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1 οὐσία
A- ιη Hdt.1.92
, 6.86.ά, SIG167.26 (Mylasa, iv B. C.); [dialect] Dor. [full] ἐσσία, [full] ὠσία (qq. v.): ἡ: ( ὀντ-, part. of εἰμί sum):—that which is one's own, one's substance, property, Hdt. ll.cc., S.Tr. 911 (s. v. l.), E. HF 337, Hel. 1253 (pl., Fr. 354 (s. v. l.)), Ar.Ec. 729, Lys.18.17, Pl.R. 551b, SIGl.c., etc.; opp. τὰ σώματα (civil status), And.1.74;καλῶς.. ἐπεμελήθη τῶν οὐσιῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ δημάρχου BSA24.154
(Attica, iv B.C.); εἰ ἐκεκτήμην οὐ. if I had been a man of substance, Lys.24.11;ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐ. δαπανᾶν Diph.32.7
;πατρῴαν οὐ. κατεσθίειν Anaxipp.1.32
, cf. Critias 45 D.; φανερὰ οὐσία real property, immovables, And.1.118; opp. ἀφανής, Lys.32.4; freq. of estates in Egypt, PTeb.6.23 (ii B. C., pl.), BGU650.3 (i A. D.), OGI665.30 (i A. D.), etc.II in Philos., like [dialect] Ion. φύσις (with which it is interchanged in various uses, e. g. Philol. 11, Pl.R. 359a, 359b, Arist.PA 646a25, Thphr.HP6.1.1), stable being, immutable reality, opp.γένεσις, ὅτιπερ πρὸς γένεσιν οὐσία, τοῦτο πρὸς πίστιν ἀλήθεια Pl.Ti. 29c
, cf. Sph. 232c;ὧν κίνησις γένεσιν παραλαβοῦσα ἀέναον οὐ. ἐπόρισεν Id.Lg. 966e
;γένεσις μὲν τὸ σπέρμα, οὐ. δὲ τὸ τέλος Arist.PA 641b32
, cf. 640a18, etc.;ὁδὸς εἰς οὐσίαν Id.Metaph. 1003b7
: hence, being in the abstract, opp. non-being ([etym.] τὸ μὴ εἶναι), Pl.Tht. 185c.2 substance, essence, opp. πάθη ('modes'), Id.Euthphr. 11a;πάθη οὐσίας Arist.Metaph. 1003b7
; opp. συμβεβηκότα ('accidents'), Id.APo. 83a24, PA 643a27;ἡ φύσις [τῆς ψυχῆς] καὶ ἡ οὐ., εἶθ' ὅσα συμβέβηκε περὶ αὐτήν Id.de An. 402a8
.3 true nature of that which is a member of a kind, defined asὃ τυγχάνει ἕκαστον ὄν Pl.Phd. 65d
; as τὸ ὅ ἐστι ib. 92d; asτὸ τί ἐστι Arist.APo. 90b30
; τὸ εἶναί τε καὶ τὴν οὐ. Pl.R. 509b; expressed in a formula or definition,ψυχῆς οὐ. τε καὶ λόγον Id.Phdr. 245e
;τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι οὗ ὁ λόγος ὁρισμός, καὶ τοῦτο οὐ. λέγεται Arist.Metaph. 1017b22
; μόνης τῆς οὐ. ἐστὶν ὁ ὁρισμός ib. 1031a1.4 the possession of such a nature, substantiality,ἔτι ἐπέκεινα τῆς οὐ. πρεσβείᾳ.. ὑπερέχοντος Pl.R. 509b
.5 in the concrete, the primary real, the substratum underlying all change and process in nature, applied by Arist. to the atoms of Democritus, Fr. 208; toτὰ ἁπλᾶ σώματα Id.Cael. 298a29
, cf. Metaph. 1017b10;πᾶσαι αἱ φυσικαὶ οὐ. ἢ σώματα ἢ μετὰ σωμάτων γίγνονται Id.Cael. 298b3
, al.;ταὐτὸν σῶμα καὶ οὐσίαν ὁριζόμενοι Pl. Sph. 246a
; but also, νοητὰ ἄττα καὶ ἀσώματα εἴδη.. τὴν ἀληθινὴν οὐ. ib.b.6 in Logic, substance as the leading category, Arist. Cat. 1b26, Metaph. 1045b29; αἱ πρῶται οὐ. (individuals), αἱ δεύτεραι οὐ. (species and genera), Id.Cat. 2b5, 2a15 (butὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ ἵππος.. οὐκ ἔστιν οὐ. ἀλλὰ σύνολόν τι Id.Metaph. 1035b29
, cf. σύνθετος or συνθέτη οὐ. ib. 1043a30, de An. 412a16);ἡ μὲν ψυχὴ οὐ. ἡ πρώτη, τὸ δὲ σῶμα ὕλη Id.Metaph. 1037a5
;ἡ ψυχὴ οὐ. ὡς εἶδος Id.de An. 412a19
; ἡ οὐ. ἐντελέχεια ib.21; [ψυχὴ] οὐ. τοῦ ἐμψύχου Id.Metaph. 1035b15
; of the abstract objects of mathematics,μονὰς οὐ. ἄθετος, στιγμὴ δὲ οὐ. θετός Id.APo. 87a36
.7 after Pl. and Arist. in various uses, as ἡ ἄποιος οὐ., = ἡ ὕλη, Zeno Stoic.1.24; κατὰ οὐσίαν, opp. κατὰ δύναμιν ἢ ἐνέργειαν, Polystr.p.12 W.; πᾶς νοῦς ἀμέριστός ἐστιν οὐ. Procl.Inst. 171, cf. Plot.2.4.5, 2.6.1, 4.7.8, 6.1.2, al.8 Pythag. name for I, Theol.Ar.6.III name of a plaster, Aët.15.15,45.IV αἱ οὐ. fireresisting substances, Zos.Alch.p.168 B.; of the four σώματα (copper, tin, lead, iron), Ps.-Democr. ap. eund.p.167 B.V in Magic, a material thing by which a connexion is established between the person to be acted upon and the supernatural agent, e.g. a hair,λαβὼν βελόνην διείρων τὴν οὐ. εἰς αὐτήν PMag.Par.1.2949
, cf. PMag.Osl. 1.73; mould from a tomb, PMag.Par.1.435; κυνοκεφάλου οὐ.,.. κυνὸς οὐ., = κόπρος (cf. 2460), ib.2687, etc. -
2 ὅσπερ
Aοἷόπερ A.R.1.1325
; in [dialect] Ion. writers and in Poets the obl. cases are sts. borrowed from the Art.,τόπερ Id.3.1098
; ;τῇπερ Il.24.603
, Hdt.1.30 ;τοίπερ Od.13.130
; (lyr.), Hdt.3.16 ;τῶνπερ Il.13.638
, A.Ag. 974 ; on concord and constr. cf.ὅς B. 1.1
,2,4, 11.1a,3, IV. 4:—the very man who, the very thing which; freq. indistinguishable from simple ὅς, cf.ὅσος 111.4
: with words intervening between ὅς and περ, ὅς ῥ' ἔβαλέν περ Il.4.524
, cf. 13.101, etc.2 used after Adjs. of resemblance,ὡυτὸς ὅσπερ Hdt.8.42
;ἐκ τῶν ἴσων.., ὧνπερ αὐτὸς ἐξέφυ S.OT 1499
; ὅμοια ἔπραττον ἅπερ ἄν .. X.An.5.4.34 ; ὅρκια τάπερ τε .. the same as.., Hdt.1.74.II special uses of cases,1 ὅπερ, wherefore, D.S.13.18 codd. (s.v.l.); although, A.D.Pron.103.7.2 ἅπερ, as, like, A.Ch. 381 (lyr.), Eu. 131, 660, S.Aj. 168 (anap., as v.l.), OT 175 (lyr.), X.HG5.1.18, etc.; cf. καθάπερ.3 οὗπερ, v. ὅς A b. 1.4 ᾗπερ, [dialect] Dor. ᾇπερ, which way, where, whither, Il.6.41, 12.33, X.An.6.5.10, etc.; [dialect] Ion.τῇπερ, ἔθαψαν.. τῇπερ ἔπεσε Hdt.1.30
; also, as, Il.7.286, A.Ch. 440(lyr.), Ar.Ach. 364 ;ᾗπερ δή Il.9.310
;ᾗπερ καί X.Mem.3.8.2
.5 in the Logic of Aristotle, ὅπερ ἐστί, or ὅπερ alone, has two senses:a non-technical, and unemphatic, what (a thing) is, ἑκάστη οὐσία τοῦθ' ὅ. ἐστίν, οὐ λέγεται μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον each substance is called what it is without the difference of more or less, Cat.3b36 ; τὸ διπλάσιον τοῦθ' ὅ. ἐστίν, ἑτέρου λέγεται the double is called what it is (viz. the double) of something, i.e. is relative, ib.6a39.b expressing identity, οὔτε ἡ χιὼν ὅ. λευκόν snow is not what white is, i.e. is not identical with white, Top.120b23 ; ὁ λευκὸς ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. χρῶμα ib.116a27: hence, to indicate the precise or essential nature of a thing, οὐ γὰρ ἂν φαίη ὅ. κακόν τι εἶναι τὴν ἡδονήν he would not say that pleasure is essentially something bad, EN1153b6; τὰ μὲν οὐσίαν σημαίνοντα ὅ. ἐκεῖνό ἢ ὅ. ἐκεῖνό τι σημαίνει expressions which show the essence show precisely what the thing in question is or precisely of what kind it is (i.e. indicate either its species or its genus), APo.83a24 ; ὅ. < τόδε> τί ἐστι τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι the essence of a thing is precisely a 'this', i.e. a fully specified particular, Metaph.1030a3; ἡ μὲν [ ἐπιστήμη] ὅ. ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν knowledge (that man is an animal) is apprehension that 'animal' is an element in the essential nature of man, APo.89a35.
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