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81 practise
['præktis]1) (to do exercises to improve one's performance in a particular skill etc: She practises the piano every day; You must practise more if you want to enter the competition.) a se antrena, a exersa2) (to make (something) a habit: to practise self-control.) a face exerciţii de3) (to do or follow (a profession, usually medicine or law): He practises (law) in London.) a practica, a profesa• -
82 touch
1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) a (se) atinge2) (to feel (lightly) with the hand: He touched her cheek.) a atinge3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) a mişca4) (to be concerned with; to have anything to do with: I wouldn't touch a job like that.) a aborda; a se atinge de2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) atingere2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) pipăit3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) tuşă4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) pricepere; stil5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) tuşă•- touching- touchingly
- touchy
- touchily
- touchiness
- touch screen
- in touch with
- in touch
- lose touch with
- lose touch
- out of touch with
- out of touch
- a touch
- touch down
- touch off
- touch up
- touch wood -
83 квалификация
сущ.qualification; ( умение) skillиметь квалификацию, необходимую для назначения на должность — to have (possess) the qualifications required for appointment to the office (position, post)
повышение квалификации — ( разряда) upgrading; ( руководящих кадров) management development
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84 practise
['præktis]1) (to do exercises to improve one's performance in a particular skill etc: She practises the piano every day; You must practise more if you want to enter the competition.) εξασκούμαι2) (to make (something) a habit: to practise self-control.) εξασκώ,εφαρμόζω3) (to do or follow (a profession, usually medicine or law): He practises (law) in London.) (εξ)ασκώ• -
85 touch
1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) αγγίζω2) (to feel (lightly) with the hand: He touched her cheek.) αγγίζω3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) συγκινώ4) (to be concerned with; to have anything to do with: I wouldn't touch a job like that.) έχω σχέση με2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) άγγιγμα2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) αφή3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) πινελιά4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) επιδεξιότητα, τεχνική, ύφος5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) πλαϊνό (στο ποδόσφαιρο)•- touching- touchingly
- touchy
- touchily
- touchiness
- touch screen
- in touch with
- in touch
- lose touch with
- lose touch
- out of touch with
- out of touch
- a touch
- touch down
- touch off
- touch up
- touch wood -
86 acuo
ăcŭo, ui, ūtum, 3, v. a. ( part. fut. acuturus, not used) [cf. 2. acer], to make sharp or pointed, to sharpen, whet.I.Lit.:II.ne stridorem quidem serrae audiunt, cum acuitur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 40; so,ferrum,
Verg. A. 8, 386; Hor. C. 1, 2, 21:enses,
Ov. M. 15, 776:gladium,
Vulg. Deut. 32, 41:sagittas,
id. Jer. 51, 11.— Poet.:fulmen,
Lucr. 6, 278:dentes,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 10; cf. Tib. 4, 3, 3.—Trop.A.First, of the tongue, qs. to whet, i. e. to sharpen, exercise, improve:B.acuere linguam exercitatione dicendi,
Cic. Brut. 97:linguam causis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 23; so Vulg. Psa. 139, 4; so in gen.: se, to exercise one's self, to make one's self ready:acueram me ad exagitandam hanc ejus legationem,
Cic. Att. 2, 7: mentem, ingenium, prudentiam, etc.; to sharpen:multa, quae acuant mentem, multa quae obtundant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 33; so id. Brut. 33; id. Phil. 2, 17; id. de Or. 1, 20.—Acuere aliquem (with or without ad aliquid), to spur on, incite, stir up, arouse:C.ad crudelitatem,
Cic. Lig. 4; id. Fam. 15, 21:illos sat aetas acuet,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 49; Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 110:ita duae res, quae languorem afferunt ceteris, illum acuebant, otium et solitudo,
id. Off. 3, 1; Liv. 28, 19:curis acuens mortalia corda,
Verg. G. 1, 123:auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
id. ib. 4, 435:quam Juno his acuit verbis,
id. A. 7, 330.—Aliquid, to rouse up, kindle, excite (mostly poet.):D.saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat irā,
Verg. A. 12, 108:iram,
Vulg. Sap. 5, 21:studia,
Val. Max. 2, 2, no. 3.—In gramm.: acuere syllabam, to give an acute accent to (opp. gravem ponere), Quint. 1, 5, 22; cf. Prisc. Op. Min. 159 Lind.: accentus acutus ideo inventus est, quod acuat sive elevet syllabam.—Hence, ăcūtus, a, um, P.a., sharpened, made pointed; hence,A.Lit., sharp, pointed ( acer denotes natural sharpness, etc.: acutus, that produced by exertion, skill, etc.: sermo acer, impassioned, passionate; sermo acutus, pointed, acute discourse):2.vide ut sit acutus culter probe,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 4:ferrum,
Hor. A. P. 304:cuspis,
Verg. A. 5, 208:gladius,
Vulg. Psa. 56, 5:carex,
Verg. G. 3, 231; elementa, i. e. pointed, jagged atoms (opp. to perplexa, connected), Lucr. 2, 463:nasus,
Plaut. Cap. 3, 4, 114:oculi,
of a pointed shape, id. Ps. 4, 7, 121:aures,
pointed, Hor. C. 2, 19, 4:saxa,
id. ib. 3, 27, 61; so Verg. A. 1, 45.—Transf.a.Of the senses themselves, sharp, keen:b.oculos acrīs atque cicutos,
Cic. Planc. 66:nares,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 29; Cels. 2, 6.—Of objects affecting the senses, sharp, acute; of the voice, soprano or treble: inde loci lituus sonitus effudit acutos, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll. (Ann. v. 522 ed. Vahl.):c.hinnitu,
Verg. G. 3, 94:voces,
id. Cir. 107; Ov. M. 3, 224:stridore,
Hor. C. 1, 34, 15:vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,
from the highest treble to the lowest base, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. ib. 3, 57, 216; Somn. Scip. 5; Rep. 6, 18.—In gen., of things affecting the body, of either heat or cold from their similar effects, keen, sharp, violent, severe:B.sol,
Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:radii solis,
Ov. H. 4, 159:gelu,
Hor. C. 1, 9, 4; cf. Lucr. 1, 495; Verg. G. 1, 93; so,febris,
Cels. 2, 4:morbus,
id. 3 (opp. longus), rapid.— Subst. with gen.:acuta belli,
violent, severe misfortunes of war, Hor. C. 4, 4, 76 (= graves belli molestias).—Fig.1.Of intellectual qualities, acute, clear-sighted, intelligent, sagacious (very freq.):2.Antisthenes homo acutus magis quam eruditus,
Cic. Att. 12, 37; so id. de Or. 1, 51; id. N. D. 1, 16; Nep. Dion. 8, 1:homo ingenio prudentiāque acutissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 39:acutae sententiae,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 5:motus animorum ad excogitandum acuti,
id. Or. 1, 113:studia,
id. Gen. 50:conclusiones,
Quint. 2, 20, 5.—In gramm.: accentus acutus, the acute accent (opp. gravis), Prisc. p. 159, ed. Lindem.— Comp. Plin. 13, 1, 2.— Adv.: ăcūte, sharply, keenly, acutely:. cernere, Lucr. 4, 804; ib. 811:conlecta,
Cic. Deiot. 33:excogitat,
id. Verr. 4, 147:respondeo,
id. Cael. 17:scribo,
id. Verr. 3, 20; so, ăcūtum:cernis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 26:resonarent,
ib. 8, 41: and, ăcūta: canis ululat, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 9 Müll. (Ann. 346 Vahl.).— Comp., Cic. Inv. 2, 16.— Sup., Cic. Off. 1, 44; id. Verr. 3, 20. -
87 acuta
ăcŭo, ui, ūtum, 3, v. a. ( part. fut. acuturus, not used) [cf. 2. acer], to make sharp or pointed, to sharpen, whet.I.Lit.:II.ne stridorem quidem serrae audiunt, cum acuitur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 40; so,ferrum,
Verg. A. 8, 386; Hor. C. 1, 2, 21:enses,
Ov. M. 15, 776:gladium,
Vulg. Deut. 32, 41:sagittas,
id. Jer. 51, 11.— Poet.:fulmen,
Lucr. 6, 278:dentes,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 10; cf. Tib. 4, 3, 3.—Trop.A.First, of the tongue, qs. to whet, i. e. to sharpen, exercise, improve:B.acuere linguam exercitatione dicendi,
Cic. Brut. 97:linguam causis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 23; so Vulg. Psa. 139, 4; so in gen.: se, to exercise one's self, to make one's self ready:acueram me ad exagitandam hanc ejus legationem,
Cic. Att. 2, 7: mentem, ingenium, prudentiam, etc.; to sharpen:multa, quae acuant mentem, multa quae obtundant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 33; so id. Brut. 33; id. Phil. 2, 17; id. de Or. 1, 20.—Acuere aliquem (with or without ad aliquid), to spur on, incite, stir up, arouse:C.ad crudelitatem,
Cic. Lig. 4; id. Fam. 15, 21:illos sat aetas acuet,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 49; Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 110:ita duae res, quae languorem afferunt ceteris, illum acuebant, otium et solitudo,
id. Off. 3, 1; Liv. 28, 19:curis acuens mortalia corda,
Verg. G. 1, 123:auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
id. ib. 4, 435:quam Juno his acuit verbis,
id. A. 7, 330.—Aliquid, to rouse up, kindle, excite (mostly poet.):D.saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat irā,
Verg. A. 12, 108:iram,
Vulg. Sap. 5, 21:studia,
Val. Max. 2, 2, no. 3.—In gramm.: acuere syllabam, to give an acute accent to (opp. gravem ponere), Quint. 1, 5, 22; cf. Prisc. Op. Min. 159 Lind.: accentus acutus ideo inventus est, quod acuat sive elevet syllabam.—Hence, ăcūtus, a, um, P.a., sharpened, made pointed; hence,A.Lit., sharp, pointed ( acer denotes natural sharpness, etc.: acutus, that produced by exertion, skill, etc.: sermo acer, impassioned, passionate; sermo acutus, pointed, acute discourse):2.vide ut sit acutus culter probe,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 4:ferrum,
Hor. A. P. 304:cuspis,
Verg. A. 5, 208:gladius,
Vulg. Psa. 56, 5:carex,
Verg. G. 3, 231; elementa, i. e. pointed, jagged atoms (opp. to perplexa, connected), Lucr. 2, 463:nasus,
Plaut. Cap. 3, 4, 114:oculi,
of a pointed shape, id. Ps. 4, 7, 121:aures,
pointed, Hor. C. 2, 19, 4:saxa,
id. ib. 3, 27, 61; so Verg. A. 1, 45.—Transf.a.Of the senses themselves, sharp, keen:b.oculos acrīs atque cicutos,
Cic. Planc. 66:nares,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 29; Cels. 2, 6.—Of objects affecting the senses, sharp, acute; of the voice, soprano or treble: inde loci lituus sonitus effudit acutos, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll. (Ann. v. 522 ed. Vahl.):c.hinnitu,
Verg. G. 3, 94:voces,
id. Cir. 107; Ov. M. 3, 224:stridore,
Hor. C. 1, 34, 15:vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,
from the highest treble to the lowest base, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. ib. 3, 57, 216; Somn. Scip. 5; Rep. 6, 18.—In gen., of things affecting the body, of either heat or cold from their similar effects, keen, sharp, violent, severe:B.sol,
Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:radii solis,
Ov. H. 4, 159:gelu,
Hor. C. 1, 9, 4; cf. Lucr. 1, 495; Verg. G. 1, 93; so,febris,
Cels. 2, 4:morbus,
id. 3 (opp. longus), rapid.— Subst. with gen.:acuta belli,
violent, severe misfortunes of war, Hor. C. 4, 4, 76 (= graves belli molestias).—Fig.1.Of intellectual qualities, acute, clear-sighted, intelligent, sagacious (very freq.):2.Antisthenes homo acutus magis quam eruditus,
Cic. Att. 12, 37; so id. de Or. 1, 51; id. N. D. 1, 16; Nep. Dion. 8, 1:homo ingenio prudentiāque acutissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 39:acutae sententiae,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 5:motus animorum ad excogitandum acuti,
id. Or. 1, 113:studia,
id. Gen. 50:conclusiones,
Quint. 2, 20, 5.—In gramm.: accentus acutus, the acute accent (opp. gravis), Prisc. p. 159, ed. Lindem.— Comp. Plin. 13, 1, 2.— Adv.: ăcūte, sharply, keenly, acutely:. cernere, Lucr. 4, 804; ib. 811:conlecta,
Cic. Deiot. 33:excogitat,
id. Verr. 4, 147:respondeo,
id. Cael. 17:scribo,
id. Verr. 3, 20; so, ăcūtum:cernis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 26:resonarent,
ib. 8, 41: and, ăcūta: canis ululat, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 9 Müll. (Ann. 346 Vahl.).— Comp., Cic. Inv. 2, 16.— Sup., Cic. Off. 1, 44; id. Verr. 3, 20. -
88 practise
[ˈpræktɪs] verbيَتَمَرَّن، يَتَدَرَّبYou must practise more if you want to enter the competition.
2) to make (something) a habit:يَتَمَرَّن، يَتَّخِذُ عادةto practise self-control.
3) to do or follow (a profession, usually medicine or law):يُزاوِل مِهْنَهHe practises (law) in London.
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89 touch
[tatʃ]1. verb1) to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else:يَلْمسHe touched the water with his foot.
2) to feel (lightly) with the hand:يُلامِس، يَتَحَسَّسHe touched her cheek.
3) to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc:يُثير المَشاعِرI was touched by her generosity.
4) to be concerned with; to have anything to do with:يَلْمِس، يَهْتَم بِI wouldn't touch a job like that.
2. noun1) an act or sensation of touching:لَمْسَهI felt a touch on my shoulder.
2) ( often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things:حاسَّة اللمْسThe stone felt cold to the touch.
3) a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something:لَمْسَهThe painting still needs a few finishing touches.
4) skill or style:مَهارَه، أسْلوبHe hasn't lost his touch as a writer.
5) (in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with ˈtouchlines):خَط التَّماس في مَلْعَب الكُرَهHe kicked the ball into touch.
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90 practise
['præktis]1) (to do exercises to improve one's performance in a particular skill etc: She practises the piano every day; You must practise more if you want to enter the competition.) (s')entraîner2) (to make (something) a habit: to practise self-control.) (s')exercer (à)3) (to do or follow (a profession, usually medicine or law): He practises (law) in London.) exercer• -
91 touch
1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) (se) toucher (à)2) (to feel (lightly) with the hand: He touched her cheek.) toucher3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) toucher4) (to be concerned with; to have anything to do with: I wouldn't touch a job like that.) être touché, concerné (par)2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) toucher2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) (le) toucher3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) touche4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) touche, patte5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) touche•- touching- touchingly - touchy - touchily - touchiness - touch screen - in touch with - in touch - lose touch with - lose touch - out of touch with - out of touch - a touch - touch down - touch off - touch up - touch wood -
92 practise
['præktis]1) (to do exercises to improve one's performance in a particular skill etc: She practises the piano every day; You must practise more if you want to enter the competition.) exercitar, treinar2) (to make (something) a habit: to practise self-control.) praticar3) (to do or follow (a profession, usually medicine or law): He practises (law) in London.) exercer• -
93 touch
1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) tocar2) (to feel (lightly) with the hand: He touched her cheek.) tocar3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) tocar4) (to be concerned with; to have anything to do with: I wouldn't touch a job like that.) tocar, pôr a mão em2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) toque2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) tato3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) retoque4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) jeito5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) fora de campo•- touching- touchingly - touchy - touchily - touchiness - touch screen - in touch with - in touch - lose touch with - lose touch - out of touch with - out of touch - a touch - touch down - touch off - touch up - touch wood -
94 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
95 develop
A vtr1 ( acquire) acquérir [skill, knowledge] ; attraper [illness] ; prendre [habit] ; présenter [symptom] ; to develop an awareness of sth prendre conscience de qch ; to develop a taste ou liking for sth prendre goût à qch ; to develop cancer développer un cancer ; the engine developed a fault le moteur a commencé à mal fonctionner ;2 ( evolve) élaborer [plan, project] ; mettre au point [technique, procedures, invention] ; exposer [theory, idea] ; développer [argument] ;6 Phot développer.B vi1 ( evolve) [child, seed, embryo] se développer ; [intelligence] s'épanouir ; [skills] s'améliorer ; [society, country, region] se développer ; [plot, play] se développer ; to develop into devenir ;2 ( come into being) [friendship] naître ; [trouble, difficulty] naître ; [crack, hole] se former ; [illness, symptom] se déclarer ;3 (progress, advance) [friendship] se développer ; [difficulty] s'aggraver ; [crack, fault] s'accentuer ; [war, illness] s'aggraver ; [game, story] se dérouler ;4 (in size, extent) [town, business] se développer. -
96 know
1 ( have knowledge of) connaître [person, place, characteristics, name, taste, opinion, result, figures, value, rules, decision, situation, system, way] ; savoir, connaître [answer, language, reason, truth, words] ; he knows everything/something il sait tout/quelque chose ; to know sb by name/sight/reputation connaître qn de nom/vue/réputation ; you know Frank, he's always late tu connais Frank, il est toujours en retard ; to know sth by heart savoir or connaître qch par cœur ; to know how to do savoir faire ; ( stressing method) savoir comment faire ; I know how to swim je sais nager ; she knows how to improve it/use it elle sait comment l'améliorer/l'utiliser ; he certainly knows how to upset people/make a mess iron pour contrarier les gens/faire du désordre, il s'y connaît ○ ; to know that… savoir que… ; to know for certain ou for sure that… savoir avec certitude que… ; I wasn't to know that je ne pouvais pas savoir que ; to know who/when savoir qui/quand ; to know why/whether savoir pourquoi/si ; to know what love is savoir ce que c'est que l'amour ; you know what children are/she is tu sais comment sont les enfants/elle est ; to know sb/sth as connaître qn/qch sous le nom de ; Edward, better known as Ted Edward, plus connu sous le nom de Ted ; Virginia known as Ginny to her friends Virginia ou Ginny pour ses amis ; I know him for ou to be a liar je sais que c'est un menteur ; to let it be known ou to make it known that faire savoir que ; to have known sb/sth to do avoir déjà vu qn/ qch faire ; I've never known him to lose his temper je ne l'ai jamais vu se mettre en colère ; it has been known to snow there il est arrivé qu'il neige ici ; if I know you/him tel que je te/le connais ; he is known to the police il est connu de la police ; just how well did you know the accused? iron dans quelle mesure connaissiez-vous ou ne connaissiez-vous pas l'inculpé? ; I know all about redundancy! je sais ce que c'est que le chômage! ; as you well know comme tu le sais bien ; as well she knows elle le sait parfaitement ; (do) you know something?, do you know what? tu sais quoi? ; there's no knowing how/whether on ne peut pas savoir comment/si ; to know one's way home connaître le chemin pour rentrer chez soi ; to know one's way around fig savoir se débrouiller ; to know one's way around a town bien connaître une ville ; to know one's way around a computer/an engine savoir se débrouiller avec les ordinateurs/les moteurs ; I know that for a fact j'en suis absolument sûr ; I know what! you could… j'ai une idée! tu pourrais… ; he knows all/nothing about it il est/il n'est pas au courant ; maybe you know something I don't peut-être que tu sais quelque chose que je ne sais pas ;2 ( feel certain) être sûr ; he's dead, I know it il est mort, j'en suis sûr ; I knew it! j'en étais sûr! ; to know that… être sûr que… ; I know my key is here somewhere je suis sûr que ma clé est quelque part par ici ; I don't know that we can je ne suis pas sûr que nous le puissions ; I don't know that I want to go really je ne suis pas vraiment sûr d'avoir envie d'y aller ; I don't know that opening the window/taking medicine will make much difference je ne pense pas que le fait d'ouvrir la fenêtre/de prendre des médicaments puisse changer quelque chose ;3 ( realize) se rendre compte ; to know to do savoir qu'il faut faire ; does he know to switch off the light? sait-il qu'il faut éteindre? ; do you know how expensive that is? tu te rends compte combien ça coûte? ; she doesn't know just how lucky she's been elle ne se rend pas compte de la chance qu'elle a eue ; you don't know how pleased I am tu ne peux pas savoir comme je suis content ; she's attractive and doesn't she know it! elle est séduisante et elle le sait! ; don't I know it! ne m'en parle pas! ;4 ( recognize) reconnaître (by à ; from de) ; I hardly knew him je l'ai à peine reconnu ; I know her by her walk je la reconnais à sa démarche ; she doesn't know a peach from a plum! elle ne sait pas reconnaître une pêche d'une prune! ; only their parents know one from the other il n'y a que leurs parents qui sachent les distinguer ; she knows a bargain when she sees one elle sait repérer les bonnes affaires ;5 ( acknowledge) to be known for sth être connu pour qch ; to be known for doing être connu pour faire ; he's known for providing a good service il est connu pour offrir un bon service ;6 ( experience) connaître [joy, sadness, love] ; you have to know sorrow to know what happiness is il faut avoir connu le chagrin pour savoir ce qu'est le bonheur ;7 ‡ Bible connaître†.1 ( have knowledge) savoir ; as you know comme vous le savez ; you'll know next time tu le sauras pour la prochaine fois ; I wouldn't know je ne saurais dire ; to know about ( have information) être au courant de [event] ; ( have skill) s'y connaître en [computing, engines] ; he knows about such things il s'y connaît ; to know of ( from experience) connaître ; ( from information) avoir entendu parler de ; do you know of a short cut? est-ce que tu connais un raccourci? ; I know of somebody who… j'ai entendu parler de quelqu'un qui… ; not that I know of pas que je sache ; to let sb know of ou about tenir qn au courant de [plans, arrangement, job] ; we'll let you know nous vous tiendrons au courant ; how should I know ○ ! comment veux-tu que je sache! ; if you must know si tu veux tout savoir ; wouldn't you like ou love to know t'aimerais bien le savoir ○ ; if you drop it on your foot, you'll know about it ○ si tu le laisses tomber sur ton pied, tu vas le sentir passer ○ ; if the brakes fail, you'll know about it si les freins lâchent tu t'en rendras compte ; if I were angry with you, you'd know about it si j'étais fâché contre toi, je te le ferais savoir ; I'd ou I'll have you know ○ je te signale ○ ; you know better than to argue with him tu as mieux à faire que de te disputer avec lui ; you left her alone? you ought to have known better tu l'as laissée seule? tu n'aurais pas dû ; he says he came home early but I know better il dit qu'il est rentré tôt mais je n'en crois rien ; they don't know any better c'est un manque d'éducation ; they don't know any better, you do! eux ils ne savent peut-être pas, mais toi tu n'as aucune excuse! ;2 ( feel certain) ‘he won't win’-‘oh I don't know’ ‘il ne va pas gagner’-‘oh je n'en suis pas si sûr’ ; ‘I'll take the morning off’-‘I don't know about that! ’ ‘je vais prendre ma matinée’-‘c'est ce que vous croyez?’ ; ‘is it useful?’-‘I don't know about useful, but it was cheap’ ‘c'est utile?’-‘je ne sais pas si c'est utile mais ce n'était pas cher’ ; I don't know about you but… je ne sais ce que tu en penses, mais… ; I don't know! look at this mess! non mais ○, regarde un peu ce fouillis!it takes one to know one qui se ressemble s'assemble ; not to know what to do with oneself ne pas savoir quoi faire de son temps ; not to know where ou which way to turn fig ne pas savoir à quel saint se vouer ; not to know where to put oneself ne pas savoir où se mettre ; not to know whether one is coming or going ne plus savoir ce qu'on fait ; it's not what you know but who you know ce qui compte ce n'est pas d'avoir des connaissances mais des relations ; to be in the know ○ être bien informé, être à la coule ◑ ; to be in the know about sth ○ être au courant de qch ; I know my place hum je sais que je ne compte pas ; well what do you know! iron en voilà une surprise! iron. -
97 pick
A n1 ( tool) gen pioche f, pic m ; (of miner, geologist) pic m ; ( of climber) piolet m ; ( of mason) smille f ; to dig with a pick creuser à la pioche ;2 ( choice) choix m ; to have one's pick of avoir le choix parmi ; to take one's pick faire son choix (of parmi) ; take your pick choisis ; to get first pick choisir le/la premier/-ière, être le/la premier/-ière à choisir ;3 ( best) meilleur/-e m/f ; the pick of the crop ( fruit) les meilleurs fruits ; the pick of this month's new films les meilleurs films sortis ce mois-ci ; the pick of the bunch le/la etc meilleur/-e etc du lot.B vtr1 (choose, select) gen choisir (from parmi) ; Sport sélectionner [player] (from parmi) ; former [team] ; ‘pick a card, any card’ ‘choisis une carte, n'importe laquelle’ ; to be picked for England/for the team être sélectionné pour représenter l'Angleterre/pour faire partie de l'équipe ; you picked the right person/a good time to do it tu as choisi la personne qu'il fallait/le bon moment pour faire cela ; you picked the wrong man ou person tu as choisi la mauvaise personne ; he certainly knows how to pick them! il sait les choisir! also iron ; to pick a fight ( physically) chercher à se bagarrer ○ (with avec) ; to pick a fight ou a quarrel chercher querelle (with à) ;2 to pick one's way through avancer avec précaution parmi [rubble, litter] ; to pick one's way down prendre des précautions pour descendre [mountain, slope] ;3 (pluck, gather) cueillir [fruit, flowers] ;4 ( poke at) gratter [spot, scab, skin] ; to pick sth from ou off sth enlever qch de qch ; to pick one's nose mettre les doigts dans son nez ; to pick one's teeth se curer or se nettoyer les dents ; to pick a hole in one's sweater faire un trou dans son pull-over à force de tirer les mailles ; to pick a lock crocheter une serrure ; to pick sb's pocket faire les poches de qn.C vi1 ( choose) choisir ; you can afford to pick and choose tu peux te permettre de faire les difficiles or de faire la fine bouche (among, between pour choisir parmi) ;■ pick at:▶ pick at [sth]1 [person] manger [qch] du bout des dents [food] ; gratter, tripoter ○ [spot, scab] ; tripoter ○ [fabric, knot] ;2 [bird] picorer [crumbs] ;■ pick off:▶ pick [sb] off, pick off [sb] ( kill) abattre ; he picked them off one by one il les visait soigneusement et les abattait un à un ; lions pick off any stragglers les lions se jettent sur les traînards ;▶ pick [sth] off, pick off [sth] enlever [qch] ;▶ pick [sth] off sth cueillir [qch] sur qch [apple, cherry] ; to pick sth off the floor prendre qch qui était par terre ; to pick sth off the top of a cake retirer qch qui était sur un gâteau.■ pick on:▶ pick on [sb] (harass, single out) harceler ; stop picking on me! arrête de me harceler comme ça, fiche-moi la paix! ○ ; pick on someone your own size! ne t'attaque pas à quelqu'un de plus faible que toi.■ pick out:▶ pick [sb/sth] out, pick out [sb/sth]1 ( select) gen choisir ; ( single out) repérer ; to be picked out from the group être remarqué dans le groupe ; to pick out three winners sélectionner trois gagnants (from parmi) ;2 (make out, distinguish) distinguer [object, landmark] ; saisir, comprendre [words] ; reconnaître [person in photo, suspect] ; repérer [person in crowd] ; to pick out the theme in a variation reconnaître le thème dans une variation ;3 ( highlight) [person, artist] mettre en valeur [title, letter] ; [torch, beam] révéler [form, object] ; to be picked out in red être mis en valeur en rouge ;4 to pick out a tune (on the piano) retrouver un air (au piano).■ pick over:▶ pick [sth] over, pick over [sth]1 lit trier [articles, lentils, raisins] ;2 fig analyser [film, book].■ pick up:▶ pick up1 ( improve) [trade, market, business] reprendre ; [weather, performance, health] s'améliorer ; [ill person] se rétablir ; things have picked up slightly ça commence à aller mieux ;2 ( resume) reprendre ; to pick up (from) where one left off reprendre là où on s'est arrêté ;▶ pick [sb/sth] up, pick up [sb/sth]1 (lift, take hold of) ( to tidy) ramasser [object, litter, toys, clothes] ; ( to examine) prendre ; ( after fall) relever [person, child] ; ( for cuddle) prendre [qn] dans ses bras [person, child] ; to pick sth up in ou with one's left hand prendre qch de sa main gauche ; to pick up the telephone décrocher le téléphone ; the wave picked up the boat la vague a soulevé le bateau ; to pick up the bill ou tab ○ régler l'addition, casquer ○ ;2 ( collect) prendre [passenger, cargo, hitcher] ; (passer) prendre [dry-cleaning, ticket, keys] ; aller chercher [person from airport, station] ; could you pick me up? est-ce que tu peux venir me chercher? ;▶ pick [sth] up, pick up [sth]1 ( buy) prendre, acheter [milk, bread, newspaper] ; dénicher [bargain, find] ; could you pick up some milk on the way home? peux-tu prendre du lait en rentrant à la maison? ;2 (learn, acquire) apprendre [language] ; prendre [habit, accent] ; développer [skill] ; where did he pick up those manners? où a-t-il pris or attrapé ces manières? ; I'm hoping to pick up some tips j'espère obtenir quelques tuyaux ; it's not difficult, you'll soon pick it up ce n'est pas difficile, tu t'y mettras vite ;3 ( catch) attraper [illness, cold, infection] ;4 (notice, register) [person] repérer [mistake, error] ; [person, machine] détecter [defect] ;5 ( detect) [person, animal] trouver [trail, scent] ; [searchlight, radar] détecter la présence de [aircraft, person, object] ; Radio, Telecom capter [signal, broadcast] ;6 (gain, earn) gagner [point, size] ; acquérir [reputation] ; to pick up speed prendre de la vitesse ;7 ( resume) reprendre [conversation, career] ; you'll soon pick up your French again ton français te reviendra vite ; to pick up the pieces (of one's life) recoller les morceaux ;▶ pick [sb] up, pick up [sb]4 ( find fault with) faire des remarques à [person] (on sur) ; they'll pick you up for being improperly dressed ils vont te faire remarquer que tu n'es pas vêtu correctement ; -
98 upgrade
A n1 ( upward gradient) montée f ; to be on the upgrade gen être en progrès ; [prices] être en hausse ; [sick person] être en voie de guérison ;2 Tourism surclassement m ;C vtr2 Comput augmenter [memory] ; améliorer [system] ; passer à une version plus puissante de [hardware] ; passer à une version plus récente de [software] ;4 Tourism surclasser [passenger]. -
99 perfect
(a) (flawless → person, performance etc) parfait;∎ a perfect circle un cercle parfait;∎ to be in perfect condition (engine, appliance) être en parfait état de marche; (painting, antique, teeth) être en parfait état;∎ in perfect health en excellente ou parfaite santé;∎ her hearing is still perfect elle entend encore parfaitement;∎ her English is perfect son anglais est impeccable ou parfait;∎ try it yourself, since you think you're (so) perfect! essaie toi-même, puisque tu te crois ou tu es si fort!;∎ nobody's perfect personne n'est parfait∎ there was perfect silence il y avait un silence total;∎ you have a perfect right to be here vous avez parfaitement ou tout à fait le droit d'être ici;∎ it makes perfect sense (to me) ça me semble tout à fait logique;∎ it was a perfect disaster! ce fut un véritable désastre!;∎ he's a perfect idiot c'est un parfait imbécile∎ it was a perfect day (weather) il faisait un temps magnifique; (activities) nous avons passé une excellente journée(d) (fitting, right → example) parfait, approprié;∎ the perfect gift le cadeau idéal;∎ the perfect opportunity l'occasion idéale ou rêvée;∎ tonight at 7? - that will be perfect ce soir à 7 heures? - c'est parfait;∎ Monday is perfect for me lundi me convient parfaitement;∎ the colour is perfect on you cette couleur te va à merveille ou à la perfection(e) (exemplary → gentleman, host) parfait, exemplaire∎ to have perfect pitch avoir l'oreille absolue2 noun['pɜ:fɪkt] Grammar parfait m;∎ in the perfect au parfait(a) (improve → knowledge, skill) perfectionner, parfaire(b) (bring to final form → plans, method) mettre au point(c) Typography imprimer en retiration►► Music perfect cadence cadence f parfaite;Economics perfect competition concurrence f parfaite;Music perfect fifth quinte f juste;Music perfect fourth quarte f juste;Mathematics perfect number nombre m parfait;Grammar perfect participle participe m passé;Grammar the perfect tense le parfait -
100 pick
pick [pɪk]choisir ⇒ 1 (a), 2 cueillir ⇒ 1 (b) enlever ⇒ 1 (c) gratter ⇒ 1 (d) crocheter ⇒ 1 (f) pincer ⇒ 1 (g) choix ⇒ 3 (a) meilleur ⇒ 3 (b) pic ⇒ 3 (c)∎ he always picks the most expensive dish il choisit toujours le plat le plus cher;∎ to pick one's words (carefully) (bien) choisir ses mots;∎ she's been picked for the England team elle a été sélectionnée pour l'équipe d'Angleterre;∎ to pick a team former une équipe;∎ to pick a winner (in racing) choisir un cheval gagnant;∎ figurative we've certainly picked a winner in Paul Rodger nous avons vraiment tiré le bon numéro avec Paul Rodger;∎ ironic you really (know how to) pick them! tu les choisis bien!;∎ ironic you picked a fine time to tell me tu as bien choisi ton moment pour me le dire∎ to pick cherries/grapes (for pleasure) cueillir des cerises/du raisin; (as job) faire la cueillette des cerises/les vendanges;∎ pick your own (sign) cueillette à la ferme∎ I had to pick the cat hairs off my dress il a fallu que j'enlève les poils de chat de ma robe(d) (poke at → spot, scab) gratter;∎ to pick one's nose se mettre les doigts dans le nez;∎ to pick one's teeth se curer les dents;∎ they picked the bones clean ils n'ont rien laissé sur les os;∎ she picked a hole in her jumper elle a fait un trou à son pull en tirant sur la laine∎ they picked their way along the narrow ridge ils avancèrent prudemment le long de la crête étroite;∎ he picked his way through the crowd il se fraya un chemin à travers la foule∎ to have a bone to pick with sb avoir un compte à régler avec qn;∎ to pick sb's brains tirer parti de l'intelligence ou des connaissances de qn;∎ can I pick your brains a minute? est-ce que je peux faire appel à tes connaissances une minute?;∎ to pick a fight chercher la bagarre;∎ to pick holes in sth (in argument, theory, book etc) trouver des failles dans qch;∎ she's always picking holes (in everything) elle n'arrête pas de chercher la petite bête;∎ to pick sb's pocket faire les poches à qn;∎ to pick a quarrel with sb chercher noise ou querelle à qn(choose) choisir;∎ to pick and choose (be fussy) faire le/la difficile, faire la fine bouche;∎ I like to be able to pick and choose j'aime bien avoir le choix;∎ with your qualifications you can pick and choose avec vos diplômes, toutes les portes vous sont ouvertes3 noun∎ take your pick faites votre choix, choisissez;∎ you can have your pick of them vous pouvez choisir celui qui vous plaît;∎ he could have his pick of any job he wanted il pourrait obtenir n'importe quel emploi;∎ we had first pick nous avons été les premiers à choisir∎ the pick of France's footballers/writers (one) le meilleur footballer/écrivain français; (several) les meilleurs footballers/écrivains français;∎ familiar the pick of the bunch (people) le dessus du panier, le gratin; (things) ce qui se fait de mieux□(d) (plectrum) plectre m, médiator m∎ he only picked at the fish il a à peine touché au poisson(c) (criticize pettily) être sur le dos de∎ a marksman picked off the leaders one by one un tireur d'élite a abattu les meneurs un à un∎ pick those papers off the ground ramassez ces papiers qui sont par terre;∎ to pick the meat off a bone décortiquer un os;∎ she picked herself off the floor elle s'est relevée(a) (victimize) harceler, s'en prendre à;∎ pick on someone your own size! ne t'en prends pas à un plus petit que toi!(b) (single out) choisir;∎ why pick on today of all days? pourquoi choisir ce jour entre tous?∎ he picked out the best peaches il a choisi les meilleures pêches(b) (spot, identify → person in crowd) repérer; (→ person in photo) reconnaître; (→ person in identification parade) identifier; (→ landmark, object) distinguer;∎ I tried to pick him out in the crowd j'ai essayé de le repérer dans la foule;∎ she was easy to pick out in her orange coat elle était facilement reconnaissable ou facile à repérer avec son manteau orange(c) (highlight, accentuate) rehausser;∎ the stitching is picked out in bright green un vert vif fait ressortir les coutures∎ to pick out a tune on the piano retrouver un air au piano(examine → fruit, vegetables etc) trier; (→ performance, evidence, details) décortiquer, analyser➲ pick up(a) (lift) prendre; (something from the ground) ramasser; (something that has fallen over) relever; Knitting (stitch) relever;∎ pick up those books! ramassez ces livres!;∎ to pick up the telephone décrocher le téléphone;∎ to pick up a child (in one's arms) prendre un enfant dans ses bras; (after falling) relever un enfant;∎ figurative to pick up the pieces recoller les morceaux(b) (collect → gen) passer prendre; (→ children from school, people from airport etc) aller chercher;∎ I've got to pick up the children at four il faut que j'aille chercher les enfants à quatre heures;∎ my father picked me up at the station mon père est venu me chercher à la gare;∎ I have to pick up a parcel at the post office je dois passer prendre un colis à la poste;∎ helicopters were sent to pick up the wounded on a envoyé des hélicoptères pour ramener les blessés;∎ I never pick up hitchhikers je ne prends jamais d'auto-stoppeurs(c) (acquire, come by → skill, information) apprendre; (→ reputation) gagner, acquérir; (→ prize) gagner, remporter;∎ did you pick up any Greek during your stay? avez-vous appris un peu de grec pendant votre séjour?;∎ to pick up bad habits prendre de mauvaises habitudes;∎ I don't know where he's picking up these funny ideas from je ne sais pas où il va chercher ces idées bizarres;∎ to pick up a parking ticket attraper un PV;∎ our country picked up most of the medals notre pays a remporté la plupart des médailles∎ to pick up a bargain dénicher une bonne affaire;∎ to pick sth up cheap acheter qch bon marché□ ;∎ I picked it up at the flea market je l'ai trouvé au marché aux puces□(e) (catch → illness, infection) attraper∎ you can pick up good money working on the rigs on peut se faire pas mal de fric en travaillant sur les plates-formes pétrolières∎ to pick sb up (sexual partner) lever qn;∎ he picked her up in a bar il l'a levée dans un bar;∎ he tried to pick her up il l'a draguée;∎ to pick up a customer (of prostitute) racoler ou raccrocher un client∎ he picked up the sound of a distant bell il perçut le son d'une cloche dans le lointain;∎ the dogs picked up the scent again les chiens ont retrouvé la piste∎ the proofreaders pick up most of the mistakes les correcteurs repèrent ou relèvent la plupart des erreurs(l) (criticize) reprendre;∎ to pick sb up sharply reprendre qn vertement;∎ nobody picked him up on his sexist comments personne n'a relevé ses remarques sexistes∎ we picked up the discussion where we'd left off nous avons repris la discussion là où nous l'avions laissée(n) (return to) revenir sur, reprendre;∎ I'd like to pick up a point you made earlier j'aimerais revenir sur une remarque que vous avez faite tout à l'heure(o) (gather → speed, momentum) prendre;∎ to pick up strength (person) reprendre des forces∎ that will pick you up voilà qui vous remontera(a) (get better → sick person) se rétablir, se sentir mieux∎ the market is picking up after a slow start après avoir démarré doucement le marché commence à prendre;∎ the game certainly picked up in the second half la partie s'est animée pendant la deuxième mi-temps∎ they picked up where they had left off (in conversation) ils ont repris la conversation là où ils l'avaient laissée; (in game) ils ont repris le jeu là où ils l'avaient laissé∎ she didn't pick up on the criticism elle n'a pas relevé la critique
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