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(highest+part)

  • 41 crest

    [krest]
    1) (the comb or tuft on the head of a cock or other bird.) creastă
    2) (the summit or highest part: the crest of a wave; the crest of a mountain.) creastă
    3) (feathers on the top of a helmet.) panaş (de coif)
    4) (a badge or emblem: the family crest.) blazon
    •

    English-Romanian dictionary > crest

  • 42 crest

    [krest]
    1) (the comb or tuft on the head of a cock or other bird.) λειρί
    2) (the summit or highest part: the crest of a wave; the crest of a mountain.) κορυφή
    3) (feathers on the top of a helmet.) λοφίο
    4) (a badge or emblem: the family crest.) έμβλημα, οικόσημο
    •

    English-Greek dictionary > crest

  • 43 top

    I 1. [top] noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) κορυφή, πάνω μέρος
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) κορυφή
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.) επιφάνεια, πάνω μέρος
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.) καπάκι, σκέπασμα, κάλυμμα
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.) γυναικεία μπλούζα
    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.) πρώτος, κορυφαίος, ανώτερος
    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.) σκεπάζω από πάνω
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.) ξεπερνώ
    3) (to remove the top of.) κορφολογώ
    •
    - topping
    - top hat
    - top-heavy
    - top-secret
    - at the top of one's voice
    - be/feel on top of the world
    - from top to bottom
    - the top of the ladder/tree
    - top up     II [top] noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.) σβούρα

    English-Greek dictionary > top

  • 44 cantilena

    [ˌkæntɪ'leɪnə]
    сущ.; муз.; итал.

    The cantilena or principal melody was not given as it is by modern composers to the soprano or highest part. (Ch. Burney, History of Music, 1789) — Кантилена, или главная мелодия, была написана не для сопрано, или высокого голоса, как это делают современные композиторы.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > cantilena

  • 45 crest

    [krest]
    1) (the comb or tuft on the head of a cock or other bird.) crête
    2) (the summit or highest part: the crest of a wave; the crest of a mountain.) crête
    3) (feathers on the top of a helmet.) cimier
    4) (a badge or emblem: the family crest.) armoiries
    •

    English-French dictionary > crest

  • 46 top

    I 1. [top] noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) haut; sommet; du haut
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) en tête (de)
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.) dessus
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.) couvercle, bouchon
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.) haut
    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.) en tête (de)
    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.) surmonter, recouvrir
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.) dépasser
    3) (to remove the top of.) étêter
    •
    - topping - top hat - top-heavy - top-secret - at the top of one's voice - be/feel on top of the world - from top to bottom - the top of the ladder/tree - top up II [top] noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.) toupie

    English-French dictionary > top

  • 47 crest

    [krest]
    1) (the comb or tuft on the head of a cock or other bird.) crista
    2) (the summit or highest part: the crest of a wave; the crest of a mountain.) crista
    3) (feathers on the top of a helmet.) penacho
    4) (a badge or emblem: the family crest.) brasão
    •

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > crest

  • 48 top

    I 1. [top] noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) cume, alto, copa
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) primeiro lugar
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.) tampo
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.) tampa
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.) blusa
    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.) primeiro da classe
    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.) cobrir
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.) ultrapassar
    3) (to remove the top of.) podar por cima
    •
    - topping - top hat - top-heavy - top-secret - at the top of one's voice - be/feel on top of the world - from top to bottom - the top of the ladder/tree - top up II [top] noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.) pião

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > top

  • 49 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 50 in

    1. preposition
    1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

    in the fields — auf den Feldern

    shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

    2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

    in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

    a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)

    4) (as a proportionate part of)

    eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

    5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

    be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

    be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

    6) (as content of)

    what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

    there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

    there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

    7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

    have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

    8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

    he's in politics — er ist Politiker

    9)

    be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

    10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

    in this way — auf diese Weise; so

    this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

    draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

    11) (while, during)

    in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

    in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

    4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

    in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

    12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

    in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

    13) (within the ability of)

    have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

    14)

    in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

    15)

    in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch

    2. adverb
    1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

    ‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

    2) (at home, work, etc.)

    be in — da sein

    he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

    3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

    cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

    4) (inward) innen
    5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode
    6) (elected)

    be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

    8)

    somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

    we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

    9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

    be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

    be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen

    3. attributive adjective
    (fashionable) Mode-

    the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

    in joke — Insiderwitz, der

    4. noun
    * * *
    (in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke
    * * *
    in
    [ɪn]
    1. (position) in + dat
    the butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im Kühlschrank
    I live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschland
    he read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesen
    soak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichen
    I've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rücken
    who's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?
    he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichts
    down below \in the valley unten im Tal
    \in a savings account auf einem Sparkonto
    to lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegen
    to ride \in a car [im] Auto fahren
    to be \in hospital im Krankenhaus sein
    \in the middle of sth in der Mitte von etw dat
    to be \in prison im Gefängnis sein
    to be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)
    \in the street auf der Straße
    2. after vb (into) in + dat
    I just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getan
    he went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regen
    slice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durch
    to get \in the car ins Auto steigen
    to invest \in the future in die Zukunft investieren
    to invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegen
    to get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geraten
    3. AM (at) auf + dat
    is Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?
    Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem College
    he was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Band
    there are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tage
    get together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!
    you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dir
    5. (state, condition) in + dat
    he cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzen
    he always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel
    \in anger im Zorn
    dark \in colour dunkelfarbig
    difference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied m
    to be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]
    \in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung
    \in horror voller Entsetzen
    \in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeit
    to be \in a hurry es eilig haben
    to be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt sein
    to fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verlieben
    to live \in luxury im Luxus leben
    to be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein
    \in private vertraulich
    to put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen
    \in a state of panic in Panik
    \in secret im Geheimen, heimlich
    to tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen
    6. (with) mit + dat
    , in + dat
    it was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogen
    to pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlen
    to pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlen
    to write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben
    to paint \in oils in Öl malen
    \in writing schriftlich
    Mozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll
    \in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutsch
    to listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hören
    to speak to sb \in a normal tone of voice sich akk mit jdm normal unterhalten
    to speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen
    to talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen
    8. (time: during) am + dat
    , in + dat
    he's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tage
    she assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation
    \in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968
    \in the end am Ende, schließlich
    to be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel sein
    to be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein
    \in March/May im März/Mai
    \in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]
    \in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern
    \in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winter
    9. (time: within) in + dat
    dinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertig
    I'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig sein
    he learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahren
    to return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen
    \in record time in Rekordzeit
    10. (time: for) seit + dat
    she hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehört
    I haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemacht
    I haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehen
    11. (at a distance of) nach + dat
    the house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen
    he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tun
    she's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerin
    she works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlag
    to enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichten
    13. (wearing) in + dat
    he was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarz
    you look nice \in green Grün steht dir
    the woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hut
    the man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzug
    to be \in disguise verkleidet sein
    \in the nude nackt
    to sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbaden
    to be \in uniform Uniform tragen
    14. (result) als
    \in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss
    \in exchange als Ersatz, dafür
    \in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit
    \in reply [or answer] [or response] to als Reaktion [o Antwort] auf + akk
    \in that... ( form) insofern als
    I was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte
    15. + -ing (while doing)
    \in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um
    \in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job
    \in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen
    \in doing so dabei, damit
    temperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegen
    he's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter groß
    a novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilen
    people died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausenden
    to be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen
    \in total insgesamt
    the potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfund
    she has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu drei
    one \in ten people jeder zehnte
    18. after vb (concerning)
    to interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischen
    to share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen
    to be interested \in in sth sich akk für etw akk interessieren
    she underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändert
    she had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidung
    to have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben
    20. (in a person)
    ▪ \in sb mit jdm
    we're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentin
    it isn't \in sb to do sth jd ist nicht zu etw dat in der Lage
    it's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügen
    to not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun
    21. (author) bei + dat
    these themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor
    22.
    ▶ \in all insgesamt
    there were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt
    ▶ all \in all alles in allem
    all \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr
    ▶ \in between dazwischen
    ▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied
    ▶ to be \in and out of sth:
    she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im Krankenhaus
    II. ADVERB
    1. inv (into sth) herein
    come \in! herein!
    \in with you! rein mit dir!
    he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hinein
    she was locked \in sie war eingesperrt
    could you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?
    she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebeten
    the sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hinein
    to bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringen
    2. inv (at arrival point) train, bus
    the train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffen
    the bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommen
    3. inv (towards land)
    is the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?
    we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief
    4. inv (submitted)
    to get [or hand] sth \in etw abgeben [o einreichen
    5. inv (elected)
    to get \in candidate gewählt werden; party also an die Regierung kommen
    6.
    ▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagaus
    ▶ to get \in with sb sich akk bei jdm lieb Kind machen fam
    ▶ to get \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen
    ▶ to let sb \in on sth jdn in etw akk einweihen
    1. pred, inv (there) da; (at home) zu Hause
    is David \in? ist David da?
    I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause form
    to have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringen
    2. inv (leading in) einwärts
    door \in Eingangstür f
    \in-tray AUS, BRIT
    \in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post
    3. inv (in fashion) in
    ▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] sein
    to be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant sein
    4. pred, inv (submitted)
    when does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?
    the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen sein
    5. pred, inv (elected)
    ▪ to be \in candidate gewählt sein; party also an der Regierung sein
    6. pred, inv SPORT (within bounds)
    the ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!
    7. pred, inv SPORT
    ▪ to be \in player am Ball sein; (in cricket) team am Schlag sein
    8. pred, inv (in season) reif
    pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!
    9.
    ▶ to be \in at sth bei etw dat dabei sein
    ▶ to be \in for sth sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen müssen
    you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...
    ▶ to be \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen
    ▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben sein
    she just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machen
    IV. NOUN
    1. (connection) Kontakt[e] m[pl]
    he wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte
    ▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei
    3.
    ▶ to know the \ins and outs of sth sich akk in einer S. dat genau auskennen
    ▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen
    * * *
    [ɪn]
    1. PREPOSITION
    When in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.
    1) position in (+dat); (with motion) in (+acc)

    it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto

    he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche

    in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)

    in the street — auf der/die Straße

    to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben

    in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis

    in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.

    the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste

    2) people bei

    you can find examples of this in Dickens —

    he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...

    3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)

    in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag

    in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag

    in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages

    in the evening — abends, am Abend

    in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit

    4) time of life in (+dat)

    in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter

    5) interval of time in (+dat)

    in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche

    in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich

    6) numbers, quantities zu

    to count in fives —

    in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen

    in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad

    in part — teilweise, zum Teil

    7)

    ratios he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500

    one ( man) in ten — einer von zehn, jeder Zehnte

    one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn

    8)

    manner, state, condition to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechen

    to speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen

    to speak in German —

    to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen

    to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben

    9) clothes in (+dat)

    in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig

    she was dressed in silk —

    10)

    substance, material upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogen

    to write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

    in marble — in Marmor, marmorn

    a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet

    11)

    in respect of blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blind

    a rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise

    12)

    occupation, activity he is in the army — er ist beim Militär

    he is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)

    13)

    set structures __diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ich

    in trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch

    in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser

    but in saying this —

    he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen

    the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...

    2. ADVERB
    When in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)

    there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.

    he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen

    we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor

    he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen

    he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen

    3. ADJECTIVE
    (inf) in inv (inf)

    the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist

    the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...

    4. the insPLURAL NOUN
    1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten pl

    to know the ins and outs of sth —

    * * *
    in [ın]
    A präp
    1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):
    in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc
    2. fig in (dat), bei, auf (dat), an (dat): → army 3, politics 3, share1 A 4 b, stock A 19, etc
    4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):
    put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche
    5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:
    in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm2 Bes Redew, brief B 1, case1 A 2, cash1 A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear1 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etc
    6. (Beteiligung) in (dat), an (dat), bei:
    be in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;
    he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;
    a) es lohnt sich nicht,
    b) → nothing Bes Redew
    7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):
    in crossing the river beim Überqueren des Flusses; → accident 3, search C 1
    8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):
    it is not in her to do sth es liegt nicht in ihrer Art, etwas zu tun; → have Bes Redew, etc
    9. (zeitlich) in (dat), an (dat), bei, binnen, unter (dat), während, zu:
    a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,
    b) während zweier Stunden;
    in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight2, October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc
    10. (Richtung) in (akk, dat), auf (akk), zu: → confidence 1, trust B 1, etc
    11. (Zweck) in (dat), zu, als: → answer A 1, defence 5, etc
    12. (Grund) in (dat), aus, wegen, zu: → honor B 2, sport A 4, etc
    13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):
    the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that3 4, width 1, etc
    14. nach, gemäß: → opinion 1, probability 1, etc
    15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:
    in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;
    a statue in bronze eine Bronzestatue; → oil A 2, pencil A 1, white B 1, etc
    16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:
    seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;
    there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;
    one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;
    five in the hundred 5 vom Hundert, 5 Prozent; → all Bes Redew, one A 1, etc
    B adv
    1. innen, drinnen:
    in among mitten unter (akk od dat);
    know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;
    be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;
    now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:
    a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurück
    b) jetzt bist oder sitzt oder steckst du in der Patsche, jetzt gehts dir an den Kragen umg;
    he is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;
    I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;
    a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),
    b) beteiligt sein an (dat);
    be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;
    the harvest is in die Ernte ist eingebracht; → keep in B 3, penny 1, etc
    2. herein: → come in 1, show in, etc
    3. hinein:
    the way in der Eingang, der Weg nach innen; → walk in, etc
    4. da, (an)gekommen:
    5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:
    Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;
    he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag
    6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:
    7. in umg, in Mode: → come in 3
    8. SCHIFF
    a) im Hafen
    b) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)
    c) zum Hafen:
    on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)
    9. dazu, zusätzlich, als Zugabe: → throw in 3
    C adj
    1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…
    2. POL an der Macht befindlich:
    in party Regierungspartei f
    3. nach Hause kommend:
    the in train der ankommende Zug
    4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;
    the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in ist
    5. umg (nur) für Eingeweihte oder Kenner (Witz etc)
    D s
    1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f
    2. Winkel m, Ecke f:
    a) alle Winkel und Ecken,
    b) fig (alle) Einzelheiten oder Schwierigkeiten oder Feinheiten;
    know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

    shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

    a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)

    eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

    5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

    be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

    there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

    there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

    7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)
    8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)
    9)

    be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

    10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

    in this way — auf diese Weise; so

    this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

    draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

    11) (while, during)

    in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

    in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

    4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

    in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

    12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

    in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

    have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

    14)

    in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

    15)

    in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch

    2. adverb
    1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

    ‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

    2) (at home, work, etc.)
    3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

    cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

    4) (inward) innen
    5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

    be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

    8)

    somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

    we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

    9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

    be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

    be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen

    3. attributive adjective

    the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

    in joke — Insiderwitz, der

    4. noun
    * * *
    adj.
    hinein adj. prep.
    an präp.
    auf präp.
    in präp.

    English-german dictionary > in

  • 51 peak

    1. noun
    1) (of cap) Schirm, der
    2) (of mountain) Gipfel, der; (of wave) Kamm, der; Krone, die
    3) (highest point) Höhepunkt, der

    be at/be past its peak — den Höhepunkt erreicht haben/den Höhepunkt überschritten haben

    2. attributive adjective
    Höchst-, Spitzen[preise, -werte]

    peak listening/viewing period — Hauptsendezeit, die

    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    [pi:k] 1. noun
    1) (the pointed top of a mountain or hill: snow-covered peaks.) die Berspitze
    2) (the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: He was at the peak of his career.) der Gipfel
    3) (the front part of a cap which shades the eyes: The boy wore a cap with a peak.) der Schirm
    2. verb
    (to reach the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: Prices peaked in July and then began to fall.) den Höhepunkt erreichen
    - academic.ru/54160/peaked">peaked
    - peaky
    * * *
    [pi:k]
    I. n
    1. (mountain top) Gipfel m, Bergspitze f
    2. FOOD
    beat the egg whites until they are stiff enough to form firm \peaks das Eiweiß steif schlagen, bis ein Messerschnitt sichtbar bleibt
    3. (highest point) Spitze f, Gipfel m; of a curve, line Scheitelpunkt m
    to be at the \peak of one's career sich akk auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Karriere befinden
    to be at the very \peak of one's fitness in Topform sein
    to reach [or hit] a \peak den Höchststand erreichen
    4. BRIT (hat part) Hutkrempe f
    II. vi career, economy den Höhepunkt erreichen; athletes [seine] Höchstleistung erbringen; skill zur Perfektion gelangen; figures, rates, production den Höchststand erreichen
    his fever \peaked to 41°C during the night über Nacht stieg sein Fieber auf 41°C an
    III. n modifier
    1. (busiest) Haupt-
    \peak rush hour Hauptverkehrszeit f
    \peak viewing time Hauptsendezeit f
    2. (best, highest) Spitzen-
    \peak productivity maximale Produktivität
    \peak speed Höchstgeschwindigkeit f
    * * *
    [piːk]
    1. n
    1) (of mountain) Gipfel m; (of roof) First m; (= sharp point) Spitze f
    2) (of cap) Schirm m
    3) (= maximum) Höhepunkt m; (on graph) Scheitelpunkt m

    he is at the peak of fitness — er ist in Höchstform or Topform (inf)

    when his career was at its peak — als er auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Karriere war

    2. adj attr
    power, position höchste(r, s)

    a peak year for new car sales — ein Rekordjahr nt für den Neuwagenabsatz

    in peak condition (athlete) — in Höchstform

    3. vi
    den Höchststand erreichen; (athlete = reach one's best) seine Spitzenform erreichen

    inflation peaked at 9% — die Inflationsrate erreichte ihren Höchstwert bei 9%

    * * *
    peak1 [piːk]
    A s
    1. Spitze f
    2. a) Bergspitze f
    b) Horn n, spitzer Berg
    3. fig Gipfel m, Höhepunkt m:
    at the peak of happiness auf dem Gipfel des Glücks;
    a) eine Blüte erleben,
    b) in sein;
    bring a team to its peak SPORT eine Mannschaft in Höchstform bringen
    4. MATH, PHYS Höchst-, Scheitelwert m, Scheitel(punkt) m
    5. (Leistungs- etc) Spitze f, Höchststand m:
    peak of oscillation Schwingungsmaximum n;
    reach the peak TECH den Höchststand erreichen
    6. Hauptbelastung f, Stoßzeit f (eines Elektrizitäts-, Gas- oder Verkehrsnetzes)
    7. WIRTSCH Maximal-, Höchstpreis m
    8. (Mützen) Schild m, (-)Schirm m
    9. SCHIFF Pick f (engerer Teil des Schiffsraums an den Enden des Schiffs)
    B adj Spitzen…, Maximal…, Höchst…, Haupt…:
    peak current ELEK Spitzenstrom m;
    peak factor Scheitelfaktor m;
    peak (traffic) hours pl Hauptverkehrszeit f, Stoßzeit f;
    peak load Spitzen-, Maximalbelastung f ( auch ELEK);
    peak season Hochsaison f;
    a) Br Hochkonjunktur f,
    b) Br Stoßzeit f, Hauptverkehrszeit f,
    c) ELEK Br Hauptbelastungszeit f,
    d)( RADIO, TV) bes Br Hauptsendezeit f;
    peak travel ( oder tourist) season Hauptreisesaison f;
    peak value Scheitelwert m
    C v/i
    1. den Höchststand erreichen
    2. den Höhepunkt seiner Laufbahn erreichen
    peak2 [piːk] v/i
    a) abmagern
    b) kränkeln
    pk abk
    1. pack
    2. park
    3. peak
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (of cap) Schirm, der
    2) (of mountain) Gipfel, der; (of wave) Kamm, der; Krone, die
    3) (highest point) Höhepunkt, der

    be at/be past its peak — den Höhepunkt erreicht haben/den Höhepunkt überschritten haben

    2. attributive adjective
    Höchst-, Spitzen[preise, -werte]

    peak listening/viewing period — Hauptsendezeit, die

    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    n.
    Höchstwert m.
    Kulmination f.
    Pike -n (Berg) m.
    Spitze -n (eines Berges) f.
    Spitze -n f.

    English-german dictionary > peak

  • 52 point

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] central point
    [English Plural] central points
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] highest point
    [English Plural] highest points
    [Swahili Word] kipeo
    [Swahili Plural] vipeo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] -pea
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] main point
    [Swahili Word] utako
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] make a point
    [Swahili Word] -kolea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] metal point
    [Swahili Word] uma
    [Swahili Plural] nyuma
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    [Derived Word] uma v
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [English Plural] points
    [Swahili Word] kilembwa
    [Swahili Plural] vilembwa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [English Plural] points
    [Swahili Word] kinyangalele
    [Swahili Plural] vinyangalele
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] kilele
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [Swahili Word] ncha
    [Swahili Plural] ncha
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Swahili Example] kwenye ncha ya waya ile pana kiwashio [Muk]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [Swahili Word] nukta
    [Swahili Plural] nukta
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [Swahili Word] pointi
    [Swahili Plural] pointi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Word] engl
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [Swahili Word] -elekeza
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] causative
    [Swahili Example] [Maksuudi] kamwelekeza mkewe bakora [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point
    [Swahili Word] -onyeshea kidole
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] onyesha
    [English Definition] use a finger to indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point (of arrow or spear or harpoon)
    [English Plural] points
    [Swahili Word] chembe
    [Swahili Plural] vyembe
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] jembe, kijembe
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point (of time)
    [English Plural] points
    [Swahili Word] majira
    [Swahili Plural] majira
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 6/6
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point (sharp part of a knife, sword, spear, etc.)
    [Swahili Word] makali
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] kali
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point (with the finger)
    [Swahili Word] -pelekeza kidole
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] pelekeza, peleka
    [English Definition] use a finger to indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
    [Swahili Definition] onyesha kwa kidole
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point at issue
    [Swahili Word] ushindi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point in dispute
    [Swahili Word] ushindi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11
    [Derived Word] shinda v
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point of time
    [Swahili Word] wakati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point out
    [Swahili Word] -bainisha
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Class] causative
    [Swahili Example] kubainisha viungo vyake vya siri waziwazi [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point out
    [Swahili Word] -onyesha
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point to
    [Swahili Word] -elekea
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [English Example] my house faces south
    [Swahili Example] nyumba yangu inaelekea kusini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] point with the finger
    [Swahili Word] -soza kidole
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pointed instrument
    [English Plural] pointed instruments
    [Swahili Word] kibanzi
    [Swahili Plural] vibanzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] -bana
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pointed thing (from honing)
    [Swahili Word] chonge
    [Swahili Plural] chonge
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Word] chonga v
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] press one's point
    [Swahili Word] -chagiza
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > point

  • 53 top

    top [tɒp]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
       a. ( = highest point) [of mountain, hill] sommet m ; [of tree] cime f ; [of ladder, stairs, page, pile] haut m ; [of list] tête f
    ► at the top of [+ hill] au sommet de ; [+ stairs, ladder, page] en haut de ; [+ list, division] en tête de ; [+ profession] au faîte de
    • to be over the top (inf) [film, book] dépasser la mesure ; [person] exagérer ; [act, opinion] être excessif
       b. ( = upper part, section) [of car] toit m ; [of bus] étage m supérieur ; [of box, container] dessus m
    • "top" (on box) « haut »
       c. [of garment, bikini] haut m
       d. ( = cap, lid) [of box] couvercle m ; [of bottle, tube] bouchon m ; [of pen] capuchon m
    tops (inf) ( = max) max (inf)
    • it'll cost £50, tops ça coûtera 50 livres max (inf)
       a. ( = highest) [shelf, drawer] du haut ; [floor, storey] dernier
    • he was or came top in maths il a été premier en maths
       a. ( = remove top from) [+ tree] écimer
       b. ( = kill) (inf!) to top o.s. se flinguer (inf !)
       c. ( = exceed) dépasser
    • and to top it all... et pour couronner le tout...
    • that tops the lot! (inf) c'est le bouquet ! (inf)
       d. ( = be at top of) [+ list] être en tête de
    ► top banana (inf!) noun
    ► top-heavy adjective [structure] trop lourd du haut ; [business, administration] où l'encadrement est trop lourd
    ► top-level adjective [meeting, talks, discussion] au plus haut niveau ; [decision] pris au plus haut niveau
    ► top-selling adjective = best-selling
    ► top-shelf adjective (British) [magazine, material] de charme
    (British) [+ cup, glass] remplir ; [+ mobile phone] recharger (en crédit)
    • can I top you up? (inf) je vous ressers ?
    * * *
    [tɒp] 1.
    1) ( highest or furthest part) (of page, ladder, stairs, wall) haut m; ( of list) tête f; (of mountain, hill) sommet m; (of garden, field) (autre) bout m; ( of vegetable) fane f; (of box, cake) dessus m; ( surface) surface f

    at the top of — en haut de [page, stairs, street, scale]; au sommet de [hill]; en tête de [list]

    to be at the top of one's list — fig venir en tête de sa liste

    to be at the top of the agenda — fig être une priorité; Military

    to get to ou make it to the top — réussir

    to be top of the class — être le premier/la première de la classe

    to be top of the bill — Theatre être la tête d'affiche

    3) (cap, lid) ( of pen) capuchon m; ( of bottle) gen bouchon m; ( with serrated edge) capsule f; (of paint-tin, saucepan) couvercle m
    4) ( item of clothing) haut m
    5) ( toy) toupie f
    2.
    1) ( highest) [step, storey] dernier/-ière; [bunk] de haut; [button, shelf, layer, lip] supérieur; [speed] maximum; [concern, priority] fig majeur

    the top notes — Music les notes les plus hautes

    to pay the top price for something — [buyer] acheter quelque chose au prix fort

    to get top marks — School avoir dix sur dix or vingt sur vingt

    2) ( furthest away) [field, house] du bout
    3) ( leading) [adviser, authority, agency] plus grand; [job] élevé; [wine, restaurant] meilleur
    3.
    on top of prepositional phrase
    1) sur [cupboard, fridge, layer]

    to live on top of each other — fig vivre les uns sur les autres

    to be on top of a situation — fig contrôler la situation

    things are getting on top of her — fig ( she's depressed) elle est déprimée; ( she can't cope) elle ne s'en sort plus

    2) ( in addition to) en plus de [salary, workload]
    4.
    transitive verb (p prés etc - pp-)
    1) ( head) être en tête de [charts, polls]
    2) ( exceed) dépasser [sum, figure]
    3) ( finish off) gen compléter ( with par); Culinary recouvrir [cake]
    5.
    (colloq) reflexive verb (p prés etc - pp-)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    on top of all this —

    to be over the top —

    to be OTT — (colloq) [behaviour, reaction] être exagéré

    to be/stay on top — avoir/garder le dessus

    to come out on top — ( win) l'emporter; ( survive) s'en sortir

    I'd say 30, but that's just off the top of my head — ( without checking) moi, je dirais 30, mais c'est approximatif

    English-French dictionary > top

  • 54 peak

    [pi:k] 1. noun
    1) (the pointed top of a mountain or hill: snow-covered peaks.) bjergtop
    2) (the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: He was at the peak of his career.) top; højdepunkt
    3) (the front part of a cap which shades the eyes: The boy wore a cap with a peak.) skygge
    2. verb
    (to reach the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: Prices peaked in July and then began to fall.) toppe
    - peaky
    * * *
    [pi:k] 1. noun
    1) (the pointed top of a mountain or hill: snow-covered peaks.) bjergtop
    2) (the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: He was at the peak of his career.) top; højdepunkt
    3) (the front part of a cap which shades the eyes: The boy wore a cap with a peak.) skygge
    2. verb
    (to reach the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: Prices peaked in July and then began to fall.) toppe
    - peaky

    English-Danish dictionary > peak

  • 55 fifth

    fifƟ
    1) (one of five equal parts.) quinto
    2) ((also adjective) the last of five (people etc); the next after the fourth.) quinto
    fifth num quinto
    tr[fɪfɵ]
    1 quinto,-a
    1 quinto, en quinto lugar
    1 (in series) quinto,-a
    2 (fraction) quinto; (one part) quinta parte nombre femenino Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL See also sixth/Table 1
    fifth ['fɪfɵ] adj
    : quinto
    1) : quinto m, -ta f (en una serie)
    2) : quinto m, quinta parte f
    3) : quinta f (en la música)
    adj.
    • quinta parte adj.
    • quinto, -a adj.
    n.
    • cinco s.m.
    • quinta s.f.
    • quinta parte s.f.
    • quinto s.m.

    I fɪfθ
    1)

    Henry V — (léase: Henry the Fifth) Enrique V (read as: Enrique quinto)

    it's their fifth wedding anniversary — cumplen cinco años de casados, es su quinto aniversario de boda

    I was fifth on the list — yo era el quinto/la quinta de la lista

    fifth part/share — quinta parte f, quinto m

    b) (in seniority, standing) quinto

    we'll arrive (on) the fifth of May o May fifth o (BrE) May the fifth — llegaremos el cinco de mayo


    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en quinto lugar

    III
    1)
    a) ( Math) quinto m

    one fifth of ten is two — un quinto or la quinta parte de diez es dos

    b) ( part) quinta parte f, quinto m
    c) ( Mus) quinta f
    d) ( measure) (AmE) medida equivalente a 0,757 litros
    2) fifth (gear) (no art) quinta f
    [fɪfθ]
    1.
    ADJ quinto

    he came fifth in the competition — ocupó el quinto lugar or terminó quinto en la competición

    in the fifth century — (in writing) en el siglo V; (speaking) en el siglo quinto or cinco

    Henry the Fifth — (in writing) Enrique V; (speaking) Enrique Quinto

    the fifth of July, July the fifth — el cinco de julio

    fifth form — (Brit) (Scol) quinto m, quinto curso

    2. N
    1) (in series) quinto(-a) m / f
    amendment
    2) (=fraction) quinto m, quinta parte f
    3) (Mus) quinta f
    3.
    CPD

    fifth column N — (Pol) quinta columna f

    fifth columnist N — (Pol) quintacolumnista mf

    * * *

    I [fɪfθ]
    1)

    Henry V — (léase: Henry the Fifth) Enrique V (read as: Enrique quinto)

    it's their fifth wedding anniversary — cumplen cinco años de casados, es su quinto aniversario de boda

    I was fifth on the list — yo era el quinto/la quinta de la lista

    fifth part/share — quinta parte f, quinto m

    b) (in seniority, standing) quinto

    we'll arrive (on) the fifth of May o May fifth o (BrE) May the fifth — llegaremos el cinco de mayo


    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en quinto lugar

    III
    1)
    a) ( Math) quinto m

    one fifth of ten is two — un quinto or la quinta parte de diez es dos

    b) ( part) quinta parte f, quinto m
    c) ( Mus) quinta f
    d) ( measure) (AmE) medida equivalente a 0,757 litros
    2) fifth (gear) (no art) quinta f

    English-spanish dictionary > fifth

  • 56 top

    top
    A n
    1 ( highest or furthest part) (of page, ladder, stairs, wall) haut m ; ( of list) tête f ; (of mountain, hill) sommet m ; (of garden, field) (autre) bout m ; eight lines from the top à la huitième ligne à partir du haut de la page ; at the top of en haut de [page, stairs, street, scale] ; au sommet de [hill] ; en tête de [list] ; at the top of the building au dernier étage de l'immeuble ; at the top of the table à la place d'honneur ; to be at the top of one's list fig venir en tête de sa liste ; to be at the top of the agenda fig être une priorité ;
    2 fig (highest echelon, position) to aim for the top viser haut ; to be at the top of one's profession être tout en haut de l'échelle fig ; life can be tough at the top il n'est pas toujours facile d'être en haut de l'échelle ; to get to ou make it to the top réussir ; to be top of the class être le premier/la première de la classe ; to be top of the bill Theat être la tête d'affiche ;
    3 ( surface) (of table, water) surface f ; (of box, cake) dessus m ; to float to the top flotter à la surface ;
    4 ( upper part) partie f supérieure ; the top of the façade/of the building la partie supérieure de la façade/du bâtiment ; the top of the milk la crème du lait ;
    5 (cap, lid) ( of pen) capuchon m ; ( of bottle) gen bouchon m ; ( with serrated edge) capsule f ; (of paint-tin, saucepan) couvercle m ; ;
    6 Fashn haut m ; a sleeveless summer top un haut sans manches pour l'été ;
    7 Aut ( also top gear) ( fourth) quatrième (vitesse) f ; ( fifth) cinquième (vitesse) f ; to be in top être en quatrième or cinquième ;
    8 Bot ( of vegetable) fane f ; carrot tops fanes de carottes ;
    9 ( toy) toupie f.
    B adj
    1 ( highest) [step, storey] dernier/-ière ; [bunk] de haut ; [button, shelf] du haut ; [division] Sport premier/-ière ; [layer] supérieur ; [concern, priority] fig majeur ; in the top left-hand corner en haut à gauche ; the top corridor le couloir du dernier étage ; the top notes Mus les notes les plus hautes ; the top tax band la catégorie des plus imposables ; to pay the top price for sth [buyer] acheter qch au prix fort ; ‘we pay the top prices’ ‘nous achetons aux meilleurs prix’ ; to be in the top class at primary school être en cours moyen 2ème année ; to get top marks Sch avoir dix sur dix ou vingt sur vingt ; fig top marks to the company for its initiative vingt sur vingt à l'entreprise pour son initiative ;
    2 ( furthest away) [field, house] du bout ;
    3 ( leading) [adviser, authority, agency] plus grand ; [job] élevé ; one of their top chefs/soloists l'un de leurs plus grands chefs/solistes ; it's one of the top jobs c'est un des postes les plus élevés ; top people les gens importants ; ( bureaucrats) les hauts fonctionnaires ; to be in the top three être dans les trois premiers ;
    4 ( best) [wine, choice, buy, restaurant] meilleur ;
    5 ( upper) [lip] supérieur ; the top half of the body le haut du corps ; on her top half, she wore… comme haut elle avait mis… ;
    6 ( maximum) [speed] maximum ; we'll have to work at top speed nous allons devoir travailler le plus vite possible.
    1 lit sur [cupboard, fridge, layer] ;
    2 fig ( close to) the car was suddenly right on top of me ○ soudain la voiture était sur moi ; to live on top of each other vivre les uns sur les autres ;
    3 fig ( in addition to) en plus de [salary, workload] ; on top of everything else I have to do en plus de tout ce que j'ai à faire ;
    4 fig ( in control of) to be on top of a situation contrôler la situation ; to get on top of inflation maîtriser l'inflation ; you can never really feel on top of this job dans ce métier on se sent toujours un peu dépassé ; things are getting on top of her ( she's depressed) elle est déprimée ; ( she can't cope) elle ne s'en sort plus.
    1 ( head) être en tête de [charts, polls] ;
    2 ( exceed) dépasser [sum, figure, contribution] ;
    3 ( cap) renchérir sur [story, anecdote] ;
    4 ( finish off) gen compléter [building, creation] (with par) ; Culin recouvrir [cake, dish, layer] (with de) ; cake topped with frosting gâteau recouvert d'un glaçage ; each cake was topped with a cherry chaque petit gâteau avait une cerise dessus ; a mosque topped with three domes une mosquée surmontée de trois coupoles ;
    5 ○ ( kill) dégommer ○, tuer [person].
    E ○ v refl ( p prés etc - pp-) to top oneself se suicider.
    on top of all this, to top it all ( after misfortune) par-dessus le marché ○ ; from top to bottom de fond en comble ; not to have very much up top ○ n'avoir rien dans le ciboulot ○ ; to be over the top ou OTT ○ (in behaviour, reaction) être exagéré ; he's really over the top ○ ! il exagère! il pousse ○ ! ; to be the tops ○ † être formidable ; to be/stay on top avoir/garder le dessus ; to be top dog être le chef ; to come out on top ( win) l'emporter ; (survive, triumph) s'en sortir ; to feel on top of the world être aux anges ; Mil to go over the top monter à l'assaut ; to say things off the top of one's head ( without thinking) dire n'importe quoi ; I'd say £5,000, but that's just off the top of my head ( without checking) moi, je dirais £5 000, mais c'est approximatif ; to shout at the top of one's voice crier à tue-tête ; to sleep like a top dormir comme un loir.
    ■ top out:
    ▶ top out [sth] mettre la dernière pierre à [building].
    ■ top off:
    ▶ top off [sth], top [sth] off compléter [meal, weekend, outing, creation] (with par) ; shall we top off our evening with a glass of champagne? si on complétait la soirée par un verre de champagne?
    ■ top up to top up with petrol faire le plein ;
    ▶ top up [sth], top [sth] up remplir (à nouveau) [tank, glass] ; ajouter de l'eau à [battery] ; may I top you up ○ ? je vous en remets?

    Big English-French dictionary > top

  • 57 peak

    pi:k
    1. noun
    1) (the pointed top of a mountain or hill: snow-covered peaks.) pico, cumbre
    2) (the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: He was at the peak of his career.) cumbre, cúspide, apogeo
    3) (the front part of a cap which shades the eyes: The boy wore a cap with a peak.) visera

    2. verb
    (to reach the highest, greatest, busiest etc point, time etc: Prices peaked in July and then began to fall.) llegar al punto más alto
    - peaky
    peak n
    1. cima / cumbre / pico
    2. visera
    tr[piːk]
    1 SMALLGEOGRAPHY/SMALL (of mountain) pico; (summit) cima, cumbre nombre femenino
    2 figurative use (highest point) cumbre nombre femenino, cúspide nombre femenino, punto álgido; (climax) apogeo, punto culminante
    3 (of cap) visera
    1 (maximum) máximo,-a
    1 (demand, sales, etc) alcanzar su nivel más alto, alcanzar su punto máximo; (career) alcanzar su apogeo; (athlete) alcanzar su mejor momento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    peak season temporada alta
    peak ['pi:k] vi
    : alcanzar su nivel máximo
    peak adj
    : máximo
    peak n
    1) point: punta f
    2) crest, summit: cima f, cumbre f
    3) apex: cúspide f, apogeo m, nivel m máximo
    n.
    • cima s.f.
    • cresta s.f.
    • cumbre s.f.
    • cúspide s.f.
    • pico s.m.
    • picota s.f.

    I piːk
    a) ( of mountain) cima f, cumbre f, cúspide f (frml or liter); ( mountain) pico m; ( of cap) visera f

    to reach a peak — alcanzar* su punto álgido

    at the peak of her career — en el apogeo or la cúspide de su carrera


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( maximum) <level/power> máximo

    to be in peak condition — \<\<athlete/horse\>\> estar* en plena forma

    b) ( busiest)

    peak viewing figures — cifras fpl de máxima audiencia

    peak rate — tarifa f máxima


    III
    intransitive verb alcanzar* su nivel más alto or su punto máximo/su mejor momento
    [piːk]
    1. N
    1) [of mountain] cumbre f, cima f ; (=mountain itself) pico m ; (=point) (also of roof) punta f ; (on graph) pico m
    2) [of cap] visera f
    3) (=high point) [of career, fame, popularity] cumbre f, cúspide f

    • she died at the peak of her career — murió cuando estaba en la cumbre or la cúspide de su carrera

    to be at the peak of fitness — estar en condiciones óptimas, estar en plena forma

    • the heyday of drugs has passed its peak — ya ha pasado la época de máximo apogeo de las drogas

    • house prices reached a peak in 1988 — el precio de las viviendas alcanzó su nivel máximo en 1988

    • peaks and troughs — auges mpl y depresiones fpl

    widow 2.
    2.
    VI [temperatures] alcanzar su punto más alto; [inflation, sales] alcanzar su nivel máximo; [crisis] alcanzar su momento crítico; [career] alcanzar su cumbre or su cúspide; [sportsperson] alcanzar su mejor momento
    3. ADJ
    (before noun)
    1) (=top)

    • in peak condition — (athlete) en óptimas condiciones, en plena forma; (animal) en óptimas condiciones

    2) (=busiest)

    • peak hours — (of traffic) horas fpl punta; (Elec) horas fpl de mayor consumo

    • peak period — (Telec, Internet, Elec) período m de mayor demanda; (for holidays) temporada f alta

    • peak time — (TV) horas fpl de máxima audiencia; (Telec, Elec) horas fpl de máxima demanda; (=rush hour) horas fpl punta

    • peak viewing time — horas fpl de máxima audiencia

    4.
    CPD

    peak rate N — (Telec) tarifa f alta

    peak season N — temporada f alta

    * * *

    I [piːk]
    a) ( of mountain) cima f, cumbre f, cúspide f (frml or liter); ( mountain) pico m; ( of cap) visera f

    to reach a peak — alcanzar* su punto álgido

    at the peak of her career — en el apogeo or la cúspide de su carrera


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( maximum) <level/power> máximo

    to be in peak condition — \<\<athlete/horse\>\> estar* en plena forma

    b) ( busiest)

    peak viewing figures — cifras fpl de máxima audiencia

    peak rate — tarifa f máxima


    III
    intransitive verb alcanzar* su nivel más alto or su punto máximo/su mejor momento

    English-spanish dictionary > peak

  • 58 glory

    1. noun
    1) (splendour) Schönheit, die; (majesty) Herrlichkeit, die
    2) (fame) Ruhm, der
    3)

    glory [be] to God in the highest — Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe

    2. intransitive verb

    glory in something/doing something — (be pleased by) etwas genießen/es genießen, etwas zu tun; (be proud of) sich einer Sache (Gen.) rühmen/sich rühmen, etwas zu tun

    glory in the name of... — den stolzen Namen... besitzen od. führen

    * * *
    ['ɡlo:ri] 1. plural - glories; noun
    1) (fame or honour: glory on the field of battle; He took part in the competition for the glory of the school.) der Ruhm
    2) (a source of pride, fame etc: This building is one of the many glories of Venice.) der Stolz
    3) (the quality of being magnificent: The sun rose in all its glory.) die Herrlichkeit
    2. verb
    (to take great pleasure in: He glories in his work as an architect.) sich sonnen in
    - academic.ru/31407/glorify">glorify
    - glorification
    - glorious
    - gloriously
    * * *
    glo·ry
    [ˈglɔ:ri]
    I. n
    1. no pl (honour) Ruhm m
    in the days of its \glory, this city was the world's cultural centre in ihrer Blütezeit war diese Stadt das kulturelle Zentrum der Welt
    he didn't exactly cover himself in [or with] \glory er hat sich nicht gerade mit Ruhm bekleckert iron fam
    in a blaze of \glory ruhmvoll, glanzvoll
    to bask [or bathe] in reflected \glory sich akk in unverdientem Ruhm sonnen geh
    to deserve/get all the \glory for sth die ganzen Lorbeeren für etw akk verdienen/ernten
    2. (splendour) Herrlichkeit f, Pracht f
    the museum houses many of the artistic glories of the ancient world das Museum beherbergt viele der Kunstschätze des Altertums
    how long will it take to restore the castle to its former \glory? wie lange wird es dauern, der Burg wieder zu ihrer alten Pracht zu verhelfen?
    3. (attracting honour) ruhmreiche Tat; (achievement) Glanzleistung f
    this pupil is the school's \glory dieser Schüler ist der Stolz der Schule
    past glories vergangene Ruhmestaten; of soldiers vergangene Heldentaten
    4. no pl REL (praise) Ehre f
    \glory to God in the highest Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe
    5. no pl (heaven) Himmel m, Himmelreich nt
    ▪ to be in \glory im Himmel sein
    to go to \glory ( euph) sterben, ins ewige Reich eingehen euph
    6.
    ▶ \glory be! Gott [o dem Himmel] sei Dank!
    II. vi
    <- ie->
    ▪ to \glory in [doing] sth etw genießen
    she's always gloried in the fact that she's better qualified than her sister sie hat sich immer gerühmt, eine bessere Ausbildung zu haben als ihre Schwester
    my sister glories in pointing out my failings meine Schwester kostet es richtig aus, meine Fehler hervorzuheben
    to \glory in one's success sich akk in seinem Erfolg sonnen [o baden]
    * * *
    ['glɔːrɪ]
    1. n
    1) (= honour, fame) Ruhm m
    2) (= praise) Ehre f

    glory be! (dated inf) — du lieber Himmel! (inf)

    3) (= beauty, magnificence) Herrlichkeit f

    the glories of the past, past glories — vergangene Herrlichkeiten pl

    Rome at the height of its glory — Rom in seiner Blütezeit

    they restored the car to its former glory — sie restaurierten das Auto, bis es seine frühere Schönheit wiedererlangt hatte

    4) (= source of pride) Stolz m
    5)

    (= celestial bliss) the saints in glory — die Heiligen in der himmlischen Herrlichkeit

    to go to glory (euph liter) — ins ewige Leben or in die Ewigkeit eingehen (euph liter)

    2. vi

    to glory in one's/sb's success — sich in seinem/jds Erfolg sonnen

    to glory in the knowledge/fact that... — das Wissen/die Tatsache, dass..., voll auskosten

    they gloried in showing me my mistakes —

    to glory in the name/title of... — den stolzen Namen/Titel... führen

    * * *
    glory [ˈɡlɔːrı; US auch ˈɡləʊriː]
    A s
    1. Ruhm m, Ehre f:
    to the glory of God zum Ruhme oder zur Ehre Gottes;
    glory to God, in the highest Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe;
    covered in ( oder with) glory ruhmbedeckt;
    crowned with glory poet ruhmbekränzt, -gekrönt;
    glory be! umg
    a) (überrascht) ach du lieber Himmel!,
    b) (erfreut, erleichtert) Gott sei Dank!; → cover B 1
    2. Zier(de) f, Stolz m, Glanz (-punkt) m
    3. Herrlichkeit f, Glanz m, Pracht f, Glorie f
    4. voller Glanz, höchste Blüte:
    5. REL
    a) himmlische Herrlichkeit
    b) Himmel m:
    go to glory umg in die ewigen Jagdgründe eingehen;
    send to glory umg jemanden ins Jenseits befördern
    6. → gloriole
    7. Ekstase f, Verzückung f
    B v/i
    1. sich freuen, glücklich sein ( beide:
    in über akk)
    2. sich sonnen (in in dat)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (splendour) Schönheit, die; (majesty) Herrlichkeit, die
    2) (fame) Ruhm, der
    3)

    glory [be] to God in the highest — Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe

    2. intransitive verb

    glory in something/doing something — (be pleased by) etwas genießen/es genießen, etwas zu tun; (be proud of) sich einer Sache (Gen.) rühmen/sich rühmen, etwas zu tun

    glory in the name of... — den stolzen Namen... besitzen od. führen

    * * *
    n.
    Heiligenschein m.
    Herrlichkeit f.
    Pracht -en f.
    Ruhm nur sing. m.

    English-german dictionary > glory

  • 59 third

    Ɵə:d
    1. noun
    1) (one of three equal parts.) tercio
    2) ((also adjective) the last of three (people, things etc); the next after the second.) tercero

    2. adverb
    (in the third position: John came first in the race, and I came third.) en tercera (posición), en tercer (lugar)
    - third-class
    - third degree
    - third party
    - third-rate
    - the Third World
    third num
    1. tercero
    2. tercio / tercera parte
    tr[ɵɜːd]
    1 tercero,-a
    1 (in series) tercero, en tercer lugar
    1 tercero,-a
    2 (fraction) tercio; (one part) tercera parte nombre femenino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    third time lucky a la tercera va la vencida
    the third degree un interrogatorio
    third degree burn quemadura de tercer grado
    third gear SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL tercera
    third party tercero,-a
    third person SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL tercera persona
    the Third World el tercer mundo
    third world tercermundista Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL See also sixth/Table 1
    third ['ɵərd] or thirdly [-li] adv
    : en tercer lugar
    she came in third: llegó en tercer lugar
    third adj
    : tercero
    the third day: el tercer día
    1) : tercero m, -ra f (en una serie)
    2) : tercero m, tercera parte f
    adj.
    • tercero, -a adj.
    • tercio (Tercera parte) adj.
    n.
    • tercera s.f.
    • tercera parte s.f.
    • tercero, -era s.m.,f.
    • tercio s.m.
    • tres s.m.
    • tres en las fechas s.m.

    I θɜːrd, θɜːd
    adjective tercero [tercero becomes tercer when it precedes a masculine singular noun]

    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en tercer lugar

    the third highest mountain — la montaña que ocupa el tercer lugar en altura, la tercera montaña en altura; see also fifth II


    III
    1)
    a) ( Math) tercio m
    b) ( part) tercera parte f, tercio m
    c) ( Mus) tercera f
    2) third (gear) ( Auto) (no art) tercera f
    [θɜːd]
    1.
    ADJ tercero; (before m sing noun) tercer

    third time lucky! — ¡a la tercera va la vencida!

    2. N
    1) (in series) tercero(-a) m / f
    2) (=fraction) tercio m, tercera parte f
    3) (Mus) tercera f
    4) (Brit) (Univ) tercera clase f
    5) (Aut) tercera f velocidad, tercera f

    in third — en tercera; see fifth

    3.

    to finish third — (in race) llegar en tercer lugar

    4.
    CPD

    third degree N — see degree 1., 3)

    third-degree

    third estate N — estado m llano

    third form N — curso de secundaria para alumnos de entre 13 y 14 años

    third party N — tercero m, tercera persona f

    third party, fire and theft N — seguro m a terceros con robo e incendio

    third party insurance N — seguro m a terceros

    third person N — (Ling) tercera persona f

    third way N — (Pol) tercera vía f

    third-world
    * * *

    I [θɜːrd, θɜːd]
    adjective tercero [tercero becomes tercer when it precedes a masculine singular noun]

    II
    a) (in position, time, order) en tercer lugar

    the third highest mountain — la montaña que ocupa el tercer lugar en altura, la tercera montaña en altura; see also fifth II


    III
    1)
    a) ( Math) tercio m
    b) ( part) tercera parte f, tercio m
    c) ( Mus) tercera f
    2) third (gear) ( Auto) (no art) tercera f

    English-spanish dictionary > third

  • 60 pitch

    I [pɪtʃ]
    1) sport campo m. (sportivo)
    2) mus. tono m., tonalità f.; (of note, voice) tono m., altezza f.
    3) (degree) grado m.; (highest point) colmo m.
    4) (sales talk) parlantina f.
    5) ing. mar. pece f. nera
    6) BE (for street trader) posteggio m.
    7) ing. (of roof) inclinazione f., pendenza f.
    II 1. [pɪtʃ]
    1) (throw) gettare, buttare [ object] ( into in); sport lanciare
    2) (aim, adjust) adattare [campaign, speech] (at a); (set) fissare [ price]
    3) mus. [ singer] prendere [ note]; [ player] dare [ note]
    4) (erect) piantare, rizzare [ tent]
    2.
    1) (be thrown) [rider, passenger] cadere
    2) mar.
    3) AE (in baseball) servire
    •
    * * *
    I 1. [pi ] verb
    1) (to set up (a tent or camp): They pitched their tent in the field.)
    2) (to throw: He pitched the stone into the river.)
    3) (to (cause to) fall heavily: He pitched forward.)
    4) ((of a ship) to rise and fall violently: The boat pitched up and down on the rough sea.)
    5) (to set (a note or tune) at a particular level: He pitched the tune too high for my voice.)
    2. noun
    1) (the field or ground for certain games: a cricket-pitch; a football pitch.)
    2) (the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note, voice etc.)
    3) (an extreme point or intensity: His anger reached such a pitch that he hit her.)
    4) (the part of a street etc where a street-seller or entertainer works: He has a pitch on the High Street.)
    5) (the act of pitching or throwing or the distance something is pitched: That was a long pitch.)
    6) ((of a ship) the act of pitching.)
    •
    - pitcher
    - pitched battle
    - pitchfork     II [pi ] noun
    (a thick black substance obtained from tar: as black as pitch.)
    - pitch-dark
    * * *
    I [pɪtʃ] n
    (tar) pece f
    II [pɪtʃ]
    1. n
    1) esp Brit Sport campo
    2) (angle, slope: of roof) inclinazione f
    3) Naut Aer beccheggio
    4) (of note, voice, instrument) intonazione f, altezza, (fig: degree) grado, punto

    at its (highest) pitch — al massimo, al colmo

    his anger reached such a pitch that... — la sua furia raggiunse un punto tale che...

    5) fam, (also: sales pitch) discorsetto imbonitore
    6) Mountaineering tiro di corda
    7) (throw) lancio
    2. vt
    1) (throw: ball, object) lanciare, (hay) sollevare col forcone
    2) (Mus: song) intonare, (note) dare

    to pitch it too strong fam — esagerare, calcare troppo la mano

    3) (set up: tent) piantare
    3. vi
    1) (fall) cascare, cadere
    2) Naut, (Aer) beccheggiare
    •
    * * *
    pitch (1) /pɪtʃ/
    n. [u]
    ● pitch-black, nero come la pece □ (stor.) pitch-cap, copricapo impeciato ( strumento di tortura) □ pitch dark, buio pesto □ pitch darkness, completa oscurità □ (bot., USA; spec. Pinus rigida) pitch pine, pitch pine, pino rosso.
    ♦ pitch (2) /pɪtʃ/
    n.
    1 (spec. sport: baseball e cricket) lancio; palla lanciata: a good pitch, un buon lancio
    2 [u] (naut., aeron.) beccheggio
    4 [u] (mus. e ling.) tono; tonalità ( d'un suono, anche parlando)
    5 [uc] (mus.) altezza ( di una nota)
    6 (fig.) culmine, apice, punto massimo; colmo: the pitch of merriment, il colmo (o il massimo) dell'allegria
    7 (fig.) grado; punto: The party was at the highest pitch of excitement, la festa era giunta al punto più alto (o al culmine) dell'eccitazione
    10 [u] ( di un tetto, ecc.) inclinazione; pendenza
    11 (mecc.) passo: screw pitch, passo della vite; variable pitch propeller, elica a passo variabile
    12 ( sport: baseball, cricket, calcio, hockey) campo (di gioco); ( anche) fattore campo: off the pitch, fuori dal campo di gioco; non in campo; pitch invasion, invasione di campo; pitch-side, bordo campo
    13 (fig., fam.) discorsetto; imbonimento; tirata imbonitoria: (comm.) sales pitch, la tirata imbonitoria del venditore; to have a good sales pitch, sapere vendere la propria merce
    15 [u] (fam.) abbordaggio; approccio amoroso
    ● (mecc.) pitch circle, circonferenza primitiva ( di una ruota dentata) □ (mecc.) pitch cone, cono primitivo □ (mus.) pitch-pipe, strumento a fiato per accordare; corista □ to fly a high pitch, ( di falco, ecc.) volare fino al punto più alto ( prima di gettarsi sulla preda); (fig.) mirare in alto, fare progetti ambiziosi (o voli di fantasia) □ ( USA) to make a pitch for sb., cercare di abbordare q.; provarci con q.; tentare un approccio amoroso con q. □ ( USA) to make a pitch for st., spezzare una lancia in favore di qc. □ (fig.) to queer sb. 's pitch, guastare i piani a q.; rompere le uova nel paniere a q. (fig.).
    (to) pitch (1) /pɪtʃ/
    v. t.
    impeciare.
    (to) pitch (2) /pɪtʃ/
    A v. t.
    1 piantare; fissare; rizzare: to pitch a tent, piantare una tenda; to pitch a camp, fissare il campo; accamparsi
    2 gettare; lanciare; scagliare; buttare: to pitch a ball, lanciare una palla
    3 (mus.) accordare; intonare ( uno strumento, ecc.); impostare ( la voce): to pitch a melody in a higher key, intonare una melodia in chiave più alta
    4 (fig.) impostare ( un discorso); dare il tono a (qc.); esprimere (qc. ) in un modo particolare
    6 pavimentare, selciare ( una strada)
    8 ( sport: baseball) lanciare: to pitch the ball to the batter, lanciare la palla al battitore
    9 (fam.) raccontare; narrare: to pitch a yarn, raccontare una storia
    B v. i.
    2 cadere; stramazzare: to pitch on one's head, cadere a capofitto; to pitch out of the window, cadere dalla finestra
    3 (naut., aeron.) beccheggiare
    4 (aeron.) impennarsi; picchiare
    5 ( baseball) essere al lancio; fare il lanciatore: the pitching team, la squadra che è ai lanci
    6 ( del tetto, ecc.) avere una (certa) pendenza (o inclinazione): The roof of the barn pitches sharply, il tetto del granaio ha una forte pendenza
    ● ( cricket) to pitch a good length, fare un bel lancio lungo □ to pitch hay, caricare fieno ( gettandolo coi forconi sui carri) □ (fig.) to pitch one's tent, piantar le tende, stabilirsi ( in un luogo) □ to be pitched off one's horse, essere disarcionato.
    * * *
    I [pɪtʃ]
    1) sport campo m. (sportivo)
    2) mus. tono m., tonalità f.; (of note, voice) tono m., altezza f.
    3) (degree) grado m.; (highest point) colmo m.
    4) (sales talk) parlantina f.
    5) ing. mar. pece f. nera
    6) BE (for street trader) posteggio m.
    7) ing. (of roof) inclinazione f., pendenza f.
    II 1. [pɪtʃ]
    1) (throw) gettare, buttare [ object] ( into in); sport lanciare
    2) (aim, adjust) adattare [campaign, speech] (at a); (set) fissare [ price]
    3) mus. [ singer] prendere [ note]; [ player] dare [ note]
    4) (erect) piantare, rizzare [ tent]
    2.
    1) (be thrown) [rider, passenger] cadere
    2) mar.
    3) AE (in baseball) servire
    •

    English-Italian dictionary > pitch

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