ηες

βᾰσῐλ-εύς, ὁ, gen. έως, [dialect] Ep. ῆος, Cypr. ῆϝος Inscr.Cypr.104,135H.: acc. βασιλέα, [var] contr. -ῆ Orac. ap. Hdt.7.220, E.Fr.781.24 (lyr.): nom. pl. βασιλεῖς, [dialect] Aeol.

A

- ηες Sapph.Supp.6.4

, IG12(2).6 (Mytil.), - ειες ib. 646a45, al., [dialect] Ep. -ῆες, old [dialect] Att.

- ῆς S.Aj. 188

, 960 (both lyr.), cf. Hdn. Gr.1.430: acc. pl.

βασιλέας IG12.115

, later βασιλεῖς ib.2.243, etc.:— king, chief, Hom., etc.: freq. with collat. sense of captain or judge, Hes. Op. 202;

διοτρεφέες β. Il.2.445

, etc.;

θεῖοι Od.4.691

, etc.; later, hereditary king, opp. τύραννος, Arist.EN 1160b3, etc.; but also of tyrants, as Hiero, Pi.O.1.23; of Gelo, Hdt.7.161; of Pisistratus, Eup.123, cf. Sch. Ar.Ach.61: joined with a Subst.,

βασιλεὺς ἀνήρ Il.3.170

, etc.;

ἀνὴρ β. Hdt.1.90

; ἄναξ β. lord king, A.Pers.5, cf. B.17.1: c. gen.,

β. νεῶν A. Ag. 114

(anap.); οἰωνῶν β., of the eagle, ibid., Pi.O.13.21: [comp] Comp.

βασιλεύτερος

more kingly,

Il.9.160

, 392, Od.15.533, Tyrt.12.7: [comp] Sup.

βασιλεύτατος Il.9.69

.

b of the gods,

Ζεὺς θεῶν β. Hes.Th. 886

, cf. Pi.O.7.34, Emp.128.2, etc. (in this sense Hom. uses ἄναξ); as cult title of Zeus, IG7.3073.90 (Lebad.), SIG1014.110 ([place name] Erythrae), etc. (but Ζεὺς β., = Ahuramazda, X.Cyr.3.3.21, al., Arr.An.4.20.3); ὁ μέγας β., of God, LXX Ps.47(48).2, Ph.2.107: [comp] Sup.

βασιλεύτατοι τῶν θεῶν Max.Tyr.29.5

.

2 as a title of rank, prince,

β. εἰσὶ καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ ἐν.. Ἰθάκῃ Od.1.394

, cf. 8.390, etc.; of Cyrus, X.Oec. 4.16.

b descendant of a royal house, esp. in Ionia, Arist.Ath. 41.3; βασιλέων οἶκοι 'estates of the royal house', name of a district in Chios,

Ἀθηνᾶ 20.168

.

3 generally, lord, master, Il.18.556, Pi.O.6.47.

4 metaph.,

πόλεμος πάντων β. Heraclit.53

;

νόμος ὁ πάντων β. Pi.Fr. 169

.

II at Athens, the second of the nine Archons, IG12.76, al., Antipho 6.38, Lys.6.4, Arist.Pol. 1285b17, Ath. 57, etc.;

ἡ τοῦ β. στοά Pl.Euthphr.2a

.

2 title of magistrates in other Greek states, as βασιλᾶες at Elis, GDI1152, cf. IG12(2).6 (Mytil.), etc., Arist.Pol. 1322b29.

3 at Rome, β. τῶν ἱερῶν, = rex sacrorum, D.H.5.1, cf. D.C.54.27.

III after the Persian war (without Art.), the king of Persia, Hdt.7.174,al.;

ἄναξ Ξέρξης β. A.Pers.5

, cf. 144, Ar.Ach.61, Th.8.48, IG22.141 (βασιλῆς βασιλέως ὕποχοι μεγάλου, of the Satraps, A.Pers.24, cf. 44, S.E.M.2.22); less freq.

ὁ βασιλεύς Hdt.1.132

, 137, Arist.Pol. 1304b13;

β. ὁ μέγας Hdt. 1.188

.

2 of Alexander and his successors, usually with Art., IG22.641,687, Men.293, 340(pl.);

Σέλευκος Antiph.187

; Ἀντίγονος Alex.III;

Πτολεμαῖος Id.244

;

Ὀσυμανδύας βασιλεὺς βασιλέων D.S. 1.47

; title used by Parthian kings, Plu.Pomp.38, D.C.37.6, etc.; by Antony, Plu.Ant.54; of God, Apoc.17.14,19.16.

3 of the Roman emperors, AP10.25 (Antip. Thess.);

β. Ῥωμαίων BGU588.10

(i A.D.), etc., cf. 1 Ep.Ti.2.2, J.AJ14.15.14;

β. αὐτοκράτωρ IG3.13

([place name] Hadrian), Hdn.1.6.5; without Art., Paus.10.32.19.

IV of any great man,

πένησί τε καὶ βασιλεῦσιν Ps.-Phoc.113

.

2 first or most distinguished of any class,

Ἡρώδην τὸν β. τῶν λόγων Philostr. VS2.10.1

, cf. Luc.Rh.Pr.II; winner at a game, Poll.9.106, Sch.Pl. Tht. 146a; Stoic sage,

μόνος β. Luc.Herm.16

; βασιλέως ἐγκέφαλος 'morsel fit for a king', Clearch.5; β. σῦκα, name of a choice kind, Philem.Lex. ap. Ath.3.76f., cf. Poll.6.81.

V = συμποσίαρχος, Plu.2.622a, Luc.Sat.4.

VI wren, Arist.HA 592b27.

VII queen-bee, ib. 623b9, GA 759a20, etc. (The form βασιλέα is scanned ?βασιλεύςX ?βασιλεύςX ¯ in Pi.N.1.39; codd. βασίλεια.)

βᾰςῐλεύς (βασιλεύς, -ῆος, -έι, -εῖ, -ῆι, -ῆα, -έ（α), -εῦ; -έες, -ῆες, -εῦσι（ν), - ῆας) of gods or men,

χαλκ-εύς, έως, ὁ: pl. χαλκεῖς, [dialect] Att.

A

- ῆς Ar.Av. 490

(anap.), Pl.R. 370d, [dialect] Ep. - ῆες (v. infr.): acc.

χαλκέας Id.Smp. 221e

, R. 428d,

χαλκεῖς Plu.2.214a

:—coppersmith, opp. τέκτων (joiner, Pl.R. 370d),

ἣν [ἀσπίδα] χ. ἤλασεν Il.12.295

, etc.;

μίτρη, τὴν χαλκῆες κάμον ἄνδρες 4.187

, 216.

2 generally, worker in metal, of a goldsmith, Od.3.432; of a worker in iron. 9.391; hence later, blacksmith, smith (

χαλκέας τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους Arist.Po. 1461a29

), Hdt.1.68, Ar.l.c., X.HG3.4.17;

ἀνὴρ χ. Hdt.4.200

;

χ. χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου LXXGe.4.22

.

II John Dory, Zeus faber, Opp.H.1.133, prob. in Arist.HA 535b18; distd. fr. χαλκίς, Ath.7.328d.

ἀηδ-ονιδεύς, έως, ὁ,

A young nightingale pl.

- ῆες Theoc.15.121

(prob.).

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `mild, soft, benevolent' (IG 14, 1648, 8; metrical tomb-inscription)

Other forms: gen. and acc. sg. ἐνηέος, - έα (Hom., Hes.), nom. pl. - ῆες, - έες (Opp.)

Derivatives: ἐνηείη `mildness, benevolence' (Ρ 670, Opp.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [77] *h₂eu̯- `benevolence, help'

Etymology: Uncertain. Formations like ἐν-τελής (to τέλος) point to a second member *ἦος, which can be PGr. *ἆϜος, which differs only in ablaut from Skt. ávas-, Av. avah- n. `favour, benevolence, help' (to which belongs also Lat. aveō etc.); so ἐνηής is prop. `having benevolence' (cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 456). For the ablaut cf. ἄγος beside Skt. ā́gas- (compositional lengthening?). Other possibilities in Strömberg Prefix Studies 115. - One compared ἀΐτης (s.v.), from *ἄ(Ϝ)ος with short α-. Further Pok. 77f., W.-Hofmann s. aveō.

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Grammatical information: n. pl.

Meaning: `reins, bridles' (Hom., Hes., Pi.)

Other forms: ἡνίαι f. pl., also - ία sg. (posthom.), Dor. ἁν- ( ἀν-)

Dialectal forms: Myc. anija \/ anhiai\/, dat. pl. anijapi. So the neut. is secondary?

Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in ἡνί-οχος "driver,", ` charioteer' (Il.; ep. also - ῆα, - ῆες, metr. conditioned) with ἡνιοχ-ικός, - έω (ep. - εύω), - ησις, - εία. As 2. member e. g. in χρυσ-ήνιος `with goldenen reins'.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [48] *h₂ensiā `rein'

Etymology: As Lac. ἀνιοχίο̄ν = ἡνιοχέων (IG 5 [1], 213) seems to point to original psilosis (origin of the aspir. unknown), ἀ̄νία can go back on *ἀνσία and be identical with a Celtic word for `rein', MIr. ē(i)si pl. (\< * ansio-). One connects further some Lat., Balt. and Germ. expressions for `grip, handle', Lat. ānsa = Lith. ąsà, OWNo. ǣs f. (\< * ansiā) `hole for shoe-strings' (because of the meaning very doubtful). - Walde Stand u. Aufgaben 153f. More in Bq., W.-Hofmann s. ānsa, Puhvel Lang. 30, 456f.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `the old, aged one' (poet. Pi., trag.), `president' (Sparta); pl. πρέσβεις most `ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); besides πρεσβ-ῆες (Hes. Sc. 245), - εῦσιν (Lyc.), du. -ῆ (Att.); cf. below on πρεσβεύω.

Other forms: Gen. (rare) - εως, - εος, acc. - υν, voc. -υ.

Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in πρεσβυ-γενής `first-born' (A 249 a.o.).

Derivatives: 1. Comp. forms: πρεσβύ-τερος (with - τέριον `council of elders' [N.T.]), - τατος `old, venerable, the eldest, most venerable' (Il.); also πρέσβιστος `most venerable' (h. Hom., A., S. a.o.) after κράτιστος, κύδιστος, with the cross πρεσβίστ-ατος (Nic.). 2. Feminins: πρέσβα ( θεά) `the venerable', of Hera a.o. (ep. Il.), after πότνα ( θεά)?; πρέσβεα ( μήτηρ; poet. inscr. from Caria II-I^a), metr. cond.; πρέσβειρα ( θεῶν a.o.; h. Ven. etc.), after πίειρα, - άνειρα a.o.; πρεσβηΐς ( τιμή h. Hom.), after βασιληΐς a.o., cf. πρεσβῆες above. 3. πρεσβ-ήϊον n. `gift of honour' (Θ 289), - εῖον `privilege (of age)' (Att., hell.). 4. - εία f. `right, privilege (of age)' (A., Pl.), usu. `embassy' (Att.; to πρεσβεύω). 5. πρεσβύ̄της m. `the old, aged one', enlargement of πρέσβυς after πολίτης a.o. (not with Fraenkel Glotta 34, 301 ff. innovation to πρεσβῦτις; IA.) with f. - ῦτις, adj. - υτικός `senile' (Att. etc.). 6. πρεσβῠ́της, - ητος f., Dor. - τας. - τατος `(higher) age' (inscr. Messene I<sup>a</sup> [completed] a.o.; after νεότης). 7. πρέσβις f. `age, rank', only in κατὰ πρέσβιν (h. Merc., Pl. a.o.); after κατὰ τάξιν a.o. 8. πρέσβος n. `(object of) veneration', after κῦδος, κράτος a.o. 9. πρεσβ-εύω `to be the eldest, to have precedence, to be ambassador', trans. `to attend, venerate like a πρέσβυς', midd. `to send ambassadors', also w. παρα-, συν-, ἀπο- a.o., with - ευτής m. `ambassador, messenger' (Att.; as singulative to πρέσβεις). - ευτικός, - εύτειρα, - ευτεύω, - ευμα, - ευσις; partly also πρεσβεία (s. ab. 4) and, as backformation, πρεσβεῦσιν dat. pl. (Lyc.; s. ab.; cf. Bosshardt 63). -- 10. Shortnames like Πρέσβων (to πρέσβειρα after πέπειρα: πέπων? Fraenkel KZ 43, 216 n.2). Πρέσβος a.o., s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 385. -- On the diff. writings and formations s. Lejeune Mém. de phil. myc. 239ff.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [812] * pres-gʷeu- `who goes in front'

Etymology: Beside the above forms stand in Doric, esp. in Crete, and in Northwestgr. several byforms with γ for β and changing initial syllable: πρεῖγυς, πρείγιστος with comp. πρείγων, πρειγ-εύω with - ευτάς, -ήϊα, - εία; also πρείγα f. `council of elders' (Locris); πρεσγευτάς, πρεγγ-; later πρήγιστος with (Cos) - ιστεύω; πρεσγέα = πρεσβεία (Argos), πρισγε(ι)ες (Boeot.); also σπέργυς πρέσβυς and πέργουν πρέσβεις H. Common basis prob. πρεσγ- (with voiced σ; cf. πρεζβευτάς Delphi); from there through phonetical, in detail uncertain developments the other forms, s. Schwyzer 276, Seiler Steigerungsformen 59, Thumb-Kieckers 158, Kapsomenos Glotta 40, 46ff., Masson Glotta 41, 65ff., Lejeune l.c. (with rejection of Mycenaean interpretations). -- From the interchange β: γ follows an orig. IE labiovelar gʷ; the preceding syllable, prob. to be taken as the 1. member of a compound, contains as is generally assumed a frozen adverb πρές `in front' (s. πρός). The final syllable resp. the final member is debated. By Bezzenberger BB 4, 345, Bloomfield AmJPh 29, 79 ff. compared with Skt. puro-gavá- `leader', of which the 2. member is derived both from gaúḥ = βοῦς (so prop. *"leading bull"), as, and on better grounds, from a word for `go' (in βαίνω, βῆναι resp. Skt. jávate `run') (so prop. *"who goes in fromt"). Thus a.o. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 17 u. 34, 301 ff., who wants to explain also Lith. žmogùs `man' in this way (prop. "going on earth"; s. also Wb. s.v. w. lit.); on the Skt. word esp Mayrhofer s. puráḥ. -- Very temptong is the connection with Arm. erēc̣, gen. eric̣u `elder, priest' (Meillet in Lejeune op. cit. 240 n. 9), of which the ē prob. continues a diphthong ei or oi (IE * preisgʷu-?) and usu. connected with Lat. prīscus. Cf. on μεσσηγύς: the second member continues a root * gʷeu-, a variant of * gʷem-.

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