-
61 complete
1. adjective1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]2. transitive verb1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]* * *[kəm'pli:t] 1. adjective3) (finished: My picture will soon be complete.) fertig2. verb(to finish; to make complete: When will he complete the job?; This stamp completes my collection.) vervollständigen- academic.ru/85581/completely">completely- completeness
- completion* * *com·plete[kəmˈpli:t]I. vt▪ to \complete sth1. (add what is missing) collection, set etw vervollständigen; form, questionnaire etw [vollständig] ausfüllenall she needed to \complete her happiness was a baby alles, was ihr zu ihrem Glück noch fehlte, war ein Baby2. (finish) etw fertigstellen [o zu Ende bringen]to \complete a conveyance LAW eine Eigentumsübertragung abschließento \complete a course einen Kurs absolvierento \complete one's studies sein Studium zu Ende bringenII. adj1. (with nothing missing) vollständig, kompletta \complete set ein vollständiges Setthe \complete works of Shakespeare Shakespeares gesammelte Werkesun, sand and romance — their holiday was \complete Sonne, Sand, Romantik — ihr Urlaub war vollkommen3. (including)\complete with inklusive\complete with batteries inklusive Batterienthe man's a \complete fool! der Mann ist ein Vollidiot! famit was a \complete surprise es war eine völlige Überraschung\complete blank völlige Leere\complete breakdown totaler Zusammenbruch\complete coverage (in insurance) volle Deckung [o Risikoübernahme]in \complete darkness in völliger Dunkelheitthe \complete gentleman der perfekte Gentleman\complete mastery vollkommene Beherrschung\complete paralysis vollständige Lähmung\complete protein vollwertiges Eiweiß\complete silence absolute Stillea \complete stranger ein völlig Fremder/eine völlig Fremde\complete and utter total fam* * *[kəm'pliːt]1. adj1) (= entire, whole) ganz attr; set also, wardrobe, deck of cards vollständig, komplett; (= having the required numbers) vollzählig; edition Gesamt-my happiness/disappointment was complete —
the complete works of Shakespeare — die gesammelten Werke Shakespeares
no classical collection is complete without Beethoven's ninth symphony —
a very complete account — ein sehr umfassender or detaillierter Bericht
2) attr (= total, absolute) völlig; failure, beginner, disaster, flop also, victory total; surprise, shambles also komplett; satisfaction also, approval vollwe were complete strangers —
3) (= finished) fertighis novel is not yet complete —
my life's work is now complete — mein Lebenswerk ist nun vollbracht
4)he came complete with rucksack and boots — er erschien komplett ausgerüstet mit Rucksack und Stiefeln
5) sportsman, gardener etc perfekt2. vt1) (= make whole) collection, set vervollständigen, komplettieren; team vollzählig machen; education, meal abrundenand to complete their misery... — und zu allem Unglück...
3) (= finish) beenden, abschließen, zum Abschluss or zu Ende bringen; building, work fertigstellen; prison sentence verbüßenit's not completed yet — es ist noch nicht fertig
4) form, questionnaire ausfüllen* * *complete [kəmˈpliːt]A adj (adv completely)1. komplett, vollständig, vollkommen, völlig, ganz, total:complete beginner blutiger Anfänger;complete combustion vollständige Verbrennung;complete defeat vollständige Niederlage;complete edition Gesamtausgabe f;complete outfit komplette Ausstattung;he is a complete stranger to me er ist mir völlig unbekannt;it was a complete surprise to me es war oder kam für mich völlig überraschend;complete with (mit)samt, komplett mit;completely unthinkable völlig undenkbar2. vollzählig, komplett3. beendet, vollendet, fertig4. vollkommen, perfekt (Gastgeberin etc)B v/t1. vervollständigen, ergänzen2. vollenden, abschließen, beendigen, fertigstellen:complete a contract einen Vertrag erfüllen;complete one’s sentence JUR seine Strafe verbüßen;complete one’s studies sein Studium absolvieren3. fig vollenden, vervollkommnen:that completed his happiness das machte sein Glück vollkommen4. ein Formular ausfüllen5. eine Telefonverbindung herstellencomp. abk1. comparative2. compare3. comparison4. compilation5. compiled6. complete7. composer* * *1. adjective1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]2. transitive verb1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]* * *adj.komplett adj.lückenlos adj.vollständig (Mathematik) adj.vollständig adj.völlig adj. v.ergänzen v.fertigstellen v.komplettieren v.vervollständigen v.vollenden v. -
62 cosecha
f.1 harvest (agriculture).ser de la (propia) cosecha de alguien (informal figurative) to be made up o invented by somebody2 vintage.3 harvest time.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cosechar.imperat.2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: cosechar.* * *1 harvest, crop2 (tiempo) harvest time3 (año del vino) vintage\* * *noun f.crop, harvest* * *SF1) (=recogida) harvest; (=temporada) harvest, harvest timela cosecha de 1972 — (=vino) the 1972 vintage
2) (=producto) cropde cosecha propia — home-grown, home-produced
3) (=producción) yield* * *1)a) (acción, época) harvestb) ( producto) cropde mi/tu/su (propia) cosecha: estas zanahorias son de mi propia cosecha I grew these carrots myself; unos poemas de su propia cosecha — some of his own poems
2) (de premios, éxitos)* * *= crop, harvesting, vintage, harvest.Ex. There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.Ex. This collocation surely meets a general need more effectively than if everything were brought together under process, scattering materials on crops: harvesting of wheat, oats, barlye, etc., all colocated at harvesting.Ex. Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.Ex. The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.----* cosecha de fruta = fruit crop.* cosecha extraordinariamente buena = bumper crop.* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], home-produced.* de propia cosecha = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* vino de cosecha = young wine.* * *1)a) (acción, época) harvestb) ( producto) cropde mi/tu/su (propia) cosecha: estas zanahorias son de mi propia cosecha I grew these carrots myself; unos poemas de su propia cosecha — some of his own poems
2) (de premios, éxitos)* * *= crop, harvesting, vintage, harvest.Ex: There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.
Ex: This collocation surely meets a general need more effectively than if everything were brought together under process, scattering materials on crops: harvesting of wheat, oats, barlye, etc., all colocated at harvesting.Ex: Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.Ex: The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.* cosecha de fruta = fruit crop.* cosecha extraordinariamente buena = bumper crop.* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], home-produced.* de propia cosecha = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* vino de cosecha = young wine.* * *A1 (acción, época) harvestun vino de la cosecha del 70 a 1970 vintage wine2 (producto) cropel mal tiempo echó a perder la cosecha the bad weather caused the crop to failde mi/tu/su (propia) cosecha: estas zanahorias son de mi propia cosecha I grew these carrots myself, these carrots are from my gardenunos poemas de su propia cosecha some of his own poemsB(de premios, éxitos): nuestra cosecha en las olimpíadas fue pobre our medal tally at the Olympics was poor, we did not win many medals at the Olympicsdespués de su cosecha de éxitos en Europa following his many successes in Europe, following the successes he reaped in Europe ( journ)* * *
Del verbo cosechar: ( conjugate cosechar)
cosecha es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
cosecha
cosechar
cosecha sustantivo femenino
cosechar ( conjugate cosechar) verbo transitivo
‹ legumbres› to pick
‹ éxitos› to achieve
verbo intransitivo
to harvest
cosecha sustantivo femenino
1 Agr harvest
2 (año de vendimia) vintage
cosechar
I verbo transitivo
1 Agr to harvest, gather (in)
2 (éxitos) to reap, achieve
(críticas, aplausos) to win
II verbo intransitivo to harvest
' cosecha' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
coger
- diezmar
- falta
- granizada
- malograrse
- precoz
- recoger
- recolectar
- vendimiar
- abundante
- adelantar
- copioso
- echar
- helar
- malograr
- pizca
English:
bumper
- crop
- gather in
- harvest
- homegrown
- pick
- vintage
- yield
* * *cosecha nf1. [recogida, época] harvest;es de la cosecha del 79 it's the 1979 vintage;hacer la cosecha to harvest;ser de la (propia) cosecha de alguien to be made up o invented by sb2. [producto] crop;la cosecha de vid de este año ha sido muy buena the grape harvest has been very good this year;se ha perdido toda la cosecha the entire crop o harvest has been lost3. [de títulos, premios] tally;este último galardón se añade a su cosecha personal this latest award adds one more to his personal tally* * *f1 harvest; figtally, score2:de cosecha propia one’s own;no ser de su cosecha fig fam not be one’s own work* * *cosecha nf: harvest, crop* * *cosecha n1. (acción) harvest2. (producto) crop -
63 dominar
v.1 to control (controlar) (pasión, nervios, caballo).era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle2 to overcome.lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her3 to master (conocer) (técnica, tema).domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluentlyha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English within a few months4 to overlook.desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here5 to predominate.6 to dominate, to domineer, to bestride, to have sway over.El tirano domina al pueblo The tyrant dominates the people.Ella domina su ira She dominates her anger.7 to tower above, to dominate.El cerro domina el horizonte The hill dominates the horizon.8 to have the control, to dominate, to have ascendancy, to have the ascendancy.Ella domina She has the control.9 to calm down forcibly, to calm down.10 to take over.* * *1 (tener bajo dominio) to dominate2 (avasallar) to domineer3 (controlar) to control, restrain4 (conocer a fondo) to master5 (ver) to overlook, dominate1 (ser superior) to dominate2 (destacar) to stand out3 (predominar) to predominate1 (controlarse) to control oneself, restrain oneself* * *verb1) to dominate2) master3) prevail•* * *1. VT1) (=controlar) [+ población, territorio] to dominate; [+ países] to rule, rule over; [+ adversario] to overpower; [+ caballo] to control2) (=contener) [+ incendio, epidemia] to check, bring under control; [+ rebelión] to put down, suppress; [+ pasión] to control, master; [+ nervios, emoción] to control; [+ dolor] to overcome3) [+ técnica, tema] to master4) (=estar por encima de)la catedral domina toda la ciudad — the cathedral dominates o towers above the whole town
2. VI1) [edificio] to tower2) (=predominar) [color, rasgo] to stand out; [opinión, tendencia] to predominate3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to controldominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy
la policía dominó la situación en todo momento — the police had the situation under control at all times
b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very wellc) ( abarcar con la vista)d) montaña/torre to dominate2. 3.* * *= dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.Ex. The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.Ex. This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.Ex. The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.Ex. The library director strove to master his frustration.Ex. Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.Ex. The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.Ex. The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.Ex. E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.Ex. In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.Ex. Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.Ex. I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.Ex. Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.Ex. She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.Ex. They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.Ex. A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.----* dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.* dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.* dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.* dominar una destreza = master + skill.* dominar una técnica = master + technique.* la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( controlar) <nación/territorio/persona> to dominate; <pasión/cólera> to control; <vehiculo/caballo> to controldominado por la ambición/los celos — ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy
la policía dominó la situación en todo momento — the police had the situation under control at all times
b) < idioma> to have a good command of; <tema/asignatura> to know... very wellc) ( abarcar con la vista)d) montaña/torre to dominate2. 3.* * *= dominate, dominate + the scene, get + command of, tame, subdue, master, command, conquer, preponderate, overtake, overlook, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, tower above/over, pervade, hold + sway (over), be king, lord over, lord it over, keep + a tight hold on.Ex: The ideology advocated by Panizzi has since dominated not only Anglo-American but Western cataloging generally.
Ex: This may have something to do with the absence of CABx, who seem to have dominated the scene in other states.Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.Ex: The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.Ex: The library director strove to master his frustration.Ex: Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.Ex: The tools and technologies provided by the Internet enable scholars to communicate or disseminate information in ways which conquer the barriers of time and space.Ex: The indexing languages used in science and technology were first in the field, and still preponderate, both in areas covered and in number.Ex: E-Books, while a curiosity and a lot of fun, do not seem to be overtaking the mass market.Ex: In this sense the British Council libraries may be seen as a window, overlooking the British Isles, their virtues and characteristics.Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.Ex: Prague represents a unique collection of historical monuments dominated by Prague Castle towering high above the city.Ex: I strongly believe that we must cultivate a more positive attitude towards change in the field of library work, and that this attitude must pervade all levels of librarianship.Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.Ex: Despite the electronics invasion, books are still king, and book fairs keeps on growing every year.Ex: She argues that the way yeoman farmers lorded over their wives and dependents was similar to the way wealthy planters lorded over their slaves.Ex: They believe that the main use for government is for some people to lord it over others at their expense.Ex: A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.* dominar a Alguien = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb, bring + Nombre + under + Posesivo + sway.* dominar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.* dominar el miedo = conquer + fear.* dominar la situación = tame + the beast.* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.* dominar una destreza = master + skill.* dominar una técnica = master + technique.* la mano que mece la cuna es la mano que domina el mundo = the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.* * *dominar [A1 ]vt1 (controlar) ‹nación/territorio› to dominate; ‹persona› to dominate; ‹pasión/cólera› to controltiene a los niños totalmente dominados she has the children well under her thumb o under controldominado por la ambición ruled by ambitiondominado por los celos consumed by jealousyno logró dominar su ira she couldn't contain o control her angerel equipo que dominó el encuentro the team which dominated the matchno logró dominar el vehículo/caballo he couldn't get control of the vehicle/horsela policía dominó la situación en todo momento the police had the situation under control at all times2 ‹tema/idioma›no domino el tema I'm no expert on the subjectdomina el francés she has a good command of Frenchnunca voy a poder dominar el inglés I'll never be able to master English3(abarcar con la vista): desde allí se domina toda la bahía there's a view over the whole bay from there, from there you can look out over the whole bay4 «montaña/torre» to dominate■ dominarvi«color/tendencia» to predominate; «opinión» to prevailel tema que dominó en las negociones the subject which dominated the talksel equipo visitante dominó durante el segundo tiempo the visitors dominated the second half o were on top in the second half«persona» to restrain o control oneself* * *
dominar ( conjugate dominar) verbo transitivo
‹pasión/cólera› to control;
‹vehículo/caballo› to control;◊ dominado por la ambición/los celos ruled by ambition/consumed by jealousy
‹tema/asignatura› to know … very wellc) ( abarcar con la vista):
verbo intransitivo [color/tendencia] to predominate;
[ opinión] to prevail;
[ equipo] to dominate
dominarse verbo pronominal [ persona] to restrain o control oneself
dominar
I verbo transitivo
1 (un pueblo, país) to dominate, rule
2 (contener, controlar) to control
3 (conocer perfectamente: un idioma) to speak very well
(: un asunto, una actividad) to master
4 (con la vista) to overlook
II verbo intransitivo
1 to dominate
2 (un color, una característica) to stand out
' dominar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abarcar
- imperar
- imponerse
- vencer
- conocer
- dejar
- reducir
- someter
- sujetar
English:
control
- curb
- dominate
- hold down
- master
- overpower
- pervade
- restrain
- subdue
- sway
- tower
- over
- rule
* * *♦ vt1. [controlar] [país, territorio, pueblo] to dominate, to rule (over);[persona, caballo] to control; [emociones, nervios] to control, to keep under control; [situación] to be in control of; [incendio, epidemia] to bring under control; [rebelión] to put down; [partido] to dominate;la guerrilla domina toda esta zona guerrillas control this entire area;la policía logró dominar a los alborotadores the police managed to bring the troublemakers under control;tiene al marido dominado she has her husband under her thumb;era imposible dominar el vehículo it was impossible to maintain control of the vehicle;no supo dominar sus nervios she couldn't control her nervousness;el equipo local dominó el partido en todo momento the local team dominated the game from the beginning2. [sujeto: pasión, nervios, emociones] to overcome;lo dominaba el deseo irrefrenable de besarla he was overcome by an irresistible desire to kiss her3. [ser experto en] [técnica, tema] to master;[lengua] to be fluent in;domina a la perfección los temas de contabilidad he has a perfect mastery of accounting;domina varias lenguas she speaks various languages fluently;ha conseguido dominar el inglés en pocos meses he managed to acquire a good command of English in a few months;¡cómo domina el balón! what great ball control!4. [divisar] to overlook;desde aquí se domina todo Bilbao you can see the whole of Bilbao from here5. [destacar por encima de] to dominate;el castillo domina el pueblo the castle dominates the town♦ vi[predominar] to predominate;una zona donde domina el voto socialista an area with a predominantly socialist vote* * *I v/t2 idioma have a good command ofII v/i dominate* * *dominar vt1) : to dominate2) : to master, to be proficient atdominar vi: to predominate, to prevail* * *dominar vb1. (en general) to dominate2. (tener bajo poder) to rule over3. (controlar) to control5. (idioma) to be fluent in6. (otras materias) to be good at / to be an expert on -
64 estafar
v.to swindle.estafó cien millones a la empresa he defrauded the company of a hundred millionEl pillo defraudó a la tienda The thief defrauded the store.* * *1 to swindle, trick, cheat, defraud\me han estafado familiar I've been done, I've been had* * *verb* * *VT to swindle, defraud, twist *estafar algo a algn — to swindle sb out of sth, defraud sb of sth
¡me han estafado! — I've been done! *
* * *verbo transitivoa) (Der) to swindle, defraudestafarle algo a alguien — to defraud somebody of something, swindle somebody out of something
b) (fam) ( timar) to rip... off (colloq), to con (colloq)qué manera de estafar a la gente! — what a con o rip-off! (colloq)
* * *= cheat (on), defraud, rip off, swindle, shortchange, bilk, humbug, con, hoax.Ex. Students who cheat on literature searching, for instance, will not get the full benefit of the course.Ex. The librarian wishes to maximise access to information while not defrauding authors and publishers.Ex. Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.Ex. It is evident that the candidates for everlasting youth will be eternally swindled.Ex. Banning's decision to hold up Madison and Jefferson as models without discussing in some depth the practical ways in which they politicked shortchanges the reader.Ex. With inflated prices, the nagging question was whether consumers were being bilked by the market.Ex. More persons, on the whole, are humbugged by believing in nothing than by believing in too much.Ex. A number of victims have contacted police after seeing Masterson's mug shot and recognizing him as the man who conned them.Ex. He hoaxed the popular media into thinking that he had burnt a million quid for the publicity it would, and has continued to, generate.* * *verbo transitivoa) (Der) to swindle, defraudestafarle algo a alguien — to defraud somebody of something, swindle somebody out of something
b) (fam) ( timar) to rip... off (colloq), to con (colloq)qué manera de estafar a la gente! — what a con o rip-off! (colloq)
* * *= cheat (on), defraud, rip off, swindle, shortchange, bilk, humbug, con, hoax.Ex: Students who cheat on literature searching, for instance, will not get the full benefit of the course.
Ex: The librarian wishes to maximise access to information while not defrauding authors and publishers.Ex: Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.Ex: It is evident that the candidates for everlasting youth will be eternally swindled.Ex: Banning's decision to hold up Madison and Jefferson as models without discussing in some depth the practical ways in which they politicked shortchanges the reader.Ex: With inflated prices, the nagging question was whether consumers were being bilked by the market.Ex: More persons, on the whole, are humbugged by believing in nothing than by believing in too much.Ex: A number of victims have contacted police after seeing Masterson's mug shot and recognizing him as the man who conned them.Ex: He hoaxed the popular media into thinking that he had burnt a million quid for the publicity it would, and has continued to, generate.* * *estafar [A1 ]vt1 ( Der) to swindle, defraud estafarle algo A algn to defraud sb OF sth, swindle sb OUT OF sthle estafó a la empresa varios millones de pesos he defrauded the company of several million pesos, he swindled the company out of several million pesos¡qué manera de estafar a la gente! what a con o rip-off! ( colloq)* * *
estafar ( conjugate estafar) verbo transitivo
estafarle algo a algn to defraud sb of sth, swindle sb out of sth
estafar verbo transitivo to swindle, cheat, trick: estafaron a un pensionista y le dejaron sin sus ahorros, they swindled the pensioner out of his entire savings
' estafar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
defraudar
- timar
- engañar
- robar
English:
chisel
- con
- defraud
- diddle
- fiddle
- rook
- swindle
- trick
- cheat
- rip
* * *estafar vt1. [timar, robar] to swindle;[a empresa, organización] to defraud;estafó millones a la empresa he defrauded the company of millions¿10.000 por esta camisa? a ti te han estafado 10,000 for that shirt? you've been ripped off o had* * *v/t swindle, cheat;estafar algo a alguien cheat s.o. out of sth, defraud s.o. of sth* * *estafar vtdefraudar: to swindle, to defraud* * *estafar vb to swindle -
65 respaldo
m.1 back.2 backing, support (apoyo).3 backup, back up, backup copy, back.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: respaldar.* * *1 back2 figurado support, backing* * *SM1) [de silla] back; [de cama] head2) [de documento] (=dorso) back; (=cosa escrita) endorsementfirmar al o en el respaldo — to sign on the back
operación de respaldo — back-up operation, support operation
4) (Hort) wall* * *1) ( de asiento) back2) ( apoyo) support, backing; (Fin) backing3) ( dorso de documento) back; ( lo escrito) endorsement* * *= backing, endorsement, support, backrest, backup [back-up].Ex. Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.Ex. The project was given endorsement by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing and the then Section on Mechanization.Ex. BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.Ex. By depressing a foot pedal, the force on the backrest increases and the vertical force on the seat decreases.Ex. The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.----* hoja de respaldo = backing sheet.* respaldo económico = financial backing.* * *1) ( de asiento) back2) ( apoyo) support, backing; (Fin) backing3) ( dorso de documento) back; ( lo escrito) endorsement* * *= backing, endorsement, support, backrest, backup [back-up].Ex: Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
Ex: The project was given endorsement by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing and the then Section on Mechanization.Ex: BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.Ex: By depressing a foot pedal, the force on the backrest increases and the vertical force on the seat decreases.Ex: The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.* hoja de respaldo = backing sheet.* respaldo económico = financial backing.* * *A (de un asiento) backB1 (apoyo) support, backingcuentan con el respaldo de la población they have the support o backing of the peopleun combate de respaldo ( Méx); a supporting fightpruebas en respaldo de su versión evidence in support of his story o account2 ( Fin) backingestos bonos cuentan con el respaldo del Banco de Manila these bonds have the backing of o are backed by the Bank of ManilaC (parte posterior de un documento) back; (lo escrito) endorsement* * *
Del verbo respaldar: ( conjugate respaldar)
respaldo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
respaldó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
respaldar
respaldo
respaldar ( conjugate respaldar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› ( apoyar) to support, back;
( en discusión) to back up;
‹propuesta/plan› to support, back;
‹versión/teoría› to support, back up
respaldo sustantivo masculino
c) (Fin) backing
respaldar verbo transitivo to support, back: nadie respaldó su proyecto, nobody backed her project
respaldo sustantivo masculino
1 (de un asiento) back
2 (económico, moral) support, backing
' respaldo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abatir
- barrote
- incondicional
- respaldar
- abatible
- anatómico
- aval
- butaca
English:
back
- backing
- backup
- electorate
- endorsement
- financial
- support
* * *respaldo nm1. [de asiento] back;asiento respaldo abatible reclining seat2. [apoyo] backing, support;cuenta con el respaldo de todo el partido he has the backing o support of the entire party* * *m de silla back; figbacking, support* * *respaldo nm1) : back (of an object)2) : support, backing* * *respaldo n1. (apoyo) support2. (de silla) back -
66 mandar
v.1 to order.la profesora nos ha mandado deberes/una redacción the teacher has set o given us some homework/an essaymandar a alguien hacer algo to order somebody to do somethingmandar hacer algo to have something done¿quién te manda decirle nada? who asked you to say anything to her?Ellos mandan a los marineros They command the sailors.2 to send.mandar algo a alguien to send somebody something, to send something to somebodyme mandó un correo electrónico she sent me an e-mail, she e-mailed meLe mandaremos el pago por correo We will send you your payment by mail.3 to lead, to be in charge of.4 to send (informal) (lanzar).mandó la jabalina más allá de los 90 metros he sent the javelin beyond the 90 meter mark5 to be in charge.aquí mando yo I'm in charge here6 to order people around.7 to send out.8 to have authority, to dictate, to hold the reins, to rule.Los capitanes mandan The captains have authority.9 to order to.María le manda a Sue hacer eso Mary orders Sue to do that.* * *1 (ordenar) to order, tell2 (enviar) to send1 (dirigir - un grupo) to be in charge; (- un país) to be in power■ ¿quién manda aquí? who's in charge here?\¡a mandar! you're in charge!lo que usted mande as you wish, as you saymandar a alguien a paseo/hacer gárgaras/freír espárragos familiar to tell somebody to get lost, tell somebody to take a running jump¿mande? familiar pardon?* * *verb1) to order2) command3) send* * *1. VT1) (=ordenar, encargar) to tell¿hoy no te han mandado deberes? — haven't they given you any homework today?
¿qué manda usted? — esp LAm can I help you?
¿manda usted algo más? — esp LAm would you like anything else?
•
mandar (a algn) (a) hacer algo, lo mandé a comprar pan — I sent him (out) for bread o to buy some breadtuvimos que mandar arreglar el coche — we had to put the car in for repairs, we had to have the car repaired
¿quién diablos me mandaría a mí meterme en esto? — * why on earth did I get mixed up in this? *
¿quién te manda ser tan tonto? — how could you be so stupid?
mandar callar a algn — [gen] to tell sb to be quiet; [con autoridad] to order sb to be quiet
mandar llamar o venir a algn — to send for sb
•
mandar a algn (a) por algo — to send sb (out) for sth o to do sthlo mandé a por el periódico — I sent him (out) for the paper o to buy the paper
me han mandado que deje de fumar — I've been advised o told to stop smoking
como está mandado Esp * —
2) (=enviar) to sendme han mandado un paquete de Madrid — I've got o I've been sent a parcel from Madrid
lo mandaron como representante de la empresa — he was sent to represent the company, he was sent as the company's representative
•
mandar algo por correo — to post sth, mail sth (EEUU)te mandaré mi dirección por correo electrónico — I'll send you my address by email, I'll email you my address
carajo 1., 3), mierda 1., 1), mona 1), paseo 1), porra 6)•
mandar recuerdos a algn — to send one's love to sb, send one's regards to sb frm3) (=estar al mando de) [+ batallón] to lead, command; [+ trabajadores, policías] to be in charge of4) (Dep) to send, hitmandó la pelota fuera del campo de golf — he sent o hit the ball off the golf course
5) (Med) to prescribe6) (=legar) to leave, bequeath frm7) LAm (=lanzar) to throw, hurl8) LAm*mandar una patada a algn — to give sb a kick, kick sb
9) LAm (=tirar) to throw away10) LAm [+ caballo] to break in11) Cono Sur (Dep) to start2. VI1) (=estar al mando) [gen] to be in charge; (Mil) to be in command¿quién manda aquí? — who's in charge here?
aquí mando yo — I'm the boss here, I'm in charge here
•
mandar en algo — to be in charge of sth; (Mil) to be in command of sth2) (=ordenar)¡mande usted! — at your service!, what can I do for you?
de nada, a mandar — don't mention it, (I'm) at your service!
¿mande? — esp Méx (=¿cómo dice?) pardon?, what did you say?; [invitando a hablar] yes?
le gusta mandar — pey he likes bossing people around
canon 2), Dios 3)•
según manda la ley — (Jur) in accordance with the law3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( ordenar)a mí nadie me manda — nobody tells me what to do o orders me about
sí señor, lo que usted mande — as you wish, sir o very good, sir
mandar + INF: la mandó callar he told o ordered her to be quiet; mandó encender una fogata she ordered that a bonfire be lit; mandar QUE + SUBJ: mandó que sirvieran la comida she ordered lunch to be served; ¿quién te manda revolver en mis papeles? who said you could go rummaging through my papers?; ¿y quién te manda ser tan tonta? — how could you be so silly!
b) ( recetar) to prescribe2) ( enviar) to send3) (AmL) ( tratándose de encargos)mandó decir que... — she sent a message to say that...
¿por qué no mandas a arreglar esos zapatos? — why don't you get o have those shoes mended?
4) (AmL fam) (arrojar, lanzar)2.mandó la pelota fuera de la cancha — he kicked/sent/hit the ball out of play
mande! — yes sir/madam?, excuse me?
¿mande? — (Méx) (I'm) sorry? o pardon? o (AmE) excuse me?
3.María! - ¿mande? — (Méx) María! - yes?
mandarsev pron3) (Méx fam) ( aprovecharse) to take advantagemandarse cambiar (Andes) or (RPl) mudar (fam): se mandó cambiar dando un portazo he stormed out, slamming the door; un buen día se cansó y se mandó cambiar one day he decided he'd had enough, and just walked out o upped and left (colloq); mándense cambiar de aquí! — clear off! (colloq), get lost! (colloq)
* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( ordenar)a mí nadie me manda — nobody tells me what to do o orders me about
sí señor, lo que usted mande — as you wish, sir o very good, sir
mandar + INF: la mandó callar he told o ordered her to be quiet; mandó encender una fogata she ordered that a bonfire be lit; mandar QUE + SUBJ: mandó que sirvieran la comida she ordered lunch to be served; ¿quién te manda revolver en mis papeles? who said you could go rummaging through my papers?; ¿y quién te manda ser tan tonta? — how could you be so silly!
b) ( recetar) to prescribe2) ( enviar) to send3) (AmL) ( tratándose de encargos)mandó decir que... — she sent a message to say that...
¿por qué no mandas a arreglar esos zapatos? — why don't you get o have those shoes mended?
4) (AmL fam) (arrojar, lanzar)2.mandó la pelota fuera de la cancha — he kicked/sent/hit the ball out of play
mande! — yes sir/madam?, excuse me?
¿mande? — (Méx) (I'm) sorry? o pardon? o (AmE) excuse me?
3.María! - ¿mande? — (Méx) María! - yes?
mandarsev pron3) (Méx fam) ( aprovecharse) to take advantagemandarse cambiar (Andes) or (RPl) mudar (fam): se mandó cambiar dando un portazo he stormed out, slamming the door; un buen día se cansó y se mandó cambiar one day he decided he'd had enough, and just walked out o upped and left (colloq); mándense cambiar de aquí! — clear off! (colloq), get lost! (colloq)
* * *mandar11 = be in charge, instruct, mandate, enjoin, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.Ex: He stared coldly at her for a moment, then spat out: 'Bah! You're in charge'.
Ex: Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.Ex: Adequate security for expensive equipment must also be provided for in this decision, and a secluded back room, a remote phone cut-off switch, or a removable keyboard may be mandated.Ex: Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.* los que mandan = the powers-that-be.* mandar a buscar = send for.* mandar + Alguien + a = shuffle + Nombre + to.* mandar callar = shush, hush.* mandar comparecer = subpoena.* no dejar de mandar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.* quien paga manda = he who pays the piper calls the tune.mandar22 = direct, forward, ship, ship off.Ex: This statement directs the user to adopt a number more specific terms in preference to the general term.
Ex: It also stores any messages which it cannot forward because the receiving terminal is busy or which can be sent at off-peak times.Ex: According to librarians, vendors aren't shipping books fast enough.Ex: Sex was taboo, premarital sex was not accepted and if a girl found herself 'in the family way' many times she was shipped off to live with relatives.* mandar a freír espárragos = send + Nombre + packing.* mandar por correo electrónico = e-mail [email].* mandar un correo electrónico = e-mail [email].* * *mandar [A1 ]vtA1(ordenar): haz lo que te mandan do as you're tolda mí nadie me manda I don't take orders from anyone, nobody tells me what to do o orders me aboutde acuerdo a lo que manda la ley in accordance with the lawsí señor, lo que usted mande as you wish, sir o very good, sirmandar + INF:la mandó callar he told o ordered her to be quietmandó encender una fogata she ordered that a bonfire be litmandar QUE + SUBJ:mandó que sirvieran la comida she ordered lunch to be servedle mandó que nos dejara en paz she ordered o told him to leave us alone¿quién te manda revolver en mis papeles? who said you could go rummaging through my papers?¿y quién te manda ser tan tonta? how could you be so silly!2(recetar): le mandó unos antibióticos she prescribed (him) some antibioticsel médico le mandó hacerse unas gárgaras the doctor advised him to gargleB (enviar) ‹carta/paquete/persona› to sendmi madre te manda saludos my mother sends you her regardslo mandaron de or como representante a la conferencia he was sent to the conference as their delegatea las nueve nos mandaban a la cama they used to send us to bed at nine o'clockla mandé por el pan I sent her out to buy the breadCmandó decir que no podía venir she sent a message to say o she sent word that she couldn't come¿por qué no mandas a arreglar esos zapatos? why don't you get o have those shoes mended?D( AmL fam) (arrojar, lanzar): mandó la pelota fuera de la cancha he kicked/sent/hit the ball out of playle mandó un puñetazo he punched him■ mandarviA(ordenar): en mi casa mando yo I'm the boss in my house, I wear the trousers in my house¡mande! yes sir/madam?, excuse me?¡María! — ¿mande? ( Méx); María! — yes?B ( AmL, tratándose de encargos) mandar a hacer algo; to send sb to do sthfue mandada a matarlo she was sent to kill him■ mandarsese mandó un postre delicioso he managed to produce o he rustled up a delicious dessertse mandó un discurso de dos horas she regaled us with a two hour speech, she gave a speech that went on for two hoursmandarse cambiar ( Andes) or ( RPl) mudar ( fam): se mandó cambiar dando un portazo he stormed out, slamming the doorun buen día se cansó y se mandó cambiar or mudar one day he decided he'd had enough, and just walked out o upped and left ( colloq)* * *
mandar ( conjugate mandar) verbo transitivo
1a) ( ordenar):
haz lo que te mandan do as you're told;
la mandó callar he told o ordered her to be quiet;
mandó que sirvieran la comida she ordered lunch to be served
2 ( enviar) to send;
3 (AmL) ( tratándose de encargos):
mandó decir que … she sent a message to say that …;
mandar algo a arreglar to get o have sth mended
4 (AmL fam) (arrojar, lanzar):◊ mandó la pelota fuera de la cancha he kicked/sent/hit the ball out of play
verbo intransitivo ( ser el jefe) to be in charge, be the boss (colloq);◊ ¿mande? (Méx) (I'm) sorry?, pardon?;
¡María! — ¿mande? (Méx) María! — yes?
mandar verbo transitivo
1 (dar órdenes) to order: me mandó barrer el suelo, she told me to sweep the floor
2 (remitir) to send: le mandaré unas flores, I'll send him some flowers
te manda saludos, she sends you her regards
mándalo por correo, send it by post
nos mandaron a por unos huevos, they sent us for some eggs
3 (capitanear, dirigir) to lead, be in charge o command of
Mil to command
' mandar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
disponer
- espárrago
- imperar
- mira
- porra
- diablo
- mierda
- paseo
- puñeta
- remitir
English:
blow
- command
- control
- direct
- dismiss
- farm out
- fax
- instruct
- order
- pack off
- post
- reapply
- refer to
- send
- send in
- send on
- send out
- ship
- tell
- air
- drive
- drop
- get
- pack
- refer
- register
- set
- summon
- text
* * *♦ vt1. [ordenar] to order;el juez mandó la inmediata ejecución de la sentencia the judge ordered the sentence to be carried out immediately;la profesora nos ha mandado deberes/una redacción the teacher has set o given us some homework/an essay;mandar a alguien hacer algo, mandar a alguien que haga algo to order sb to do sth;le mandaron que se fuera they ordered him to leave;yo hago lo que me mandan I do as I'm told;mandar hacer algo to have sth done;mandaron revisar todas las máquinas they had all the machines checked;mandó llamar a un electricista she asked for an electrician to be sent;el maestro mandó callar the teacher called for silence, the teacher told the class to be silent;la jefa le mandó venir a su despacho the boss summoned him to her office;¿quién te manda decirle nada? who asked you to say anything to her?;¿quién me mandará a mí meterme en estos líos? why did I have to get involved in this mess?el médico me mandó nadar the doctor told me I had to go swimming3. [enviar] to send;mandar algo a alguien to send sb sth, to send sth to sb;me mandó un correo electrónico she sent me an e-mail, she e-mailed me;me lo mandó por correo electrónico he sent it to me by e-mail;lo mandaron a un recado/una misión he was sent on an errand/mission;lo mandaron a la cárcel/la guerra he was sent to prison/away to war;mandar a alguien (a) por algo to send sb for sth;lo mandaron de embajador a Irlanda he was sent to Ireland as an ambassador;me mandan de la central para recoger un paquete I've been sent by our main office to pick up a package;Vulgmandar a alguien a la mierda to tell sb to piss off;Fammandar a alguien a paseo to send sb packing;Fammandar a alguien a la porra to tell sb to go to hell;Fammandar a alguien al demonio to tell sb to go to the devil4. [dirigir] [país] to rule;manda a un grupo de voluntarios she is in charge of a group of voluntary workers;el corredor que manda el grupo perseguidor the runner leading the chasing packmandó la jabalina más allá de los 90 metros he sent the javelin beyond the 90 metre mark;mandó el balón fuera [por la banda] he put the ball out of play;[disparando] he shot widele mandé un bofetón I gave him a slap, I slapped himlo mandaron llamar del hospital the hospital sent for him8. CompEsp Fam¡manda narices! can you believe it!;muy Fam¡manda huevos! can you Br bloody o US goddamn believe it!♦ vi1. [dirigir] to be in charge;[partido político, jefe de estado] to rule;aquí mando yo I'm in charge here;Méx Fam¡mande! [a sus órdenes] how can I help you?;Esp, Méx Fam¿mande? [¿cómo?] eh?, you what?;a mandar, que para eso estamos certainly, Sir/Madam!, at your service!* * *I v/t1 ( ordenar) order;a mí no me manda nadie nobody tells me what to do;mandar hacer algo have sth done2 ( enviar) sendII v/i1 be in charge2:TELEC hallo?* * *mandar vt1) ordenar: to command, to order2) enviar: to sendte manda saludos: he sends you his regards3) echar: to hurl, to throw4)mandar vi: to be the boss, to be in charge* * *mandar vb¿no te había mandado sacar la basura? didn't I tell you to take the rubbish out?3. (dirigir) to be in charge¿quién manda aquí? who's in charge here? -
67 sostener
v.1 to support, to hold up.sostenme esto, por favor hold this for me, pleaseLa columna sostiene la pared The column supports the wall.Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.2 to defend (defender) (idea, opinión, tesis).sostener que… to maintain that…3 to support.4 to hold, to have (tener) (conversación).sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with somebody5 to sustain.La organización sostiene a María The organization sustains Mary.6 to maintain to.Ella sostiene tener crédito She maintains to have a credit.7 to claim to, to hold to.Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.Ella sostuvo ser la heredera She claimed to be the heiress.* * *1 (mantener firme) to support, hold up2 (sujetar) to hold4 figurado (soportar) to endure, bear, put up with5 figurado (defender) to defend, uphold7 figurado (alimentar) to support, keep8 figurado (velocidad, correspondencia, relación, etc) to keep up, maintain1 (mantenerse) to support oneself; (de pie) to stand up2 (permanecer) to stay, remain\sostener la palabra figurado to keep one's wordsostener una conversación figurado to hold a conversationsostener la mirada a alguien figurado to stare somebody out* * *verb1) to support2) hold3) defend, uphold4) maintain, sustain•* * *1. VT1) (=sujetar)a) [en las manos, los brazos] to hold¡sostén esto un momentito! — hold this a minute!
yo llevaba las cajas mientras él me sostenía la puerta — I carried the boxes while he held the door open for me
b) [en pie] [+ construcción, edificio, techo] to hold up, supportlos pilares que sostienen el puente — the pillars which hold up o support the bridge
las piernas apenas me sostenían — my legs could barely hold me up o support me
entró borracho, sostenido por dos amigos — he came in drunk, held up o supported by two friends
c) (=soportar) [+ peso, carga] to bear, carry, sustain frm2) (=proporcionar apoyo a)a) [económicamente] to supportalgunas de las alternativas sugeridas para sostener al club — some of the alternatives suggested to keep the club going
b) (=alimentar) to support, sustain frmla tierra no da para sostener a todo el mundo — the land does not provide enough to support o frm sustain everyone
c) [moralmente] to supportuna mayoría capaz de sostener al Gobierno — a majority large enough to keep o support the government in power
3) (=mantener)a) [+ opinión] to holdsostiene un punto de vista muy diferente — he has o holds a very different point of view
no tiene datos suficientes para sostener esa afirmación — she doesn't have enough information to back up o support that statement
la investigación no ha terminado, como sostiene el juez — the investigation has not concluded, as the judge maintains o holds
sigue sosteniendo que es inocente — she still maintains o holds that she is innocent
b) [+ situación] to maintain, keep upno podrán sostener su puesto en la clasificación — they won't be able to maintain o keep up their place in the ranking
los campesinos han sostenido desde siempre una fuerte lucha con el medio — country people have always kept up o carried on a hard struggle against the environment
•
sostener la mirada de algn — to hold sb's gaze4) (=tener) [+ conversación, enfrentamiento, polémica] to have[+ reunión, audiencia]sostuvo recientemente un enfrentamiento con el presidente — he recently had a clash with the president
5) (Mús) [+ nota] to hold, sustain2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( apoyar)a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos — it needed both of them to support him o hold him up o prop him up
b) ( en un estado) to keep2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have4)a) ( opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...
b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up5)a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustainb) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain2.sostenerse v pron1)a) ( no caerse)b) ( en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder — she managed to stay o remain in power
2) ( mantenerse)se sostiene a base de leche — she lives on o survives on milk
* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( apoyar)a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos — it needed both of them to support him o hold him up o prop him up
b) ( en un estado) to keep2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have4)a) ( opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...
b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up5)a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustainb) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain2.sostenerse v pron1)a) ( no caerse)b) ( en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder — she managed to stay o remain in power
2) ( mantenerse)se sostiene a base de leche — she lives on o survives on milk
* * *sostener11 = sustain, balance, hold.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio held.Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
Ex: He lifted about five lines from the top of the nearest page on a setting rule and balanced it on his left hand, with the face of the letter towards him and the last line uppermost.Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.sostener22 = be + Posesivo + contention, contend, submit, uphold, underpin, hold, maintain.Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
Ex: The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.Ex: I submit that no ordinary, right-minded library user who is looking for Western Behavioral Institute is going to look under LA JOLLA, California.Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.* sostener la opinión = argue.* sostener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.* sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.* * *vtA (apoyar)1 ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support; ‹carga/peso› to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos it needed both of them to support him o hold him o prop him up2 (en un estado) to keeplas fuerzas que lo sostuvieron en el poder the forces which kept him in powerlo único que la sostiene es la fuerza de voluntad it's sheer willpower that's keeping her going3 (sustentar) ‹familia› to support, maintainB (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹paquete› to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you o I'll keep hold of yousostén la puerta hold the door openponte un pasador para sostener el pelo put a barrette ( AmE) o ( BrE) slide in your hair to keep it in place ( o up etc)C ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to havesostuvieron una acalorada discusión they had a heated discussionno he sostenido nunca una relación duradera I've never had a lasting relationshipla polémica que sostiene con Godoy the dispute that he and Godoy are engaged in o that he is carrying on with GodoyD1 (opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que … I have always maintained o held that …2 ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back upno tienes pruebas para sostener esa afirmación you don't have any proof to back up o support that statementE1 ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustainla miró y ella sostuvo su mirada he looked at her and she held his gaze2 ( Mús) ‹nota› to hold, sustainA1(no caerse): la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up o stands up without supportestaba tan débil que apenas se sostenía en pie he was so weak that he could hardly standla planta ya no se sostiene the plant doesn't stand up on its own o can't support itself any more2 (en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder a pesar de la crisis she managed to stay o remain in power despite the crisisla economía se ha sostenido firme the economy has held o stood firmse sostuvo en su negativa he kept o stuck firmly to his refusalB(sustentarse): apenas puede sostenerse con lo que gana he can hardly support himself on what he earnsse sostiene a base de zumos y de leche she lives on o survives on fruit juice and milk* * *
sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo
1 ( apoyar)
‹carga/peso› to bear
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have
4
5
sostenerse verbo pronominala) ( no caerse):
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up
(con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold
(una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have
' sostener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
coger
- mantener
- mirada
- sujetarse
- aguantar
- sostuve
- sujetar
- tener
English:
allege
- argue
- bolster
- contend
- hold up
- submit
- support
- sustain
- uphold
- hold
- prop
* * *♦ vt1. [sujetar] [edificio, estructura, lo que se tambalea] to support, to hold up;[objeto, puerta, bebé] to hold;cuatro columnas sostienen todo el peso de la cúpula four columns take o support the entire weight of the dome;sosténgame esto, por favor hold this for me, please;si no nos llegan a sostener nos hubiéramos peleado if they hadn't held us back, we'd have started fighting;sólo les sostiene su inquebrantable optimismo the only thing that keeps them going is their unshakeable optimism2. [dar manutención a, sustentar] to support3. [mantener] [idea, opinión, tesis] to defend;[promesa, palabra] to keep;sostienen su oferta/invitación their offer/invitation still stands;sostener que… to maintain that…4. [tener] [conversación] to have;[reunión, negociaciones] to hold, to have;sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;durante semanas sostuvo una agria polémica he was involved in a bitter dispute which lasted several weeks5. Fig [aguantar]el corredor no podía sostener aquel ritmo de carrera the athlete couldn't keep up with the pace of the race;era una situación imposible de sostener the situation was untenable;le sostuve la mirada I held her gaze* * *I v/t1 familia support2 opinión hold* * *sostener {80} vt1) : to support, to hold up2) : to holdsostenme la puerta: hold the door for mesostener una conversación: to hold a conversation3) : to sustain, to maintain* * *sostener vb2. (aguantar) to support3. (afirmar, mantener) to maintain -
68 सम _sama
सम a.1 Same, identical.-2 Equal, as in समलोष्ट- काञ्चनः R.8.21; Pt.2.7; सुखदुःखे समे कृत्वा लाभालाभौ जयाजयौ Bg.2.38; समः शत्रौ च मित्रे च तथा मानापमानयोः । शीतोष्णसुख- दुःखेषु समः संगविवर्जितः ॥ 12.18.-3 Like, similar, resem- bling; with instr. or gen. or in comp. गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रो$पि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः Subhāṣ.; Ku.3.13.-4 Even, level, plain; समवेशवर्तिनस्ते न दुरासदो भविष्यति Ś.1.-5 Even (as number).-6 Impartial, fair; शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिताः समदर्शिनः Bg.5.18.-7 Just, honest, upright.-8 Good, virtuous.-9 Ordinary, common.-1 Mean, middling.-11 Straight.-12 Suitable, convenient.-13 Indiffer- ent, unmoved, unaffected by passion.-14 All, every one.-15 All, whole, entire, complete.-16 Being a pair.-17 Regular, normal.-18 Middling.-19 Easy, conveni- ent.-मः 1 N. of certain zodiacal signs (वृष, कर्कट, कन्या, वृश्चिक, मकर, and मीन).-2 A mode of measuring time in music.-3 The point of intersection of the horizon and the meridian line.-4 A kind of straight line placed over a numerical figure to mark the process of extracting the square root.-मम् 1 A level plain, flat country; संनिपत्य शनकैरिव निम्नादन्धकारमुदवाप समानि Ki.9. 11.-2 (In rhet.) N. of a figure of speech.-3 (In geometry) A mean proportional segment.-4 Equa- nimity.-5 Similarity.-6 Settlement; compensation; कर्मणापि समं कुर्याद्धनिकायाधमर्णिकः Ms.8.177.-7 Good circumstances; Mk.-सम् ind.1 With, together with, in company with, accompanied by; (with instr.); आहां निवत्स्यति समं हरिणाङ्गनाभिः Ś.1.26; R.2.25;8.63; 16.72.-2 Equally; समं सर्वेषु भूतेषु Bg.13.27.28; यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् Ms.9.311.-3 Like, simi- larly, in the same manner; यत्र स्वामी निर्विशेषं समं मृत्येषु वर्तते Pt.1.78.-4 Entirely.-5 Simultaneously, all at once, at the same time, together; नवं पयो यत्र धनैर्मया च त्वद्विप्रयोगाश्रु समं विसृष्टम् R.13.26;4.4;1.59;14.1.-6 Honestly, fairly.-Comp. -अंशः an equal share. ˚हारिन् m. a co-heir.-अङ्घ्रिक a. standing evenly on feet.-अन्तः a borderer, neighbour.-अन्तर a. parallel.-अर्थिन् a.1 desiring equality.-2 Seeking peace with.-आकार a. similar, like.-आचारः 1 equal or similar conduct.-2 Proper practice.-आत्मक a. possessing equanimity.-उदकम् a mixture of half butter-milk and half water.-उपमा a kind of Upamā or simile.-कक्ष a. having equal weight. (-क्षा) equilibrium.-कन्या a fit or suitable girl (fit to be married).-कर्णः an equi-diagonal tetragon.-कालः the same time or moment. (-लम्) ind. at the same time, simultaneously.-कालीन a. contemporary, coeval.-कोलः a serpent, snake.-कोटिक a. of regular size (said of diamonds); Kau. A.2.11.-क्षेत्रम् (in astr.) an epithet of a par- ticular arrangement of the Nakṣatras.-खातः an equal excavation, a parallelopipedon.-गतिः wind; मृत्युश्चापरिहारवान् समगतिः कालेन विच्छेदिना Mb.12.298.45.-गन्धकः incense.-गन्धिकम् the fragrant root of the Uśīra.-चक्रवालम् a circle.-चतुरस्र a. square. (-स्रम्) an equilateral tetragon.-चतुर्भुजः, -जम् a rhom- bus.-चित्त a.1 even-minded, equable, equani- mous.-2 indifferent.-छेद, -छेदन a. having the same denominator.-जाति a. homogeneous.-ज्ञा fame; तिर्य- ञ्चमप्यञ्च मृषानभिज्ञरसज्ञतोपज्ञसमज्ञमज्ञम् N.3.64.-त्रिभुजः, -जम् an equilateral triangle.-दर्शन, -दर्शिन् a. viewing equally, impartial; विद्याविनयसंपन्ने ब्राह्मणे गवि हस्तनि । शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिताः समदर्शिनः ॥ Bg.5.18.-दुःख a. feeling for another's woe, sympathising (with another); a fel- low-sufferer; Ku.4.4. ˚सुख a. a companion or part- ner in joy and sorrow; पृष्टा जनेन समदुःखसुखेन बाला Ś.3.1.-दृश्, -दृष्टि a. impartial.-द्वादशास्रः, -स्रम् an equila- teral dodecagon.-द्विभुजः a rhomboid.-धर्म a. of equal nature, resembling.-धृत a. equal to.-पदम् 1 an attitude in shooting.-2 a particular posture in sexual union.-प्रभ a. having equal splendour; तदण्डमभवद्धैमं सह- स्रांशुसमप्रभम् Ms.1.9.-बुद्धि a.1 impartial.-2 indiffe- rent, stoical.-भाव a. having the same nature or pro- perty. (-वः) sameness, equability.-मण्डलम् (in astr.) the prime vertical line.-मय a. of like origin.-मात्र a. of the same size or measure.-मितिः mean measure.-रञ्जित a. tinged.-रतः, -रभः a particular mode of sexual enjoyment.-रेख a. straight; प्रकृत्या यद्वक्रं तदपि समरेखं नयनयोः Ś.1.9.-लम्बः, -म्बम् a trapezoid.-लेपनी a bricklayer's instrument for levelling a plane (Mar. करणी).-वर्ण a. being of equal caste; समवर्णे द्विजातीनां द्वादशैव व्यतिक्रम Ms.8.269.-वर्णः community of caste.-वर्तिन् a.1 equal-minded, impartial.-2 being equidis- tant. (-m.) Yāma, the god of death; शासितारं च पापानां पितॄणां समवर्तिनम् Mb.12.27.35.-विभक्त a. divided equ- ally; symmetrical.-विषमम् (pl.) level and uneven- ground.-वृत्तम् 1 an even metre, i. e. a stanza the lines of which have all the same number of feet.-2 see सममण्डल.-वृत्ति a. equable, fair. (-त्तिः) equanimity.-वेधः mean depth.-वैषम्यतः ind. owing to partial similarity and partial dissimilarity; अर्थे समवैषम्यतो द्रव्य- कर्मणाम् MS.4.1.21.-शोधनम् equal subtraction, i. e. subtraction of the same quantity on both sides of an equation.-श्रुति a. (in music) having equal intervals.-श्रेणिः a straight line.-संधिः peace on equal terms.-सुप्तिः f. universal sleep (as at the end of a Kalpa).-सूत्र, -सूत्रस्य a. situated on the same diameter.-स्थ a.1 equal, uniform.-2 level.-3 like.-4 being in flourishing circumstances; गतिः पतिः समस्थाया विषमे च पिता गतिः Mb.5.176.8.-स्थलम् an even ground.-स्थली the level plain, the Doab or country between the Ganges and Yamunā (अन्तर्वेदि).-स्थानम् a parti- cular posture in Yoga (In which the legs are closely contracted). -
69 population
[pɒpjʊ'leɪʃn] noun Bevölkerung, diepopulation density — Bevölkerungsdichte, die
* * *noun (the people living in a particular country, area etc: the population of London is 8 million; a rapid increase in population.) die Bevölkerung* * *popu·la·tion[ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən, AM ˌpɑ:p-]I. nthere's been a rise in the prison \population die Zahl der in Haft befindlichen Personen ist gestiegenthe entire \population of the area die gesamte [orts]ansässige Bevölkerungthe American/urban \population die amerikanische/städtische Bevölkerungthe civilian \population die Zivilbevölkerunga \population of 1.2 million 1,2 Millionen Einwohnerthe deer \population der Hirschbestandthe dolphin \population die Delfinpopulation, der Delfinbestandthe fish \population die Fischvorkommen pl, der Fischbestand\population change Veränderung f der Bevölkerung\population increase Bevölkerungswachstum nt, Bevölkerungszunahme f\population decrease sinkende Einwohnerzahlen, Bevölkerungsschwund mworld \population Weltbevölkerung f* * *["pɒpjU'leISən]n(of region, country) Bevölkerung f; (of village, town) Bewohner pl, Einwohner pl; (= colonization) Besiedlung f; (= number of inhabitants) Bevölkerungszahl f* * *1. Bevölkerung f, Einwohnerschaft f2. Bevölkerungs-, Einwohnerzahl f4. BIOL Population f:a) in der Natur begrenzte, kreuzungsfähige Individuenmengeb) Bewohner pl, (Art)Bestand m (eines bestimmten Lebensraums)pop. abk1. popular (popularly)2. population Bev.* * *[pɒpjʊ'leɪʃn] noun Bevölkerung, diepopulation density — Bevölkerungsdichte, die
* * *n.Bevölkerung f. -
70 целый
1) (полный, весь целиком) whole [həʊl], entireце́лый го́род — a whole city
це́лая дю́жина — a round dozen
це́лый день — all day long
це́лый час — a whole hour
це́лыми дня́ми — for days together [on end]
по це́лым неде́лям — for weeks on end
прошло́ це́лых де́сять дней (с рд.) — it is a full ten days (since)
це́лых пятна́дцать лет — for fifteen long years
2) (неповреждённый, сохранный) intact, safeцел и невреди́м — safe and sound
все ли це́лы? — is everybody safe?
3) (значительный, большой) whole, realце́лый ряд вопро́сов — a whole number of questions
э́то вы́звало це́лую бу́рю — it caused / aroused a perfect tempest [a real storm]
одна́ це́лая пять деся́тых — one point five
две це́лых девять деся́тых — two point nine
ноль це́лых три́дцать пять со́тых — point thirty five
••це́лое число́ мат. — integer [-ʤ-], whole number; см. тж. целое
пока́ цел разг. — ≈ while (you are) still alive
-
71 universitas
ūnĭversĭtas, ātis, f. [id.], the whole.I.Lit.:II.universitas generis humani,
Cic. N. D. 2, 65, 164:in universitate rerum,
i. e. in the universe, id. ib. 1, 43, 120:communem rerum naturam universitatemque omnia continentem,
id. ib. 1, 15, 39 B. and K.:hoc interdictum ad universitatem bonorum, non ad singulas res pertinet,
Dig. 43, 2, 1:aedificii,
ib. 41, 1, 7:aedium,
ib. 41, 3, 23:non tantum universitati ejus attendas, verum etiam particulas persequaris,
Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 3:orationis,
id. ib. 2, 5, 7; cf. id. ib. 3, 15, 5: res per universitatem adquirere, in the aggregate, of succession to the entire property of a person, Gai Inst. 2, 97 sq.; 2, 191; Dig. 43, 3, 1, § 13.—Transf., concr.A.The whole number of things, the whole world, the universe:B.universitatis corpus,
Cic. Univ. 5; so id. ib. 12:volubilis,
Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 11:ambitus terrae totius ad magnitudinem universitatis instar obtuet puncti,
Amm. 15, 1, 4.—A number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. (jurid. Lat.):universitatis sunt, non singulorum, veluti quae in civitatibus sunt theatra et stadia et similia et siqua alia sunt communia civitatum,
Dig. 1, 8, 6: quae (res) publicae sunt nullius in bonis creduntur, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur, Gai Inst. 2, 11:quod cujusque universitatis nomine vel contra eam agetur,
Dig. 3, 4, 2:de libertis universitatum,
ib. 38, tit. 3; Gai Inst. 2, 11. -
72 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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73 ток замыкания на землю
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ток замыкания на землю
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74 courant de défaut à la terre
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant de défaut à la terre
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75 Erdschlußstrom
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Erdschlußstrom
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76 разбивка на группы (биатлон)
разбивка на группы
группирование
В результате этой процедуры все лыжники разделяются на группы. Число групп определяется строго по номеру спортсменов, внесенных в категорию.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
grouping
This procedure splits the entire field of skiers into groups. The number of groups is determined strictly by the number of participants entered in the category.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > разбивка на группы (биатлон)
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77 ток замыкания на землю
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
3.1.1 ток замыкания на землю (earth fault current): Ток, протекающий в землю при повреждении изоляции.
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60755-2012: Общие требования к защитным устройствам, управляемым дифференциальным (остаточным) током оригинал документа
3.1.1 ток замыкания на землю (earth fault current): Ток, протекающий в землю при повреждении изоляции
Источник: ГОСТ Р 51327.1-2010: Выключатели автоматические, управляемые дифференциальным током, бытового и аналогичного назначения со встроенной защитой от сверхтоков. Часть 1. Общие требования и методы испытаний оригинал документа
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ток замыкания на землю
-
78 ток замыкания на землю
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ток замыкания на землю
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79 grouping
группировка
группирование
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
группообразование
объединение в группу
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
разбивка на группы
группирование
В результате этой процедуры все лыжники разделяются на группы. Число групп определяется строго по номеру спортсменов, внесенных в категорию.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
grouping
This procedure splits the entire field of skiers into groups. The number of groups is determined strictly by the number of participants entered in the category.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > grouping
-
80 earth fault current
ток замыкания на землю
Ток повреждения, проходящий в землю через место замыкания.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
ток замыкания на землю
Электрический ток, протекающий в Землю, открытую и стороннюю проводящие части и защитный проводник при повреждении изоляции токоведущей части.
Примечание – В Международном электротехническом словаре используют термин «ток повреждения на землю».
При повреждении изоляции токоведущей части резко уменьшается сопротивление между этой токоведущей частью, с одной стороны, и Землёй, открытыми, сторонними проводящими частями и защитными проводниками, с другой стороны. В результате этого резко увеличивается величина электрического тока, стекающего с токоведущей части в Землю, а также в проводящие части, соединённые защитными проводниками с заземляющим устройством электроустановки здания и с заземлённой токоведущей частью источника питания. Подобный электрический ток аварийного режима электроустановки здания в нормативной и правовой документации называют током замыкания на землю.
Путь, по которому может протекать ток замыкания на землю, зависит от типа заземления системы. Если произошло повреждение основной изоляции опасной токоведущей части электрооборудования класса I и возникло её замыкание на открытую проводящую часть, то в электроустановке здания, соответствующей типам заземления системы TT и IT, ток замыкания на землю через повреждённую изоляцию протекает из токоведущей части в открытую проводящую часть. Далее из открытой проводящей части по защитному проводнику, главной заземляющей шине, заземляющим проводникам и заземлителю электрический ток протекает в локальную землю. Если электроустановка здания соответствует типам заземления системы TN, преобладающая часть тока замыкания на землю протекает не в локальную землю, а по защитным проводникам и по PEN-проводникам электроустановки здания и низковольтной распределительной электрической сети протекает к заземлённой токоведущей части источника питания.
[] http://www.volt-m.ru/glossary/letter/%D2/view/81/EN
earth fault current
current flowing to earth due to an insulation fault
[IEV number 442-01-23]FR
courant de défaut à la terre
courant qui s'écoule à la terre lors d'un défaut d'isolement
[IEV number 442-01-23]Параллельные тексты EN-RU The earth fault current starts as a localized arc at the point where the insulation has failed; this arc is characterized by a rather modest current level of the order of tens of milliamps. Subsequently, the fault evolves, more or less rapidly, to become a true earth-phase fault. If not rapidly interrupted by protection devices, this fault may end up affecting all the phases, creating a three-phase shortcircuit with earth contact.
[ABB]Ток замыкания на землю возникает в зоне повреждения изоляции в виде локальной дуги. Эта дуга характеризуется относительно небольшим значением тока порядка десятков миллиампер. Со временем зона повреждения изоляции постепенно увеличивается, и образуется однофазное замыкание на землю. Если ток не будет своевременно отключен устройством защиты, то эта неисправность в итоге может затронуть все фазные проводники и привести к трехфазному короткому замыканию на землю.
[Перевод Интент]Therefore, the first consequence of the earth fault current is the damage caused to the plant, whether due to the modest initial arc currents which, because of the difficulty in detection by the overcurrent releases may continue for long periods of time and start a fire, or due to the shortcircuit that develops after the integrity of the entire plant has been jeopardized.
[ABB]Таким образом, ток замыкания на землю может повредить электроустановку. Сначала возникает электрическая дуга с небольшим током, который максимальный расцепитель тока обнаружить не в состоянии, вследствие чего этот ток может протекать длительное время и привести к пожару. Кроме того, может возникнуть короткое замыкание, способное полностью вывести электроустановку из строя.
[Перевод Интент]Another important consequence of the earth fault current involves the danger to persons caused by indirect contact, i.e. following the contact with exposed-conductive-parts that have been energized accidentally due to a decay in the insulation.
[ABB]Другим последствием тока замыкания на землю является опасность косвенного прикосновения, т. е. прикосновения человека к открытым проводящим частям, оказавшимся вследствие повреждения изоляции под напряжением.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
3.1.1 ток замыкания на землю (earth fault current): Ток, протекающий в землю при повреждении изоляции.
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60755-2012: Общие требования к защитным устройствам, управляемым дифференциальным (остаточным) током оригинал документа
3.1.1 ток замыкания на землю (earth fault current): Ток, протекающий в землю при повреждении изоляции
Источник: ГОСТ Р 51327.1-2010: Выключатели автоматические, управляемые дифференциальным током, бытового и аналогичного назначения со встроенной защитой от сверхтоков. Часть 1. Общие требования и методы испытаний оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > earth fault current
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