es la enorme falta de bibliotecarios especialistas en temas relacionados con los adolescentes.
    Ex: Heavyweight information technology firms such as IBM are appearing in the market and challenging traditional players.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: I've got to tell you, and I do say this affectionately, but we're talking about a geek of the highest order.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * armar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * calabacín grande = marrow, marrow squash.
    * causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.
    * celebrar a lo grande = make + a song and dance about.
    * con gran capacidad = capacious.
    * con gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * con gran densidad de población = densely populated.
    * con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.
    * con gran esplendor = grandly.
    * con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.
    * con gran motivación = highly-motivated.
    * con gran sentimiento = earnestly.
    * conseguir en gran medida + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * contribuir en gran medida a + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio, go far in + Gerundio, go far towards + Gerundio.
    * con una gran cultura = well-read.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * con una gran tradición = long-standing.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * con un gran suspiro = with a deep sigh.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * demasiado grande = oversized.
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * el gran hermano = big brother.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * empresa de grandes derroches = high roller.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers, in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, to a great extent, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte = largely, in large part, in large measure, for the most part, to a great extent, to a great degree.
    * en un gran aprieto = in dire straits.
    * en un gran apuro = in dire straits.
    * esperar una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * expresión típica de Gran Bretaña = Briticism.
    * extra grande = extra-large.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * gran bebedor = heavy drinker.
    * gran belleza = scenic beauty.
    * Gran Bretaña = Britain, Great Britain.
    * gran calidad = high standard.
    * gran cantidad de = large crop of, mass of.
    * gran categoría = high standard.
    * gran cosa = big deal.
    * gran danés = Great Dane.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * grandes almacenes = department store.
    * grandes cantidades de = storerooms of, huge numbers of, huge numbers of, great numbers of.
    * grandes escritores, los = great imaginative writers, the.
    * grandes robles nacen de pequeñas bellotas = great oaks from little acorns grow.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * grande superficie = shopping mall, shopping complex, shopping centre.
    * grandes y pequeños = great and small.
    * grande y tenebroso = cavernous.
    * gran ducado = grand-duchy.
    * gran espectáculo = extravaganza.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * gran mentira = big fat lie.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * gran pantalla de televisión = large-screen television.
    * gran parte = much.
    * gran parte de = much of.
    * gran peso = heavy weight.
    * gran placer = great pleasure.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * gran salto adelante = giant leap, great leap forward.
    * gran tiburón blanco = great white shark.
    * gran titular = headline banner.
    * hacer grandes esfuerzos por = take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer grandes progresos = make + great strides.
    * hacer un gran esfuerzo = go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo.
    * hacer un gran negocio = make + a killing.
    * IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).
    * influir en gran medida = become + a force.
    * jaula grande para pájaros = aviary.
    * jugador de grandes apuestas = high roller.
    * la Gran Manzana = the Big Apple.
    * la gran mayoría de = the vast majority of, the bulk of.
    * levantar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * lo suficientemente grande = large enough, big enough.
    * más grande = greater.
    * muy grande = big time.
    * Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.
    * no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * pasarlo a lo grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasarlo en grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasárselo en grande = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * Pedro el Grande = Peter the Great.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * Pie Grande = Bigfoot, Sasquatch.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran alivio = be a welcome relief.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran avance = be half the battle.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * taza grande = mug.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener una gran tradición = have + a long ancestry.
    * tener un gran impacto = have + a big impact.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    A
    1 (en dimensiones) large, big
    se mudaron a una casa más grande they moved to a larger o bigger house
    sus grandes ojos negros her big dark eyes
    un tipo grande, ancho de hombros a big, broad-shouldered guy
    una chica grandota, fortachona ( fam); a big, strong girl, a strapping lass ( BrE colloq)
    tiene la boca/nariz grande she has a big mouth/nose
    2 (en demasía) too big
    ¿esto será grande para Daniel? do you think this is too big for Daniel?
    estos zapatos me quedan or me están grandes these shoes are too big for me
    quedarle or ( Esp) venirle grande a algn «puesto/responsabilidad» to be too much for sb
    B (alto) tall
    ¡qué grande está Andrés! isn't Andrés tall!, hasn't Andrés gotten* tall!
    C ( Geog):
    el Gran Buenos Aires/Bilbao Greater Buenos Aires/Bilbao
    D
    1
    ( esp AmL) ‹niño/chico› (en edad): los más grandes pueden ir solos the older o bigger ones can go on their own
    ya eres grande y puedes comer solito you're a big boy now and you can feed yourself
    cuando sea grande quiero ser bailarina when I grow up I want to be a ballet dancer
    mis hijos ya son grandes my children are all grown up now
    2
    ( Arg) (maduro, mayor): es una mujer grande she isn't a young woman o she's a mature woman
    está saliendo con un tipo grande she's going out with an older guy
    1 (notable, excelente) great
    un gran hombre/artista/vino a great man/artist/wine
    la gran dama del teatro the grande dame of the theater
    los grandes bancos/industriales the big banks/industrialists
    los grandes señores feudales the great feudal lords
    a lo grande in style
    3
    (en importancia): son grandes amigos they're great friends
    grandes fumadores heavy smokers
    F ( fam)
    (increíble): ¡qué cosa más grande! ¡ya te he dicho 20 veces que no lo sé! this is unbelievable! I've told you 20 times already that I don't know!
    ¿no es grande que ahora me echen la culpa a mí? ( iró); and now they blame me; great, isn't it? ( iro)
    G
    1 (en intensidad, grado) great
    me causó una gran pena it caused me great sadness
    me has dado una gran alegría you have made me very happy
    comió con gran apetito she ate hungrily o heartily
    un día de gran calor a very hot day
    los grandes fríos del 47 the great o big freeze of '47
    me llevé un susto más grande … I got such a fright
    para mi gran vergüenza to my great embarrassment
    se produjo una gran explosión there was a powerful explosion
    es un gran honor para mí it is a great honor* for me
    ha sido una temporada de gran éxito it has been a very o a highly successful season
    no corre gran prisa it is not very urgent
    las paredes tienen gran necesidad de una mano de pintura the walls are very much in need of a coat of paint
    2
    (uso enfático): eso es una gran verdad that is absolutely o very true
    ésa es la mentira más grande que he oído that's the biggest lie I've ever heard
    ¡qué gran novedad! ( iró); you don't say! o what a surprise! ( iro)
    H
    1 (en número) ‹familia› large, big; ‹clase› big
    la gran mayoría de los votantes the great o vast majority of the voters
    dedican gran parte de su tiempo a la investigación they devote much of o a great deal of their time to research
    esto se debe en gran parte a que … this is largely due to the fact that …
    2
    (elevado): a gran velocidad at high o great speed
    volar a gran altura to fly at a great height
    un edificio de gran altura a very tall building
    un gran número de personas a large number of people
    objetos de gran valor objects of great value
    en grande: lo pasamos or nos divertimos en grande we had a great time ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    masculine wide-angle lens
    el gran capital big business
    masculine Great Dane
    la Gran Depresión the Great Depression
    ( Astron): la gran explosión the Big Bang
    la Gran Guerra the Great War
    masculine Big Brother
    el gran hermano te observa or te vigila Big Brother is watching you
    masculine Grand Master
    masculine grand master
    masculine international grand master
    feminine grand opera
    masculine Grand Prix
    el gran público the general public
    el gran simpático the sympathetic nervous system
    feminine ( Esp) large supermarket, hypermarket ( BrE)
    mpl department store
    masculine, feminine
    A (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name, leading player
    uno de los tres grandes de la industria automovilística one of the big three names o one of the big three in the car industry
    B ( esp AmL)
    1
    (mayor): quiero ir con los grandes I want to go with the big boys/girls
    la grande ya está casada their eldest (daughter) is already married
    2 (adulto) grown-up
    Compuesto:
    (Spanish) grandee o nobleman
    ( RPl)
    la grande the big prize, the jackpot
    sacarse la grande (literal) to win the big prize o the jackpot
    se sacó la grande con ese marido she hit the jackpot with that husband
    * * *

     

    grande adjetivo
    ◊ gran is used before singular nouns

    1
    a) ( en dimensiones) ‹casa/área/nariz› big, large;


    unos grande almacenes a department store


    c) ( en número) ‹ familia› large, big;

    ‹ clase› big;
    la gran parte or mayoría the great majority
    2
    a) ( alto) tall;

    ◊ ¡qué grande está Andrés! isn't Andrés tall!

    b) ( en edad):


    ya son grandes they are all grown up now
    3 (Geog):

    4 ( delante del n)
    a) (notable, excelente) great;


    b) ( poderoso) big;


    a lo grande in style
    5
    a) (en intensidad, grado) ‹pena/honor/ventaja› great;

    ‹ explosión› powerful;
    ◊ ¡me llevé un susto más grande … ! I got such a fright!;

    una temporada de gran éxito a very o a highly successful season;
    son grandes amigos they're great friends;
    eso es una gran verdad that is absolutely true;
    ¡qué mentira más grande! that's a complete lie!
    b) ( elevado):

    ◊ a gran velocidad at high o great speed;

    volar a gran altura to fly at a great height;
    un gran número de personas a large number of people;
    objetos de gran valor objects of great value;
    en grande: lo pasamos en grande we had a great time (colloq)
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    a) ( mayor):


    b) ( adulto):


    grande adjetivo
    1 (tamaño) big, large
    grandes almacenes, department stores
    2 (cantidad) large
    3 fig (fuerte, intenso) great: es un gran músico, he is a great musician
    ♦ Locuciones: a lo grande, in style
    figurado pasarlo en grande, to have a great time
    ' grande' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - alfombra
    - ampliar
    - ampliación
    - armatoste
    - así
    - bastante
    - bestial
    - bloque
    - buena
    - bueno
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabezudo
    - cajón
    - calabacín
    - campeonato
    - cantidad
    - canto
    - ciudad
    - colosal
    - consideración
    - fenomenal
    - formidable
    - gran
    - hermosa
    - hermoso
    - incalculable
    - ingeniosa
    - ingenioso
    - mía
    - mío
    - monstruosa
    - monstruoso
    - monumental
    - nuestra
    - nuestro
    - pila
    - puerta
    - quedar
    - señor
    - suficientemente
    - suma
    - sumo
    - terraza
    - tirada
    - tremenda
    - tremendo
    - venir
    - bailar
    English:
    abnormally
    - above
    - ample
    - army
    - awful
    - bag
    - baggy
    - bay
    - big
    - boat
    - border
    - box
    - breaker
    - brush
    - bulk
    - carve
    - cauldron
    - cushion
    - deposit
    - enough
    - extend
    - grand
    - great
    - grow
    - hers
    - in
    - integrate
    - large
    - lion
    - manufacturer
    - marrow
    - mighty
    - mine
    - outrank
    - overgrown
    - paving stone
    - place
    - roller
    - set on
    - set upon
    - slight
    - spanking
    - style
    - tablespoonful
    - tea urn
    - temptation
    - terrific
    - time
    - to
    - tub
    * * *
    grande gran is used instead of grande before singular nouns (e.g. gran hombre great man).
    ♦ adj
    1. [de tamaño] big, large;
    este traje me está o [m5] me queda grande this suit is too big for me;
    el gran Buenos Aires/Santiago greater Buenos Aires/Santiago, the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires/Santiago;
    Fig
    el cargo le viene grande he's not up to the job;
    Fam
    pagó con un billete de los grandes he paid with a large note
    grandes almacenes department store; Fot gran angular wide-angle lens;
    la Gran Barrera de Coral the Great Barrier Reef;
    Gran Bretaña Great Britain;
    gran danés Great Dane;
    Hist la Gran Depresión the Great Depression;
    gran ducado grand duchy;
    la Gran Explosión the Big Bang;
    la Gran Guerra the Great War;
    los Grandes Lagos the Great Lakes;
    gran maestro [en ajedrez] grand master;
    Hist Gran Mogol Mogul;
    la Gran Muralla (China) the Great Wall (of China);
    Dep Gran Premio Grand Prix; Hist el Gran Salto Adelante the Great Leap Forward;
    gran slam [en tenis] grand slam;
    Esp Com gran superficie hypermarket
    2. [de altura] tall;
    ¡qué grande está tu hermano! your brother's really grown!
    3. [en importancia] great;
    una gran mujer a great woman;
    los grandes bancos the major banks;
    la gran mayoría está a favor del proyecto the great o overwhelming majority are in favour of the project;
    el éxito se debe en gran parte a su esfuerzo the success is largely due to her efforts, the success is in no small measure due to her efforts
    4. [en intensidad] great;
    es un gran mentiroso he's a real liar;
    ¡qué alegría más grande! what joy!
    5. Fam [adulto]
    cuando sea grande quiere ser doctora she wants to be a doctor when she grows up;
    me dijeron que todavía no soy grande como para salir solo they told me I'm not big enough to go out on my own yet
    6. Méx, RP [de edad]
    cuando se casó ya era grande she was already quite old when she got married;
    siempre se llevó bien con gente más grande he always got on well with older people
    7. RP Fam [fantástico] fantastic, Br brilliant
    8. RP Irónico [genial] great;
    ayer le hice un favor y hoy me vuelve la espalda, ¡grande! great! I did him a favour and now he doesn't want to know!
    9. Comp
    Fam
    hacer algo a lo grande to do sth in a big way o in style;
    vivir a lo grande to live in style;
    pasarlo en grande to have a great time
    ♦ nm
    1. [noble] grandee
    Grande de España = one of highest-ranking members of Spanish nobility
    2. [persona, entidad importante]
    uno de los grandes del sector one of the major players in the sector;
    los tres grandes de la liga the big three in the league;
    uno de los grandes de la literatura mexicana one of the big names in Mexican literature
    3. Fam
    grandes [adultos] grown-ups
    ♦ nf
    RP [en lotería] first prize, jackpot;
    sacarse la grande [en lotería] to win first prize o the jackpot;
    se sacó la grande con ese trabajo [tuvo buena suerte] she hit the jackpot with that job;
    con esa nuera que tiene le tocó la grande [tuvo mala suerte] you've got to feel sorry for her having a daughter-in-law like that
    ♦ interj
    RP Fam [fantástico] great!
    * * *
    I adj
    1 big, large;
    me viene grande the jacket is too big for me;
    el cargo le viene grande the job is too much for him
    2
    :
    a lo grande in style;
    pasarlo en grande have a great time
    II m/f
    1 L.Am. ( adulto) grown-up, adult;
    grandes y pequeños young and old
    2 ( mayor) eldest
    * * *
    1) : large, big
    un libro grande: a big book
    2) alto: tall
    3) notable: great
    un gran autor: a great writer
    con gran placer: with great pleasure
    5) : old, grown-up
    hijos grandes: grown children
    * * *
    grande adj
    1. (tamaño) big [comp. bigger; superl. biggest]
    ¿es muy grande el jardín? is the garden very big?
    2. (número, cantidad) large
    3. (importante) great

    Spanish-English dictionary > grande

  • 29 explicar

    v.
    1 to explain.
    ¿te importaría explicarme qué pasa? would you mind telling me o explaining what's going on?
    explícame cómo funciona tell me how it works
    Ella explicó el motivo She explained the motive.
    2 to teach, to lecture in.
    3 to explain to, to explain, to clear up, to make it clear for.
    Elsa le explicó a su hijo Elsa explained to her son.
    4 to account for.
    Ellos explicaron el desastre They accounted for the disaster.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (gen) to explain, expound, tell
    ■ ¿puedes explicar cómo desmontarlo? can you explain how to dismantle it?
    2 (justificar) to justify
    1 (expresarse) to explain oneself, make oneself understood, make oneself clear
    2 (comprender) to understand, make out
    \
    ¿me explico? do you understand?
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=exponer) [+ motivo, tema, cuestión, problema] to explain; [+ teoría] to expound
    2) (Escol) [+ materia] to lecture in; [+ curso] to teach; [+ clase] to give, deliver frm
    2.
    See:
    EXPLICAR ► Cuando explicar lleva objeto directo e indirecto, el orden en inglés es normalmente explain + ((objeto directo)) + to + ((objeto indirecto)): ¿Puedes explicarme eso? Can you explain that to me? Ya se lo he explicado a mi familia I've already explained it to my family Os explicaré la situación I will explain the situation to you ► Sin embargo, si el objeto directo es una construcción más compleja, en inglés se sigue el mismo orden que en español, sin olvidar el uso de la preposición to: ¿Puedes explicarme por qué no viniste ni llamaste ayer? Can you explain to me why you didn't come or phone yesterday? Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to explain
    2.
    explicarse v pron
    a) (comprender, concebir) to understand

    no me lo explico — I can't understand it o (colloq) I just don't get it

    b) ( hacerse comprender) to express oneself

    ¿me explico? — is that clear? o do you understand what I mean?

    * * *
    = account for, explain, present + discussion, set out, spell out, explicate, expound (on), set forth.
    Ex. The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    Ex. This may help explain why many working in this field fail to practise what they preach.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. These complications were not hidden or implicit; they were clearly set out at the beginning of the volume under 'Rules for the Compilation of the Catalog'.
    Ex. Certain obligations of public and university libraries and publicly supported library networks often are also spelled out in statutory form.
    Ex. Sometime around the turn of the century the American library community decided against continuing its analysis of the periodical literature that we find so well explicated in the printed catalogs of Enoch Pratt and other major libraries at that time.
    Ex. The philosophy of building CD-ROM data bases with files with common subject interests is expounded with reference to the OSH-ROM, CHEM-BANK and CANCER-CD data bases.
    Ex. She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    ----
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * explicar Algo a Alguien = interpret + Algo + to + Alguien.
    * explicar cómo = give + instructions for.
    * explicar en detalle = explain + at length.
    * explicar largamente = dwell on/upon.
    * explicar la situación = explain + the situation.
    * explicar las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión del incidente = explain + Posesivo + side of the incident.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * explicarse = puzzle out.
    * explicar una noción = put across + conception.
    * explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.
    * no saber cómo explicarlo = be at a loss to explain it.
    * que se explica por sí mismo = self-explanatory [self explanatory/selfexplanatory].
    * sin explicar = unexplained.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to explain
    2.
    explicarse v pron
    a) (comprender, concebir) to understand

    no me lo explico — I can't understand it o (colloq) I just don't get it

    b) ( hacerse comprender) to express oneself

    ¿me explico? — is that clear? o do you understand what I mean?

    * * *
    = account for, explain, present + discussion, set out, spell out, explicate, expound (on), set forth.

    Ex: The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.

    Ex: This may help explain why many working in this field fail to practise what they preach.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: These complications were not hidden or implicit; they were clearly set out at the beginning of the volume under 'Rules for the Compilation of the Catalog'.
    Ex: Certain obligations of public and university libraries and publicly supported library networks often are also spelled out in statutory form.
    Ex: Sometime around the turn of the century the American library community decided against continuing its analysis of the periodical literature that we find so well explicated in the printed catalogs of Enoch Pratt and other major libraries at that time.
    Ex: The philosophy of building CD-ROM data bases with files with common subject interests is expounded with reference to the OSH-ROM, CHEM-BANK and CANCER-CD data bases.
    Ex: She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * explicar Algo a Alguien = interpret + Algo + to + Alguien.
    * explicar cómo = give + instructions for.
    * explicar en detalle = explain + at length.
    * explicar largamente = dwell on/upon.
    * explicar la situación = explain + the situation.
    * explicar las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión del incidente = explain + Posesivo + side of the incident.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * explicarse = puzzle out.
    * explicar una noción = put across + conception.
    * explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.
    * no saber cómo explicarlo = be at a loss to explain it.
    * que se explica por sí mismo = self-explanatory [self explanatory/selfexplanatory].
    * sin explicar = unexplained.

    * * *
    explicar [A2 ]
    vt
    to explain
    ¿nos puedes explicar en qué consiste el juego? can you explain to us o show us how to play the game?
    ¿nos vas a explicar por qué llegaste tan tarde? are you going to explain why o give us an explanation as to why you were so late?
    no sé explicarlo I don't know how to express o explain it
    1 (comprender, concebir) to understand
    no me explico cómo pudo suceder una cosa así I don't understand o I can't make out how something like this could have happened
    no me lo explico, si estaba aquí hace un momento I can't understand it o ( colloq) I just don't get it, she was here a moment ago
    2
    (hacerse comprender): se explica muy bien he expresses himself very well
    espero haberme explicado con toda claridad I hope I have made myself quite clear
    no sé lo que quieres decir, explícate I don't know what you're trying to say, explain what you mean
    ¿me explico? is that clear? o do you understand what I mean?
    no sabe explicarse he isn't very good at expressing himself o putting his ideas across o explaining things
    se explicó diciendo que él creía que caducaba mañana he explained it (away) by saying that he thought it expired tomorrow
    * * *

     

    explicar ( conjugate explicar) verbo transitivo
    to explain;

    explicarse verbo pronominal
    a) (comprender, concebir) to understand;

    ◊ no me lo explico I can't understand it o (colloq) I just don't get it



    ¿me explico? do you understand what I mean?
    explicar verbo transitivo to explain
    ' explicar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    difícil
    - repasar
    - traducir
    - llanamente
    - minucia
    English:
    account for
    - concoct
    - die out
    - elaborate
    - explain
    - for
    - set-up
    - show
    - so
    - spell out
    - study
    - account
    - detail
    - spell
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [exponer, contar] to explain;
    [teoría] to expound;
    explícame cómo funciona tell me how it works;
    ¿te importaría explicarme qué pasa? would you mind telling me o explaining what's going on?;
    es una sensación rara, no lo puedo explicar it's a strange feeling, I can't explain it
    2. [enseñar] to teach, to lecture in
    * * *
    v/t explain
    * * *
    explicar {72} vt
    : to explain
    * * *
    explicar vb to explain / to tell [pt. & pp. told]
    explícanos qué ha pasado explain what happened / tell us what happened

    Spanish-English dictionary > explicar

  • 30 groß

    groß <größer, größte> [ʼgro:s] adj
    1) (flächenmäßig, räumlich ausgedehnt) large, big
    2) (\großes Glas) large, big;
    ein \großes Bier ≈ a pint [of beer] ( Brit), rare a large beer;
    nach den drei \großen Bier war ich ziemlich angeheitert I felt quite merry ( fam); [or ( fam) tipsy] after three pints [of beer];
    ein G\großes ≈ a pint [of beer] ( Brit), rare a large beer
    3) ( lang) long;
    ein \großer Mast/ Turm/ Kirchturm a high pylon/tower/church steeple
    in \großen/ größeren Formaten/ Größen in large/larger formats/sizes;
    mit \großer Geschwindigkeit at high [or great] speed;
    im G\groß einkaufen to buy in bulk
    5) (hoch, hoch gewachsen) tall;
    du bist \groß geworden you've grown;
    er ist 1,78 m \groß he is 5 foot 10 [or 1.78m] [tall];
    ein \großer Baum/eine \große Vase a tall tree/vase
    6) ( älter) big, elder, older;
    die G\großen ( die Erwachsenen) the grown-ups;
    ( ältere Kinder) the older children;
    jds G\große/jds G\großer ( fam) sb's eldest [or oldest] [daughter/son];
    das ist Anita, unsere G\große this is Anita, our eldest;
    wenn ich \groß bin when I'm grown up;
    G\groß und Klein young and old [alike];
    mit etw dat \groß geworden sein to have grown up with sth
    7) ( zeitlich ausgedehnt) long, lengthy;
    auf große[r] Fahrt on a long journey
    8) ( bevölkerungsreich) large, big;
    ( zahlreich) large;
    die \große Masse most [or the majority] of the people;
    ein \großer Teil der Bevölkerung a large part of the population
    9) ( erheblich) great;
    ein \großer Aufstieg a meteoric rise;
    ein \großer Durchbruch/ Reinfall a major breakthrough/disaster;
    ein \großer Misserfolg an abject [or a dismal] failure
    10) ( hoch) large;
    ein \großer Betrag a large amount;
    eine \große Preissteigerung a massive price rise [or increase];
    11) ( beträchtlich) great;
    \große Angst haben [o empfinden] to be terribly afraid [or frightened];
    eine \große Beeinträchtigung a major impairment;
    eine \große Dummheit sheer stupidity;
    [eine] \große Enttäuschung [a] great [or deep] [or profound] disappointment;
    \großes Leid great [or deep] [or profound] sorrow;
    \große Nachfrage a big demand;
    ein \großer Schrecken a nasty fright;
    \große Schwierigkeiten serious [or real] trouble;
    \große Wut unbridled fury;
    \großer Zorn deep [or profound] anger;
    was für eine \große Freude! how delightful!;
    du redest ganz \großen Unsinn you're talking complete rubbish
    12) ( bedeutend) great;
    ein \großer Konzern/ Supermarkt/ein \großes Unternehmen a leading [or major] group/supermarket/company;
    [etwas/nichts] G\großes [something/nothing] great;
    sie hat in ihrem Leben nichts G\großes geleistet she never achieved anything great [or major] in her life, she did not achieve great things in her life;
    mit diesem Gemälde hat sie etwas G\großes geschaffen she has created something great [or profound] with this painting; s. a. klein
    13) ( laut) loud;
    was ist denn da auf der Straße für ein \großer Lärm? what's all that noise in the street?;
    wir bekamen \großen Beifall we received loud applause;
    macht doch nicht so einen \großen Lärm! don't make so much noise!
    ... der G\große... the Great;
    Friedrich der G\große Frederick the Great
    15) (besonders [gut]) big;
    im Meckern ist sie ganz \groß she's quite good at moaning;
    ich bin kein \großer Esser/ Trinker I'm not a big eater/drinker;
    ich bin kein \großer Redner I'm no [or not a] great speaker
    WENDUNGEN:
    im G\großen und Ganzen [gesehen] on the whole, by and large; s. a. Terz, Geld, Masse
    1) (fam: besonders)
    was ist da jetzt schon \groß dabei! big deal! ( fam)
    er hat sich aber nicht gerade \groß für uns eingesetzt! he didn't exactly do very much [or put himself out much] for us!;
    was soll man da schon \groß sagen? you can't really say very much;
    ich habe mich nie \groß für Politik interessiert I've never been particularly interested in politics;
    \groß einsteigen to go in for sth in a big way;
    sie ist ganz \groß in die Politik eingestiegen she's gone into politics in a big way;
    [mit etw dat] [ganz] \groß rauskommen to have a real success [or big hit] with sth
    2) mode
    etw größer machen to let out sth sep
    \groß angelegt large-scale;
    eine \groß angelegte Offensive a full-scale offensive [or attack];
    \groß kariert mode large-checked attr
    WENDUNGEN:
    \groß und breit ( fam) at great length;
    \groß machen ( fam) to do number two [or ( Brit) a poo] ( fam) childspeak

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > groß

  • 31 cuantía

    f.
    1 quantity, total sum, magnitude.
    2 importance.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cuantiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: cuantiar.
    * * *
    1 (cantidad) quantity; (importe) amount
    2 (dimensión) extent
    \
    de menor cuantía insignificant, lesser
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cantidad)
    a) (=importe) quantity, amount

    ¿cómo se calcula la cuantía de la pensión? — how is the amount o level of pension calculated?

    b) (=alcance) extent
    2) (=importancia) importance

    de mayor cuantía — more important, more significant

    de menor cuantía, de poca cuantía — unimportant, of little account

    * * *
    a) ( importe)

    una cuantía mínima de 20.000 euros — a minimum (amount) of 20,000 euros

    b) ( importancia) significance, importance

    de menor cuantía — unimportant, insignificant

    c) (Der) claim, sum claimed
    * * *
    = magnitude, total, count.
    Ex. Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.
    Ex. Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it.
    Ex. Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.
    * * *
    a) ( importe)

    una cuantía mínima de 20.000 euros — a minimum (amount) of 20,000 euros

    b) ( importancia) significance, importance

    de menor cuantía — unimportant, insignificant

    c) (Der) claim, sum claimed
    * * *
    = magnitude, total, count.

    Ex: Only those who have attempted to edit the proceedings of a conference can appreciate the magnitude and scope of such an enterprise.

    Ex: Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it.
    Ex: Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.

    * * *
    1
    (importe): la rebaja de las cuantías de las pensiones the reduction in the level of pensions
    se desconoce la cuantía de los daños materiales the extent of the damage is not known
    una cuantía mínima de 50.000 euros mensuales a minimum (amount) of 50,000 euros a month
    la cuantía de la deuda asciende a miles de dólares the total of the debt amounts to thousands of dollars
    un aumento de la cuantía de las becas an increase in the size of grants
    2 (importancia) significance, importance
    un asunto de mayor cuantía a matter of major significance o importance, a highly significant o an extremely important matter
    un funcionario de escasa cuantía an insignificant civil servant
    de menor cuantía unimportant, insignificant
    3 ( Der) claim, sum o amount claimed
    * * *

    cuantía sustantivo femenino amount: se desconoce la cuantía de lo sustraído, the amount stolen is not known
    ' cuantía' also found in these entries:
    English:
    high
    * * *
    1. [suma] amount, quantity;
    todavía no se conoce la cuantía de los daños causados por el terremoto the final cost of the damage caused by the earthquake is not yet known;
    van a conceder una ayuda de una cuantía sin precisar todavía they are going to grant an as yet unspecified amount of aid;
    recibió la cuantía íntegra del premio he received the full amount of the prize money;
    va a subir la cuantía del subsidio de desempleo unemployment benefit is set to rise
    2. [alcance] extent;
    ése es un problema de menor cuantía that is a relatively insignificant o minor problem
    3. Der claim, amount claimed
    * * *
    f amount, quantity; fig
    importance
    * * *
    1) : quantity, extent
    2) : significance, import

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuantía

  • 32 daño

    m.
    1 damage, harm, hurt, detriment.
    2 curse.
    3 affect.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: dañar.
    * * *
    1 (a persona) harm, injury; (a cosa) damage; (perjuicio) wrong
    \
    hacer daño (doler) to hurt 2 (causar dolor a alguien) to hurt 3 (ser malo para algo) to damage, harm; (ser malo para alguien) to do somebody harm
    hacerse daño to hurt oneself
    daños materiales material damage sing
    daños colaterales collateral damage
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) harm
    * * *
    SM
    1) [a algo] damage, harm
    2) [a alguien] [físico, emocional] pain; [económico] harm

    ¡ay, qué daño! — ow, that hurts!

    en daño de — frm to the detriment of

    por mi daño — frm to my cost

    causar o hacer daño a algn — to hurt sb

    ¡suelta, que me haces daño! — let go, you're hurting me!

    el ajo me hace daño — garlic doesn't agree with me, garlic disagrees with me

    hacerse daño — to hurt o.s.

    ¿te has hecho daño? — have you hurt yourself?

    3) (Med) (=mal) problem, trouble
    4) LAm (=maleficio) spell, curse
    * * *
    1)

    hacerle daño a alguien — persona to hurt somebody

    el picante me hace daño — hot, spicy food doesn't agree with me

    b) ( destrozo) damage
    2) (CS, Méx fam) ( en brujería) curse
    * * *
    = damage, harm, taint, harmdoing.
    Ex. Wastage is sometimes defined as material which temporarily or permanently has evaded the usual lending procedures due to misplacement, damage, non-registration, theft or non-returns.
    Ex. If by being identified in the popular mind with a few gifted youngsters we compromise our ability to attract blue collar workers, for example, I think we'll have done ourselves irreparable harm.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex. The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    ----
    * caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.
    * causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.
    * causar daño corporal = cause + injury.
    * causar daño material = cause + material injury.
    * causar daños = cause + erosion.
    * causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.
    * causarse daño = bring + disaster on.
    * compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.
    * daño causado por el agua = water damage.
    * daño causado por el fuego = fire damage.
    * daño causado por el humo = smoke damage.
    * daño consiguiente = consequential damage.
    * daño corporal = bodily injury, bodily harm, physical injury.
    * daño económico = financial damage.
    * daño físico = bodily harm, physical injury.
    * daño material = material damage.
    * daño no material = immaterial damage.
    * daño producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.
    * daños colaterales = collateral damage.
    * daños corporales = personal injury.
    * daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.
    * demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.
    * hacer daño = do + harm, hurt.
    * hacerse daño = get + hurt, hurt + Reflexivo, injure + Reflexivo.
    * indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.
    * mitigar el daño = minimise + damage, alleviate + damage.
    * paliar el daño = minimise + damage.
    * proteger de daños = protect from + damage.
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reparar daños = repair + the damage, remedy + the damage.
    * reparar un daño = right + a wrong, make + amends (for/to).
    * sin causar daño = harmlessly.
    * subsanar daños = remedy + the damage, repair + the damage.
    * sufrir daños = suffer + damage, suffer + harm, come to + harm.
    * * *
    1)

    hacerle daño a alguien — persona to hurt somebody

    el picante me hace daño — hot, spicy food doesn't agree with me

    b) ( destrozo) damage
    2) (CS, Méx fam) ( en brujería) curse
    * * *
    = damage, harm, taint, harmdoing.

    Ex: Wastage is sometimes defined as material which temporarily or permanently has evaded the usual lending procedures due to misplacement, damage, non-registration, theft or non-returns.

    Ex: If by being identified in the popular mind with a few gifted youngsters we compromise our ability to attract blue collar workers, for example, I think we'll have done ourselves irreparable harm.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex: The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    * caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.
    * causar daño = do + harm, be injurious, cause + damage, cause + harm, cause + hurt, bring + harm, inflict + damage.
    * causar daño corporal = cause + injury.
    * causar daño material = cause + material injury.
    * causar daños = cause + erosion.
    * causar graves daños a = bring + ruin to.
    * causarse daño = bring + disaster on.
    * compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.
    * daño causado por el agua = water damage.
    * daño causado por el fuego = fire damage.
    * daño causado por el humo = smoke damage.
    * daño consiguiente = consequential damage.
    * daño corporal = bodily injury, bodily harm, physical injury.
    * daño económico = financial damage.
    * daño físico = bodily harm, physical injury.
    * daño material = material damage.
    * daño no material = immaterial damage.
    * daño producido por las condiciones ambientales = environmental damage.
    * daños colaterales = collateral damage.
    * daños corporales = personal injury.
    * daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.
    * demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.
    * hacer daño = do + harm, hurt.
    * hacerse daño = get + hurt, hurt + Reflexivo, injure + Reflexivo.
    * indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.
    * mitigar el daño = minimise + damage, alleviate + damage.
    * paliar el daño = minimise + damage.
    * proteger de daños = protect from + damage.
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reparar daños = repair + the damage, remedy + the damage.
    * reparar un daño = right + a wrong, make + amends (for/to).
    * sin causar daño = harmlessly.
    * subsanar daños = remedy + the damage, repair + the damage.
    * sufrir daños = suffer + damage, suffer + harm, come to + harm.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (a personas): ¿te hiciste daño? did you hurt yourself?
    no te voy a hacer daño I'm not going to hurt you
    el picante me hace daño hot, spicy food doesn't agree with me o disagrees with me
    sus palabras me causaron un daño enorme I was deeply hurt by his words, his words hurt me deeply
    2 (destrozo) damage
    el daño causado or los daños causados por las lluvias the damage caused by the rain
    muchas viviendas sufrieron daños many houses were damaged o suffered damage
    Compuestos:
    víctimas de otro daño colateral victims of another case of collateral damage
    se hacen esfuerzos para evitar los daños colaterales efforts are made to avoid collateral damage
    mpl damages (pl)
    B (CS, Méx fam) (en brujería) curse
    le hicieron un daño they put a curse on him
    * * *

     

    Del verbo dañar: ( conjugate dañar)

    daño es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    dañó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    dañar    
    daño    
    dañó
    dañar ( conjugate dañar) verbo transitivo ( en general) to damage;
    ‹salud/organismo› to be bad for
    dañarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( en general) to be/get damaged;
    ‹ salud› to damage
    2 (Col, Ven)
    a) [carne/comida] to rot, go bad


    [ aparato] to break
    daño sustantivo masculino


    me he hecho daño en la espalda I've hurt my back;
    hacerle daño a algn [ persona] to hurt sb;
    el picante me hace daño hot, spicy food doesn't agree with me


    c)


    dañar verbo transitivo
    1 (deteriorar, estropear) to damage: este producto puede dañar el esmalte, this product is damaging to the enamelwork
    2 (herir) to hurt, (perjudicar, molestar) to harm, prejudice
    daño sustantivo masculino
    1 (deterioro, perjuicio) damage
    Jur daños y perjuicios, (legal) damages
    2 (a persona) (físico, moral) to hurt: se hizo daño en la pierna, he hurt his leg
    me hace daño que digas esas cosas, it upsets me when you say those things
    (mal, molestia) harm: el niño no hace daño a nadie, the child isn't hurting anybody
    ' daño' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desperfecto
    - hacer
    - herida
    - jamás
    - moler
    - os
    - remediar
    - reparar
    - reparación
    - rozar
    - sangrar
    - sufrir
    - vista
    - apretujar
    - ecológico
    - embromar
    - mal
    - miedoso
    - nos
    - perjuicio
    - pupa
    - valorar
    English:
    abuse
    - bad
    - damage
    - derive
    - good
    - harm
    - hurt
    - inflict
    - injury
    - kill
    - major
    - mean
    - repair
    - right
    - sustain
    - all right
    - amends
    - mischief
    - strain
    * * *
    daño nm
    1. [dolor] pain, hurt;
    me hacen daño los zapatos my shoes are hurting me;
    hacerse daño to hurt oneself;
    cuidado, no te vayas a hacer daño con las tijeras be careful you don't o Br mind you don't hurt yourself with the scissors;
    me hice daño en el tobillo I hurt my ankle;
    ¿te has hecho daño? have you hurt yourself?, are you hurt?
    2. [perjuicio] [a algo] damage;
    [a alguien] harm;
    daños estructurales structural damage;
    los daños se calculan en miles de euros the damage may run to thousands of euros;
    3. Méx, RP Fam [mal de ojo] evil eye
    * * *
    m
    1 harm; a un objeto damage;
    hacerse daño hurt o.s.
    2
    :
    daños pl damage sg ;
    ambientales environmental damage, damage to the environment
    3 L.Am fam
    evil eye
    * * *
    daño nm
    1) : damage
    2) : harm, injury
    3)
    hacer daño a : to harm, to damage
    4)
    * * *
    1. (destrozo) damage
    2. (mal) harm
    ¡un poco de trabajo no te hará daño! a bit of hard work won't do you any harm!

    Spanish-English dictionary > daño

  • 33 nacional

    adj.
    national (equipo, moneda, monumento).
    f. & m.
    national, citizen.
    * * *
    1 national
    2 (producto, mercado) domestic
    3 (vuelo) domestic; (noticias) national
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ (=de la nación) national; (Econ, Com) domestic, home antes de s

    páginas de nacional — (Prensa) home news pages

    carretera, fiesta 2), moneda 2)
    2. SMF
    1) LAm (=ciudadano) national
    2)

    los nacionales — [en la guerra civil española] the Franco forces

    * * *
    I
    a) ( de la nación) <deuda/reservas> national
    b) ( no internacional) < vuelo> domestic
    c) ( no extranjero) < industria> national

    compre productos nacionales — ≈buy Spanish (o Argentinian etc)

    la ginebra nacional es muy buena — Spanish (o Argentinian etc) gin is very good

    II
    masculino y femenino (frml) ( ciudadano) national
    * * *
    = countrywide [country-wide], domestic, home, national, state-owned, nationwide [nation-wide], all-nation, state-operated, state-run.
    Ex. There is an urgent need for a survey of private libraries on a countrywide scale.
    Ex. Results indicate that bibliographers at these libraries depend on inadequate reviewing sources and domestic approval plans for developing these literatures.
    Ex. Exports of school texts seem to do well, with a total contribution of 7.34 per cent to total turnover compared to 9.21 per cent from the home sales.
    Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex. We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.
    Ex. Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex. The article 'New Czechoslovak database centres on the first all-nation level' describes the services offered by these centres and presents the results of a survey.
    Ex. All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.
    Ex. The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.
    ----
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, countrywide [country-wide].
    * Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * Audiencia Nacional, la = High Court, the.
    * bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * biblioteca nacional = national library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).
    * Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.
    * Catálogo Colectivo Nacional = National Union Catalog, NUC.
    * catálogo nacional = national catalogue.
    * catástrofe nacional = national disaster.
    * Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.
    * Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).
    * Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).
    * de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * deuda nacional, la = national debt, the.
    * Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).
    * Fundación Nacional para las Humanidades (NEH) = National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).
    * Guardia Nacional, la = National Guard, the.
    * himno nacional = national anthem.
    * idiosincracia nacional = national ethos.
    * Instituto Nacional de la Salud (INSALUD) = National Institutes of Health (NIH).
    * intercambio nacional = national exchange.
    * liberación nacional = national liberation.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * moneda nacional = local currency.
    * monumento nacional = heritage site, national monument.
    * movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.
    * nacional socialista = National Socialist.
    * NASA (Administración Nacional para la Aeronáutica y el Espacio) = NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.
    * número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.
    * orgullo nacional = national pride.
    * Partido Socialista Nacional, el = National Socialist Party, the.
    * patrimonio nacional = cultural heritage, heritage site.
    * política de información nacional = national information policy.
    * política nacional = national politics.
    * prioridad nacional = national priority.
    * SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).
    * seguridad nacional = homeland security.
    * servicio nacional = domestic service.
    * Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).
    * tesoro nacional = national treasure.
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.
    * vuelo nacional = domestic flight.
    * * *
    I
    a) ( de la nación) <deuda/reservas> national
    b) ( no internacional) < vuelo> domestic
    c) ( no extranjero) < industria> national

    compre productos nacionales — ≈buy Spanish (o Argentinian etc)

    la ginebra nacional es muy buena — Spanish (o Argentinian etc) gin is very good

    II
    masculino y femenino (frml) ( ciudadano) national
    * * *
    = countrywide [country-wide], domestic, home, national, state-owned, nationwide [nation-wide], all-nation, state-operated, state-run.

    Ex: There is an urgent need for a survey of private libraries on a countrywide scale.

    Ex: Results indicate that bibliographers at these libraries depend on inadequate reviewing sources and domestic approval plans for developing these literatures.
    Ex: Exports of school texts seem to do well, with a total contribution of 7.34 per cent to total turnover compared to 9.21 per cent from the home sales.
    Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex: We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.
    Ex: Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex: The article 'New Czechoslovak database centres on the first all-nation level' describes the services offered by these centres and presents the results of a survey.
    Ex: All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.
    Ex: The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, countrywide [country-wide].
    * Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * Audiencia Nacional, la = High Court, the.
    * bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * biblioteca nacional = national library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.
    * Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).
    * Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.
    * Catálogo Colectivo Nacional = National Union Catalog, NUC.
    * catálogo nacional = national catalogue.
    * catástrofe nacional = national disaster.
    * Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.
    * Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).
    * Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).
    * de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.
    * deuda nacional, la = national debt, the.
    * Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).
    * Fundación Nacional para las Humanidades (NEH) = National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).
    * Guardia Nacional, la = National Guard, the.
    * himno nacional = national anthem.
    * idiosincracia nacional = national ethos.
    * Instituto Nacional de la Salud (INSALUD) = National Institutes of Health (NIH).
    * intercambio nacional = national exchange.
    * liberación nacional = national liberation.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * moneda nacional = local currency.
    * monumento nacional = heritage site, national monument.
    * movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.
    * nacional socialista = National Socialist.
    * NASA (Administración Nacional para la Aeronáutica y el Espacio) = NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.
    * número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.
    * orgullo nacional = national pride.
    * Partido Socialista Nacional, el = National Socialist Party, the.
    * patrimonio nacional = cultural heritage, heritage site.
    * política de información nacional = national information policy.
    * política nacional = national politics.
    * prioridad nacional = national priority.
    * SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).
    * seguridad nacional = homeland security.
    * servicio nacional = domestic service.
    * Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).
    * tesoro nacional = national treasure.
    * universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.
    * vuelo nacional = domestic flight.

    * * *
    1 (de la nación) ‹deuda/reservas› national
    en todo el territorio nacional throughout the country
    la bandera nacional the national flag
    el entrenador de la selección nacional the national team's coach, the Spanish ( o Colombian etc) team's coach
    2 (no regional) ‹prensa/comité› national
    carretera nacional ≈ Interstate (highway) ( AmE), ≈ A-road ( BrE)
    un programa de difusión nacional a program broadcast nationwide
    una campaña a nivel nacional a nationwide o countrywide o national campaign
    a escala nacional on a national scale
    3 (no internacional) ‹vuelo› domestic, internal; ‹mercado› home ( before n), domestic
    [ S ] salidas nacionales domestic departures
    4 (no extranjero) national
    proteger la industria nacional to protect national industry
    compre productos nacionales ≈ buy British ( o American etc)
    la ginebra nacional es muy buena Spanish ( o Argentinian etc) gin is very good
    1 ( frml) (ciudadano) national
    2
    * * *

    nacional adjetivo
    a) ( de la nación) ‹deuda/reservas/industria› national;


    un programa de difusión nacional a program broadcast nationwide
    b) ‹ vuelo› domestic

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (frml) ( ciudadano) national
    nacional
    I adjetivo
    1 national
    un coche de fabricación nacional, a home-produced car
    2 (interior, no internacional) domestic: la nueva empresa está ganando terreno en el mercado nacional, the new company is gaining ground in the home market
    llegadas nacionales, domestic arrivals
    3 Hist el frente nacional, the national front
    II m pl los nacionales, the Nationalists
    dos nacionales vinieron en busca de reclutas, two Nationalists came looking for recruits
    ' nacional' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ámbito
    - carretera
    - CNMV
    - dicotomía
    - DNI
    - documento
    - fiesta
    - himno
    - INEM
    - Insalud
    - INSERSO
    - mercado
    - parador
    - PNB
    - policía
    - salud
    - sanear
    - selección
    - territorio
    - UNED
    - canción
    - ejecutar
    - guardabosque
    - herencia
    - instituto
    - monumento
    - ONCE
    - patrimonio
    - RENFE
    - vuelo
    English:
    advertise
    - anthem
    - bank holiday
    - domestic
    - edge
    - GNP
    - Gross National Product
    - holiday
    - home
    - ID
    - legal holiday
    - NASA
    - national
    - national costume
    - National Health Service
    - national park
    - National Trust
    - nationally
    - nationwide
    - preclude
    - route
    - state-owned
    - country
    - gross
    - involve
    - major
    - star
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la nación] national;
    el equipo nacional the national team;
    la moneda nacional the national currency;
    el ron es la bebida nacional rum is the national drink
    2. [del Estado] national;
    monumento/biblioteca nacional national monument/library
    3. [vuelo] domestic
    4. [mercado, noticias] domestic, home;
    una cadena de televisión de ámbito nacional a national television channel;
    consuma productos nacionales buy British/Spanish/ etc products
    5. Esp Hist
    las fuerzas nacionales the Nationalist forces
    ♦ nacionales nmpl
    Esp Hist
    los nacionales the Nationalists
    * * *
    adj national
    * * *
    : national
    ciudadano: national, citizen
    * * *
    1. (en general) national
    2. (producto, mercado, vuelo) domestic

    Spanish-English dictionary > nacional

  • 34 problema

    m.
    1 problem.
    el problema del terrorismo the terrorist problem, the problem of terrorism
    los niños no causan más que problemas children cause nothing but trouble o problems
    el problema es que no nos queda tiempo the problem o thing is that we don't have any time left
    2 glitch, bug.
    * * *
    1 problem
    \
    dar problemas to cause problems
    tener problemas con to have trouble with
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (=dificultad) problem

    ¿tienes problemas de dinero? — do you have any money worries o financial problems?

    2) (Mat) problem
    3) Méx (=accidente) accident, mishap
    2.
    ADJ INV (=problemático) problem antes de s
    * * *
    masculino problem

    resolver/solucionar un problema — to solve a problem

    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas — if they find out, you'll be in trouble

    no te hagas problema — (AmL) don't worry about it

    * * *
    = dilemma, issue, problem, rough spot, snag, bug, hitch, mischief, trouble spot, tyranny, catch, tribulation, show-stopper [showstopper], hassle, rub, kink, kicker.
    Ex. Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex. When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex. Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex. A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex. Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.
    Ex. The author discusses the characteristics of programs designed specifically to cause mischief to computer owners who download and run the programs = El autor analiza las características de los programas diseñados específicamente para causar problemas a los propietarios de ordenadores que los descargan y ejecutan.
    Ex. The statistics collected served as an early warning signal for trouble spots.
    Ex. Information access, such as satellites, overcomes the tyranny of distance for students, teachers and researchers in Australasia.
    Ex. Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex. The author discusses the tribulations of equipment selection.
    Ex. In engineering use, a show-stopper is usually some aspect of a project that is so bad that it threatens to cancel the project unless it is corrected.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.
    Ex. But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.
    Ex. However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.
    Ex. The kicker is that this type of money transfer service is less convenient and no safer than many online money transfers.
    ----
    * abordar un problema = address + problem.
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * aclarar un problema = clear up + problem.
    * acometer un problema = attack + problem.
    * acosado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * acotar un problema = delineate + problem.
    * acuciado por problemas = embattled.
    * acumular problemas = build up + problems.
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * afrontar un problema = face + issue, confront + problem.
    * agobiado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * agravar un problema = compound + problem.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * anticipar un problema = anticipate + problem.
    * aprendizaje a través de solución de problemas = problem based learning.
    * aquejado de problemas = troubled, ailing.
    * arreglar un problema = fix + problem.
    * asediado por problemas = embattled.
    * atajar un problema = grapple with + problem.
    * ausencia de problemas = smoothness.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * buscar problemas = ask for + trouble, court + disaster, make + trouble.
    * capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.
    * causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.
    * combatir un problema = combat + problem.
    * complicar un problema = compound + problem.
    * con problemas = in hot water.
    * con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.
    * con problemas de lectura = print disabled.
    * con problemas de vista = vision impaired.
    * con problemas visuales = vision impaired.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * corregir un problema = correct + problem.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar problemas = play up.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * debatir un problema = discuss + problem.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * definición del problema = problem statement.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * delimitar un problema = isolate + problem.
    * desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.
    * detectar un problema = spot + problem, spot + trouble.
    * diagnosticar el problema = diagnose + problem.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el problema obvio = the elephant in the room.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * enfrentarse a un problema = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + issue, face + issue, face + problem, come up against + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue.
    * enfrentarse un problema = confront + problem, experience + problem.
    * enunciado del problema = problem statement.
    * esbozar un problema = outline + problem.
    * ese es el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar el problema = sidestep + the problem.
    * esquivar un problema = duck + issue.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * evitar problemas = stay out of + trouble.
    * evitar un problema = avoid + problem.
    * exarcerbar un problema = inflame + problem.
    * exteriorizar un problema = externalise + problem.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * franquear un problema = negotiate + problem.
    * hacer frente a un problema = attack + problem, combat + problem, wrestle with + problem.
    * identificar un problema = outline + problem, identify + problem, isolate + problem.
    * ilustrar un problema = illustrate + problem.
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * lleno de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-ridden.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * mencionar un problema = bring + problem up.
    * meterse en problemas = get into + trouble.
    * mitigar un problema = alleviate + problem.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * ocasionar problemas = cause + problems.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * paliar problemas = minimise + problems.
    * paliar un problema = solve + problem.
    * percatarse de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * persona con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled person.
    * persona o mecanismo que resuelve problemas = solver.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.
    * personas con problemas de lectura = print handicapped people, print handicapped, the.
    * personas con problemas de lectura de la letra impresa = print disabled people.
    * personas con problemas de vista, las = visually impaired, the, visually disabled, the, visually handicapped, the, visually impaired people (VIPs), visually challenged, the.
    * personas con problemas mentales = disturbed people.
    * persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.
    * plagado de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-wracked [problem-racked].
    * plagar de problemas = bedevil.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * problema + acosar = problem + dog.
    * problema acuciante = pressing problem.
    * problema + acuciar = problem + beset.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problema + afligir = problem + afflict.
    * problema + agravar = problem + exacerbate.
    * problema alimenticio = eating problem.
    * problema asociado = attending problem.
    * problema auditivo = hearing problem.
    * problema + avecinarse = problem + lie ahead.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problema con el alcohol = drinking problem.
    * problema con los niños de la llave = latchkey problem.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * problema de comportamiento = behaviour problem, behavioural problem.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * problema de peso = weight problem.
    * problema de salud = health problem.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * problema diario = daily problem.
    * problema difícil = thorny problem, poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * problema doméstico = domestic problem.
    * problema económico = economic problem, financial problem.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * problema escolar = school problem.
    * problema espinoso = knotty problem, thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + estar = problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problema familiar = family problem.
    * problema informático = computing problem.
    * problema inicial = startup problem.
    * problema insoluble = insoluble problem.
    * problema monetario = monetary problem.
    * problema motriz = motor disability.
    * problema peliagudo = thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + persistir = problem + persist.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * problema práctico = practical problem.
    * problema racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * problema + radicar = trouble + lie.
    * problema real = real problem.
    * problema + residir = problem + reside, problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problemas = trouble, crisis [crises, -pl.], problem areas, trials and tribulations, trouble at mill.
    * problemas auditivos = impaired hearing, hearing impairment, hearing disability.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * problemas con el alcohol = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la bebida = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la vista = poor eyesight.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * problemas del crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas de lectura = reading difficulties.
    * problemas dentales = dental disease.
    * problemas de oído = poor hearing.
    * problema seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * problemas familiares = family crisis.
    * problemas + girar en torno a = problems + turn on, problems + revolve around.
    * problemas inherentes al crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas iniciales = teething problems, teething troubles, growing pains.
    * problema siquiátrico = psychiatric problem.
    * problema social = societal problem, social problem.
    * problemas sociales = social crisis.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * problemas visuales = visual impairment.
    * problema técnico = glitch, technical difficulty, technical problem.
    * problema técnico desconocido = gremlin.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * resolver los problemas = iron out + the bugs.
    * resolver un problema = resolve + issue, resolve + problem, solve + problem, work out + problem, unlock + problem, settle + problem, sort out + problem, clear up + problem, work + problem + through, address + limitation, straighten out + problem, iron out + problem, work out + kink.
    * sacar a colación un problema = bring + problem up.
    * salvar un problema = circumvent + problem, negotiate + problem.
    * ser un problema = be at issue.
    * sin meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.
    * sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.
    * sin problemas de vista = sighted.
    * solución a problemas = problem solution.
    * solucionar los problemas = put + things right.
    * solucionar problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * solucionar un problema = solve + problem, settle + problem, iron out + problem.
    * subproblema = sub-problem [subproblem].
    * subsanar un problema = remedy + problem.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * suscitar un problema = provoke + problem, raise + problem, raise + concern.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener un problema = experience + problem.
    * tener un problema medio resuelto = have + problem half licked.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * toparse con un problema = encounter + problem, come across + problem.
    * tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.
    * tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.
    * trivializar un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * tropezar con problemas = run into + problems.
    * * *
    masculino problem

    resolver/solucionar un problema — to solve a problem

    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas — if they find out, you'll be in trouble

    no te hagas problema — (AmL) don't worry about it

    * * *
    = dilemma, issue, problem, rough spot, snag, bug, hitch, mischief, trouble spot, tyranny, catch, tribulation, show-stopper [showstopper], hassle, rub, kink, kicker.

    Ex: Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.

    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex: When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex: Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex: A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex: Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.
    Ex: The author discusses the characteristics of programs designed specifically to cause mischief to computer owners who download and run the programs = El autor analiza las características de los programas diseñados específicamente para causar problemas a los propietarios de ordenadores que los descargan y ejecutan.
    Ex: The statistics collected served as an early warning signal for trouble spots.
    Ex: Information access, such as satellites, overcomes the tyranny of distance for students, teachers and researchers in Australasia.
    Ex: Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex: The author discusses the tribulations of equipment selection.
    Ex: In engineering use, a show-stopper is usually some aspect of a project that is so bad that it threatens to cancel the project unless it is corrected.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.
    Ex: But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.
    Ex: However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.
    Ex: The kicker is that this type of money transfer service is less convenient and no safer than many online money transfers.
    * abordar un problema = address + problem.
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * aclarar un problema = clear up + problem.
    * acometer un problema = attack + problem.
    * acosado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * acotar un problema = delineate + problem.
    * acuciado por problemas = embattled.
    * acumular problemas = build up + problems.
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * afrontar un problema = face + issue, confront + problem.
    * agobiado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * agravar un problema = compound + problem.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * anticipar un problema = anticipate + problem.
    * aprendizaje a través de solución de problemas = problem based learning.
    * aquejado de problemas = troubled, ailing.
    * arreglar un problema = fix + problem.
    * asediado por problemas = embattled.
    * atajar un problema = grapple with + problem.
    * ausencia de problemas = smoothness.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * buscar problemas = ask for + trouble, court + disaster, make + trouble.
    * capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.
    * causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.
    * combatir un problema = combat + problem.
    * complicar un problema = compound + problem.
    * con problemas = in hot water.
    * con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.
    * con problemas de lectura = print disabled.
    * con problemas de vista = vision impaired.
    * con problemas visuales = vision impaired.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * corregir un problema = correct + problem.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar problemas = play up.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * debatir un problema = discuss + problem.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * definición del problema = problem statement.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * delimitar un problema = isolate + problem.
    * desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.
    * detectar un problema = spot + problem, spot + trouble.
    * diagnosticar el problema = diagnose + problem.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el problema obvio = the elephant in the room.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * enfrentarse a un problema = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + issue, face + issue, face + problem, come up against + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue.
    * enfrentarse un problema = confront + problem, experience + problem.
    * enunciado del problema = problem statement.
    * esbozar un problema = outline + problem.
    * ese es el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar el problema = sidestep + the problem.
    * esquivar un problema = duck + issue.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * evitar problemas = stay out of + trouble.
    * evitar un problema = avoid + problem.
    * exarcerbar un problema = inflame + problem.
    * exteriorizar un problema = externalise + problem.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * franquear un problema = negotiate + problem.
    * hacer frente a un problema = attack + problem, combat + problem, wrestle with + problem.
    * identificar un problema = outline + problem, identify + problem, isolate + problem.
    * ilustrar un problema = illustrate + problem.
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * lleno de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-ridden.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * mencionar un problema = bring + problem up.
    * meterse en problemas = get into + trouble.
    * mitigar un problema = alleviate + problem.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * ocasionar problemas = cause + problems.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * paliar problemas = minimise + problems.
    * paliar un problema = solve + problem.
    * percatarse de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * persona con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled person.
    * persona o mecanismo que resuelve problemas = solver.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.
    * personas con problemas de lectura = print handicapped people, print handicapped, the.
    * personas con problemas de lectura de la letra impresa = print disabled people.
    * personas con problemas de vista, las = visually impaired, the, visually disabled, the, visually handicapped, the, visually impaired people (VIPs), visually challenged, the.
    * personas con problemas mentales = disturbed people.
    * persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.
    * plagado de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-wracked [problem-racked].
    * plagar de problemas = bedevil.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * problema + acosar = problem + dog.
    * problema acuciante = pressing problem.
    * problema + acuciar = problem + beset.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problema + afligir = problem + afflict.
    * problema + agravar = problem + exacerbate.
    * problema alimenticio = eating problem.
    * problema asociado = attending problem.
    * problema auditivo = hearing problem.
    * problema + avecinarse = problem + lie ahead.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problema con el alcohol = drinking problem.
    * problema con los niños de la llave = latchkey problem.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * problema de comportamiento = behaviour problem, behavioural problem.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * problema de peso = weight problem.
    * problema de salud = health problem.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * problema diario = daily problem.
    * problema difícil = thorny problem, poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * problema doméstico = domestic problem.
    * problema económico = economic problem, financial problem.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * problema escolar = school problem.
    * problema espinoso = knotty problem, thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + estar = problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problema familiar = family problem.
    * problema informático = computing problem.
    * problema inicial = startup problem.
    * problema insoluble = insoluble problem.
    * problema monetario = monetary problem.
    * problema motriz = motor disability.
    * problema peliagudo = thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema pequeño = a cloud no bigger than a man's hand.
    * problema + persistir = problem + persist.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * problema práctico = practical problem.
    * problema racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * problema + radicar = trouble + lie.
    * problema real = real problem.
    * problema + residir = problem + reside, problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problemas = trouble, crisis [crises, -pl.], problem areas, trials and tribulations, trouble at mill.
    * problemas auditivos = impaired hearing, hearing impairment, hearing disability.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * problemas con el alcohol = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la bebida = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la vista = poor eyesight.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * problemas del crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas de lectura = reading difficulties.
    * problemas dentales = dental disease.
    * problemas de oído = poor hearing.
    * problema seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * problemas familiares = family crisis.
    * problemas + girar en torno a = problems + turn on, problems + revolve around.
    * problemas inherentes al crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas iniciales = teething problems, teething troubles, growing pains.
    * problema siquiátrico = psychiatric problem.
    * problema social = societal problem, social problem.
    * problemas sociales = social crisis.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * problemas visuales = visual impairment.
    * problema técnico = glitch, technical difficulty, technical problem.
    * problema técnico desconocido = gremlin.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * resolver los problemas = iron out + the bugs.
    * resolver un problema = resolve + issue, resolve + problem, solve + problem, work out + problem, unlock + problem, settle + problem, sort out + problem, clear up + problem, work + problem + through, address + limitation, straighten out + problem, iron out + problem, work out + kink.
    * sacar a colación un problema = bring + problem up.
    * salvar un problema = circumvent + problem, negotiate + problem.
    * ser un problema = be at issue.
    * sin meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.
    * sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.
    * sin problemas de vista = sighted.
    * solución a problemas = problem solution.
    * solucionar los problemas = put + things right.
    * solucionar problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * solucionar un problema = solve + problem, settle + problem, iron out + problem.
    * subproblema = sub-problem [subproblem].
    * subsanar un problema = remedy + problem.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * suscitar un problema = provoke + problem, raise + problem, raise + concern.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener un problema = experience + problem.
    * tener un problema medio resuelto = have + problem half licked.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * toparse con un problema = encounter + problem, come across + problem.
    * tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.
    * tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.
    * trivializar un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * tropezar con problemas = run into + problems.

    * * *
    1 ( Mat) problem
    resolver un problema to solve a problem
    2 (dificultad, preocupación) problem
    nos está creando muchos problemas it is causing us a lot of problems o a lot of trouble
    problemas económicos financial difficulties o problems
    me gustaría ir, el problema es que no tengo dinero I'd like to go, the snag o trouble o problem o thing is I don't have any money
    los coches viejos siempre dan muchos problemas old cars always give a lot of trouble, old cars always play up a lot ( colloq)
    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas if they find out, you'll be in trouble
    no te hagas problema ( AmL); don't worry about it
    * * *

     

    problema sustantivo masculino
    problem;
    ◊ resolver/solucionar un problema to solve a problem;

    los coches viejos dan muchos problemas old cars give a lot of trouble;
    no te hagas problema (AmL) don't worry about it
    problema sustantivo masculino problem: les está dando muchos problemas, it is giving them a lot of trouble
    problemas económicos, financial difficulties

    ' problema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    - acotar
    - circunscribirse
    - comprensión
    - conciencia
    - concienciarse
    - conjuntamente
    - contingente
    - deforestación
    - desarrollo
    - desforestación
    - desmenuzar
    - diferente
    - drogodependencia
    - eficacia
    - encarar
    - endemoniada
    - endemoniado
    - enfocar
    - enfocada
    - enfocado
    - enfoque
    - enrevesada
    - enrevesado
    - enunciado
    - inconveniente
    - intrincada
    - intrincado
    - magnitud
    - mano
    - orden
    - plantear
    - presentarse
    - profundizar
    - profundidad
    - radicar
    - raíz
    - remediar
    - remontar
    - replantear
    - resolución
    - resolver
    - robar
    - rompecabezas
    - salida
    - sencilla
    - sencillez
    - sencillo
    - sensibilizar
    - sinsabor
    English:
    answer
    - appreciate
    - appreciation
    - approach
    - approachable
    - arithmetic
    - attack
    - avenue
    - awkward
    - bit
    - bypass
    - can
    - care
    - central
    - come up
    - compound
    - deal with
    - define
    - devil
    - difficulty
    - emerge
    - emotional
    - form
    - formidable
    - graft
    - grapple
    - growing
    - hard
    - hassle
    - ignore
    - issue
    - knotty
    - knowledge
    - land
    - lie
    - magnitude
    - major
    - matter
    - meditate
    - meet with
    - nut
    - object
    - outstanding
    - overcome
    - pin down
    - pose
    - present
    - problem
    - question
    - relation
    * * *
    1. [dificultad] problem;
    el problema del terrorismo the terrorist problem, the problem of terrorism;
    los niños no causan más que problemas children cause nothing but trouble o problems;
    no quiero más problemas I don't want any more trouble;
    el problema es que no nos queda tiempo the problem o thing is that we don't have any time left;
    Am
    no te hagas problema don't worry about it
    2. [matemático] problem;
    resolver un problema to solve a problem
    * * *
    m problem;
    sin problema without difficulty, without any problems
    * * *
    : problem
    * * *
    problema n problem

    Spanish-English dictionary > problema

  • 35 área

    f.
    1 area, surface, surface area.
    2 domain, area, field, realm.
    3 place, locality, region, area.
    4 area, room, space.
    * * *
    (Takes el in sing)
    1 (zona) area, zone
    2 (medida) are
    \
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=zona, superficie) area

    área de castigo — (Dep) penalty area

    área de descanso — (Aut) rest area

    área de gol, área de meta — goal area

    área de penalty — (Dep) penalty area

    área de servicio — (Aut) service area

    2) (Inform)
    3) (=campo)
    4) (=medida) area ( 100 square metres)
    5)

    área metropolitana — metropolitan area, urban district

    área verde — Caribe green area, park area

    * * *
    femenino‡ area
    * * *
    = area, area, field, front, sphere, domain, zone, bit, radius, area, programme area, service area.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. An area is a major section of the entry, comprising data of a particular category or serving a particular function.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. Present auguries on the resource front are not good.
    Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex. But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex. The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex. The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. Now that financial stringencies were the order of the day, libraries had to compete with the more pressing needs of other programme areas, like education, social services, and housing, for dwindling resources.
    Ex. The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    ----
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * área chica, el = six-yard box, the.
    * área clave = key area.
    * área de acción = remit.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * área de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * área de comunicación = communications area.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área de conservación del patrimonio = heritage field.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * área de datos matemáticos = mathematical data area.
    * área de descanso = rest area, rest stop, lay-by.
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * área de ejemplar = copy area.
    * área de encabezamiento = header area.
    * área de especialización = niche, area of competence.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * área de influencia = remit.
    * área de información = communications area.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * área de la biblioteconomía = library field.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * área de lectura = reading floor.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * área de notas = note area.
    * área de numeración de la ficha = card counter area.
    * área de préstamo = checkout area.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * área específica = niche.
    * área flotante del programa = transient program area (TPA).
    * área geográfica = geographical area.
    * área marginada = deprived area.
    * area menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * área metropolitana = metropolitan area, metro area.
    * área metropolitana de Londres, el = Greater London.
    * área rural = rural region.
    * área temática = subject area, subject field, topic area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * área urbana = urban area.
    * área útil = floor area, floor space.
    * bibliógrafo especializado en un área temática = area bibliographer.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * empleado de línea aérea = airline official.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en las áreas de = in the areas of.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * particular a un área = localised [localized, -USA].
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    femenino‡ area
    * * *
    = area, area, field, front, sphere, domain, zone, bit, radius, area, programme area, service area.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: An area is a major section of the entry, comprising data of a particular category or serving a particular function.
    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex: Present auguries on the resource front are not good.
    Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    Ex: The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex: But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex: The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex: The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: Now that financial stringencies were the order of the day, libraries had to compete with the more pressing needs of other programme areas, like education, social services, and housing, for dwindling resources.
    Ex: The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    * análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.
    * área chica, el = six-yard box, the.
    * área clave = key area.
    * área de acción = remit.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * área de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * área de comunicación = communications area.
    * área de conocimiento = area of study.
    * área de conservación del patrimonio = heritage field.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * área de datos matemáticos = mathematical data area.
    * área de descanso = rest area, rest stop, lay-by.
    * área de descripción = area of description.
    * área de descripción física = physical description area.
    * área de edición = edition area.
    * área de ejemplar = copy area.
    * área de encabezamiento = header area.
    * área de especialización = niche, area of competence.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * área de formación = teaching unit.
    * área de influencia = remit.
    * área de información = communications area.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * área de la biblioteconomía = library field.
    * área del conocimiento = area of knowledge, discipline, subject field, field of activity, knowledge domain, discipline of knowledge.
    * área de lectura = reading floor.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * área de notas = note area.
    * área de numeración de la ficha = card counter area.
    * área de préstamo = checkout area.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * área de signatura topográfica = shelf list area.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * área en desarrollo = growth area.
    * área específica = niche.
    * área flotante del programa = transient program area (TPA).
    * área geográfica = geographical area.
    * área marginada = deprived area.
    * area menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * área metropolitana = metropolitan area, metro area.
    * área metropolitana de Londres, el = Greater London.
    * área rural = rural region.
    * área temática = subject area, subject field, topic area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * área urbana = urban area.
    * área útil = floor area, floor space.
    * bibliógrafo especializado en un área temática = area bibliographer.
    * conocimiento de un área temática = area knowledge.
    * empleado de línea aérea = airline official.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en las áreas de = in the areas of.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * examen de área = area scanning.
    * particular a un área = localised [localized, -USA].
    * trabajador en el área de cultura = cultural worker.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    f‡
    A
    1 ( Mat) area
    2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (medida agraria) area, square dekameter* ( 100m2.)
    B
    1 (zona) area
    las áreas más afectadas por las inundaciones the areas worst affected by the flooding
    2 (campo, ámbito) area
    un área de las ciencias donde ha habido poca investigación an area of science where little research has been carried out
    3 ( Dep) tb
    área de castigo or penalty penalty area
    Compuestos:
    goal area
    rest area o stop ( AmE), lay-by ( BrE)
    service area, services (pl)
    penalty area
    metropolitan area, city
    goal area
    Single Euro Payments Area
    * * *

     

    área feminine noun taking masculine article in the singular
    area;
    área chica or pequeña goal area;

    área de servicio service area, services (pl)
    área sustantivo femenino
    1 (espacio delimitado) area
    área de servicio, service area
    2 (medida de superficie) hundred square metres
    3 (deportes) la falta se produjo dentro del área, the foul was committed inside the penalty area

    ' área' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alrededor
    - anticiclón
    - antinuclear
    - arrabal
    - arrasar
    - barriada
    - barrio
    - borrasca
    - cabaña
    - capítulo
    - castigo
    - circunscribirse
    - comisionada
    - comisionado
    - concurrida
    - concurrido
    - construcción
    - cuenca
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - desarrollo
    - expandir
    - expolio
    - extensión
    - franca
    - franco
    - francófona
    - francófono
    - huerta
    - inmediaciones
    - interfluvio
    - latitud
    - milimétrica
    - milimétrico
    - órbita
    - parcela
    - poblada
    - poblado
    - polígono
    - prefijo
    - propia
    - propio
    - radio
    - rellano
    - sector
    - superficie
    - tendedero
    - trascender
    - triangular
    - vasta
    English:
    area
    - area code
    - belt
    - danger area
    - demonstrate
    - disaster area
    - enter
    - extent
    - grey area
    - industrial area
    - lay-by
    - mark out
    - metropolitan
    - penalty area
    - penalty box
    - province
    - restricted
    - service area
    - unemployment
    - well-known
    - bay
    - brief
    - built
    - canvass
    - catchment area
    - center
    - central
    - comb
    - constituency
    - country
    - cover
    - depot
    - depressed
    - develop
    - development
    - diverse
    - division
    - enclose
    - enlarge
    - extensive
    - field
    - fringe
    - incoming
    - living
    - moor
    - narrow
    - neighborhood
    - nice
    - out
    - over
    * * *
    1. [zona] area
    área de descanso [en carretera] Br lay-by, US rest area; Econ área (del) euro Euro zone; Econ área de libre comercio free trade area;
    área metropolitana metropolitan area;
    área protegida protected area;
    área de servicio [en carretera] service area
    2. [ámbito] area;
    la investigación en áreas como la inteligencia artificial research in areas such as artificial intelligence;
    una carrera del área de Ciencias a university course in a science subject;
    el responsable del área económica del partido the person in charge of the party's economic policy
    3. [medida] are, = 100 square metres
    4. Geom [superficie] area
    5. Dep
    área (de penalty o [m5] castigo) (penalty) area
    área grande eighteen-yard box, penalty area;
    área pequeña six-yard box
    * * *
    f area;
    área de influencia area of influence
    * * *
    área nf
    : area
    * * *
    1. (en general) area
    2. (en fútbol) penalty area

    Spanish-English dictionary > área

  • 36 viša sila

    • acts of god; force majeure; force major; force majuere; natural disaster; vis major

    Serbian-English dictionary > viša sila

  • 37 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 38 крупная воздушная катастрофа

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > крупная воздушная катастрофа

  • 39 чрезвычайное положение в связи со стихийным бедствием

    Military: major (natural) disaster emergency

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > чрезвычайное положение в связи со стихийным бедствием

  • 40 Gebiet

    Gebiet n 1. GEN area; region, territory (Region); 2. IND field; 3. WIWI area
    * * *
    n 1. < Geschäft> area, Region region, territory; 2. < Ind> field; 3. <Vw> area
    * * *
    Gebiet
    district, area, ground, region, territory, (Anwendungsbereich) ambit, (Wirkungskreis) field, domain, province, line, sphere of business, range, scope, realm;
    • auf landwirtschaftlichem Gebiet in the area of agriculture;
    • auf sozialem Gebiet in the social field;
    • auf wirtschaftlichem Gebiet in the economic sphere, in economic matters;
    • auf dem Gebiet der mittleren Führungskräfte on middle management level;
    • im gesamten Gebiet der Gemeinschaft (EU) Community-wide;
    • angrenzendes Gebiet neighbo(u)ring country;
    • ausschlaggebendes Gebiet key area;
    • baubeschränktes Gebiet restricted district;
    • bebautes Gebiet built-up area;
    • benachbartes Gebiet adjacent land;
    • benachteiligtes Gebiet less favo(u)red area (LFA);
    • ungenügend mit Arbeitskräften besetztes Gebiet labo(u)r-short area;
    • besiedeltes Gebiet settled area;
    • dicht besiedeltes Gebiet built-up (congested) area;
    • dünn besiedeltes Gebiet thinly populated region;
    • erschlossenes Gebiet developed land;
    • im Wege des Planfeststellungsverfahrens festgelegtes Gebiet zone (US);
    • von Baubeschränkungen freies Gebiet architectural-freedom zone (US);
    • wirtschaftlich gefestigte Gebiete bedrock regions;
    • im Stadtzentrum gelegenes Gebiet midtown area;
    • landwirtschaftlich genutztes Gebiet agricultural (rural) area;
    • zu statistischen Zwecken herausgesuchtes Gebiet census tract (US);
    • rein industrielles Gebiet district devoted to industry;
    • katastrophengefährdetes Gebiet disaster-prone area;
    • kohlenreiches Gebiet area rich in coal;
    • nicht kontinentale Gebiete non-continental territories;
    • rein landwirtschaftliches Gebiet purely agricultural district;
    • ölträchtiges Gebiet proven territory;
    • strittige Gebiete areas of disagreement;
    • überschwemmtes Gebiet swamp and overflooded land, flood plain;
    • assoziierte überseeische Gebiete (EU) associated overseas territories;
    • übervölkertes Gebiet overspill area;
    • unbewohntes Gebiet uninhabited area;
    • unerschlossenes Gebiet undeveloped land (country);
    • unterentwickelte Gebiete undeveloped (underdeveloped, developing) areas;
    • unterversorgtes Gebiet area of multiple deprivation;
    • Bebauungsbeschränkungen unterworfenes Gebiet restricted zone (area);
    • von Arbeiterunruhen verschontes Gebiet district free of labo(u)r troubles;
    • verseuchtes Gebiet plague spot;
    • verwandte Gebiete allied subjects, related fields;
    • regional zurückgebliebenes Gebiet (Regionalplanung) underdeveloped (backward) area;
    • Gebiet mit erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit green (grey) area;
    • Gebiet mit hoher Arbeitslosigkeit distressed area (Br.), development district (Br.);
    • Gebiet mit geringen Baubeschränkungen unrestricted zone (US);
    • Gebiet mit rückläufiger Entwicklung area in decline;
    • ländliche Gebiete mit rückläufiger Entwicklung declining rural areas;
    • Gebiete für kurzfristige Kapitalanlagen short-term capital areas;
    • Gebiet in äußerster Randlage outermost region;
    • Gebiet mit absolutem Sendeverbot radio quiet zone;
    • Gebiet mit niedriger Sterblichkeit low-mortality area;
    • Gebiet der öffentlichen Versorgungsbetriebe public utility field;
    • Gebiet abriegeln to seal off an area;
    • auf ein bestimmtes Gebiet beschränken to specialize;
    • Gebiet höher bewerten to upgrade an area;
    • Gebiet in Bezirke einteilen to district an area;
    • Fachmann auf einem Gebiet sein to be an authority on a subject;
    • sich auf einem Gebiet spezialisieren to specialize one’s studies, to major in a subject (US).
    abklappern, Gebiet
    (Vertreter) to canvass a district;
    • alle Häuser in der Gegend abklappern (Vertreter) to do the round of all the houses in an area;
    • Läden nach etw. abklappern to [traipse] round the shops looking for s. th.;
    • Straßen nach einer Arbeit (Beschäftigung) abklappern to pound pavement (US sl.).

    Business german-english dictionary > Gebiet

Страницы

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