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1 Woolrich, John Stephen
[br]b. 1821 Birmingham, Englandd. 27 February 1850 King's Norton, England[br]English chemist who found in the electroplating process one of the earliest commercial applications of the magneto-electric generator.[br]The son of a Birmingham chemist, Woolrich was educated at King Edward's Grammar School, Birmingham, and later became a lecturer in chemistry. As an alternative to primary cells for the supply of current for electroplating, he devised a magneto generator.His original machine had a single compound permanent magnet; the distance between the revolving armature and the magnet could be varied to adjust the rate of deposition of metal. A more ambitious machine designed by Woolrich was constructed by Thomas Prime \& Sons in 1844 and for many years was used at their Birmingham electroplating works. Faraday, on a visit to see the machine at work, is said to have expressed delight at his discovery of electromagnetic induction being put to practical use so soon. Similar machines were in use by Elkington's, Fern and others in Birmingham and Sheffield. One of Woolrich's machines is preserved in the Birmingham Science Museum.[br]Bibliography1 August 1842, British patent no. 9,431 (the electroplating process; describes the magnetic apparatus and the electroplating chemicals).Further Reading1843, Mechanics Magazine 38:145–9 (fully describes the Woolrich machine). 1889, The Electrician 23:548 (a short account of a surviving Woolrich machine constructed in 1844 and its subsequent history).S.Timmins, 1866, Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District, London, pp. 488– 94.GW -
2 Electricity
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3 Elkington, George Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham Englandd. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England[br]English pioneer in electroplating.[br]He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.[br]Bibliography1864, Journal of the Royal Society for Arts (29 January).LRDBiographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard
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4 Metallurgy
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