-
61 INTRODUCTION
For a small country perched on the edge of western Europe but with an early history that began more than 2,000 years ago, there is a vast bibliography extant in many languages. Since general reference works with bibliography on Portugal are few, both principal and minor works are included. In the first edition, works in English, and a variety of Portuguese language works that are counted as significant if not always classic, were included. In the second and third editions, more works in Portuguese are added.It is appropriate that most of the works cited in some sections of the bibliograpy are in English, but this pattern should be put in historical perspective. Since the late 1950s, the larger proportion of foreign-language works on Portugal and the Portuguese have been in English. But this was not the case before World War II. As a whole, there were more studies in French, with a smaller number in German, Italian, and Spanish, than in English. Most of the materials published today on all aspects of this topic continue to be in Portuguese, but English-language works have come to outnumber the other non-Portuguese language studies. In addition to books useful to a variety of students, a selection of classic works of use to the visitor, tourist, and foreign resident of Portugal, as well as to those interested in Portuguese communities overseas, have been included.Readers will note that publishers' names are omitted from some Portuguese citations as well as from a number of French works. There are several reasons for this. First, in many of the older sources, publishers no longer exist and are difficult to trace. Second, the names of the publishers have been changed in some cases and are also difficult to trace. Third, in many older books and periodicals, printers' names but not publishers were cited, and identifying the publishers is virtually impossible.Some recommended classic titles for beginners are in historical studies: José Hermano Saraiva, Portugal: A Companion History (1997); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (1976 ed.), general country studies in two different historical eras: Sarah Bradford, Portugal (1973) and Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People (2002 and later editions); political histories, Antônio de Figueiredo, Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship (1975) and Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926) (1978; 1998). On Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974 and contemporary history and politics: Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Phil Mailer, The Impossible Revolution (1977); Richard A. H. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal: A History (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and its Antecedents (1979). On contemporary Portuguese society, see Antonio Costa Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture (2003).Enduring works on the history of Portugal's overseas empire include: C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969 and later editions); and Bailey W. Diffie and George Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (1977); on Portugal and the Age of Discoveries: Charles Ley (ed.), Portuguese Voyages 1498-1663 (2003). For a new portrait of the country's most celebrated figure of the Age of Discoveries, see Peter Russell, Prince Henry 'The Navigator': A Life (2000). A still useful geographical study about a popular tourist region is Dan Stanislawski's Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (1963). A fine introduction to a region of rural southern Portugal is José Cutileiro's A Portuguese Rural Society (1971).Early travel account classics are Almeida Garrett, Travels in My Homeland (1987) and William Beckford, Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1969 and later editions). On travel and living in Portugal, see Susan Lowndes Marques and Ann Bridge, The Selective Traveller in Portugal (1968 and later editions); David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide (1968 and later editions); Sam Ballard and Jane Ballard, Pousadas of Portugal (1986); Richard Hewitt, A Cottage in Portugal (1996);Ian Robertson, Portugal: The Blue Guide (1988 and later editions); and Anne de Stoop, Living in Portugal (1995). Fine reads on some colorful, foreign travellers in Portugal are found in Rose Macauley, They Went to Portugal (1946 and later editions) and They Went to Portugal Too (1990). An attractive blend of historical musing and current Portugal is found in Paul Hyland's, Backing Out of the Big World: Voyage to Portugal (1996); Datus Proper's The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal (1992); and Portugal's 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, José Sarmago, writes in Journey through Portugal (2001).For aspects of Portuguese literature in translation, see Aubrey F. G. Bell, The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse (1952 edition by B. Vidigal); José Maria Eça de Queirós, The Maias (2007 and earlier editions); and José Sara-mago's Baltasar and Blimunda (1985 and later editions), as well as many other novels by this, Portugal's most celebrated living novelist. See also Landeg White's recent translation of the national 16th century epic of Luis de Camóes, The Lusiads (1997). A classic portrait of the arts in Portugal during the country's imperial age is Robert C. Smith's The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800 (1968).For those who plan to conduct research in Portugal, the premier collection of printed books, periodicals, and manuscripts is housed in the country's national library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, in Lisbon. Other important collections are found in the libraries of the major universities in Coimbra, Lisbon, and Oporto, and in a number of foundations and societies. For the history of the former colonial empire, the best collection of printed materials remains in the library of Lisbon's historic Geography Society, the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Lisbon; and for documents there is the state-run colonial archives, the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, in Restelo, near Lisbon. Other government records are deposited in official archives, such as those for foreign relations in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, housed in Necessidades Palace, Lisbon.For researchers in North America, the best collections of printed materials on Portugal are housed in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, New York City; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and in university libraries including those of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Brown, Indiana, Illinois, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California - Berkeley, University of California - Santa Barbara, Stanford, Florida State, Duke, University of New Hampshire, Durham, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, McGill, and University of British Columbia. Records dealing with Portuguese affairs are found in U.S. government archives, including, for instance, those in the National Archives and Record Service (NARS), housed in Washington, D.C.BIBLIOGRAPHIES■ Academia Portuguesa de História. Guia Bibliográfica Histórica Portuguesa. Vol. I-?. Lisbon, 1954-.■ Anselmo, Antônio Joaquim. Bibliografia das bibliografias portuguesas. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1923.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.■ Borchardt, Paul. La Bibliographie de l'Angola, 1500-1900. Brussels, 1912. Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. and comp. The Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974. Annotated bibliography on the antecedents and aftermath. Coimbra: Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Cintra, Maria Adelaide Valle. Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filolôgicos, 1960.■ Costa, Mário. Bibliografia Geral de Moçambique. Lisbon, 1945. Coutinho, Bernardo Xavier da Costa. Bibliographie franco-portugaise: Essai d'une bibliographie chronologique de livres français sur le Portugal. Oporto: Lopes da Silva, 1939.■ Diffie, Bailey W. "A Bibliography of the Principal Published Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries," Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies. Nashville, Tenn., 1953. Gallagher, Tom. Dictatorial Portugal, 1926-1974: A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1979.■ Gibson, Mary Jane. Portuguese Africa: A Guide to Official Publications. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1967. Greenlee, William B. "A Descriptive Bibliography of the History of Portugal." Hispanic American Historical Review XX (August 1940): 491-516. Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste. Boletim Internacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira. Vol. 1-15. Lisbon, 1960-74.■ Instituto Camoes. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade De Coimbra. Repertorio Bibliografico da Historiografia Portuguesa ( 1974-1994). Coimbra:■ Instituto Camoes; Universidade de Coimbra, 1995. Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar. Bibliografia Da Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar Sobre Ciências Humanas E Sociais. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar, 1975. Kettenring, Norman E., comp. A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations on Portuguese Topics Completed in the United States and Canada, 1861-1983.■ Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1984. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Laidlar, John. Lisbon. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 199. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1997.. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71, rev. ed. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2000.■ Lomax, William. Revolution in Portugal: 1974-1976. A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1978.■ McCarthy, Joseph M. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1977.■ Moniz, Miguel. Azores. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 221. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1999.■ Nunes, José Lúcio, and José Júlio Gonçalves. Bibliografia Histórico-Militar do Ultramar Portugües. Lisbon, 1956. Pélissier, René. Bibliographies sur l'Afrique Luso-Hispanophone 1800-1890.■ Orgeval, France: 1980. Portuguese Studies. London. 1984-. Annual.■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. No. 1-23 (1976-90). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Studies Review. Vols. 1-9 (1991-2001). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semi-Annual.. Vols. 10- (2002-). Durham, N.H.: Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.■ Rocha, Natércia. Bibliografia geral da Literatura Portuguesa para Crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.■ Rogers, Francis Millet, and David T. Haberly. Brazil, Portugal and Other Portuguese-Speaking Lands: A List of Books Primarily in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.■ Santos, Manuel dos. Bibliografia geral ou descrição bibliográfica de livros tantos de autores portugueses como brasileiros e muitos outras nacionalidades, impressos desde o século XV até à actualidade, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1914-25.■ Silva, J. Donald. A Bibliography on the Madeira Islands. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1987.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and G. Lavigne. Os portugueses no Canadá: Uma bibliografia ( 1953-1996). Lisbon: Direção-Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas, 1998.■ University of Coimbra, Faculty of Letters. Bibliografia Anual de História de Portugal. Vol. 1. [sources published beginning in 1989- ] Coimbra: Grupo de História; Faculdade de Letras; Universidade de Coimbra, 1992-.■ Unwin, P. T. H., comp. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71. Oxford, U.K.: ABC-Clio Press, 1987.■ Viera, David J., et al., comp. The Portuguese in the United States ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1990.■ Welsh, Doris Varner, comp. A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1953.■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.■ Wilgus, A. Curtis. Latin America, Spain & Portugal: A Selected & Annotated Bibliographical Guide to Books Published 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977.■ Winius, George. "Bibliographical Essay: A Treasury of Printed Source Materials Pertaining to the XV and XVI Centuries." In George Winius, ed., Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, 373-401. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PERIODICALS RELATING TO PORTUGAL■ Africana. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Africa Report. New York. Monthly or bimonthly.■ Africa Today. Denver, Colo. Quarterly.■ Agenda Cultural. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Almanaque do Exército. Lisbon, 1912-40.■ American Historical Review. Washington, D.C. Quarterly.■ Anais da Académia Portuguesa da História. Lisbon.■ Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos. Lisbon. Annual.■ Análise do sector público administrativo e empresarial. Lisbon. Quarterly. Análise Social. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Anglo-Portuguese News. Monte Estoril and Lisbon. 1937-2003. Biweekly and weekly.■ Antropológicas. Oporto. 1998-. Semiannual. Anuário Católico de Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.■ Archipélago. Revista do Instituto Universitário dos Açores. Punta Delgado. Semiannual. Architectural Digest. New York. Monthly. Archivum. Paris. Quarterly. Arqueologia. Oporto. Annual.■ Arqueólogo Portugües, O. Lisbon. 1958-. Semiannual Arquivo das Colónias. Lisbon. 1917-33. Arquivo de Beja. Beja. Annual. Arquivo Histórico Portuguez. Lisbon.■ Arquivos da Memória. Lisbon. 1997-. Semiannual.■ Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües [Fundação Gulbenkian, Paris]. Paris. Annual.■ Boletim da Academia Internacional da Cultura Portuguesa. Lisbon. Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias. Lisbon.■ Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon Quarterly; Bimonthly.■ Boletim da Sociedade Geológica de Portugal. Oporto. Annual.■ Boletim de Estudos Operários. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands. Semiannual. Boletim Geral do Ultramar. Lisbon. Bracara Augusta. Braga. Brigantia. Lisbon. 1990-. Semiannual.■ British Bulletin of Publications on Latin America... Portugal and Spain. London. 1949-. Semiannual. British Historical Society of Portugal. Annual Report and Review. Lisbon. Brotéria. Lisbon. Quarterly. Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises. Paris. Quarterly.■ Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises et de l'Institut Français au Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.■ Cadernos de Arqueologia. Braga. Semiannual and annual. Monographs.■ Cadernos do Noroeste. Braga, University of Minho. Semiannual.■ Camões Center Quarterly. New York.■ Capital, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Clio. Lisbon. 1996-. Annual.■ Clio-Arqueologia. Lisbon. 1983-. Annual.■ Conimbriga. Coimbra.■ Cultura. London. Quarterly.■ Democracia e Liberdade. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Dia, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Diário da Assembleia Nacional e Constituente. Lisbon. 1911.■ Diário da Câmara de Deputados. Lisbon. 1911-26.■ Diário de Lisboa. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Diário de Notícias. Lisbon. Daily newspaper of record.■ Diário do Governo. Lisbon. 1910-74.■ Diário do Senado. Lisbon. 1911-26.■ Documentos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ E-Journal of Portuguese History. Providence, R.I. Quarterly.■ Economia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Economia e Finanças. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Economia e Sociologia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Estratégia Internacional. Lisbon.■ Estudos Contemporâneos. Lisbon.■ Estudos de economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Estudos históricos e económicos. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Estudos Medievais. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Estudos Orientais. Lisbon, 1990. Semiannual.■ Ethnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Ethnologie Française. Paris. Quarterly.■ Ethnos. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ European History Quarterly. Lancaster, U.K., 1970-. Quarterly.■ Expresso. Lisbon. 1973-. Weekly newspaper.■ Facts and Reports. Amsterdam. Collected press clippings.■ Financial Times. London. Daily; special supplements on Portugal.■ Finisterra. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Flama. Lisbon. Monthly magazine.■ Garcia de Orta. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Gaya. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Geographica: Revista da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Hispania. USA. Quarterly.■ Hispania Antiqua. Madrid. Semiannual.■ Hispanic American Historical Review. Chapel Hill, N.C. Quarterly. História. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Iberian Studies. Nottingham, U.K. Quarterly or Semiannual.■ Indicadores económicos. Lisbon. Bank of Portugal. Monthly. Ingenium. Revista da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ International Journal of Iberian Studies. London and Glasgow, 1987-. Semiannual.■ Illustração Portugueza. Lisbon. 1911-1930s. Magazine. Instituto, O. Coimbra. Annual.■ Itinerário. Leiden (Netherlands). 1976-. Semiannual. Jornal, O. Lisbon. Weekly newspaper. Jornal de Letras, O. Lisbon. Weekly culture supplement. Jornal do Fundão. Fundão, Beira Alta. Weekly newspaper. Journal of European Economic History. Quarterly.■ Journal of Modern History. Chicago, Ill. Quarterly.■ Journal of Southern European Society & Politics. Athens, Greece. 1995-. Quarterly.■ Journal of the American Portuguese Culture Society. New York. 1966-81. Semiannual or annual. Ler História. Lisbon. Quarterly. Lisboa: Revista Municipal. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Lusíada: Revista trimestral de ciência e cultura. Lisbon. 1989-. Three times a year.■ Lusitania Sacra. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Luso-Americano, O. Newark, N.J. Weekly newspaper.■ Luso-Brazilian Review. Madison, Wisc. 1964-. Semiannual.■ Lusotopie. Paris. 1995-. Annual.■ Nova economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Numismática. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Oceanos. Lisbon. Bimonthly.■ Ocidente. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Olisipo. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Ordem do Exército. Lisbon. 1926-74. Monthly.■ Penélope. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Política Internacional. Lisbon. 1990-. Quarterly.■ Portugal. Annuário Estatístico do Ultramar. Lisbon. 1950-74.■ Portugal em Africa. Lisbon. 1894-1910. Bimonthly.■ Portugal socialista. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Portugália. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Portuguese & Colonial Bulletin. London. 1961-74. Quarterly. Portuguese Studies. London. 1985-. Annual.■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. Durham, N.H. 1976-90. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Studies Review. Durham, N.H. 1991-2001; Trent, Ont. 2002-. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Times. New Bedford, Mass. Weekly newspaper.■ Povo Livre. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Primeiro do Janeiro. Oporto. Daily newspaper.■ Quaderni Portoghesi. Rome. 1974-. Semiannual.■ Race. A Journal of Race and Group Relations. London. Quarterly.■ Recherches en Anthropologie au Portugal. Paris. 1995-. Annual.■ República, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Lisbon. Quarterly. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Quarterly. Revista de Ciência Política. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Economia. Lisbon. 1953-. Three times a year. Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses. Lisbon. Annual. Revista de Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro. Semiannual. Revista de Guimarães. Guimarães. Semiannual. Revista de História. São Paulo, Brazil. Semiannual. Revista de História Económica e Social. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista de Infanteria. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Revista Lusitana. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Militar. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Portuguesa de História. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ Revue Geographique des Pyrenees et du Sud-Ouest. Paris. Semiannual.■ Sábado. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.■ Seara Nova. Lisbon. 1921-. Bimonthly.■ Século, O. Lisbon. Daily Newspaper.■ Selecções do Readers Digest. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Semanário económico. Lisbon. Weekly.■ Setúbal arqueologica. Setúbal. Semiannual.■ Sigila. Paris. 1998-. Semiannual.■ Sintria. Sintra. Annual.■ Sociedade e Território. Revista de estudos urbanos e regionais. Oporto. 1986-. Quarterly.■ Studia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. New York. Quarterly.■ Studium Generale. Oporto. Quarterly.■ Tempo, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Tempo e o Modo, O. Lisbon. 1968-74. Quarterly.■ Trabalhos da Sociedade Portuguesa de Antropologia. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Trabalhos de Antropologia E Etnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Trabalhos de Arqueologia. Lisbon. Annual.■ Translation. New York. Quarterly.■ Ultramar. Lisbon. 1960-71. Quarterly.■ Veja. São Paulo. Weekly news magazine.■ Veleia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Vida Mundial. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.■ West European Politics. London. Quarterly. -
62 con ahínco
= diligently, industriouslyEx. The United States Labor Department has diligently worked on removing both age and sex reference from their official occupational titles in accordance with federal law and executive directives.Ex. For years past, the harpies of power have been industriously inculcating the idea that all our difficulties proceed from the impotency of Congress.* * *= diligently, industriouslyEx: The United States Labor Department has diligently worked on removing both age and sex reference from their official occupational titles in accordance with federal law and executive directives.
Ex: For years past, the harpies of power have been industriously inculcating the idea that all our difficulties proceed from the impotency of Congress. -
63 Senate
nounSenat, der•• Cultural note:Senate - the United States SenateDas Oberhaus des amerikanischen Congress. Es gibt 100 gewählte Senators (Senatoren). Neue Gesetze müssen sowohl vom House of Representatives als auch vom Senat verabschiedet werden* * *['senət]1) (a lawmaking body, especially the upper house of the parliament in some countries.) der Senat2) (in ancient Rome, the chief legislative and administrative body.) der Senat•- academic.ru/65848/senator">senator* * *sen·ate[ˈsenɪt]I. n no pl, + sing/pl vb POL, LAW, UNIV Senat mthe US S\senate der US-Senatthe French S\senate der oberste Gerichtshof Frankreichs\senate hearing Senatsanhörung fS\senate Democrat Demokrat/Demokratin im US-Senat* * *['senɪt]nSenat m* * *S. abk1. Sabbath2. Saint Hl.3. Saturday Sa.4. Saxon5. Senate6. Socialist7. Society Ges.8. Socius, Fellow9. south S10. southern südl.* * *nounSenat, der•• Cultural note:Das Oberhaus des amerikanischen Congress. Es gibt 100 gewählte Senators (Senatoren). Neue Gesetze müssen sowohl vom House of Representatives als auch vom Senat verabschiedet werden* * *n.Senat -e m. -
64 senate
nounSenat, der•• Cultural note:Senate - the United States SenateDas Oberhaus des amerikanischen Congress. Es gibt 100 gewählte Senators (Senatoren). Neue Gesetze müssen sowohl vom House of Representatives als auch vom Senat verabschiedet werden* * *['senət]1) (a lawmaking body, especially the upper house of the parliament in some countries.) der Senat2) (in ancient Rome, the chief legislative and administrative body.) der Senat•- academic.ru/65848/senator">senator* * *sen·ate[ˈsenɪt]I. n no pl, + sing/pl vb POL, LAW, UNIV Senat mthe US S\senate der US-Senatthe French S\senate der oberste Gerichtshof Frankreichs\senate hearing Senatsanhörung fS\senate Democrat Demokrat/Demokratin im US-Senat* * *['senɪt]nSenat m* * *senate [ˈsenıt] ssen. abk1. senate Sen.2. senator Sen.* * *nounSenat, der•• Cultural note:Das Oberhaus des amerikanischen Congress. Es gibt 100 gewählte Senators (Senatoren). Neue Gesetze müssen sowohl vom House of Representatives als auch vom Senat verabschiedet werden* * *n.Senat -e m. -
65 Rickover, Admiral Hyman George
[br]b. 27 January 1900 Russian Polandd. 8 July 1986 Arlington, Virginia, USA[br]Polish/American naval officer, one of the principal architects of the United States nuclear submarine programme.[br]Born in Poland, Rickover was brought to the United States early in his life by his father, who settled in Chicago as a tailor. Commissioned into the US Navy in 1922, he specialized in electrical engineering (graduating from the US Naval Postgraduate School, Columbia, in 1929), quali-fied as a Submariner in 1931 and then held various posts until appointed Head of the Electrical Section of the Bureau of Ships in 1939. He held this post until the end of the Second World War.Rickover was involved briefly in the "Manhattan" atomic bomb project before being assigned to an atomic energy submarine project in 1946. Ultimately he was made responsible for the development and building of the world's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus. He was convinced of the need to make the nuclear submarine an instrument of strategic importance, and this led to the development of the ballistic missile submarine and the Polaris programme.Throughout his career he was no stranger to controversy; indeed, his remaining on the active service list as a full admiral until the age of 82 (when forced to retire on the direct intervention of the Navy Secretary) indicates a man beyond the ordinary. He imposed his will on all around him and backed it with a brilliant and clear-thinking brain; his influence was even felt by the Royal Navy during the building of the first British nuclear submarine, HMS Dreadnought. He made many friends, but he also had many detractors.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsUS Distinguished Service Medal with Gold Star. Honorary CBE. US Congress Special Gold Medal 1959. Numerous awards and honorary degrees.BibliographyRickover wrote several treatises on education and on the education of engineers. He also wrote on several aspects of the technical history of the US Navy.Further ReadingW.R.Anderson and C.Blair, 1959, Nautilus 90 North, London: Hodder \& Stoughton. E.L.Beach, 1986, The United States Navy, New York: Henry Holt.FMWBiographical history of technology > Rickover, Admiral Hyman George
-
66 por todo + Nombre de Lugar
= across + Nombre de LugarEx. The Library of Congress Subject Headings List was first published in 1909 and it is used widely across the United States.* * *= across + Nombre de LugarEx: The Library of Congress Subject Headings List was first published in 1909 and it is used widely across the United States.
-
67 U.S.C.
1) Техника: US Code2) Юридический термин: The Code of the Laws of the United States of America, U.S. Code Supplement, United States Code, United States Congress3) Автодорожное право: Свод законов США -
68 u.s.c.
1) Техника: US Code2) Юридический термин: The Code of the Laws of the United States of America, U.S. Code Supplement, United States Code, United States Congress3) Автодорожное право: Свод законов США -
69 Kongreß
der1) (a formal meeting, especially an assembly of delegates etc.) congress2) (a law-making body or parliament, especially that of the United States: He has been elected to Congress.) congress* * *Kon·gressRR<-es, -e>Kon·greßALT<-sses, -sse>[kɔnˈgrɛs]m1. (Fachtagung) congressder Wiener \Kongreß the Congress of Vienna -
70 U.S.C.
сокр.1) [United States Code, The Code of the Laws of the United States of America] свод законов США2) [United States Congress] конгресс США -
71 bolívar
m.1 bolivar, unit currency of Venezuela.2 Bolivar, Simon Bolivar.* * *1 bolivar (monetary unit of Venezuela)* * *- no verle la cara a Bolívar* * *masculino bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *masculino bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)* * *
bolívar sustantivo masculino
bolivar ( Venezuelan unit of currency)
bolívar sustantivo masculino bolivar (national currency of Venezuela)
' bolívar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
céntimo
* * *Bolívar n pr(Simón) Bolívar (Simon) BolivarBOLÍVARThe greatest of the leaders of Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain, Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas, Venezuela on 24 July 1783. From an early age he was an advocate of independence from Spain, and he propagandized for it on his travels through Latin America, Europe and the United States. Venezuela declared itself independent in 1811 at his prompting, and in 1813 he led a victorious army into Caracas, gaining for himself the title of “Libertador” (“Liberator”). In 1819 he founded the state of Gran Colombia (including modern-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador), and became its first president. His only rival of equivalent stature was José de San Martin, who freed his native Argentina and helped in the liberation of Chile and Peru. After Bolivar met San Martin in 1822, the Argentinian resigned his position as protector of Peru and went into exile in France. Bolivar's subsequent victory at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824 finally secured independence for Peru and brought an end to Spanish rule in South America. In 1826 he opened the Congress of Panama, which sought to give concrete form to his ideal of a united confederation of Latin American states – an ideal which has been cherished by many Latin Americans since his day. Disillusioned by the failure of his pan-American ideal in practice, he retired from public life in 1830 and died on 17 December of the same year.* * *m bolivar (currency unit of Venezuela)* * *bolívar nm: bolivar (monetary unit of Venezuela) -
72 Estados Unidos, los
= US, US, the [U.S.], United States, theEx. BLAISE-LINK provides access to files in the biomedical and toxicological areas, which are available on the computer of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), US.Ex. This influence has not been restricted to the US.Ex. The Library of Congress Subject Headings List was first published in 1909 and it is used widely across the United States. -
73 Fifteenth Amendment
Предложена Конгрессом на ратификацию штатам 26 февраля 1869, объявлена ратифицированной 30 марта 1870. Поправка гласит: "Раздел 1. Граждане Соединенных Штатов не могут лишаться права голоса или ограничиваться в нем Соединенными Штатами или любым штатом по признаку расы, цвета кожи или прежнего нахождения в рабстве" ["Section 1. The right of Citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"]. "Раздел 2. Конгресс имеет право обеспечивать исполнение настоящей статьи посредством принятия соответствующего законодательства" ["Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation"]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Fifteenth Amendment
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74 estatu
iz.1.a. state; \estatua eta nazioa nation and state; elizaren eta \estatuaren bereizketa separation of church and state; Europako \estatuak the European states; \estatuen Europa Europe of the states; zuzenbidezko \estatu state with rule of lawb. [ izenen aurrean ] state-, of state; \estatu-arazoa a matter of state; \estatu-buru head of state; \estatu-kolpe coup d'—tat; \estatu-mailako batzarra state-wide congress2. ( herrialde mota) state; E\estatu Batuak the United States; Colorado E\estatua the State of Colorado; E\estatu Pontifikalak | Eliz \estatuak (Hist.) the Papal States3. (Hist.) ( Frantziari d.) estate; hiru \estatuak the three estates; hirugarren \estatu the third estate; E\estatu Orokorrak Estates-General4. Mil. \estatu nagusi high command -
75 Federal Reserve System
Finthe central banking system of the United States, founded in 1913 by an Act of Congress. The board of governors, made up of seven members, is based in Washington, D.C. and 12 Reserve Banks are located in major cities across the United States. -
76 president
noun1) Präsident, der/Präsidentin, die2) (of society, council, legislative body) Vorsitzende, der/die•• Cultural note:Der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten ist das Staatsoberhaupt, trägt außenpolitische Verantwortung und hat den Oberbefehl über die Streitkräfte. Er kann mit Zustimmung des Senats Bundesrichter und leitende Minister ernennen und wird vom Congress gebeten, neue Gesetze zu bewilligen. Er selbst hat kein Recht auf Gesetzesinitiative, aber er kann dem Kongress Maßnahmen zur Beratung empfehlen. Außerdem hat er ein Vetorecht gegenüber Beschlüssen des Kongresses. Ein Präsident kann maximal für zwei terms (Legislaturperioden), also für 8 Jahre regieren. Er kann nur auf dem Wege der Anklage wegen Amtsmissbrauchs - Impeachment - abgesetzt werdenDer dritte Montag im Februar, Feiertag in den USA zu Ehren der Präsidenten George Washington und Abraham Lincoln. In einigen Staaten werden die zwei Geburtstage als Washingtons Geburtstag und Lincolns Geburtstag einzeln gefeiert* * *['prezidənt]1) (the leading member of a club, association etc: She was elected president of the Music Society.) der/die Präsident(in)* * *presi·dent[ˈprezɪdənt]nMadam/Mr P\president Frau Präsidentin/Herr Präsident2. (head) of society Präsident(in) m(f); of company, corporation [Vorstands- [o Aufsichtsrats]]vorsitzende(r) f(m)vice-\president Vizepräsident(in) m(f)* * *['prezIdənt]nPräsident(in) m(f); (esp US of company) Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende(r) mf; (US UNIV) Rektor(in) m(f)* * *president [ˈprezıdənt] s1. Präsident(in), Vorsitzende(r) m/f(m), Vorstand m (einer Körperschaft), WIRTSCH US Generaldirektor m, -direktorin f4. UNIV besonders US Rektor m, Rektorin f5. REL Oberhaupt n (der Mormonenkirche)* * *noun1) Präsident, der/Präsidentin, die2) (of society, council, legislative body) Vorsitzende, der/die•• Cultural note:Der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten ist das Staatsoberhaupt, trägt außenpolitische Verantwortung und hat den Oberbefehl über die Streitkräfte. Er kann mit Zustimmung des Senats Bundesrichter und leitende Minister ernennen und wird vom Congress gebeten, neue Gesetze zu bewilligen. Er selbst hat kein Recht auf Gesetzesinitiative, aber er kann dem Kongress Maßnahmen zur Beratung empfehlen. Außerdem hat er ein Vetorecht gegenüber Beschlüssen des Kongresses. Ein Präsident kann maximal für zwei terms (Legislaturperioden), also für 8 Jahre regieren. Er kann nur auf dem Wege der Anklage wegen Amtsmissbrauchs - Impeachment - abgesetzt werdenDer dritte Montag im Februar, Feiertag in den USA zu Ehren der Präsidenten George Washington und Abraham Lincoln. In einigen Staaten werden die zwei Geburtstage als Washingtons Geburtstag und Lincolns Geburtstag einzeln gefeiert* * *n.Präsident m.Vorsitzende m.Vorstandsvorsitzende m.,f.Vorsteher m. -
77 President
noun1) Präsident, der/Präsidentin, die2) (of society, council, legislative body) Vorsitzende, der/die•• Cultural note:Der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten ist das Staatsoberhaupt, trägt außenpolitische Verantwortung und hat den Oberbefehl über die Streitkräfte. Er kann mit Zustimmung des Senats Bundesrichter und leitende Minister ernennen und wird vom Congress gebeten, neue Gesetze zu bewilligen. Er selbst hat kein Recht auf Gesetzesinitiative, aber er kann dem Kongress Maßnahmen zur Beratung empfehlen. Außerdem hat er ein Vetorecht gegenüber Beschlüssen des Kongresses. Ein Präsident kann maximal für zwei terms (Legislaturperioden), also für 8 Jahre regieren. Er kann nur auf dem Wege der Anklage wegen Amtsmissbrauchs - Impeachment - abgesetzt werdenDer dritte Montag im Februar, Feiertag in den USA zu Ehren der Präsidenten George Washington und Abraham Lincoln. In einigen Staaten werden die zwei Geburtstage als Washingtons Geburtstag und Lincolns Geburtstag einzeln gefeiert* * *['prezidənt]1) (the leading member of a club, association etc: She was elected president of the Music Society.) der/die Präsident(in)* * *presi·dent[ˈprezɪdənt]nMadam/Mr P\president Frau Präsidentin/Herr Präsident2. (head) of society Präsident(in) m(f); of company, corporation [Vorstands- [o Aufsichtsrats]]vorsitzende(r) f(m)vice-\president Vizepräsident(in) m(f)* * *['prezIdənt]nPräsident(in) m(f); (esp US of company) Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende(r) mf; (US UNIV) Rektor(in) m(f)* * ** * *noun1) Präsident, der/Präsidentin, die2) (of society, council, legislative body) Vorsitzende, der/die•• Cultural note:Der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten ist das Staatsoberhaupt, trägt außenpolitische Verantwortung und hat den Oberbefehl über die Streitkräfte. Er kann mit Zustimmung des Senats Bundesrichter und leitende Minister ernennen und wird vom Congress gebeten, neue Gesetze zu bewilligen. Er selbst hat kein Recht auf Gesetzesinitiative, aber er kann dem Kongress Maßnahmen zur Beratung empfehlen. Außerdem hat er ein Vetorecht gegenüber Beschlüssen des Kongresses. Ein Präsident kann maximal für zwei terms (Legislaturperioden), also für 8 Jahre regieren. Er kann nur auf dem Wege der Anklage wegen Amtsmissbrauchs - Impeachment - abgesetzt werdenDer dritte Montag im Februar, Feiertag in den USA zu Ehren der Präsidenten George Washington und Abraham Lincoln. In einigen Staaten werden die zwei Geburtstage als Washingtons Geburtstag und Lincolns Geburtstag einzeln gefeiert* * *n.Präsident m.Vorsitzende m.Vorstandsvorsitzende m.,f.Vorsteher m. -
78 slip law
Принятый Конгрессом [ Congress, U.S.] закон, который публикуется на отдельных листах бумаги. По завершении очередной сессии оттиски брошюруются и издаются в виде сборника "Собрание законов Соединенных штатов" [ Statutes at Large of the United States]. Позднее законы публикуются в Своде законов США [ United States Code], который переиздается каждые 6 лет -
79 act
1) дія; акт, діяння; документ; закон; постанова (парламенту, суду)2) діяти; чинити, поводити себе; робити запис, заносити ( в акт тощо)•act aimed at the seizure of state power — дія, спрямована на захоплення державної влади
act disrupting the work of a correctional labor institution — = act disrupting the work of a correctional labour institution дія, що дезорганізує роботу виправно-трудової установи
act disrupting the work of a correctional labour institution — = act disrupting the work of a correctional labor institution
act having legally binding consequences — акт, що має юридично зобов'язуючі наслідки
act immediately intended for perpetration of a crime — дія, безпосередньо спрямована на вчинення злочину
act in accordance with instructions — = act in accordance with smb.'s instructions керуватися вказівками
act in accordance with smb.'s instructions — = act in accordance with instructions
act injurious to the public in general — суспільно-небезпечна дія, суспільно-шкідлива дія; дія, що завдає шкоди суспільству в цілому
act intended to forcibly alter the constitutional order — дія, спрямована на насильницьку зміну конституційного ладу
Act to Promote the Development of Mining Resources of the United States — закон про сприяння розвитку видобувних галузей
- act aloneact which has given rise to a breach — дія, що призвела до порушення ( зобов'язань тощо)
- act and deed
- act and intent concurred
- act as amended
- act as deputy
- act as legislature
- act as minister
- act as one's own counsel
- act as one's own lawyer
- act at one's authority
- act book
- act by authority
- act colore officii
- act complained of
- act constituting an offence
- act constituting an offense
- act covert
- act done
- act done willingly
- act endangering life
- act free from duress
- act from mercenary motives
- act illegally
- act in bad faith
- act in breach
- act in breach of law
- act in conformance
- act in excess of one's rights
- act in excess of rights
- act in furtherance of a crime
- act in good faith
- act-in-law
- act in loco parentis
- act in pais
- act in reasonable good faith
- act in self-defence
- act in self-defense
- act in the capacity
- act inapproproately
- act involving public mischief
- act justly
- act lawfully
- act legally
- act malum in se
- act malum prohibitum
- act not warranted by law
- act of accession
- act of adjournal
- act of aggression
- act of attainder
- act of auditing
- act of bankruptcy
- act of civil disobedience
- act of civil status
- act of commission
- act of condonation
- act of Congress
- act of crime
- act of criminality
- act of defence
- act of defense
- act of delinquency
- act of dominion
- act of economic sabotage
- act of force
- act of forgiveness
- act of genocide
- act of God
- act of good will
- act of governmental power
- act of grace
- act of heroism
- act of honor
- act of honour
- act of hostility
- act of indemnity
- act of insolvency
- act of intent
- act of international terrorism
- act of law
- act of legislation
- act of legislature
- act of man
- act of misfeasance
- act of mutiny
- act of national sovereignty
- act of oblivion
- act of omission
- act of outrage
- act of outright aggression
- act of pardon
- Act of Parliament
- act of passion
- act of piracy
- act of political terrorism
- act of possession
- act of preparation
- act of prince
- act of protest
- act of providence
- act of provocation
- act of public nature
- act of purchase
- act of purchase/sale
- act of reprisal
- act of resistance
- act of sabotage
- act of sale
- act of security
- act of state doctrine
- act of state
- act of subversion
- act of territorial legislature
- act of terrorism
- act of the law
- act of union
- act of use
- act of use of an invention
- act of vandalism
- act of violence
- act of wills
- act on a hunch
- act on authority
- act on behalf
- act on instructions
- act on legal grounds
- act on one's own authority
- act on petition
- act on the defensive
- act or omission
- act out a crime in detail
- act out of character
- act overt
- act pro se
- act prohibited
- act pursuant
- act pursuant to court order
- act several times amended
- act single-handed
- Act to Regulate Commerce
- act ultra vires
- act unconstitutionally
- act under order
- act under the sway of passion
- act unlawfully
- act upon charge
- act voluntarily
- act warranted by law
- act with discretion
- act with the authority of law
- act within commission
- act within one's commission
- act within the law -
80 Bigelow, Erastus Brigham
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 2 April 1814 West Boyleston, Massachusetts, USAd. 6 December 1879 USA[br]American inventor of power looms for making lace and many types of carpets.[br]Bigelow was born in West Boyleston, Massachusetts, where his father struggled as a farmer, wheelwright, and chairmaker. Before he was 20, Bigelow had many different jobs, among them farm labourer, clerk, violin player and cotton-mill employee. In 1830, he went to Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, but he could not afford to go on to Harvard. He sought work in Boston, New York and elsewhere, making various inventions.The most important of his early inventions was the power loom of 1837 for making coach lace. This loom contained all the essential features of his carpet looms, which he developed and patented two years later. He formed the Clinton Company for manufacturing carpets at Leicester, Massachusetts, but the factory became so large that its name was adopted for the town. The next twenty years saw various mechanical discoveries, while his range of looms was extended to cover Brussels, Wilton, tapestry and velvet carpets. Bigelow has been justly described as the originator of every fundamental device in these machines, which were amongst the largest textile machines of their time. The automatic insertion and withdrawal of strong wires with looped ends was the means employed to raise the looped pile of the Brussels carpets, while thinner wires with a knife blade at the end raised and then severed the loops to create the rich Wilton pile. At the Great Exhibition in 1851, it was declared that his looms made better carpets than any from hand looms. He also developed other looms for special materials.He became a noted American economist, writing two books about tariff problems, advocating that the United States should not abandon its protectionist policies. In 1860 he was narrowly defeated in a Congress election. The following year he was a member of the committee that established the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[br]Further ReadingNational Cyclopedia of American Biography III (the standard account of his life). F.H.Sawyer, 1927, Clinton Item (provides a broad background to his life).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (describes Bigelow's inventions).RLHBiographical history of technology > Bigelow, Erastus Brigham
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