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  • 41 Halske, Johann Georg

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1814 Hamburg, Germany
    d. 18 March 1890 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer who introduced precision methods into the manufacture of electrical equipment; co-founder of Siemens \& Halske.
    [br]
    Halske moved to Berlin when he was a young man, and in 1844 was working for the university, at first independently and then jointly with F. Bötticher, developing and building electric medical appliances. In 1845 he met Werner von Siemens and together they became founder members of the Berlin Physics Society. It was in Halske's workshop that Siemens, assisted by the skill of the former, was able to work out his inventions in telegraphy. In 1847 the two men entered into partnership to manufacture telegraph equipment, laying the foundations of the successful firm of Siemens \& Halske. At the outset, before Werner von Siemens gave up his army career, Halske acted as the sole manager of the firm and was also involved in testing the products. Inventions they developed included electric measuring instruments and railway signalling equipment, and they installed many telegraph lines, notably those for the Russian Government. When gutta-percha became available on the market, the two men soon developed an extrusion process for applying this new material to copper conductors. To the disappointment of Halske, who was opposed to mass production, the firm introduced series production and piece wages in 1857. The expansion of the business, particularly into submarine cable laying, caused some anxiety to Halske, who left the firm on amicable terms in 1867. He then worked for a few years developing the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin and became a town councillor.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    S. von Weihr and H.Götzeler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1983, Berlin (provides a full account).
    Neue Deutsche Biographie, 1966, Vol. 7, Berlin, pp. 572–3.
    S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Halske, Johann Georg

  • 42 Hunt, Walter

    SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour
    [br]
    b. 29 July 1796 Martinsburg, New York, USA
    d. 8 June 1859 New York, USA
    [br]
    American inventor and developer of the first repeating rifle.
    [br]
    Hunt displayed talent as an inventor at an early age. While in his late teens he designed a machine for spinning flax, and after taking out a patent on it in 1826 he went to New York in order to set up a company to manufacture it. The company failed, however, and he was forced to go into business as an estate agent in order to make a living. Nevertheless, he remained undeterred and continued to invent a wide range of objects, including an iron fire alarm for fire stations and engines (1827) and the safety pin (1849). However, either many of his ideas were before their time or he failed to market them properly: for example, in 1834 he invented a sewing machine with lockstitch, but failed to patent it and it was left to others, such as Merritt Singer, to reap the rewards. He also conceived the name "fountain pen", but again more commercially minded people, Swan, Parker and Waterman, enjoyed the benefits. His paper collar, invented in 1854, only became popular after his death. Hunt is probably best remembered in the field of firearms. In 1849 he produced the first repeating rifle, which had a tubular magazine fixed under the barrel and fired special self-propelled or "rocket" balls, for which Hunt had taken out a patent the previous year. Although this weapon never entered general manufacture, the design principles incorporated in it were later reflected in the Springfield, Winchester, Henry and Volcanic rifles, which began to appear towards the end of the following decade.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1974, Webster's American Biographies (a useful summary of Hunt's life and work).
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Hunt, Walter

  • 43 Johansson, Carl Edvard

    [br]
    b. 15 March 1864 Orebro, Sweden
    d. 30 September 1943 Eskilstuna, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish metrologist and inventor of measuring-gauge blocks.
    [br]
    Carl Edvard Johansson was first apprenticed to a shoemaker, but he soon abandoned that career. In 1882 he went to America to join his brother Arvid working at a sawmill in the summer; in winter the brothers obtained further general education at the Gustavus Adolphus College at St Peter, Minnesota. They returned to Sweden in November 1884 and in the following year Carl obtained employment with a small engineering firm which rented a workshop in the government small-arms factory at Eskilstuna. In his spare time he attended the Eskilstuna Technical College and in 1888 he was accepted as an apprentice armourer inspector. After completion of his apprenticeship he was appointed an armourer inspector, and it was in his work of inspection that he realized that the large number of gauges then required could be reduced if several accurate gauges could be used in combination. This was in 1896, and the first set of gauges was made for use in the rifle factory. With these, any dimension between 1 mm and 201 mm could be made up to the nearest 0.01 mm, the gauges having flat polished surfaces that would adhere together by "wringing". Johansson obtained patents for the system from 1901, but it was not until c.1907 that the sets of gauges were marketed generally. Gauges were made in inch units for Britain and America—slightly different as the standards were not then identical. Johansson formed his own company to manufacture the gauges in 1910, but he did not give up his post in the rifle factory until 1914. By the 1920s Johansson gauges were established as the engineering dimensional standards for the whole world; the company also made other precision measuring instruments such as micrometers and extensometers. A new company, C.E.Johansson Inc., was set up in America for manufacture and sales, and the gauges were extensively used in the American automobile industry. Henry Ford took a special interest and Johansson spent several years in a post with the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, until he returned to Sweden in 1936.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Doctorates, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter and Wayne University, Detroit. Swedish Engineering Society John Ericsson Gold Medal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, pp. 54–66 (a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Johansson, Carl Edvard

  • 44 Maudslay, Henry

    [br]
    b. 22 August 1771 Woolwich, Kent, England
    d. 15 February 1831 Lambeth, London, England
    [br]
    English precision toolmaker and engineer.
    [br]
    Henry Maudslay was the third son of an ex-soldier and storekeeper at Woolwich Arsenal. At the age of 12 he was employed at the Arsenal filling cartridges; two years later he was transferred to the woodworking department, adjacent to the smithy, to which he moved when 15 years old. He was a rapid learner, and three years later Joseph Bramah took him on for the construction of special tools required for the mass-production of his locks. Maudslay was thus employed for the next eight years. He became Bramah's foreman, married his housekeeper, Sarah Tindale, and, unable to better himself, decided to leave and set up on his own. He soon outgrew his first premises in Wells Street and moved to Margaret Street, off Oxford Street, where some examples of his workmanship were displayed in the window. These caught the attention of a visiting Frenchman, de Bacquancourt; he was a friend of Marc Isambard Brunel, who was then in the early stages of designing the block-making machinery later installed at Portsmouth dockyard.
    Brunel wanted first a set of working models, as he did not think that the Lords of the Admiralty would be capable of understanding engineering drawings; Maudslay made these for him within the next two years. Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector-General of Naval Works, agreed that Brunel's system was superior to the one that he had gone some way in developing; the Admiralty approved, and an order was placed for the complete plant. The manufacture of the machinery occupied Maudslay for the next six years; he was assisted by a draughtsman whom he took on from Portsmouth dockyard, Joshua Field (1786–1863), who became his partner in Maudslay, Son and Field. There were as many as eighty employees at Margaret Street until, in 1810, larger premises became necessary and a new works was built at Lambeth Marsh where, eventually, there were up to two hundred workers. The new factory was flanked by two houses, one of which was occupied by Maudslay, the other by Field. The firm became noted for its production of marine steam-engines, notably Maudslay's table engine which was first introduced in 1807.
    Maudslay was a consummate craftsman who was never happier than when working at his bench or at a machine tool; he was also one of the first engineers to appreciate the virtues of standardization. Evidence of this appreciation is to be found in his work in the development of the Bramah lock and then on the machine tools for the manufacture of ship's blocks to Marc Brunel's designs; possibly his most important contribution was the invention in 1797 of the metal lathe. He made a number of surface plates of the finest quality. The most celebrated of his numerous measuring devices was a micrometer-based machine which he termed his "Lord Chancellor" because, in the machine shop, it represented the "final court of appeal", measuring to one-thousandth of an inch.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1934–5, "Maudslay, Sons \& Field as general engineers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 15, London.
    1963, Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers. L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London: Batsford.
    W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Maudslay, Henry

  • 45 Momma (Mumma), Jacob

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. early seventeenth century Germany
    d. 1679 England
    [br]
    German (naturalized English) immigrant skilled in the manufacture and production of brass, who also mined and smelted copper.
    [br]
    The protestant Momma family were well known in Aachen, the seventeenth-century centre of German brass production. Subjected to religious pressures, some members of the family moved to nearby Stolberg, while others migrated to Sweden, starting brass manufacture there. Jacob travelled to England, establishing brassworks with two German partners at Esher in Surrey in 1649; theirs was the only such works in England to survive for more than a few years during the seventeenth century.
    Jacob, naturalized English by 1660, is often referred to in England as Mummer or another variant of his name. He became respected, serving as a juror, and was appointed a constable in 1661. During the 1660s Momma was engaged in mining copper at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire, where he was credited with introducing gunpowder to English mining technology. He smelted his ore at works nearby in an effort to secure copper supplies, but the whole project was brief and unprofitable.
    The alternative imported copper required for his brass came mainly from Sweden, its high cost proving a barrier to viable English brass production. In 1662 Momma petitioned Parliament for some form of assistance. A year later he pleaded further for higher tariffs against brass-wire imports as protection from the price manipulation of Swedish exporters. He sought support from the Society of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly (see Dockwra, William) claiming jurisdiction over the country's working of brass, but neither petition succeeded. Despite these problems with the high cost of copper supplies in England, Momma continued his business and is recorded as still paying hearth tax on his twenty brass furnaces up to 1664. Although these were abandoned before his death and he claimed to have lost £6,000 on his brassworks, his wire mills survived him for a few years under the management of his son.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Morton, 1985, The rise of the modern copper and brass industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished thesis: University of Birmingham, 16–25.
    J.Day, 1984, "The continental origins of Bristol Brass", Industrial Archaeology Review 8/1: 32–56.
    John Robey, 1969, "Ecton copper mines in the seventeenth century", Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historic Society 4(2):145–55 (the most comprehensive published account).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Momma (Mumma), Jacob

  • 46 Muspratt, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 12 August 1793 Dublin, Ireland
    d. 4 May 1886 Seaforth Hall, near Liverpool, England
    [br]
    British industrial chemist.
    [br]
    Educated in Dublin, Muspratt was apprenticed at the age of 14 to a wholesale chemist and druggist, with whom he remained for three or four years. Muspratt then went in search of the Napoleonic War and found it first in Spain and finally as Second Officer on a naval vessel. Finding the life unpleasantly harsh, he left his ship off Swansea and returned to Dublin around 1814. Soon afterwards, he received an inheritance, much reduced and delayed by litigation in Chancery. He began manufacturing chemicals in a small way and from 1818 set up as a manufacturer of prussiate of potash. In 1823, Muspratt took advantage of the removal of the salt tax to establish the first plant in England for the largescale manufacture of soda by the Leblanc process. His first soda works was on the outskirts of Liverpool, but when this proved inadequate, he established a larger factory at St Helens, Lancashire, where the raw materials lay close at hand. This district has remained an important centre of the British chemical industry ever since. Although the plant was successful commercially, there were environmental problems. The equipment for condensing the hydrochloric acid gas produced were inadequate and this caused extensive damage to local vegetation, so that Muspratt had to contend with legal action lasting from 1832 to 1850. Eventually Muspratt moved his alkali manufacture to Widnes, which also became a great centre for the chemical industry.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1886, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 5:314. J.F.Allen, 1890, Memoir of James Muspratt, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Muspratt, James

  • 47 Root, Elisha King

    [br]
    b. 10 May 1808 Ludlow, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 31 August 1865 Hartford, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.
    In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.
    When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Root's work at the Colt Armory).
    Paul Uselding, 1974, "Elisha K.Root, Forging, and the “American System”", "Elisha K.Root, forging, and the “American System”", Technology and Culture 15:543–68 (provides further biographical details, his work with the Collins Company and a list of his patents).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Root, Elisha King

  • 48 Singer, Isaac Merritt

    [br]
    b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USA
    d. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England
    [br]
    American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.
    [br]
    The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.
    Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.
    However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.
    Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)
    Further Reading
    Biographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
    D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. The
    Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Singer, Isaac Merritt

  • 49 routine test

    1. типовые или штатные испытания
    2. текущие испытания
    3. приемо-сдаточные испытания НКУ
    4. приемо-сдаточные испытания
    5. плановая проверка
    6. периодическое испытание
    7. контрольные испытания
    8. контрольное испытание

     

    контрольное испытание
    Испытания, которому подвергается каждый отдельный аппарат во время и/или после его изготовления, чтобы удостовериться, соответствует ли он определенным критериям.
    МЭК 60050(151-04-16).
    [ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

    EN

    routine test
    routine test
    test to which each individual device is subjected during and/or after manufacture to ascertain whether it complies with certain criteria
    [IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

    FR

    essai individuel de série, m
    <>essai auquel est soumis chaque dispositif en cours et/ou en fin de fabrication pour vérifier qu'il satisfait à des critères définis
    [IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

    FR

    • essai individuel de série, m

     

    плановая проверка
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    приемо-сдаточные испытания НКУ
    -
    [Интент]

    8.1.2 Приемо-сдаточные испытания (8.3)
    Приемо-сдаточные испытания предназначены для обнаружения возможных дефектов, допущенных при изготовлении НКУ. Их проводят на каждом НКУ после его сборки или на каждой транспортной секции. Повторные испытания на месте монтажа не проводят.
    Если типовые блоки изготавливаются одним предприятием и предназначаются исключительно для изготовителя, осуществляющего сборку НКУ в целом, то приемосдаточные испытания должен проводить изготовитель НКУ.

    Приемо-сдаточные испытания включают в себя:
    a) осмотр НКУ, включая проверку монтажа, и, в случае необходимости, испытание на работоспособность (8.3.1);
    b) диэлектрические испытания (8.3.2);
    c) проверку средств защиты и электрической непрерывности цепи защиты (8.3.3).
    Эти испытания могут проводиться в любом порядке.
    Примечание — Проведение приемо-сдаточных испытаний изготовителем НКУ не освобождает организацию, осуществляющую его установку, от необходимости проведения испытания НКУ после транспортирования и установки.

    8.1.3 Испытания аппаратов и отдельных комплектующих, встроенных в НКУ
    Типовые и приемо-сдаточные испытания не проводят для аппаратов или отдельных комплектующих, встроенных в НКУ, если их выбор проводился в соответствии с требованиями 7.6.1, а монтаж осуществлялся согласно инструкциям изготовителя.

    [ ГОСТ 22789-94( МЭК 439-1-85)]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    In addition to type tests the Standard requires also some routine tests.

    These tests are carried out on each manufactured item to ascertain the lack of rough defects due to materials or assembling.

    These are non destructive tests and can be carried out in the manufacturer’s factory for switchgear and controlgear supplied already wired or at the installation site after assembling.

    The routine tests prescribed by the Standard IEC 60439-1 are:
    • visual inspection of the assembly, including inspection of wiring
    • electrical operation test
    • verification of insulation resistance
    • checking of the protective measures and of the electrical continuity of the protective circuits.
    [ABB]

    В дополнение к типовым испытаниям стандарт требует проведения приемосдаточных испытаний.

    Таким испытаниям подвергают каждое изготовленное НКУ для обнаружения возможных дефектов, допущенных при изготовлении.

    Эти испытания являются неразрушающими и могут выполняться как на предприятии-изготовителе комплектных устройств (подготовленных к поставке НКУ с выполненным электромонтажом), так и на месте эксплуатации после их сборки.

    В перечень приемосдаточных испытаний, проводимых на НКУ в соответствии со стандартом МЭК 60439-13, входят следующие проверки и испытания:
    • осмотр НКУ, включая проверку электромонтажа;
    • проверка электрической работоспособности
    • проверка сопротивления изоляции;
    • проверка средств защиты и электрической непрерывности цепи защиты.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    EN

     

    текущие испытания
    -
    [IEV number 151-16-17]

    EN

    routine test
    conformity test made on each individual item during or after manufacture
    Source: 411-53-02 MOD
    [IEV number 151-16-17]

    FR

    essai individuel de série, m
    essai de conformité effectué sur chaque entité en cours ou en fin de fabrication
    Source: 411-53-02 MOD
    [IEV number 151-16-17]IEV

    Текущие испытания

    Текущие испытания проводит изготовитель на каждом приборе с целью выявления изменений в продукции, которые могут снизить уровень безопасности. Их обычно проводят на укомплектованном приборе после сборки, однако изготовитель может проводить эти испытания на соответствующей стадии производственного процесса при условии, что последующие производственные процессы не повлияют на результаты испытания.

    Примечание - Комплектующие изделия не подвергают этим испытаниям, если они подвергались текущим испытаниям ранее во время их изготовления.

    Изготовитель может использовать различные методы проведения текущих испытаний при условии, что уровень безопасности при этом эквивалентен уровню, который обеспечивается испытаниями по настоящему приложению.

    Эти испытания составляют минимум, который считают необходимым для того, чтобы были учтены все важные аспекты безопасности. Вопрос о необходимости проведения дополнительных текущих испытаний решает изготовитель. Он может быть решен с учетом инженерных соображений, согласно которым некоторые из испытаний могут являться бесполезными и несоответствующими, поэтому нет необходимости их проводить.

    Если изделие не выдерживает какое-либо из испытаний, его подвергают повторному испытанию после переработки конструкции или регулировки.

    [ ГОСТ Р 52161. 1-2004 ( МЭК 60335-1: 2001)]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    типовые или штатные испытания
    —
    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

    3.29 приемо-сдаточные испытания (routine test): Испытания, которым подвергают отдельное устройство в течение и/или после изготовления, с целью установления соответствия устройства определенному критерию.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 51322.1-2011: Соединители электрические штепсельные бытового и аналогичного назначения. Часть 1. Общие требования и методы испытаний оригинал документа

    3.19 приемо-сдаточные испытания (routine test): Испытания, которым подвергается каждое отдельное устройство (оборудование) во время изготовления или после него, с тем чтобы убедиться, что оно соответствует определенным критериям (Международный электротехнический словарь 151-04-16, измененная редакция) [1].

    Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60079-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Часть 2. Оборудование с защитой вида заполнение или продувка оболочки под избыточным давлением "р" оригинал документа

    3.24 контрольные испытания (routine test): Испытания, которым подвергают каждое устройство во время или после изготовления. [Международный электротехнический словарь 151-16-17].

    Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60079-30-1-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Резистивный распределенный электронагреватель. Часть 30-1. Общие технические требования и методы испытаний оригинал документа

    1.2.13.3 периодическое испытание (routine test): Испытание, которому подвергают каждое отдельное устройство в процессе изготовления или после него с целью проверить соответствие требованиям настоящего стандарта или определенным критериям.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60950-1-2009: Оборудование информационных технологий. Требования безопасности. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа

    1.2.13.3 периодическое испытание (routine test): Испытание, которому подвергают каждое отдельное устройство в процессе изготовления или после него с целью проверить соответствие требованиям настоящего стандарта или определенным критериям.

    [МЭС 151-04-16, модифицировано]

    Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60950-1-2005: Оборудование информационных технологий. Требования безопасности. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа

    3.7.2 приемо-сдаточные испытания (routine test): Испытание, которому подвергается каждый образец АВДТ в течение или после изготовления с целью установления его соответствия определенным критериям.

    [МЭК 60050 (426-53-02), модифицированный]

    Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60755-2012: Общие требования к защитным устройствам, управляемым дифференциальным (остаточным) током оригинал документа

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > routine test

  • 50 Donkin, Bryan I

    [br]
    b. 22 March 1768 Sandoe, Northumberland, England
    d. 27 February 1855 London, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    It was intended that Bryan Donkin should follow his father's profession of surveyor and land agent, so he spent a year or so in that occupation before he was apprenticed to John Hall, millwright of Dartford, Kent. Donkin remained with the firm after completing his apprenticeship, and when the Fourdrinier brothers in 1802 introduced from France an invention for making paper in continuous lengths they turned to John Hall for help in developing the machine: Donkin was chosen to undertake the work. In 1803 the Fourdriniers established their own works in Bermondsey, with Bryan Donkin in charge. By 1808 Donkin had acquired the works, but he continued to manufacture paper-making machines, paying a royalty to the patentees. He also undertook other engineering work including water-wheels for driving paper and other mills. He was also involved in the development of printing machinery and the preservation of food in airtight containers. Some of these improvements were patented, and he also obtained patents relating to gearing, steel pens, paper-making and railway wheels. Other inventions of Bryan Donkin that were not patented concerned revolution counters and improvements in accurate screw threads for use in graduating mathematical scales. Donkin was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1803 and was later Chairman of the Society's Committee of Mechanics and a Vice-President of the society. He was also a member of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1818 a group of eight young men founded the Institution of Civil Engineers; two of them were apprentices of Bryan Donkin and he encouraged their enterprise. After a change in the rules permitted the election of members over the age of 35, he himself became a member in 1821. He served on the Council and became a Vice- President, but he resigned from the Institution in 1848.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1838. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1826–32, 1835–45. Member, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1835; President 1843. Society of Arts Gold Medal 1810, 1819.
    Further Reading
    S.B.Donkin, 1949–51, "Bryan Donkin, FRS, MICE 1768–1855", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27:85–95.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Donkin, Bryan I

  • 51 cloth

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] a piece of cloth
    [Swahili Word] tambara
    [Swahili Plural] matambara
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] a piece of cloth (cotton)
    [Swahili Word] tambaa
    [Swahili Plural] matambaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] bleached cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] chagernati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] Ind.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] blue and white checked cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] kunguru
    [Swahili Plural] makunguru
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] bolt of cloth
    [Swahili Word] bandia
    [Swahili Plural] bandia
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [English Example] doll
    [Swahili Example] mtoto wa cloth
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] bolt of cloth
    [Swahili Word] mdala
    [Swahili Plural] midala
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Dialect] dialectical
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth
    [English Plural] cloths
    [Swahili Word] kitambaa
    [Swahili Plural] vitambaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] -tambaa, utambaa
    [English Example] he brought out a long skinny thing that was wrapped in a white cloth
    [Swahili Example] anatoa kitu chembamba kirefu kilichoviringishwa kitambaa cheupe [Muk]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth
    [English Plural] cloths
    [Swahili Word] mfumo
    [Swahili Plural] mifumo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] -fuma
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth
    [Swahili Word] nguo
    [Swahili Plural] nguo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Example] beddings
    [Swahili Example] nguo za kitanda
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth
    [Swahili Word] utambaa
    [Swahili Plural] tambaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (double-stitched or double in width)
    [English Plural] cloths
    [Swahili Word] maradufu
    [Swahili Plural] maradufu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    [Related Words] -rudufu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (heavy printed cotton wrap)
    [Swahili Word] kitenge
    [Swahili Plural] vitenge
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] beresati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] Ind.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] satini
    [Swahili Plural] satini
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (piece of)
    [English Plural] cloths
    [Swahili Word] kibacha
    [Swahili Plural] vibacha
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (spread on bed on wedding night to prove virginity)
    [Swahili Word] kisarawanda
    [Swahili Plural] visarawanda
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (worn by women to support breasts)
    [Swahili Word] kanchiri
    [Swahili Plural] kanchiri
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth (worn soft and threadbare)
    [Swahili Word] kichepe
    [Swahili Plural] vichepe
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Swahili Example] vichepe vya vitambaa
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth for covering a bier
    [Swahili Word] deuli
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] lnd.?
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth generally worn by women over the head or wrapped around the chest or waist and sometimes worn by men around the waist in hot weather.
    [Swahili Word] khanga
    [Swahili Plural] khanga
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Swahili Example] hana khanga hata moja [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth of gold
    [Swahili Word] kasabu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth variety of a light brownish yellow color
    [Swahili Word] birigiji
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [Derived Language] French
    [Derived Word] Belgique
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth worn after circumcision to protect the wound
    [Swahili Word] alfala
    [Swahili Plural] alfala
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth worn by women around head
    [Swahili Word] ukaya
    [Swahili Plural] kaya
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth worn by women round the body (esp. after childbirth)
    [Swahili Word] mkaja
    [Swahili Plural] mikaja
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Swahili Example] kila mtu mkaja tumboni [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cloth worn by women to support the breasts
    [Swahili Word] kanchiri
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Swahili Example] (=sidiria)
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] cotton cloth worn by women
    [English Plural] cotton cloths
    [Swahili Word] kanga
    [Swahili Plural] kanga
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Example] she doesn't have even one cotton wrapper
    [Swahili Example] hana khanga hata moja [Moh]
    [Note] see http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga.html Kanga Writings for more information
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] dark blue cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] kaniki
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] fine Madagascar cloth made of woven grass with stripes
    [Swahili Word] ramba
    [Swahili Plural] ramba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Note] derived from Malagasy: lamba
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] gold cloth
    [Swahili Word] kasabu
    [Swahili Plural] kasabu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] inferior kind of unbleached cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] gamti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] Ind.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kaki (kind of cloth)
    [Swahili Word] kaki
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] (Persian)
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of cloth used for weddings and as a partition screen
    [Swahili Word] kisutu
    [Swahili Plural] visutu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of woollen cloth
    [Swahili Word] mansuli
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] light-brown cotton cloth (for making kanzu)
    [Swahili Word] hudhurungi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] lining (of clothing)
    [Swahili Word] bitana
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] multicolored woven fabric
    [Swahili Word] barasati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] Ind.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] piece of cloth around the loins or breasts
    [English Plural] pieces of cloth
    [Swahili Word] kidemu
    [Swahili Plural] videmu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] printed cotton cloth
    [English Plural] printed cloths
    [Swahili Word] shiti
    [Swahili Plural] mashiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rough unbleached cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] amerikani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] also: merekani, mrekani
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rough unbleached cotton sheeting cloth
    [Swahili Word] amerekani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] Engl.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rough unbleached cotton sheeting cloth
    [Swahili Word] merkani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] Engl.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] rough unbleached cotton sheeting cloth
    [Swahili Word] mrekani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] Engl.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] silk cloth
    [Swahili Word] atlasi
    [Swahili Plural] atlasi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [English Example] satin
    [Swahili Example] nguo ya cloth
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] small piece of cloth
    [Swahili Word] kinguo
    [Swahili Plural] vinguo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] nguo N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] striped cloth made of finely plaited grass
    [Swahili Word] ramba
    [Swahili Plural] ramba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Note] derived from Malagasy: lamba
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thin bleached cloth used for lining clothes
    [Swahili Word] bafta
    [Swahili Plural] bafta
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] also: bafuta
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thin bleached cloth used for lining clothes
    [Swahili Word] bafuta
    [Swahili Plural] bafuta
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Note] also: bafta
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thin fabric
    [Swahili Word] bitana
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] unbleached cotton cloth
    [Swahili Word] mrekani
    [Swahili Plural] mirekani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] engl
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] unbleached cotton cloth of European manufacture
    [Swahili Word] ulayiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > cloth

  • 52 press

    I 1. noun
    1) (newspapers etc.) Presse, die; attrib. Presse-; der Presse nachgestellt

    get/have a good/bad press — (fig.) eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen/haben

    2) see academic.ru/58005/printing_press">printing press
    3) (printing house) Druckerei, die

    at or in [the] press — im Druck

    send to [the] press — in Druck geben

    go to [the] press — in Druck gehen

    4) (publishing firm) Verlag, der
    5) (for flattening, compressing, etc.) Presse, die; (for sports racket) Spanner, der
    6) (crowd) Menge, die
    7) (pressing) Druck, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) drücken; pressen; drücken auf (+ Akk.) [Klingel, Knopf]; treten auf (+ Akk.) [Gas-, Brems-, Kupplungspedal usw.]
    2) (urge) drängen [Person]; (force) aufdrängen ([up]on Dat.); (insist on) nachdrücklich vorbringen [Forderung, Argument, Vorschlag]

    he did not press the point — er ließ die Sache auf sich beruhen

    3) (compress) pressen; auspressen [Orangen, Saft]; keltern [Trauben, Äpfel]
    4) (iron) bügeln
    5)

    be pressed for space/time/money — (have barely enough) zu wenig Platz/Zeit/Geld haben

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (exert pressure) drücken
    2) (be urgent) drängen

    time/something presses — die Zeit drängt/etwas eilt od. ist dringend

    3) (make demand)

    press for something — auf etwas (Akk.) drängen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    II transitive verb

    press into service/use — in Dienst nehmen; einsetzen

    * * *
    [pres] 1. verb
    1) (to use a pushing motion (against): Press the bell twice!; The children pressed close to their mother.) drücken
    2) (to squeeze; to flatten: The grapes are pressed to extract the juice.) pressen
    3) (to urge or hurry: He pressed her to enter the competition.) drängen
    4) (to insist on: The printers are pressing their claim for higher pay.) nachdrücklich bestehen auf
    5) (to iron: Your trousers need to be pressed.) plätten
    2. noun
    1) (an act of pressing: He gave her hand a press; You had better give your shirt a press.) der Druck
    2) ((also printing-press) a printing machine.) die Presse
    3) (newspapers in general: It was reported in the press; ( also adjective) a press photographer.) die Presse; Presse-...
    4) (the people who work on newspapers and magazines; journalists: The press is/are always interested in the private lives of famous people.) die Presse
    5) (a device or machine for pressing: a wine-press; a flower-press.) die Presse
    •
    - pressing
    - press conference
    - press-cutting
    - be hard pressed
    - be pressed for
    - press for
    - press forward/on
    * * *
    [pres]
    I. n
    <pl -es>
    1. (push) Druck m
    at the \press of a button auf Knopfdruck
    to give sth a \press [auf] etw akk drücken
    2. (ironing) Bügeln nt kein pl, SCHWEIZ a. Glätten nt kein pl
    to give sth a \press etw bügeln
    3. (instrument) Presse f
    garlic \press Knoblauchpresse f
    trouser \press Hosenpresse f
    wine \press Weinpresse f, Kelter f
    ▪ the \press + sing/pl vb die Presse
    the story has been all over the \press die Geschichte wurde in allen Zeitungen gebracht
    freedom of the \press Pressefreiheit f
    to be in [or AM on] \press im Druck sein
    to go to \press newspaper, book in Druck gehen; editorial staff Redaktionsschluss haben
    to hold the \press[es] den Druck verzögern
    to inform the \press [about sth] [mit etw dat] an die Presse [o ÖSTERR a. in die Medien] gehen
    to leak sth to the \press etw der Presse zuspielen
    in the \press in der Presse
    5. (publicity) Presse f
    to have a bad/good \press eine schlechte/gute Presse bekommen, schlechte/gute Kritiken bekommen
    6. (publishing house) Verlag m, Verlagshaus nt
    II. vt
    ▪ to \press sth [auf] etw akk drücken
    to speak to an operator, \press ‘0’ now um mit der Vermittlung zu sprechen, wählen Sie jetzt die ‚0‘
    Sammy \pressed his nose against the windowpane Sammy drückte die Nase gegen die Fensterscheibe
    to \press a bell/button/switch auf eine Klingel/einen Knopf/einen Schalter drücken
    to \press on the brake pedal auf das Bremspedal treten [o fam steigen]
    ▪ to \press sth ⇆ down etw herunterdrücken
    ▪ to \press sth into sth etw in etw akk hineindrücken
    2. (flatten)
    ▪ to \press sth etw zusammendrücken
    to \press flowers Blumen pressen
    3. (extract juice from)
    ▪ to \press sth etw auspressen
    to \press grapes Weintrauben keltern
    ▪ to \press sth etw bügeln [o SCHWEIZ glätten] [o NORDD a. plätten
    ▪ to \press sth CD, record etw pressen
    6. ( fig: urge, impel)
    ▪ to \press sb jdn bedrängen [o unter Druck setzen]
    ▪ to \press sb to do sth jdn bedrängen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to \press sb for sth jdn zu etw dat drängen, jdn dazu drängen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to \press sb on sb/sth jdn über jdn/zu etw dat befragen
    they are \pressing demands on the country's leaders sie versuchen massiv, ihre Forderungen bei den führenden Vertretern des Landes durchzusetzen
    ▪ to \press sb/sth into sth jdn/etw zu etw dat bringen [o zwingen]; of person also jdn zu etw dat nötigen
    to \press sb for an answer/a decision jdn zu einer Antwort/Entscheidung drängen
    to \press sb into a role jdn in eine Rolle hineindrängen
    to \press sb into service jdn [gezwungenermaßen] in Dienst nehmen, jdn einspannen fam
    to \press sb/sth into service [as sth] jdn/etw [als etw] einsetzen [o fam einspannen
    7. (forcefully promote)
    ▪ to \press sth etw forcieren
    to \press one's case seine Sache durchsetzen wollen
    to \press one's claim auf seiner Forderung beharren
    to \press one's point beharrlich seinen Standpunkt vertreten, auf seinem Standpunkt herumreiten fam
    8. (insist on giving)
    ▪ to \press sth [up]on sb gift, offer jdm etw aufdrängen
    9. usu passive (face difficulty)
    ▪ to be \pressed unter Druck stehen
    they'll be hard \pressed to complete the assignment wenn sie den Auftrag ausführen wollen, müssen sie sich aber ranhalten
    10. LAW (bring)
    to \press charges Anklage erheben ( against gegen + akk)
    11.
    ▶ to \press home ⇆ sth etw durchzusetzen versuchen
    ▶ to \press home one's advantage seinen Vorteil ausnutzen
    III. vi
    1. (push) drücken
    \press down firmly on the lever drücken Sie fest auf den Hebel
    stop \pressing! you'll all get your turn hört auf zu drängeln! es kommen alle an die Reihe
    to \press against a door sich akk gegen eine Tür stemmen
    to \press hard fest drücken
    2. (be urgent) drängen, dringlich sein geh
    time is \pressing die Zeit drängt
    * * *
    [pres]
    1. n
    1) (= machine trouser press, flower press) Presse f; (= racket press) Spanner m
    2) (TYP) (Drucker)presse f; (= publishing firm) Verlag m
    3) (= newspapers, journalists) Presse f

    the daily/sporting press — die Tages-/Sportpresse

    to get a good/bad press — eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen

    4) (= squeeze, push) Druck m
    5) (dial US = cupboard) Wandschrank m
    6) (= crush) Gedränge nt
    7) (WEIGHTLIFTING) Drücken nt
    2. vt
    1) (= push, squeeze) drücken (to an +acc); button, doorbell, knob, brake pedal drücken auf (+acc); clutch, piano pedal treten; grapes, fruit (aus)pressen; flowers pressen
    2) (= iron) clothes bügeln
    3) (= urge, persuade) drängen; (= harass, importune) bedrängen, unter Druck setzen; (= insist on) claim, argument bestehen auf (+dat)

    to press sb hard — jdm ( hart) zusetzen

    he didn't need much pressing — man brauchte ihn nicht lange zu drängen

    to press home an advantage — einen Vorteil ausnutzen, sich (dat) einen Vorteil zunutze or zu Nutze machen

    to press money/one's views on sb — jdm Geld/seine Ansichten aufdrängen

    to be pressed for time — unter Zeitdruck stehen, in Zeitnot sein

    to press sb/sth into service — jdn/etw einspannen

    4) machine part, record etc pressen

    pressed steel — gepresster Stahl, Pressstahl m

    3. vi
    1) (lit, fig: bear down, exert pressure) drücken
    2) (= urge, agitate) drängen

    to press for sth — auf etw (acc) drängen

    3) (= move, push) sich drängen

    to press ahead or forward ( with sth) (fig) — (mit etw) weitermachen; (with plans) etw weiterführen

    * * *
    press [pres]
    A v/t
    1. (zusammen)pressen, (-)drücken:
    press sb’s hand jemandem die Hand drücken;
    press one’s nose against the window die Nase gegen die Scheibe pressen oder an die Scheibe quetschen; → flesh A 1
    2. drücken auf (akk):
    press the button (auf) den Knopf drücken
    3. niederdrücken, drücken auf (akk)
    4. Saft, eine Frucht etc (aus)pressen, (-)quetschen
    6. Kleider plätten, bügeln
    7. (zusammen-, vorwärts-, weg- etc) drängen, (-)treiben:
    press on weiterdrängen, -treiben
    8. MIL (hart) bedrängen
    9. jemanden bedrängen:
    a) in die Enge treiben, Druck ausüben auf (akk):
    press sb for money von jemandem Geld erpressen
    b) jemanden bestürmen, jemandem zusetzen:
    press sb for sth jemanden dringend um etwas bitten;
    be pressed for money in Geldverlegenheit sein;
    be pressed for time unter Zeitdruck stehen, es eilig haben; → hard B 2
    10. jemanden, ein Tier antreiben, hetzen
    11. SCHIFF, MIL, HIST zwangsausheben, zum Kriegsdienst pressen, Matrosen auch schanghaien
    12. press sth (up)on sb jemandem etwas aufdrängen oder -nötigen
    13. Nachdruck legen auf (akk):
    press one’s point auf seiner Forderung oder Meinung nachdrücklich bestehen;
    a) eine Forderung etc durchsetzen,
    b) einen Angriff energisch durchführen,
    c) einen Vorteil ausnutzen; → charge C 9
    B v/i
    1. a) pressen, drücken
    b) fig Druck ausüben
    2. plätten, bügeln
    3. drängen:
    time presses die Zeit drängt
    4. (for) dringen oder drängen (auf akk), fordern (akk):
    press for the equalizer SPORT auf den Ausgleich drängen;
    press for sb to do sth jemanden drängen, etwas zu tun; darauf drängen, dass jemand etwas tut
    5. (sich) drängen (to zu, nach):
    press forward (sich) vordrängen;
    press in (up)on sb
    a) auf jemanden eindringen,
    b) fig auf jemanden enstürmen (Probleme etc);
    press on vorwärtsdrängen, weitereilen;
    press ahead ( oder forward, on) fig weitermachen ( with mit)
    C s
    1. TECH (auch Frucht- etc) Presse f
    2. TYPO (Drucker)Presse f
    3. TYPO
    a) Druckerei(raum) f(m)
    b) Druckerei (-anstalt) f
    c) Druckerei(wesen) f(n)
    d) Druck m, Drucken n:
    correct the press Korrektur lesen;
    go to (the) press in Druck gehen, gedruckt werden;
    send to (the) press in Druck geben;
    in the press im Druck (befindlich);
    ready for the press druckfertig
    4. the press die Presse (das Zeitungswesen, a. koll die Zeitungen od die Presseleute)
    5. Presse(kommentar) f(m), -kritik f:
    have a good (bad) press eine gute (schlechte) Presse haben
    6. Spanner m (für Skier oder Tennisschläger)
    7. (Bücher-, Kleider-, besonders Wäsche) Schrank m
    8. a) Drücken n, Pressen n
    b) Plätten n, Bügeln n:
    give sth a press etwas drücken oder pressen oder bügeln;
    at the press of a button auf Knopfdruck
    9. Andrang m, Gedränge n, Menschenmenge f
    10. fig
    a) Druck m, Hast f
    b) Dringlichkeit f, Drang m (der Geschäfte)
    11. press of sail, press of canvas SCHIFF
    a) (Segel)Press m (Druck sämtlicher gesetzter Segel)
    b) Prangen n (Beisetzen sämtlicher Segel):
    carry a press of sail Segel pressen;
    under a press of canvas mit vollen Segeln
    12. SCHIFF, MIL, HIST Zwangsaushebung f
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (newspapers etc.) Presse, die; attrib. Presse-; der Presse nachgestellt

    get/have a good/bad press — (fig.) eine gute/schlechte Presse bekommen/haben

    3) (printing house) Druckerei, die

    at or in [the] press — im Druck

    send to [the] press — in Druck geben

    go to [the] press — in Druck gehen

    4) (publishing firm) Verlag, der
    5) (for flattening, compressing, etc.) Presse, die; (for sports racket) Spanner, der
    6) (crowd) Menge, die
    7) (pressing) Druck, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) drücken; pressen; drücken auf (+ Akk.) [Klingel, Knopf]; treten auf (+ Akk.) [Gas-, Brems-, Kupplungspedal usw.]
    2) (urge) drängen [Person]; (force) aufdrängen ([up]on Dat.); (insist on) nachdrücklich vorbringen [Forderung, Argument, Vorschlag]
    3) (compress) pressen; auspressen [Orangen, Saft]; keltern [Trauben, Äpfel]
    4) (iron) bügeln
    5)

    be pressed for space/time/money — (have barely enough) zu wenig Platz/Zeit/Geld haben

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (exert pressure) drücken
    2) (be urgent) drängen

    time/something presses — die Zeit drängt/etwas eilt od. ist dringend

    press for something — auf etwas (Akk.) drängen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    II transitive verb

    press into service/use — in Dienst nehmen; einsetzen

    * * *
    n.
    (§ pl.: presses)
    = Presse -n (Maschine) f.
    Presse (Zeitung) f. (someone) close to one's heart expr.
    jemanden ans Herz drücken ausdr. v.
    Druck ausüben ausdr.
    bügeln v.
    drängen v.
    drücken v.
    plätten v.
    pressen v.

    English-german dictionary > press

  • 53 Slipe Wool

    The wool obtained from the skins of slaughtered sheep by treatment with lime. Through contact with the lime, which penetrates the fibre, wool treated by this means is harsh in handle and grey and dull in colour, while the operation of washing is made much more difficult and expensive. Lime is only sparingly soluble in water, it loosens the fibre quite well, but it also dissolves substance and leaves the wool drier and less elastic. The lime also combines with the internal yolk, forming a lime soap which is exceedingly difficult to get rid of. Besides this the " slipe " usually contains free lime in the form of small pellets embedded in the staple. Some wools are put on the market containing 8 per cent of free lime, while the combined lime may amount to 2 per cent of the weight of the wool, depending on the strength of the solution and the duration of the immersion. Every pound of free lime destroys 15-lb. of soap. "Slipe" wool is largely employed in crossbred top-making for serges and hosiery of medium-class types. Low qualities are also employed in the manufacture of cheap hosiery, carpets, woollen suitings, blankets, flannels, and rugs.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Slipe Wool

  • 54 Bell, Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1767 Torphichen Mill, near Linlithgow, Scotland
    d. 1830 Helensburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish projector of the first steamboat service in Europe.
    [br]
    The son of Patrick Bell, a millwright, Henry had two sisters and an elder brother and was educated at the village school. When he was 9 years old Henry was sent to lodge in Falkirk with an uncle and aunt of his mother's so that he could attend the school there. At the age of 12 he left school and agreed to become a mason with a relative. In 1783, after only three years, he was bound apprentice to his Uncle Henry, a millwright at Jay Mill. He stayed there for a further three years and then, in 1786, joined the firm of Shaw \& Hart, shipbuilders of Borrowstoneness. These were to be the builders of William Symington's hull for the Charlotte Dundas. He also spent twelve months with Mr James Inglis, an engineer of Bellshill, Lanarkshire, and then went to London to gain experience, working for the famous John Rennie for some eighteen months. By 1790 he was back in Glasgow, and a year later he took a partner, James Paterson, into his new business of builder and contractor, based in the Trongate. He later referred to himself as "architect", and his partnership with Paterson lasted seven years. He is said to have invented a discharging machine for calico printing, as well as a steam dredger for clearing the River Clyde.
    The Baths Hotel was opened in Helensburgh in 1808, with the hotel-keeper, who was also the first provost of the town, being none other than Henry Bell. It has been suggested that Bell was also the builder of the hotel and this seems very likely. Bell installed a steam engine for pumping sea water out of the Clyde and into the baths, and at first ran a coach service to bring customers from Glasgow three days a week. The driver was his brother Tom. The coach was replaced by the Comet steamboat in 1812.
    While Henry was busy with his provost's duties and making arrangements for the building of his steamboat, his wife Margaret, née Young, whom he married in March 1794, occupied herself with the management of the Baths Hotel. Bell did not himself manufacture, but supervised the work of experts: John and Charles Wood of Port Glasgow, builders of the 43ft 6 in. (13.25 m)-long hull of the Comet; David Napier of Howard Street Foundry for the boiler and other castings; and John Robertson of Dempster Street, who had previously supplied a small engine for pumping water to the baths at the hotel in Helensburgh, for the 3 hp engine. The first trials of the finished ship were held on 24 July 1812, when she was launched from Wood's yard. A regular service was advertised in the Glasgow Chronicle on 5 August and was the first in Europe, preceded only by that of Robert Fulton in the USA. The Comet continued to run until 1820, when it was wrecked.
    Bell received little reward for his promotion of steam navigation, merely small pensions from the Clyde trustees and others. He was buried at the parish church of Rhu.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Edward Morris, 1844, Life of Henry Bell.
    Henry Bell, 1813, Applying Steam Engines to Vessels.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bell, Henry

  • 55 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 56 Paul, Robert William

    [br]
    b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, England
    d. 28 March 1943 London, England
    [br]
    English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.
    [br]
    Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.
    In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.
    Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.
    Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.
    Bibliography
    17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).
    1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.
    308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).
    John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    BC / GW

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Robert William

  • 57 Polhem, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751
    [br]
    Swedish engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.
    From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.
    In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.
    In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).
    Further Reading
    1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

  • 58 mint

    I
    1. mint noun
    (a place where money is made by the government.) casa de la moneda

    2. verb
    (to manufacture (money): When were these coins minted?) acuñar

    II mint noun
    1) (a plant with strong-smelling leaves, used as a flavouring.)
    2) ((also peppermint) (a sweet with) the flavour of these leaves: a box of mints; (also adjective) mint chocolate.) menta
    mint n
    1. menta
    2. caramelo de menta / bombón de menta
    would you like a mint? ¿quieres un caramelo de menta?
    3. casa de la moneda
    tr[mɪnt]
    1 SMALLBOTANY/SMALL menta
    2 (sweet) caramelo de menta; (chocolate) bombón nombre masculino de menta
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    mint sauce salsa de menta
    ————————
    tr[mɪnt]
    1 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (place) casa de la moneda
    1 (coins, words) acuñar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in mint condition en perfecto estado
    mint ['mɪnt] vt
    : acuñar
    mint adj
    : sin usar
    in mint condition: como nuevo
    mint n
    1) : menta f
    mint tea: té de menta
    2) : pastilla f de menta
    3) : casa f de la moneda
    the U.S. Mint: la casa de la moneda de los EE.UU.
    4) fortune: dineral m, fortuna f
    adj.
    • sin usar adj.
    n.
    • casa de la moneda s.f.
    • ceca s.f.
    • fuente inagotable s.f.
    • hierbabuena s.f.
    • menta s.f.
    • yerbabuena s.f.
    v.
    • acuñar v.
    • amonedar v.
    • monedear v.

    I mɪnt
    1) (Bot, Culin)
    a) u ( spearmint) menta f (verde)
    b) u ( peppermint) menta f, hierbabuena f
    c) c ( confection) pastilla f de menta
    2) c ( Fin) casa f de la moneda

    to make/cost/be worth a mint — hacer*/costar*/valer* un dineral or una fortuna


    II
    transitive verb \<\<coin\>\> acuñar

    III
    adjective (before n) <coin/stamp> sin usar

    in mint condition — en perfecto estado, como nuevo


    I [mɪnt]
    1.
    N casa f de la moneda

    Royal Mint — (Brit) Real Casa f de la Moneda

    - be worth a mint
    2.
    ADJ

    in mint condition — como nuevo, en perfecto estado

    3.

    newly minted — [coin] recién acuñado; (fig) [graduate] recién salido de la universidad


    II [mɪnt]
    1. N
    1) (Bot) hierbabuena f, menta f
    2) (=sweet) pastilla f de menta
    2.
    CPD

    mint julep N — (US) julepe m de menta, (bebida f de) whisky m con menta

    mint sauce N — salsa f de menta

    mint tea N — té m de menta

    * * *

    I [mɪnt]
    1) (Bot, Culin)
    a) u ( spearmint) menta f (verde)
    b) u ( peppermint) menta f, hierbabuena f
    c) c ( confection) pastilla f de menta
    2) c ( Fin) casa f de la moneda

    to make/cost/be worth a mint — hacer*/costar*/valer* un dineral or una fortuna


    II
    transitive verb \<\<coin\>\> acuñar

    III
    adjective (before n) <coin/stamp> sin usar

    in mint condition — en perfecto estado, como nuevo

    English-spanish dictionary > mint

  • 59 strike

    1. past tense - struck; verb
    1) (to hit, knock or give a blow to: He struck me in the face with his fist; Why did you strike him?; The stone struck me a blow on the side of the head; His head struck the table as he fell; The tower of the church was struck by lightning.) pegar, golpear
    2) (to attack: The enemy troops struck at dawn; We must prevent the disease striking again.) atacar
    3) (to produce (sparks or a flame) by rubbing: He struck a match/light; He struck sparks from the stone with his knife.) encender
    4) ((of workers) to stop work as a protest, or in order to force employers to give better pay: The men decided to strike for higher wages.) hacer huelga
    5) (to discover or find: After months of prospecting they finally struck gold/oil; If we walk in this direction we may strike the right path.) encontrar
    6) (to (make something) sound: He struck a note on the piano/violin; The clock struck twelve.) sonar, hacer sonar, tocar
    7) (to impress, or give a particular impression to (a person): I was struck by the resemblance between the two men; How does the plan strike you?; It / The thought struck me that she had come to borrow money.) parecer, dar la impresión
    8) (to mint or manufacture (a coin, medal etc).) acuñar
    9) (to go in a certain direction: He left the path and struck (off) across the fields.) seguir (por)
    10) (to lower or take down (tents, flags etc).) desmontar

    2. noun
    1) (an act of striking: a miners' strike.) huelga
    2) (a discovery of oil, gold etc: He made a lucky strike.) hallazgo, descubrimiento
    •
    - striking
    - strikingly
    - be out on strike
    - be on strike
    - call a strike
    - come out on strike
    - come
    - be within striking distance of
    - strike at
    - strike an attitude/pose
    - strike a balance
    - strike a bargain/agreement
    - strike a blow for
    - strike down
    - strike dumb
    - strike fear/terror into
    - strike home
    - strike it rich
    - strike lucky
    - strike out
    - strike up
    strike1 n huelga
    strike2 vb
    1. dar / pegar
    2. hacer huelga
    3. parecer
    4. dar
    tr[straɪk]
    1 (by workers, students, etc) huelga
    3 (find) hallazgo; (of oil, gold, etc) descubrimiento
    4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL ataque nombre masculino
    transitive verb (pt & pp struck tr[strʌk])
    1 (hit) pegar, golpear
    2 (knock against, collide with) dar contra, chocar contra; (ball, stone) pegar contra, dar contra; (lightning, bullet, torpedo) alcanzar
    3 (disaster, earthquake) golpear, sobrevenir; (disease) atacar, golpear
    4 (gold, oil) descubrir, encontrar, dar con; (track, path) dar con
    5 (coin, medal) acuñar
    6 (match) encender
    7 (of clock) dar, tocar
    8 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (note) dar; (chord) tocar
    9 (bargain, deal) cerrar, hacer; (balance) encontrar, hallar; (agreement) llegar a
    10 (pose, attitude) adoptar
    11 (give impression) parecer, dar la impresión de
    ■ it struck me as strange that... me pareció muy extraño que...
    12 (occur to) ocurrírsele a; (remember) acordarse de
    13 (render) dejar
    14 (cause fear, terror, worry) infundir
    15 (take down - sail, flag) arriar; (- tent, set) desmontar
    16 (cutting) plantar
    1 (attack - troops, animal, etc) atacar; (- disaster, misfortune) sobrevenir, ocurrir; (- disease) atacar, golpear; (- lightning) alcanzar, caer
    2 (workers etc) declararse en huelga, hacer huelga
    3 (clock) dar la hora
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    strike a light! ¡caray!
    to be on strike estar en huelga
    to call a strike convocar una huelga
    to go on strike declararse en huelga
    to strike a chord sonarle a uno
    to strike a chord with somebody estar en sintonía con alguien
    to strike at the heart of something dar con el meollo de algo
    to strike camp levantar el campamento
    to strike (it) lucky tener suerte
    to strike the eye saltar a la vista
    to strike out on one's own (become independent) volar con sus propias alas 2 (set up own business) ponerse a trabajar por su propia cuenta
    to strike it rich hacerse rico,-a
    to strike while the iron's hot actuar de inmediato
    general strike huelga general
    strike fund caja de resistencia
    strike pay subsidio de huelga
    strike ['straɪk] v, struck ['strʌk] ; struck ; striking vt
    1) hit: golpear (a una persona)
    to strike a blow: pegar un golpe
    2) delete: suprimir, tachar
    3) coin, mint: acuñar (monedas)
    4) : dar (la hora)
    5) afflict: sobrevenir
    he was stricken with a fever: le sobrevino una fiebre
    6) impress: impresionar, parecer
    her voice struck me: su voz me impresionó
    it struck him as funny: le pareció chistoso
    7) : encender (un fósforo)
    8) find: descubrir (oro, petróleo)
    9) adopt: adoptar (una pose, etc.)
    strike vi
    1) hit: golpear
    to strike against: chocar contra
    2) attack: atacar
    3) : declararse en huelga
    1) blow: golpe m
    2) : huelga f, paro m
    to be on strike: estar en huelga
    3) attack: ataque m
    n.
    • cerradero s.m.
    • descubrimiento repentino s.m.
    • golpe s.m.
    • huelga s.f.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: struck) or p.p.: stricken•) = batir v.
    • cascar v.
    • chocar v.
    • chocar con v.
    • dar con v.
    • embestir v.
    • golpear v.
    • pegar v.
    • percutir v.
    • pulsar v.
    • tropezar v.
    • varear v.

    I
    1. straɪk
    (past & past p struck) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( hit) \<\<person\>\> pegarle* a, golpear; \<\<blow\>\> dar*, pegar*; \<\<key\>\> pulsar

    to strike somebody a blow — darle* un golpe a alguien, golpear a alguien

    b) (collide with, fall on) \<\<vehicle\>\> chocar* or dar* contra; \<\<stone/ball\>\> pegar* or dar* contra; \<\<lightning/bullet\>\> alcanzar*
    2)

    to strike somebody blind/dumb — dejar ciego/mudo a alguien

    I was struck dumb when I saw what she'd done — me quedé muda or sin habla cuando vi lo que había hecho

    b) ( introduce)

    to strike fear/terror into somebody — infundirle miedo/terror a alguien

    3)
    a) ( occur to) ocurrirse (+ me/te/le etc)

    it strikes me (that)... — me da la impresión de que..., se me ocurre que...

    b) ( impress) parecerle* a

    how did she strike you? — ¿qué impresión te causó?

    4) \<\<oil/gold\>\> encontrar*, dar* con

    to strike it lucky — tener* un golpe de suerte

    to strike it rich — hacer* fortuna

    5)
    a) \<\<match/light\>\> encender*
    b) \<\<coin/medal\>\> acuñar
    6)
    a) ( Mus) \<\<note\>\> dar*; \<\<chord\>\> tocar*
    b) \<\<clock\>\> dar*

    the clock struck the hour/five (o'clock) — el reloj dio la hora/las cinco

    7) (enter into, arrive at)

    to strike a deal — llegar* a un acuerdo, cerrar* un trato

    to strike a balance between... — encontrar* el justo equilibrio entre...

    8) ( adopt) \<\<pose/attitude\>\> adoptar
    9) ( take down) \<\<sail/flag\>\> arriar*; \<\<tent\>\> desmontar
    10) ( delete) suprimir

    his name was struck off the register — se borró su nombre del registro; see also strike off


    2.
    vi
    1) ( hit) \<\<person\>\> golpear, asestar un golpe; \<\<lightning\>\> caer*

    (to be) within striking distance (of something) — (estar*) a un paso (de algo)

    to strike lucky — (BrE) tener* un golpe de suerte

    2)
    a) ( attack) \<\<bombers/commandos\>\> atacar*; \<\<snake/tiger\>\> atacar*, caer* sobre su presa

    to strike AT something/somebody — atacar* algo/a alguien

    b) ( happen suddenly) \<\<illness/misfortune\>\> sobrevenir*; \<\<disaster\>\> ocurrir
    3) ( withdraw labor) hacer* huelga, declararse en huelga or (esp AmL) en paro

    to strike for higher pay — hacer* huelga or (esp AmL) hacer* un paro por reivindicaciones salariales

    4) \<\<clock\>\> dar* la hora
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( stoppage) huelga f, paro m (esp AmL)

    to be on strike — estar* en or de huelga, estar* en or de paro (esp AmL)

    to come out o go (out) on strike — ir* a la huelga, declararse en huelga, ir* al paro (esp AmL), declararse en paro (esp AmL)

    hunger strike — huelga de hambre; (before n)

    to take strike action — ir* a la huelga

    strike fund — fondo m de resistencia

    strike pay — subsidio m de huelga or (esp AmL) de paro

    2) ( find) descubrimiento m

    a lucky strike — (colloq) un golpe de suerte

    3) ( attack) ataque m
    4) ( Sport)
    a) ( in bowling) pleno m, chuza f (Méx)
    b) ( in baseball) strike m
    [straɪk] (vb: pt, pp struck)
    1. N
    1) (by workers) huelga f, paro m

    to come out or go on strike — declarar la huelga; see hunger 3.

    2) (=discovery) [of oil, gold] descubrimiento m

    • to make a strike — hacer un descubrimiento

    3) (Baseball) golpe m ; (Bowling) strike m

    • you have two strikes against you — (esp US) (fig) tienes dos cosas en contra

    • three strikes and you're out — (US) (Jur) pena de cadena perpetua tras el tercer delito grave

    4) (Mil) ataque m ; (=air strike) ataque m aéreo, bombardeo m
    2. VT
    1) (=hit) golpear; (with fist etc) pegar, dar una bofetada a; (with bullet etc) alcanzar; [+ ball] golpear; [+ chord, note] tocar; [+ instrument] herir, pulsar

    • to strike sb a blow, strike a blow at sb — pegar or dar un golpe a algn, pegar a algn

    • to strike one's fist on the table, strike the table with one's fist — golpear la mesa con el puño

    • the clock struck the hour — el reloj dio la hora

    • to be struck by lightning — ser alcanzado por un rayo

    the tower was struck by lightning — la torre fue alcanzada por un rayo, cayó un rayo en la torre

    - strike a blow for sth
    - strike a blow against sth
    2) (=collide with) [+ rocks, landmine etc] chocar con, chocar contra; [+ difficulty, obstacle] encontrar, dar con, tropezar con

    his head struck the beam, he struck his head on the beam — dio con la cabeza contra or en la viga

    • a sound struck my ear — liter un ruido hirió mi oído

    • what strikes the eye is the poverty — lo que más llama la atención es la pobreza

    • a ghastly sight struck our eyes — se nos presentó un panorama horroroso

    3) (=produce, make) [+ coin, medal] acuñar; [+ a light, match] encender, prender (LAm)

    • to strike root — (Bot) echar raíces, arraigar

    • to strike sparks from sth — hacer que algo eche chispas

    • to strike terror into sb's heart — infundir terror a algn

    4) (=appear to, occur to)

    it strikes me as being most unlikely — me parece poco factible, se me hace poco probable (LAm)

    • how did it strike you? — ¿qué te pareció?, ¿qué impresión te causó?

    • it strikes me that..., the thought strikes me that... — se me ocurre que...

    has it ever struck you that...? — ¿has pensado alguna vez que...?

    5) (=impress)

    I'm not much struck (with him) — no me llama la atención, no me impresiona mucho

    6) (=find) [+ gold, oil] descubrir
    - strike gold
    - strike it lucky
    7) (=arrive at, achieve) [+ agreement] alcanzar, llegar a

    • to strike an average — sacar el promedio

    • to strike a balance — encontrar el equilibrio

    • to strike a bargain — cerrar un trato

    • to strike a deal — alcanzar un acuerdo, llegar a un acuerdo; (Comm) cerrar un trato

    8) (=assume, adopt)
    9) (=cause to become)

    • to strike sb blind — cegar a algn

    • to strike sb dead — matar a algn

    may I be struck dead if... — que me maten si...

    • to be struck dumb — quedarse sin habla

    10) (=take down)

    • to strike camp — levantar el campamento

    • to strike the flag — arriar la bandera

    11) (=remove, cross out) suprimir ( from de)
    3. VI
    1) (Mil etc) (=attack) atacar; [disaster] sobrevenir; [disease] golpear; [snake etc] morder, atacar

    when panic strikes — cuando cunde el pánico, cuando se extiende el pánico

    • to strike against sth — dar con algo, dar contra algo, chocar contra algo

    • to strike at sb — (with fist) tratar de golpear a algn; (Mil) atacar a algn

    we must strike at the root of this evil — debemos atacar la raíz de este mal, debemos cortar este mal de raíz

    • to be within striking distance of — [+ place] estar a poca distancia or a un paso de

    he had come within striking distance of the presidency — estuvo muy cerca de ocupar la presidencia; see home 1., 2); see iron 1., 1)

    2) [workers] declarar la huelga, declararse en huelga
    3) [clock] dar la hora
    4) [match] encenderse
    5)
    - strike lucky
    6) (=move, go)

    • to strike across country — ir a campo traviesa

    • to strike into the woods — ir por el bosque, penetrar en el bosque

    7) (Naut) (=run aground) encallar, embarrancar
    8) (esp Naut) (=surrender) arriar la bandera
    9) (Bot) echar raíces, arraigar
    4.
    CPD

    strike ballot N — votación f a huelga

    strike committee N — comité m de huelga

    strike force N — fuerza f de asalto, fuerza f de choque

    strike fund N — fondo m de huelga

    strike pay N — subsidio m de huelga

    strike vote N — = strike ballot

    * * *

    I
    1. [straɪk]
    (past & past p struck) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( hit) \<\<person\>\> pegarle* a, golpear; \<\<blow\>\> dar*, pegar*; \<\<key\>\> pulsar

    to strike somebody a blow — darle* un golpe a alguien, golpear a alguien

    b) (collide with, fall on) \<\<vehicle\>\> chocar* or dar* contra; \<\<stone/ball\>\> pegar* or dar* contra; \<\<lightning/bullet\>\> alcanzar*
    2)

    to strike somebody blind/dumb — dejar ciego/mudo a alguien

    I was struck dumb when I saw what she'd done — me quedé muda or sin habla cuando vi lo que había hecho

    b) ( introduce)

    to strike fear/terror into somebody — infundirle miedo/terror a alguien

    3)
    a) ( occur to) ocurrirse (+ me/te/le etc)

    it strikes me (that)... — me da la impresión de que..., se me ocurre que...

    b) ( impress) parecerle* a

    how did she strike you? — ¿qué impresión te causó?

    4) \<\<oil/gold\>\> encontrar*, dar* con

    to strike it lucky — tener* un golpe de suerte

    to strike it rich — hacer* fortuna

    5)
    a) \<\<match/light\>\> encender*
    b) \<\<coin/medal\>\> acuñar
    6)
    a) ( Mus) \<\<note\>\> dar*; \<\<chord\>\> tocar*
    b) \<\<clock\>\> dar*

    the clock struck the hour/five (o'clock) — el reloj dio la hora/las cinco

    7) (enter into, arrive at)

    to strike a deal — llegar* a un acuerdo, cerrar* un trato

    to strike a balance between... — encontrar* el justo equilibrio entre...

    8) ( adopt) \<\<pose/attitude\>\> adoptar
    9) ( take down) \<\<sail/flag\>\> arriar*; \<\<tent\>\> desmontar
    10) ( delete) suprimir

    his name was struck off the register — se borró su nombre del registro; see also strike off


    2.
    vi
    1) ( hit) \<\<person\>\> golpear, asestar un golpe; \<\<lightning\>\> caer*

    (to be) within striking distance (of something) — (estar*) a un paso (de algo)

    to strike lucky — (BrE) tener* un golpe de suerte

    2)
    a) ( attack) \<\<bombers/commandos\>\> atacar*; \<\<snake/tiger\>\> atacar*, caer* sobre su presa

    to strike AT something/somebody — atacar* algo/a alguien

    b) ( happen suddenly) \<\<illness/misfortune\>\> sobrevenir*; \<\<disaster\>\> ocurrir
    3) ( withdraw labor) hacer* huelga, declararse en huelga or (esp AmL) en paro

    to strike for higher pay — hacer* huelga or (esp AmL) hacer* un paro por reivindicaciones salariales

    4) \<\<clock\>\> dar* la hora
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( stoppage) huelga f, paro m (esp AmL)

    to be on strike — estar* en or de huelga, estar* en or de paro (esp AmL)

    to come out o go (out) on strike — ir* a la huelga, declararse en huelga, ir* al paro (esp AmL), declararse en paro (esp AmL)

    hunger strike — huelga de hambre; (before n)

    to take strike action — ir* a la huelga

    strike fund — fondo m de resistencia

    strike pay — subsidio m de huelga or (esp AmL) de paro

    2) ( find) descubrimiento m

    a lucky strike — (colloq) un golpe de suerte

    3) ( attack) ataque m
    4) ( Sport)
    a) ( in bowling) pleno m, chuza f (Méx)
    b) ( in baseball) strike m

    English-spanish dictionary > strike

  • 60 mint

    I 1. mint noun
    (a place where money is made by the government.) mynt(verk)
    2. verb
    (to manufacture (money): When were these coins minted?) prege, utmynte
    II mint noun
    1) (a plant with strong-smelling leaves, used as a flavouring.) mynte
    2) ((also peppermint) (a sweet with) the flavour of these leaves: a box of mints; ( also adjective) mint chocolate.) peppermynte(sukkertøy/-sjokolade)
    mynte
    I
    subst. \/mɪnt\/
    1) (om flere planter i leppeblomstfamilien, Lamiaceae, f.eks. catmint, kattemynte) mynte
    2) ( plante i slekten Mentha) mynte
    3) ( også peppermint, plantearten Mentha x piperita) peppermynte
    4) mintsmak, peppermyntesmak
    5) peppermyntedrops
    common mint eller spearmint ( plantearten Mentha spicata) grønnmynte
    II
    subst. \/mɪnt\/
    1) myntverk, mynt, myntfabrikk
    2) (hverdagslig, særlig om penger) masse, massevis, store mengder, vell
    3) ( overført) kilde, utspring
    in mint condition i førsteklasses stand, god som ny, postfrisk (om frimerke), med stempelglans (om mynt)
    mint copy ( om bok) (som om) direkte fra bokpressen
    III
    verb \/mɪnt\/
    1) mynte, utmynte, prege
    2) finne opp, lage, danne, skape
    mint again prege om
    mint gold ( hverdagslig) tjene penger som gress
    IV
    adj. \/mɪnt\/
    1) forklaring: smaksatt med peppermynte, mynte eller krusmynte
    2) forklaring: laget av peppermynte, mynte eller krusmynte

    English-Norwegian dictionary > mint

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