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  • 121 Austin, Herbert, Baron Austin

    [br]
    b. 8 November 1866 Little Missenden, Buckinghamshire, England
    d. 23 May 1941 Lickey Grange, near Bromsgrove, Herefordshire, England
    [br]
    English manufacturer of cars.
    [br]
    The son of Stephen (or Steven) Austin, a farmer of Wentworth, Yorkshire, he was educated at Rotherham Grammar School and then went to Australia with an uncle in 1884. There he became apprenticed as an engineer at the Langlands Foundry in Melbourne. He moved to the Wolseley Sheep Shearing Company, and soon after became its Manager; in 1893 he returned to England, where he became Production Manager to the English branch of the same company in Birmingham. The difficulties of travel in Australia gave him an idea of the advantages of motor-driven vehicles, and in 1895 he produced the first Wolseley car. In 1901 he was appointed to the Wolseley board, and from 1911 he was Chairman.
    His first car was a three-wheeler. An improved model was soon available, and in 1901 the Wolseley company took over the machine tool and motor side of Vickers Sons and Maxim and traded under the name of the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company. Herbert Austin was the General Manager. In 1905 he decided to start his own company and formed the Austin Motor Company Ltd, with works at Longbridge, near Birmingham. With a workforce of 270, the firm produced 120 cars in 1906; by 1914 a staff of 2,000 were producing 1,000 cars a year. The First World War saw production facilities turned over to the production of aeroplanes, guns and ammunition.
    Peacetime brought a return to car manufacture, and 1922 saw the introduction of the 7 hp "Baby Austin", a car for the masses. Many other models followed. By 1937 the original Longbridge factory had grown to 220 acres, and the staff had increased to over 16,000, while the number of cars produced had grown to 78,000 per year.
    Herbert Austin was a philanthropist who endowed many hospitals and not a few universities; he was created a Baron in 1936.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baron 1936.
    Further Reading
    1941, Austin Magazine (June).
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Austin, Herbert, Baron Austin

  • 122 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 123 Elkington, George Richard

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham England
    d. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in electroplating.
    [br]
    He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard

  • 124 Heaviside, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 18 May 1850 London, England
    d. 2 February 1925 Torquay, Devon, England
    [br]
    English physicist who correctly predicted the existence of the ionosphere and its ability to reflect radio waves.
    [br]
    Brought up in poor, almost Dickensian, circumstances, at the age of 13 years Heaviside, a nephew by marriage of Sir Charles Wheatstone, went to Camden House Grammar School. There he won a medal for science, but he was forced to leave because his parents could not afford the fees. After a year of private study, he began his working life in Newcastle in 1870 as a telegraph operator for an Anglo-Dutch cable company, but he had to give up after only four years because of increasing deafness. He therefore proceeded to spend his time studying theoretical aspects of electrical transmission and communication, and moved to Devon with his parents in 1889. Because the operation of many electrical circuits involves transient phenomena, he found it necessary to develop what he called operational calculus (which was essentially a form of the Laplace transform calculus) in order to determine the response to sudden voltage and current changes. In 1893 he suggested that the distortion that occurred on long-distance telephone lines could be reduced by adding loading coils at regular intervals, thus creating a matched-transmission line. Between 1893 and 1912 he produced a series of writings on electromagnetic theory, in one of which, anticipating a conclusion of Einstein's special theory of relativity, he put forward the idea that the mass of an electric charge increases with its velocity. When it was found that despite the curvature of the earth it was possible to communicate over very great distances using radio signals in the so-called "short" wavebands, Heaviside suggested the presence of a conducting layer in the ionosphere that reflected the waves back to earth. Since a similar suggestion had been made almost at the same time by Arthur Kennelly of Harvard, this layer became known as the Kennelly-Heaviside layer.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1891. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924. Honorary PhD Gottingen. Honorary Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
    Bibliography
    1872. "A method for comparing electro-motive forces", English Mechanic (July).
    1873. Philosophical Magazine (February) (a paper on the use of the Wheatstone Bridge). 1889, Electromagnetic Waves.
    Further Reading
    I.Catt (ed.), 1987, Oliver Heaviside, The Man, St Albans: CAM Publishing.
    P.J.Nahin, 1988, Oliver Heaviside, Sage in Solitude: The Life and Works of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York.
    J.B.Hunt, The Maxwellians, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Heaviside, Oliver

  • 125 Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph

    [br]
    b. 12 June 1851 Penkhull, Staffordshire, England
    d. 22 August 1940 Lake, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English physicist who perfected Branly's coherer; said to have given the first public demonstration of wireless telegraphy.
    [br]
    At the age of 8 Lodge entered Newport Grammar School, and in 1863–5 received private education at Coombs in Suffolk. He then returned to Staffordshire, where he assisted his father in the potteries by working as a book-keeper. Whilst staying with an aunt in London in 1866–7, he attended scientific lectures and became interested in physics. As a result of this and of reading copies of English Mechanic magazine, when he was back home in Hanley he began to do experiments and attended the Wedgewood Institute. Returning to London c. 1870, he studied initially at the Royal College of Science and then, from 1874, at University College, London (UCL), at the same time attending lectures at the Royal Institution.
    In 1875 he obtained his BSc, read a paper to the British Association on "Nodes and loops in chemical formulae" and became a physics demonstrator at UCL. The following year he was appointed a physics lecturer at Bedford College, completing his DSc in 1877. Three years later he became Assistant Professor of Mathematics at UCL, but in 1881, after only two years, he accepted the Chair of Experimental Physics at the new University College of Liverpool. There began a period of fruitful studies of electricity and radio transmission and reception, including development of the lightning conductor, discovery of the "coherent" effect of sparks and improvement of Branly's coherer, and, in 1894, what is said to be the first public demonstration of the transmission and reception (using a coherer) of wireless telegraphy, from Lewis's department store to the clock tower of Liverpool University's Victoria Building. On 10 May 1897 he filed a patent for selective tuning by self-in-ductance; this was before Marconi's first patent was actually published and its priority was subsequently upheld.
    In 1900 he became the first Principal of the new University of Birmingham, where he remained until his retirement in 1919. In his later years he was increasingly interested in psychical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1902. FRS 1887. Royal Society Council Member 1893. President, Society for Psychical Research 1901–4, 1932. President, British Association 1913. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1898. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal 1919. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1932. Fourteen honorary degrees from British and other universities.
    Bibliography
    1875, "The flow of electricity in a plane", Philosophical Magazine (May, June and December).
    1876, "Thermo-electric phenomena", Philosophical Magazine (December). 1888, "Lightning conductors", Philosophical Magazine (August).
    1889, Modern Views of Electricity (lectures at the Royal Institution).
    10 May 1897, "Improvements in syntonized telegraphy without line wires", British patent no. 11,575, US patent no. 609,154.
    1898, "Radio waves", Philosophical Magazine (August): 227.
    1931, Past Years, An Autobiography, London: Hodder \& Stoughton.
    Further Reading
    W.P.Jolly, 1974, Sir Oliver Lodge, Psychical Resear cher and Scientist, London: Constable.
    E.Hawks, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph

  • 126 advanced

    ədˈvɑ:nst прил.
    1) выдвинутый вперед
    2) передовой advanced ideas ≈ передовые идеи
    3) успевающий( об ученике)
    4) продвинутый;
    повышенного типа advanced studies advanced Learner's Dictionary ∙ advanced in years ≈ престарелый
    выдвинутый вперед, передовой;
    - * works( военное) передовые оборонительные сооружения;
    - * depot( военное) передовой склад;
    - * service подача с использованием работы корпуса (теннис) передовой, прогрессивный;
    развитой;
    - * ideas передовые идеи далеко зашедший;
    - * stage of a disease поздняя стадия заболевания;
    запущенная болезнь;
    - in an * state of intoxication в состоянии сильного опьянения обыкн. (неодобрительно) отрицающий традиции;
    нонконформистский немолодой;
    - * age пожилой возраст;
    - * in years, in * years престарелый;
    поздний;
    - the night is far * сейчас глубокая ночь;
    - the season is * уже конец сезона продвинутый;
    подготовленный, овладевший основами предмета рассчитанный на подготовленных учащихся;
    - * studies курс повышенного типа;
    - "A. English Grammar" "Английская грамматика для совершенствующихся" самый современный;
    основанный на последних достижениях науки, техники;
    - aircraft of an * design самолет самого последнего образца выросший, возросший, увеличившийся;
    - greatly * prices невероятный рост цен
    advanced p. p. от advance ~ возросший ~ выдвинутый вперед ~ выдвинутый вперед ~ основанный на последних достижениях науки и техники ~ передовой;
    advanced ideas передовые идеи ~ передовой ~ перспективный ~ прогрессивный ~ продвинутый;
    повышенного типа;
    advanced studies занятия, курс повышенного типа для продолжающих обучение;
    advanced Learner's Dictionary Словарь для продвинутых учащихся;
    advanced in years престарелый ~ самый современный ~ улучшенный ~ вчт. усовершенствованный ~ успевающий (об ученике)
    ~ передовой;
    advanced ideas передовые идеи
    ~ продвинутый;
    повышенного типа;
    advanced studies занятия, курс повышенного типа для продолжающих обучение;
    advanced Learner's Dictionary Словарь для продвинутых учащихся;
    advanced in years престарелый
    ~ продвинутый;
    повышенного типа;
    advanced studies занятия, курс повышенного типа для продолжающих обучение;
    advanced Learner's Dictionary Словарь для продвинутых учащихся;
    advanced in years престарелый
    ~ продвинутый;
    повышенного типа;
    advanced studies занятия, курс повышенного типа для продолжающих обучение;
    advanced Learner's Dictionary Словарь для продвинутых учащихся;
    advanced in years престарелый

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > advanced

  • 127 advanced

    [ədʹvɑ:nst] a
    1. выдвинутый вперёд, передовой

    advanced works - воен. передовые оборонительные сооружения

    advanced depot - воен. передовой склад

    2. 1) передовой, прогрессивный; развитой

    advanced ideas - передовые /прогрессивные/ идеи

    2) далеко зашедший

    advanced stage of a disease - поздняя стадия заболевания; запущенная болезнь

    3) обыкн. неодобр. отрицающий традиции; нонконформистский
    3. 1) немолодой

    advanced in years, in advanced years - престарелый

    2) поздний
    4. 1) продвинутый ( об учащемся); подготовленный, овладевший основами предмета [см. тж. advanced student]
    2) рассчитанный на подготовленных учащихся

    advanced studies - курс повышенного типа [см. тж. advanced study]

    ❝Advanced English Grammar❞ - «Английская грамматика для совершенствующихся» ( название книги)
    5. самый современный; основанный на последних достижениях науки, техники и т. п.

    aircraft of an advanced design - самолёт самого последнего образца /новейшей конструкции/

    6. выросший, возросший, увеличившийся

    greatly advanced prices - невероятный /огромный/ рост цен

    НБАРС > advanced

  • 128 ground

    I
    1. [graʋnd] n
    1. 1) земля, поверхность земли

    a narrow slip of ground - узкая полоска земли /суши/

    on firm ground - на суше, на твёрдой земле [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to lie [to sit] on the ground - лежать [сидеть] на земле

    to fall [to be thrown] to the ground - падать [быть (с)брошенным] на землю [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    2) почва, земля, грунт

    fertile [barren, marshy /boggy/, sandy] ground - плодородная [бесплодная, болотистая, песчаная] почва

    contaminated ground - радиоактивно заражённый грунт, радиоактивно заражённая местность

    ground contamination - воен. заражение местности стойкими отравляющими или радиоактивными веществами

    ground moistening - с.-х. грунтовое увлажнение

    to till the ground - возделывать землю, пахать

    to break ground - а) распахивать землю; б) раскапывать, разрывать; в) рыть котлован; г) делать первые шаги; подготавливать почву; [см. тж. 3)]

    to break fresh ground - а) поднимать целину; б) предпринимать что-л. новое

    3) дно моря

    to touch ground - коснуться дна [см. тж. 6]

    to take the ground - мор. сесть на мель [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to break ground - поднимать якорь [см. тж. 2)]

    4) горн. подошва выработки
    2. 1) участок земли
    2) pl сад, парк, участок земли вокруг дома
    3) площадка; спортивная площадка (тж. sports ground)
    4) полигон; аэродром; плац (тж. parade, drill или training ground)
    5) территория
    3. 1) местность, область, район

    level [flat, rising, rough /broken, bumpy/] ground - ровная [плоская, постепенно возвышающаяся, пересечённая /изрезанная/] местность

    undulating ground - волнистая /холмистая/ местность

    ground study - воен. изучение местности

    2) высота

    dominating ground - спец. господствующая высота

    4. 1) фон; грунт, грунтовка

    a design of flowers on a white ground - узор из цветов на белом поле /по белому полю/

    ground coat - грунт, грунтовка; первый слой краски

    2) офортный лак
    3) жив. план

    the middle ground - второй /средний/ план

    5. основание, причина, мотив

    to have (good) ground(s) for believing [saying, doing] smth., to have (good) ground(s) to believe [to say, to do] smth. - иметь (все) основания верить чему-л. [говорить, делать что-л.]

    to have no ground for anxiety [complaint] - не иметь оснований беспокоиться [жаловаться]

    to have no ground for suspicion [refusal] - не иметь причин /оснований/ для подозрений [отказа]

    there are several grounds of suspicion against him - имеется несколько причин подозревать его

    what is the ground of his complaint? - на каком основании он жалуется?

    there are still grounds for hope - всё ещё можно надеяться; ≅ ещё не всё потеряно

    on the ground of - а) по причине, на основании; б) под предлогом

    on personal grounds - по личным мотивам /причинам/, из личных соображений

    on what ground(s)? - на каком основании?, по какой причине?

    on what grounds are you refusing? - на каком основании /почему/ вы отказываетесь?

    to excuse oneself on the grounds of illness - отказаться делать что-л., ссылаясь на болезнь

    I acted on good grounds - у меня были все основания действовать таким образом

    grounds for divorce - юр. основания для развода

    grounds for appeal - юр. основания для кассационной жалобы

    6. предмет, тема (разговора, исследования, спора)

    debatable ground - спорная тема; предмет спора

    common ground - вопрос, в котором спорящие стороны сходятся

    delicate ground - щекотливая /деликатная/ тема; щекотливый /деликатный/ вопрос, щекотливая /деликатная/ ситуация

    to cover much ground - охватывать /затрагивать/ много вопросов [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to go over the ground (again) - (снова) повторить /проверить/ (что-л.)

    to touch ground - дойти до сути дела /до фактов/ [см. тж. 1, 3)]

    7. pl
    1) осадок, гуща, подонки
    2) редк. остатки пищи
    8. уст.
    1) фундамент
    2) основной принцип
    3) pl зачатки, основы
    4) основная, основополагающая часть
    9. охот. нора

    to go /to run/ to ground - скрыться в норе ( о лисе)

    10. эл. заземление; «земля»
    11. текст. основа
    12. муз. граунд, остинатный бас

    ♢ above ground см. above-ground

    below ground - умерший, скончавшийся; в земле, в могиле

    down to the ground - а) полностью, во всех отношениях; it suits me down to the ground - это устраивает меня во всех отношениях; б) полностью, окончательно; без остатка

    from the ground up - а) амер. основательно, полностью, во всех отношениях; to study a case from the ground up - досконально изучить дело; б) с самого начала; с пустого места, с нуля

    on one's own ground - а) в своей стихии; б) дома

    to be on sure /firm/ ground, to be sure of one's ground - чувствовать твёрдую почву под ногами [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

    to gain ground on smb. - побеждать кого-л.

    to gain /to gather, to get/ ground - а) продвигаться вперёд; б) распространяться; в) делать успехи

    to cover (much) ground - а) покрыть /пройти/ (большое) расстояние; б) (много) путешествовать; в) сделать большую часть (чего-л.); [ср. тж. 6]

    to give ground - а) отступать, отходить; б) уступать, сдавать позиции

    to lose ground - а) = to give ground; б) потерять прежнее положение, идти назад, регрессировать; в) становиться непопулярным

    to take ground - воен. а) занимать местность; б) залечь; [ср. тж. 1, 3)]

    to hold /to keep, to maintain, to stand/ one's ground - а) не сдавать позиций, не отступать; б) стоять на своём, не поддаваться уговорам

    to shift /to change/ one's ground - переменить позицию в споре, изменить точку зрения в ходе дискуссии

    to fall to the ground - рушиться; оказаться бесплодным /безрезультатным/ ( о планах) [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

    to dash smb.'s hopes to the ground - разбить чьи-л. надежды

    to cut the ground from under smb.'s feet - выбить почву из-под ног у кого-л.

    to get off the ground - а) взлететь; подняться в воздух; оторваться от земли (о самолёте и т. п.); б) начать действовать; включиться в работу

    to get smth. off the ground - успешно положить начало чему-л.; пустить в ход; двинуть; ≅ запустить на орбиту

    to get the conference off the ground - сдвинуть конференцию с мёртвой точки

    to fall on stony ground - библ. падать на бесплодную ночву

    into the ground - до последней степени; перейдя все границы

    caution is no doubt a virtue, but don't run it into the ground - осмотрительность, конечно, добродетель, но не надо так с ней перебарщивать

    2. [graʋnd] a
    1. 1) наземный

    ground troops /forces/ - воен. наземные /сухопутные/ войска

    ground operations - воен. наземные боевые действия

    ground defence - воен. наземная (противовоздушная) оборона

    ground reconnaissance - воен. наземная разведка

    ground crew /staff/ - ав. а) наземный обслуживающий экипаж; б) жарг. нелётный состав

    ground control - радио наземное управление, управление с земли

    2) держащийся низко над землёй

    ground fog - низкий /метеор. тж. приземный/ туман

    2. аэродромный

    ground flare - ав. аэродромный сигнальный огонь

    ground personnel - ав. аэродромный технический персонал

    ground pilot - воен. разг. член аэродромной команды

    3. [graʋnd] v
    1. 1) сесть на мель
    2) посадить на мель
    3) мор. заставить выброситься на берег или приткнуться к берегу
    2. ав.
    1) приземляться
    2) заставить приземлиться
    3) препятствовать отрыву от земли

    the planes were grounded by the fog, the fog grounded the planes - из-за тумана самолёты не могли подняться в воздух

    3. 1) класть, опускать на землю

    to ground arms - воен. складывать оружие, сдаваться

    2) опускаться на землю
    4. основывать, обосновывать

    to ground one's arguments on facts [on experience] - основывать свои доводы на фактах [на опыте]

    to ground one's claims on facts - обосновывать /подкреплять/ свои требования /претензии/ фактами

    the theory is well [ill] grounded - теория хорошо [плохо] обоснована

    5. (in) обучать основам ( предмета)

    to ground smb. in mathematics [in Latin] - обучать кого-л. основам математики [латыни]

    to be well grounded in grammar - хорошо знать основы /основные правила/ грамматики

    6. эл. заземлять
    7. 1) спец. грунтовать
    2) мездрить ( кожу)
    8. стр. положить основание
    9. 1) отстранять от полётов ( пилота); отчислять из лётного состава
    2) лишать водительских прав; не разрешать ( подростку) водить автомобиль
    3) отчислять из флота
    4) не разрешать вылет; не разрешать старт (космического корабля и т. п.)
    II
    1. [graʋnd] a
    1. молотый, толчёный, измельчённый

    ground hay - измельчённое сено, сенная мука

    2. матовый, матированный
    3. = ground-in
    2. [graʋnd] past и p. p. от grind II

    НБАРС > ground

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