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61 GOÐI
m. heathen priest; chief (in Iceland during the republic).* * *a, m. [Ulf, renders ἱερεύς by gudja (ufar-gudja, ahumista-gudja, etc.), ἱερατεία by gudjinassus, ἱερατεύειν by gudjinôn; an Icel. gyði, gen. gyðja, would answer better to the Goth. form, but it never occurs, except that the fem. gyðja = goddess and priestess points not to goði, but to a masc. with a suppressed final i, gyði; a word coting occurs in O. H. G. glossaries, prob. meaning the same; and the form guþi twice occurs on Danish-Runic stones in Nura-guþi and Saulva-guþi, explained as goði by P. G. Thorsen, Danske Runem.; (Rafn’s explanation and reading of Nura-guþi qs. norðr á Gauði, is scarcely right): with this exception this word is nowhere recorded till it appears in Icel., where it got a wide historical bearing]:—prop. a priest, sacerdos, and hence a liege-lord or chief of the Icel. Commonwealth.A. HISTORICAL REMARKS.—The Norse chiefs who settled in Icel., finding the country uninhabited, solemnly took possession of the land (land-nám, q. v.); and in order to found a community they built a temple, and called themselves by the name of goði or hof-goði, ‘temple-priest;’ and thus the temple became the nucleus of the new community, which was called goðorð, n.:—hence hof-goði, temple-priest, and höfðingi, chief, became synonymous, vide Eb. passim. Many independent goðar and goðorð sprang up all through the country, until about the year 930 the alþingi (q. v.) was erected, where all the petty sovereign chiefs (goðar) entered into a kind of league, and laid the foundation of a general government for the whole island. In 964 A. D. the constitution was finally settled, the number of goðorð being fixed at three in each þing ( shire), and three þing in each of the three other quarters, (but four in the north); thus the number of goðar came to be nominally thirty-nine, really thirty-six, as the four in the north were only reckoned as three, vide Íb. ch. 5. On the introduction of Christianity the goðar lost their priestly character, but kept the name; and the new bishops obtained seats in the Lögrétta (vide biskup). About the year 1004 there were created new goðar (and goðorð), who had to elect judges to the Fifth Court, but they had no seats in the Lögrétta, and since that time the law distinguishes between forn ( old) and ný ( new) goðorð;—in Glúm. ch. 1 the word forn is an anachronism. It is curious that, especially in the 12th century, the goðar used to take the lesser Orders from political reasons, in order to resist the Romish clergy, who claimed the right of forbidding laymen to be lords of churches or to deal with church matters; thus the great chief Jón Loptsson was a sub-deacon; at last, about 1185, the archbishop of Norway forbade the bishops of Icel. to ordain any holder of a goðorð, unless they first gave up the goðorð, fyrir því bjóðum vér biskupum at vígja eigi þá menn er goðorð hafa, D. I. i. 291. In the middle of the 13th century the king of Norway induced the goðar to hand their power over to him, and thus the union with Norway was finally brought about in the year 1262; since that time, by the introduction of new codes (1272 and 1281), the name and dignity of goðar and goðorð disappeared altogether, so that the name begins and ends with the Commonwealth.B. DUTIES.—In the alþingi the goðar were invested with the Lögrettu-skipan (q. v.), that is to say, they composed the Lögrétta (the Legislative consisting of forty-eight members—on the irregularity of the number vide Íb. ch. 5), and were the lawgivers of the country; secondly, they had the dómnefna (q. v.), or right of naming the men who were to sit in the courts, vide dómr:—as to their duties in the quarter-parliaments (vár-þing) vide Grág. Þ. Þ. and the Sagas. The authority of the goðar over their liegemen at home was in olden times somewhat patriarchal, vide e. g. the curious passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 2; though no section of law relating to this interesting part of the old history is on record, we can glean much information from the Sagas. It is to be borne in mind that the goðar of the Saga time (10th century) and those of the Grágás and Sturlunga time (12th and 13th centuries) were very different; the former were a kind of sovereign chiefs, who of free will entered into a league; the latter had become officials, who for neglecting their duties in parliament might be fined, and even forfeit the goðorð to their liegemen, vide Grág. Þ. Þ. Neither þing (q. v.) nor goðorð was ever strictly geographical (such is the opinion of Konrad Maurer), but changed from time to time; the very word goðorð is defined as ‘power’ (veldi), and was not subject to the payment of tithe, K. Þ. K. 142. The goðorð could be parcelled out by inheritance or by sale; or they might, as was the case in the latter years of the Commonwealth, accumulate in one hand, vide esp. Sturl. passim, and Grág. The liegemen (þingmenn) were fully free to change their lords (ganga í lög með goða, ganga ór lögum); every franklin (þingmaðr) had in parliament to declare his þingfesti, i. e. to name his liegeship, and say to what goði and þing he belonged, and the goði had to acknowledge him; so that a powerful or skilful chief might have liegemen scattered all over the country. But the nomination to the courts and the right of sitting in the legislative body were always bound to the old names, as fixed by the settlement of the year 964; and any one who sought the name or influence of a goði had first (by purchase, inheritance, or otherwise) to become possessor of a share of one of the old traditionary goðorð; see the interesting chapter in Nj. The three goðar in one þing ( shire) were called sam-goða, joint-goðar; for the sense of allsherjar-goði vide p. 17.C. NAMES.—Sometimes a chief’s name referred to the god whom he especially worshipped, as Freys-Goði, Hrafn., Gísl., whence Freys-gyðlingar, q. v.; (the ör-goði is dubious); more frequently the name referred to the liegemen or county, e. g. Ljósvetninga-Goði, Tungu-Goði, etc.; but in the Saga time, goði was often added to the name almost as a cognomen, and with some, as Snorri, it became a part of their name (as Cato Censor in Latin); hann varðveitti þá hof, var hann þá kallaðr Snorri Goði, Eb. 42; seg, at sá sendi, er meiri vin var húsfreyjunnar at Fróðá en Goðans at Helgafelli, 332. Names on record in the Sagas:—men living from A. D. 874 to 964, Hallsteinn Goði, Landn., Eb.; Sturla Goði, Landn. 65; Jörundr Goði and Hróarr Tungu-Goði, id.; Ljótólfr Goði, Sd.; Hrafnkell Freys-Goði, Hrafn.; Oddr Tungu-Goði, Landn.; Þormóðr Karnár-Goði, Vd.; Áskell Goði, Rd.; Úlfr Ör-goði, Landn.; Grímkell Goði, Harð. S.; Þorgrímr Freys-goði, Gísl. 100, 110:—964 to 1030, Arnkell Goði, Landn., Eb.; Þorgrímr Goði, Eb.; Geirr Goði, Landn., Nj.; Runólfr Goði, id.; Þóroddr Goði, Kristni S.; Þormóðr Allsherjar-Goði, Landn.; Þorgeirr Goði, or Ljósvetninga-Goði, Nj., Landn.; (Þorkell Krafla) Vatnsdæla-Goði, Vd.; Helgi Hofgarða-Goði, Landn., Eb.; Snorri Hlíðarmanna-Goði, Lv.; Þórarinn Langdæla-Goði, Heiðarv. S.; and last, not least, Snorri Goði:—in the following period goði appears, though very rarely, as an appellative, e. g. Þormóðr Skeiðar-Goði (about 1100):—of the new goðar of 1004, Höskuldr Hvítaness-Goði, Nj.:—used ironically, Ingjaldr Sauðeyja-Goði, Ld.2. goðorð mentioned by name,—in the south, Allsherjar-goðorð, Landn. (App.) 336; Dalverja-goðorð, Sturl. ii. 48; Lundarmanna-goðorð, i. 223; Reykhyltinga-goðorð, 104, iii. 166, 169; Bryndæla-goðorð, Kjaln. S. 402: in the north, Ljósvetninga-goðorð, Lv. ch. 30; Möðruvellinga-goðorð, Bs. i. 488; Vatnsdæla-goðorð, Fs. 68; Fljótamanna-goðorð, Sturl. i. 138: in the west, Snorrunga-goðorð, 55; Jöklamanna-goðorð, iii. 166; Rauðmelinga-goðorð, Eb. 288; Reyknesinga-goðorð, Sturl. i. 9, 19; Þórsnesinga-goðorð, 198: the new godords of the Fifth Court, Laufæsinga-goðorð, Nj. 151; Melamanna-goðorð, id., Band., Sturl. i. 227. Passages in the Sagas and Laws referring to goðar and goðorð are very numerous, e. g. Íb. ch. 5, Nj. ch. 98, Grág., Lögréttu-þáttr, and Þ. Þ. passim, esp. ch. 1–5, 17, 35, 37, 39, 44, 58, 60, 61, Lv. ch. 4 (interesting), Vd. ch. 27, 41 (in fine), and 42, Vápn., Hrafn. ch. 2, Eb. ch. 10, 56, Sturl. iii. 98, 104, passim; for the accumulation of godords, see i. 227 (3, 22), Bs. i. 54; for the handing over the godords to the king of Norway, D. I. i; and esp. article 3 of the Sáttmáli, D. I. i. 631, 632. The godords were tithe-free, ef maðr á goðorð, ok þarf eigi þat til tíundar at telja, vald er þat en eigi fé:, K. Þ. K. 142.COMPDS: goðakviðr, goðalýrittr, goðaþáttr.II. = goð, i. e. good genius, in the Icel. game at dice called goða-tafl, with the formula, heima ræð eg goða minn bæði vel og lengi, … og kasta eg svo fyrir þig, cp. also ást-goði. -
62 iūdicō
iūdicō āvī, ātus, āre [iudex], to examine judicially, judge, be a judge, pass judgment, decide: cum magistratus iudicassit: ordo alius ad res iudicandas postulatur: iudicandi potestas, jurisdiction: iudicantem vidimus Aeacum, H.: recte et ordine: causa iudicata: inclytum iudicium.— To condemn: quoad vel capitis vel pecuniae iudicasset privato, L.: iudicati pecuniae, L.: Horatio perduellionem, convict of treason, L.—To judge judge of, form an opinion upon, pronounce judgment: illos ex tuo ingenio, T.: aliquid oculorum fallacissimo sensu: ex quo iudicari posse, quantum, etc., be inferred, Cs.: sibi me non esse inimicum: eos contra rem p. fecisse, S.: Iove aequo, i. e. sanely, H.—To declare, proclaim: te fortunatam, T.: alquos hostīs, S.: iudicetur non consul Antonius: cuius rei exemplum pulcherrimum iudicarem, Cs.—To determine, resolve, conclude: de itinere, Cs.: mihi iudicatum est deponere, etc. -
63 वृत्
vṛitvṛít
in Veda alsoﾠ vavartti andﾠ <once in RV. > vartti;
Subj. vavártat, vavartati, vavṛitat;
Pot. vavṛityāt, vavṛitīya;
Impv. vavṛitsva;
impf. ávavṛitran, - tranta;
pf. vavárta, vavṛitús, vavṛité RV. <here alsoﾠ vāvṛité> etc. etc.;
aor. avart, avṛitran Subj. vártat, vartta RV. ;
avṛitat AV. etc. etc.;
avartishṭa Gr.;
3. pl. avṛitsata RV. ;
2. sg. vartithās MBh. ;
Prec. vartishīshṭa Gr.;
fut. vartitā Gr.;
vartsyáti, - te AV. etc.;
vartishyati, - te MBh. etc.;
Cond. avartsyat Br. ;
avartishyata Gr.;
inf. - vṛíte RV. ;
- vṛítas Br. ;
vartitum MBh. etc.;
ind. p. vartitvā andﾠ vṛittvā Gr.;
- vṛítya RV. etc. etc.;
- vártam Br. etc.), to turn, turn round, revolve, roll ( alsoﾠ applied to the rolling down of tears) RV. etc. etc.;
to move orﾠ go on, get along, advance, proceed (with instr. « in a partic. way orﾠ manner»), take place, occur, be performed, come off Mn. MBh. etc.;
to be, live, exist, be found, remain, stay, abide, dwell (with ātmanina, « to be not in one's right mind» ;
with manasi orﾠ hṛidaye, « to dwell orﾠ be turned orﾠ thought over in the mind» ;
with mūrdhni, « to be at the head of», « to be of most importance» ;
kathaṉvartate with nom. orﾠ kiṉvartate with gen., « how is it with?») ib. ;
to live on, subsist by (instr. orﾠ ind. p.), ĀṡvGṛS. MBh. etc.;
to pass away (as time, ciraṉvartategatānām, « it is long since we went») BhP. ;
to depend on (loc.) R. ;
to be in a partic. condition, be engaged in orﾠ occupied with (loc.), ĀPast. MBh. etc.;
to be intent on, attend to (dat.) R. ;
to stand orﾠ be used in the sense of (loc.) Kāṡ. ;
to act, conduct one's self, behave towards (loc. dat., orﾠ acc.;
alsoﾠ with itarêtaram orﾠ parasparam, « mutually») Mn. MBh. etc.;
to act orﾠ deal with, follow a course of conduct ( alsoﾠ with vṛittim), show, display, employ, use, act in any way (instr. orﾠ acc.) towards (loc. with parâ̱jñayā, « to act under another's command» ;
with prajā-rūpeṇa, « to assume the form of a son» ;
with priyám, « to act kindly» ;
with svāni, « to mind one's own business» ;
kimidamvartase, « what are you doing there?») ṠBr. Mn. MBh. etc.;
to tend orﾠ turn to, prove as (dat.) Ṡukas. ;
to be orﾠ exist orﾠ live at a partic. time, be alive orﾠ present (cf. vartamāna, vartishyamāṇa, andﾠ vartsyat) MBh. etc. etc.;
to continue (with an ind. p. atî ̱tyavartante, « they continue to excel» ;
itivartatemebuddhiḥ, « such continues my opinion») MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to hold good, continue in force, be supplied from what precedes Pat. Kāṡ. ;
to originate, arise from (abl.) orﾠ in (loc.) BhP. ;
to become TBr. ;
to associate with ( saha) Pañcat. ;
to have illicit intercourse with (loc.) R.:
Caus. vartáyati (aor. avīvṛitat orﾠ avavartat;
in TBr. alsoﾠ Ā. avavarti;
inf. vartayádhyai RV. ;
Pass. vartyate Br.), to cause to turn orﾠ revolve, whirl, wave, brandish, hurl RV. etc. etc.;
to produce with a turning-lathe, make anything round (as a thunderbolt, a pill etc.) RV. R. Suṡr. ;
to cause to proceed orﾠ take place orﾠ be orﾠ exist, do, perform, accomplish, display, exhibit (feelings), raise orﾠ utter (a cry), shed (tears) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to cause to pass (as time), spend, pass, lead a life, live, subsist on orﾠ by (instr.), enter upon a course of conduct etc. ( alsoﾠ with vṛittim orﾠ vṛittyā orﾠ vṛittena;
with bhaiksheṇa, « to live by begging»), conduct one's self, behave Mn. MBh. etc.;
to set forth, relate, recount, explain, declare MBh. Hariv. R. ;
to begin to instruct (dat.) ṠāṇkhGṛ. ;
to understand, know, learn BhP. ;
to treat Car. ;
(in law, with ṡiras orﾠ ṡīrsham) to offer one's self to be punished if another is proved innocent by an ordeal Vishṇ. Yājñ. ;
« to speak» orﾠ « to shine» (bhāshâ̱rthe orﾠ bhāsâ̱rthe) Dhātup. XXXIII, 108:
Desid. vívṛitsati, - te ( RV. Br.), vivartishate (Pāṇ. 1-3, 92),
to wish to turn etc.:
Intens. (Ved., rarely in later language) várvartti, varīvartti, varīvartyáte, varīvartate,
p. várvṛitat andﾠ várvṛitāna impf. 3. sg. avarīvar, 3. pl. avarīvur (Gr. alsoﾠ varivartti, varǏvṛitīti, varvṛitīti, varīvṛityate),
to turn, roll, revolve, be, exist, prevail RV. ṠBr. Kāv. ;
+ cf. Lat. vertere;
Slav. vrǔtěti, vratiti;
Lith. varty4ti;
Goth. waírthan;
Germ. werden;
Eng. - ward
2) mfn. (only ifc.) turning, moving, existing;
(after numerals) = « fold» ( seeﾠ eka-, tri-, su-vṛit);
ind. finished, ended (a gram. term used only in the Dhātup. andﾠ signifying that a series of roots acted on by a rule andﾠ beginning with a root followed by ādi orﾠ prabhṛiti, ends with the word preceding vṛit)
3) (ifc.) surrounding, enclosing, obstructing ( seeﾠ arṇo- andﾠ nadī-vṛit);
a troop of followers orﾠ soldiers, army, host RV.
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64 esprimere
express* * *esprimere v.tr. to express, to voice, to signify; ( formulare) to couch: non sappiamo esprimerti quanto ti siamo grati, we cannot express how grateful we are to you; ha espresso la sua critica con grande cautela, he couched his criticism in very cautious terms; esprimere un desiderio, to express a wish; esprimere il proprio sdegno, to express one's indignation (o disdain); esprimere i propri sentimenti, to express one's feelings; esprimere il proprio rincrescimento, to signify (o to declare) one's regret; il suo volto esprimeva una grande soddisfazione, his face expressed great satisfaction // (fin.) esprimere in una data unità monetaria, to denominate.◘ esprimersi v.rifl. to express oneself: sai esprimerti correttamente in inglese?, can you express yourself correctly in English? // come posso esprimermi?, how shall I put it? // è questo il modo di esprimere?!, (fam.) that's no way to talk!* * *1. [es'primere]vb irreg vtto express, (opinione) to voice, expressdai, esprimi un desiderio! — go on, make a wish!
2. vip (esprimersi)to express o.s.* * *[es'primere] 1.verbo transitivo1) (comunicare) to express, to convey, to state [ opinione]; to pronounce, to pass [ giudizio]; to express [desiderio, dubbio, paura]2) (manifestare) [parole, immagini, musica] to express, to convey [emozioni, sentimenti]2.verbo pronominale esprimersi1) (pronunciarsi) to express oneself-rsi a favore di qcn. — to come out in favour of sb
2) (parlare)mi sono espresso male — I haven't made myself clear; (comunicare) (a gesti) to communicate
* * *esprimere/es'primere/ [29]1 (comunicare) to express, to convey, to state [ opinione]; to pronounce, to pass [ giudizio]; to express [desiderio, dubbio, paura]; esprimere un desiderio to make a wish; esprimere la propria riconoscenza to express one's gratitude; esprimere a parole i propri sentimenti to put one's feelings into words2 (manifestare) [parole, immagini, musica] to express, to convey [emozioni, sentimenti]II esprimersi verbo pronominale1 (pronunciarsi) to express oneself; -rsi a favore di qcn. to come out in favour of sb.2 (parlare) - rsi in inglese to speak in English; - rsi con un linguaggio scurrile to use foul language; mi sono espresso male I haven't made myself clear; (comunicare) (a gesti) to communicate. -
65 ni|sko
Ⅰ adv. grad. 1. (niedaleko) low- około północy obserwatorzy spostrzegli nisko lecący objekt at around midnight the observers spotted a low-flying object2. (głęboko, w dół) low- grzecznie dygnęła, on skłonił się nisko she curtsied politely and he bowed low- musiałem nisko się skłonić, żeby tam wejść I had to bend down low to get in there- ze wstydu nisko spuścił głowę he hung his head low in shame3. [brzmieć] low- w głośnikach rozległ się nisko brzmiący głos a low voice came through on the speakers4. (niewysoko) low- nieruchomość wyceniono bardzo nisko the property a. real estate US was priced very low- dolar stoi bardzo nisko the exchange rate of the dollar is very low5. (skromnie) low- stojący nisko w hierarchii urzędnicy nie mieli właściwie szans na awans as they were low in the hierarchy the clerks had no real chance of promotion6. (negatywnie) low- jego praca była oceniana nisko his work was rated poor a. not rated highly7. (podle) [postąpić] despicably, basely Ⅱ nisko- w wyrazach złożonych low- niskopienne drzewa low-growing trees- turbina niskoprężna low-pressure turbine- dieta niskobiałkowa a low-protein diet■ być nisko notowanym to be not valued a. regarded highly- nowy minister finansów był nisko notowany w kręgach biznesu the new finance minister was not highly regarded in business circles- nisko kogoś/coś cenić to hold sb/sth cheap- te produkty są nisko cenione przez klientów those products are held cheap among the customers- profesor nisko ceni studentki the professor has a low opinion of female students- niżej podpisany the undersigned- ja, niżej podpisany, deklaruję, co następuje… I, the undersigned, declare the following…- niżej wymieniony undermentioned- niżej wymieniony dokument odegrał w procesie decydujacą rolę the undermentioned document played a decisive role in the trial- potwierdza to niżej wymieniony fragment tekstu this is confirmed in the part of text mentioned below- upaść a. stoczyć się nisko to let oneself go, to fall low- po śmierci żony rozpił się i stoczył nisko after his wife’s death he really let himself go and started drinking- jak to się stało, że stoczył się tak nisko? how did it happen that he had fallen so low?- upadł tak nisko, że zaczął prosić ludzi o pieniądze he fell so low as to ask people for moneyThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > ni|sko
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66 wyda|ć
pf — wyda|wać impf Ⅰ vt (wydadzą — ają) 1. (zapłacić) to spend- nie mam wydać I don’t have any change- wydać resztę to give the change- wydać 100 zł/całą pensję to spend 100 zlotys/all one’s earnings2. (wydzielić) to give out- stołówka wydaje obiady od 13.00 the cafeteria starts serving dinner at 1:003. (wystawić) to issue [zaświadczenie, upoważnienie] 4. (ujawnić) to tell, to reveal [sekret]; to turn in [przestępcę, zbiega] 5. (obwieścić) to issue- wydać oświadczenie to make a statement- wydać o kimś opinię to give one’s opinion about sb- wydać orzeczenie w sprawie to issue a ruling in a case- wydać wojnę to declare war- wydać wyrok to pronunce a sentence6. (opublikować) to publish Ⅱ wydać się — wydawać się 1. (wyglądać) to seem, to appear- wydawał się zmęczony he seemed tired- miasto wydawało się wymarłe the town seemed deserted2. (wyjść na jaw) to be revealed 3. (ujawnić się) to give oneself away 4. pot. (wyjść za mąż) to marry (za kogoś sb)- wydała się za starszego od siebie she married an older manⅢ wydawać się v impf. to seem- wydaje się, że jestem chory I think I’m ill, it seems (that) I’m ill■ wydać bankiet/kolację/przyjęcie książk. to hold a banquet/supper party/reception- wydać córkę za mąż to marry one’s daughter off- wydać dźwięk to make a. emit a sound- wydać kogoś na pastwę losu to leave sb in the lurch, to leave sb flat- wydać owoce to bear fruitThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wyda|ć
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67 высказываться
несов. - выска́зываться, сов. - вы́сказаться1) ( говорить) speak; (о пр.; высказывать мнение) speak (about), express one's opinion (about), have / say one's say (about)выска́зываться по вопро́су (о пр.) — speak on the subject (of)
он уже́ вы́сказался — he has had / said his say
2) (за вн., про́тив) declare (for, against); (за предложение и т.п. тж.) support (d); (против предложения и т.п. тж.) oppose (d) -
68 arbitror
arbĭtror ( act. arbitro, v. infra; arch. inf. arbitrarier, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 21), ātus, 1, v. dep. [arbiter].I.In gen., to be a hearer or beholder of something (v. arbiter, I.), to observe, perceive, hear, etc. (in this sense only ante- and post-class.):II.dicta alicujus,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 24; id. Aul. 4, 1, 21; App. M. 10, p. 246, 16; 3, p. 138, 23; 7 init.:domus attiguae fortunas arbitraturus,
id. ib. 4, p. 148, 8.—Hence of the mind, to examine, consider, weigh:diligentius carmina Empedoclis,
Gell. 4, 11, 10.—Esp.A.T. t. of judic. lang. (cf. arbiter, II.), to make a decision, give judgment or sentence:B.si in eo, quod utroque praesente arbitratus est, arbitrio paritum non esset,
Dig. 4, 8, 44; 6, 1, 35.—Hence, fidem alicui arbitrari, to adjudge, i. e. to give, credit to one, to put faith in, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 41.—Of witnesses, as t. t., to testify, to declare or announce, give evidence:qui testimonium diceret, ut arbitrari se diceret, etiam quod ipse vidisset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 146: qui primum [p. 152] illud verbum consideratissimum nostrae consuetudinis arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur, cum ea dicimus jurati, quae comperta habemus, quae ipsi vidimus, ex toto testimonio suo sustulit, atque omnia se scire dixit, id. Font. 9:mortuum inde arbitrari,
Liv. 3, 13, 3; 4, 40.—1.. In gen., to be of the opinion, to believe, consider as, = nomizô (most freq. in prose; a favorite word with Cic.): Bene facta male locata male facta arbitror, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 2, 18, 62:2.gratum arbitratur esse id a vobis sibi,
Plaut. Am. prol. 48:nefas esse arbitrari Gracchos laudare,
Cic. Agr. 2, 10:Falsum arbitror radices arborum vetustate minui,
Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130:Justum autem arbitror suscitarc vos,
Vulg. 2 Pet. 1, 13:scelestissimum te arbitror,
Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 2:arbitraris me inimicum tuum,
Vulg. Job, 13, 24; ib. Philipp. 3, 8:si hoc minus ad officium tuum pertinere arbitrabere, suscipiam partes, quas alienas esse arbitrabar,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37:ut in ceteris artibus... similiter arbitror in hac ratione dicendi etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; id. Quinct. 34; id. Verr. 2, 169; id. Clu. 17; id. Cat. 1, 17; id. Arch. 30; id. Deiot. 24; id. Mil. 21:tamen, ut arbitror, auctoritate advocatorum adducti in veritate manserunt,
id. Clu. 63; so id. Sex. Rosc. 82; id. Imp. Pomp. 58; id. Clu. 176:ut ego arbitror,
id. Sest. 16; id. Pis. 68:sicut arbitror,
id. Clu. 50:ego quod ad me attinet (itemque arbitror ceteros) idcirco taceo, quod, etc.,
id. ad Q. Fr. 2, 1:arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse,
Caes. B. G. 3, 28:Jugurtham esse arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt,
thinking it to be Jugurtha, Sall. J. 69, 1:non satis tuta eadem loca sibi arbitratus,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 1; so id. Timoth. 3, 3 al.—To think, suppose, as opp. to knowing:► a.Arbitror: Certum non scimus,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 30:si hunc noris satis, Non ita arbitrere,
id. And. 5, 4, 12: De. Sanumne credis te esse? Mi. Equidem arbitror, id. Ad. 4, 7, 30:Quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrūm ignorare arbitraris?
Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Imp. Pomp. 31:arbitrantur se posse fugere,
Vulg. Esth. 16, 4; ib. Matt. 10, 34.Act. form arbĭtro, āre:b.te si arbitrarem dignum,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 57:Probiores credo arbitrabunt,
id. Stich. 1, 2, 87. —Arbitror in pass. signif.:continuo arbitretur (i. e. eligatur, quaeratur) uxor filio tuo,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 82:cum ipse praedonum socius arbitraretur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 41; id. Mur. 16 fin.; id. Att. 1, 11; cf.Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. l. l.: quaestio in utramque partem a prudentibus viris arbitrata, i. e. judicata,
Gell. 1, 13:sumptus funeris arbitrantur pro facultatibus defuncti,
are estimated, Dig. 11, 7, 12; so ib. 4, 8, 27; 2, 15, 8: ex scriptis eorum, qui veri arbitrantur, hupolambanontai, Cael. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P. -
69 say
[seɪ] 3rd person singular present tense says [sez]: past tense, past participle said [sed]1. verb1) to speak or utter:What did you say?
يَقولShe said "Yes".
2) to tell, state or declare:يُخْبِر، يُعْلِن، يُصَرِّحShe is said to be very beautiful.
3) to repeat:يُرَدِّدThe child says her prayers every night.
4) to guess or estimate:يَعْرِف، يُقَدِّر، يُخَمِّنI can't say when he'll return.
5) (let's) say roughly; approximately; about:تَقْريبا، حَواليYou'll arrive there in, (let's) say, three hours.
2. nounthe right or opportunity to state one's opinion:قَوْل، كَلِمَه، رأْيWe have no say in the decision.
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70 δογματίζω
A lay down as an opinion,ἀϊδίους εἶναι Phld.Piet.19
;τὰ αἰσχρά Arr.Epict. 3.7.18
: abs., S.E.P.1.13, al.; οἱ -οντες, = οἱ δογματικοί, Gal.18(1).270:—[voice] Pass.,τὰ -όμενα S.E.P.1.18
.2 decree by ordinance, c. inf., D.S.4.83, LXX 1 Es.6.34; of the Roman Senate, J.AJ14.10.22; δ. τινὰ καλήν declare her beautiful, AP9.576 (Nicarch.):—[voice] Pass.,τὰ δογματισθέντα IG12(3).173.53
([place name] Astypalaea), cf. ib. 14.759.13 ([place name] Naples).3 in [voice] Pass., of persons, submit to ordinances, Ep.Col.2.20.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > δογματίζω
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71 ἐκφέρω
Aἐξοίσω Hdt.3.71
: [dialect] Ion. [tense] aor. ἐξήνεικα:—[voice] Pass.,ἐξοισθήσομαι E.Supp. 561
: [tense] fut. [voice] Med. ἐξοίσομαι in pass. sense, Hdt.8.49,76:— carry out of,τινὰ πολέμοιο Il.5.664
, etc.;ὅπλα ἐκ μεγάρου ἐξενηνειγμένα Hdt.8.37
, cf. E.Ph. 779;ἐ. πεύκας Ar.Fr. 599
;γραμματεῖον Id.Nu. 19
;ἐξένεγκέ μοι τὴν κοπίδ' ἔξω Men.Pk. 332
.2 carry out a corpse for burial,ἐξέφερον θρασὺν Ἕκτορα δάκρυ χέοντες Il.24.786
, cf. Hdt.7.117, Antipho 6.21 ([voice] Pass.), etc.; also, cause death, εἰ ὑπερβάλλουσινἀλγηδόνες, ἐξοίσουσι Plot.1.4.8
.3 carry away,τρί' ἄλεισα Od.15.470
, cf. Test.Epict. 2.22, etc.; carry off as prize or reward,ἄεθλον Il.23.785
:—more freq. in [voice] Med., τὠυτὸ (of a victory)ἐξενείκασθαι Hdt.6.103
; κλέος, δόξαν, S.El.60, D.14.1, etc.; accomplish, Aeschin.2.66.4 carry ashore,ἐπὶ Ταίναρον Hdt.1.24
, etc.; cast ashore,πόντου νιν ἐξήνεγκε.. κλύδων E.Hec. 701
:—[voice] Pass., with [tense] fut. [voice] Med., come to land, be cast ashore, ἐς τοὺς ἑωυτῶν ἐξοίσονται Hdt.S.49, cf. 76, 2.90.II bring forth, in various senses:1 of women, = φέρειν μέχρι τέλους, bring to the birth, Hp.Nat.Mul.19;εἰς φῶς κύημα Pl.R. 461c
, cf. Arist. HA 577b23, al.; of plants, bear seed, Id.GA 731a22; of the ground, bear fruit, Δήμητρος καρπὸν ἐ. Hdt.1.193, 4.198.2 bring about, accomplish,μισθοῖο τέλος Il.21.451
;τὸ μόρσιμον Pi.N.4.61
;κακίας μεγάλας ὥσπερ ἀρετὰς αἱ μεγάλαι φύσεις ἐ. Plu.Demetr.1
:—[voice] Pass., .3 publish, deliver,χρηστήριον Hdt.5.79
;ἐ. λόγον S.Tr. 741
, Pl.Mx. 236c, cf. Plu.Them.23; ; of public measures, refer,ἐξενεῖκαι ἐς τὸν δῆμον Hdt.9.5
;ἐς πολύφημον ἐξενείκαντας Id.5.79
; ἐ. προβούλευμα εἰς τὸν δῆμον bring a project of law before the people, D.59.4 (so in [voice] Med.,ἐκφέρεσθαι προβούλευμα εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν Aeschin. 3.125
): abs., freq. in [dialect] Att. Inscrr.,ἡ δὲ βουλὴ ἐς τὸν δῆμον ἐξενεγκέτω ἐπάναγκες IG12.76.61
, cf. 22.360.47; of authors, publish a work, Isoc. 9.74, Arist.Po. 1447b17, D.H.Comp.1, Plu.2.10c, etc.:—[voice] Med., ἐκφέρεσθαι γνώμην declare one's opinion, Isoc.5.36:—[voice] Pass.,εἰς Ἕλληνας ἐξοισθήσεται E.Supp. 561
.4 produce, exhibit, Lys.19.30; display,δείγματα εἰς φῶς Pl.Lg. 788c
, cf. D.19.12;φανερῶς τὸ μῖσος εἴς τινας Plb.15.27.3
;ἐ. τὴν ἰατρικὴν ἐπιστήμην D.S.5.74
.6 put forth, exert, :—and in [voice] Med., (lyr.).9 ὅρον ἐ. produce a definition, Arist.Metaph. 1040b2; express,διάνοιαν Phld.Po.5.26
, al.; ' word' a sentence, D.H.Comp.3 ([voice] Pass.), 7; utter, Demetr.Eloc.94; cite, adduce, ib. 142; πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἐ. soliloquize, Sch.Pi.O.1.5.b [voice] Pass., of words, to be formed,κατὰ μίμησιν Demetr.Eloc. 220
;ἐπιρρηματικῶς A.D.Adv.175.28
; διὰ τοῦ ε ¯ ἐ. ib.193.5.III [voice] Pass., to be carried beyond bounds, : mostly metaph., to be carried away by passion,ἀπαιδευσίᾳ ὀργῆς Th.3.84
, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.3.127; πρὸς ὀργὴν ἐκφέρει givest way to passion, S.El. 628; ἐ. πρὸς αἰδῶ is inclined to feel respect, E.Alc. 601 (lyr.);λέγων ἐξηνέχθην Pl.Cra. 425a
; ;πρὸς τὸ ἄγριοι πολῖται γενέσθαι X.Cyr.1.6.34
; πάθος defined asὁρμὴ ἐκφερομένη καὶ ἀπειθὴς λόγῳ Stoic.3.92
:—later in [voice] Act., [θυμὸς] ἐ. τινὰ τοῦ λογισμοῦ Philostr. Im.2.21
.IV bring to one's end, bring on to the trail,εὖ δέ σ' ἐκφέρει.. βάσις S.Aj.7
; κινδυνεύει ὥσπερ ἀτραπός [τις] ἐκφέρειν ἡμᾶς [ἐν τῇ σκέψει] Pl.Phd. 66b, cf.IG12.94.37:—[voice] Pass., ἐξηνέχθην εἰς ἅπερ Πρωταγόρας λέγει Pl.Cra. 386a.V intr. (sc. ἑαυτόν) shoot forth (before the rest),ὦκα δ' ἔπειτα αἱ Φηρητιάδαο.. ἔκφερον ἵπποι· τὰς δὲ μέτ' ἐξέφερον Διομήδεος.. ἵπποι Il.23.376
, cf. 759; also, to run away, X.Eq.3.4.2 come to fulfilment,ὁρᾷς τὰ τοῦδε.. ὡς ἐς ὀρθὸν ἐκφέρει μαντεύμᾰτα S.OC 1424
; come to an end, Id.Tr. 824 (lyr.). -
72 φημί
φημί (cf. fari), 2 sing. φῄς not enclitic like the other forms of the pres. ind., φησί, φαμέν, φατέ, φᾶς(ίν), subj. φῇ( σιν), φήῃ, opt. φαίην, φαῖμεν, part. φάς, ipf. ἔφην, φῆν, ἔφησθα, φῆσθα, φῆς, ἔφαμεν, φάμεν, ἔφαν, φάν, fut. φήσει, mid. pres. imp. φάο, φάσθω, inf. φάσθαι, part. φάμενος, ipf. ἐφάμην, φάτο (for πεφασμένος see φαίνω): say, declare, mostly of subjective statement, to express opinion, hence reg. const. w. acc. and inf. The ipf. and the pres. inf. have aoristic signification. No distinction between act. and mid. is to be sought. Often simply think, believe, Il. 2.37, Od. 1.391 ; ὅ γ' ἀνὴρ ὅν φημι, whom ‘I mean,’ Il. 5.184 ; οὔ φημι (nego), Od. 15.213.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > φημί
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73 عبر عن
عَبَّرَ عن \ express: to state; declare; show (feelings, ideas, etc.) by words, actions or looks; He expressed great pleasure at seeing us. speak: to express: Always speak the truth. voice: to express (an opinion): She voiced her doubts about the new plan. \ See Also صرح (صَرَّحَ) -
74 قال (يقيل)
قالَ (يَقيلُ) \ snooze: to have a short sleep, esp. by day: My father was snoozing in the sun. \ See Also غَفا \ قَالَ \ remark: (in reported speech) to say: He remarked that it was time to go home. say: to express in spoken words: I love you, she said. He said nothing to her. So they say. What would you say to a cup of coffee? (If sb. offered you a cup, would you like one?) Have you said your prayers?. speak: to express: Always speak the truth. tell: to say (the truth, a lie, the answer, the time, a secret, a story, etc.) to sb.: He told me that he was afraid. If you know the answer you mustn’t tell (anyone). \ See Also تكلم (تَكَلَّمَ)، أخبر (أَخْبَرَ) \ قَالَ \ say: to give an opinion: I can’t say when he will return (because I don’t know). It will take a long time; say (or let us say) nine or ten years (I guess, or let us guess, that it will take 9-10 years). \ See Also أبْدَى رأيَه \ قَالَ جازمًا \ assert: to declare firmly: They asserted that it was not their fault. maintain: to say firmly (although others disagree): He maintains that the accident was not his fault. \ قَالَ كلامًا \ talk: to use a certain kind of speech: We were talking French. Do talk sense. \ See Also تحدث (تَحَدَّثَ)، تكلم (تَكَلَّمَ) \ قالِب \ mould, mold: a container of a certain shape; hot material (esp. plastic, glass or metal) is poured into it and takes its shape when cool and hard. -
75 express
عَبَّرَ عن \ express: to state; declare; show (feelings, ideas, etc.) by words, actions or looks; He expressed great pleasure at seeing us. speak: to express: Always speak the truth. voice: to express (an opinion): She voiced her doubts about the new plan. \ See Also صرح (صَرَّحَ) -
76 speak
عَبَّرَ عن \ express: to state; declare; show (feelings, ideas, etc.) by words, actions or looks; He expressed great pleasure at seeing us. speak: to express: Always speak the truth. voice: to express (an opinion): She voiced her doubts about the new plan. \ See Also صرح (صَرَّحَ) -
77 voice
عَبَّرَ عن \ express: to state; declare; show (feelings, ideas, etc.) by words, actions or looks; He expressed great pleasure at seeing us. speak: to express: Always speak the truth. voice: to express (an opinion): She voiced her doubts about the new plan. \ See Also صرح (صَرَّحَ) -
78 ἀνατίθημι
ἀνατίθημι fut. 2 sg. ἀναθήσεις Mi 4:13; 2 aor. ἀνέθηκα LXX; pf. ptc. ἀνατεθηκώς Just., A I, 14, 2; 2 aor. mid. ἀνεθέμην; aor. pass. ἀνετέθην LXX.—ἀνάκειμαι, q.v., functions as the pass. of this vb. (s. τίθημι; Hom. et al. w. var. mngs.; ins, pap, LXX, TestIss 2:5; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath., R. 70, 8) lit. ‘place upon’.① act. to attribute someth. to someone, ascribe, attribute τινί τι (schol. on Eur., Hippol. 264 τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν τῷ Χίλωνι) τῷ θεῷ τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐξουσίαν ascr. to God power over all things MPol 2:1 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Fat. 30, CAG Suppl. II/2 p. 201, 26 πρόγνωσιν ἀνατιθέναι τοῖς θεοῖς; Jos., Ant. 1, 15, C. Apion. 2, 165).② otherw. only mid. to lay someth. before someone for consideration, communicate, refer, declare w. connotation of request for a person’s opinion (Polyb. 21, 46, 11; Diog. L. 2, 141; Alciphron 3, 23, 2; PParis 69d, 23; 2 Macc 3:9) τινί τι (Plut., Mor. 772d τὴν πρᾶξιν ἀνέθετο τ. ἑταίρων τισί; Artem. 2, 59 v.l. ἀ. τινι τὸ ὄναρ; Mi 7:5) ὁ Φῆστος τῷ βασιλεῖ ἀνέθετο τὰ κατὰ τὸν Παῦλον Ac 25:14. ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον I laid my gospel before them Gal 2:2. Cp. Nägeli 45; on the use of ἀ. as an administrative term s. Betz, Gal, 86, 268.—M-M. TW. -
79 כבש
כָּבַש(b. h.; cmp. כָּבַס) 1) to press, squeeze. Ohol. VIII, 5 כ׳ את האבןוכ׳ if one pressed a stone on (weighted) the sheet. Bets.23b שהיא כּוֹבֶשֶׂת because it (the wagon) presses (the ground) down. Sabb.XX, 5 לא כוֹבְשִׁין you must not screw down, v. מַכְבֵּש; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּביּש, f. כְּבוּשָׁה pressed, compressed; pressing. Ib. 135a; Tosef. ib. XV (XVI), 9; a. e. ערלה כ׳ היא the foreskin (which seems to be wanting) is pressed (to the membrum). Tosef.Ohol.IX, 4 כאילו אבנים כְּבוּשוֹתוכ׳ as if stones were placed tightly upon them. Ex. R. s. 15 ההר … כְּבוּשִׁין עלוכ׳ a mountain on each side pressing upon (preventing the run of) the springs; a. fr. 2) כ׳ פנים (בקרקע) to press the face into the ground, to hide ones self in fear or shame. Snh.19b כָּבְשוּ פניהם בקרקע they cast their looks down (were afraid to give an opinion). Y. ib. X, 27d (ref. to Is. 7:3) א״ת כובס אלא כּוֹבֵש שהיה כובש פניווכ׳ read not kobes, but kobesh, for he hid his face and fled before him; (Bab. ib. 104a דכבשינהו לאפי Chald.). 3) to press vegetables, meat ; to preserve, pickle. Toh. II, 1 האשה … כּוֹבֶשֶׁתוכ׳ if a woman was pressing vegetables in a pot. Ukts. II, 1 זתים שכְּבָשָׂןוכ׳ olives which one pressed with their leaves; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּביּש preserved substance, pickle. Ḥull97b, a. fr. כ׳ הרי הוא כמבושל preserved substances are in ritual law like cooked.Pl. כְּבוּשִׁין. Pes.II, 6. Y.Sabb.I, 3c bot. כְּבוּשֵׁיהֶן preserves made by gentiles; a. fr. 4) Trnsf. to store, hide. Ḥag.13a (ref. to Prov. 27:26) א״ת כבשים אלא כְּברּשִׁים Ms. M. (missing in ed.; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) read not Kbasim (sheep) but Kbushim (hidden things), v. כִּבְשָׁן; Yalk. Prov. 961.Sot.10b; Macc.23b (ref. to Gen. 38:25) יצאת … ממני יצאו כבושים a divine voice went forth and said, ‘from me went forth the secret things (I declare that Judah is the father of Tamars children; Ar.: ממני היו הדברים כ׳, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 6); Yalk. Gen. 145; Yalk. 1 Sam. 112. 5) to detain (cmp. עצר). Pesik. Bayom, p. 193b>; כָּבְשָׁה אותם מטרונאוכ׳ the matron detained them one day longer; כבשה אותן התורחוכ׳ the Law detained them one day longer (before the Lord); ib. 195a>, sq.; Pesik. R. suppl., s. 4. Gen. R. s. 8, end האיש כּיֹבֵשוכ׳ the man detains his wife from going out; a. e. 6) to suppress, restrain, conquer. Snh.XI, 5 (89a) הכּוֹבֵש את נבואתו (a prophet) who suppresses his prophecy (being afraid to proclaim it). Ab. IV, 1 הכיבש את יצרו who conquers his passion. Lam. R. to V, 1 כובש את הגדול (not כביש), v. זַרְזִיר I. Y.Succ.V, 55b top עד שאתה מְכַבֵּש … בוא וכְבוֹשוכ׳ instead of conquering the barbarians, come and subdue the Jews; Lam. R. to I, 16; ib. to IV, 19. Ex. R. s. 25 הוא כוֹבְשוֹוכ׳ he suppresses (withholds the evidence) and does not produce it.כ׳ עון to suppress guilt, to forgive, cause forgiveness. Pesik. Eth Korb, p. 61b>; Pesik. R. s. 16, v. כֶּבֶש; a. fr.7) to violate. Esth. R. to VII, 7 (read:) הרי הוא כּוֹבְשֵׁנִיוכ׳ behold, he is attacking me in thy presence.8) to pave, grade a road.Part. pass. כָּבוּש, f. כְּבוּשָׁה. Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 20 דרך כ׳ graded road; ib. ed. Bub. 47; Yalk. Num. 764. (Pirké dR. El. ch. 52 כובשים במזלות, read with Yalk. Josh. 22: חושבים; Yalk. Gen. 77 רוגשים. Pi. כִּיבֵּש 1) to press, squeeze.Part. pass. מְכוּבָּש, pl. מְכוּבָּשִׁים. Tosef.Mikv.VI (VII), 17 לכלוכי צואה … המ׳ (ed. Zuck. והמכושים, corr. acc.) secretory substances … which are compressed, i. e. dried up by being sat upon. 2) (cmp. סָלַל II) to press down, make even, grade. Bets.IV, 5 מְכַבְּשִׁין you may press the ashes down (make a graded surface for baking); a. e.Trnsf. to level, make plain. Cant. R. to I, 2 (play on כבשים, Prov. 28:26, v. כֶּבֶש) כְּבָשִׁים … תהי׳ מְכַבֵּש לפניהםוכ׳ it may be read Kbashim ( grades), as long as thy pupils are young, make the words of the Law plain before them; when they are older reveal to them the secrets (reasons) of the Law; Yalk. ib. 985 הֱיֵה כוֹבֵש לפניהם (another expl., v. infra).כ׳ את הריחיים ( to carve steps for the grain, to put the millstones in working order. M. Kat. I, 9; expl. ib. 10a to sharpen the millstones (v. נָקַר I), (oth. opin.) to cut the hole out for the hopper. 3) (interch. with Kal) to conquer, defeat. Y.Peah VII, 20c top שבע שכִּיבְּשוּ seven years during which they were engaged in conquering the land; Ḥull.17a שכבשו. Sifré Deut. 51 לכַבֵּשח״ל עד שלא יְכַבְּשוּוכ׳ to conquer foreign land before they shall have conquered Palestine. Pes.5b נכרי שכִּיבַּשְׁתּוֹ a gentile who is in thy power. Yeb.65b (ref. to וכבשח, Gen. 1:28) איש דרכו לכַבֵּשוכ׳ it is man who conquers (the earth) but not woman; Kidd.35a; a. fr. 4) to suppress, withhold. Cant. R. l. c. תהי׳ מכבש לפניהםוכ׳ withhold from them, i. e. teach them merely the words of the Law without arguments; (another expl., v. supra). 5) (denom. of כֶּבֶש) to storm, climb over. Tosef.Sot.VI, 6 מכבש את הגנותוכ׳ climbing over the garden fences and violating the women; Gen. R. s. 53; Yalk. Gen. 94 מַכְבִּיש Hif. Nif. נִכְבַּש 1) to be pressed down, suppressed. Pesik. Eth. Korb. p. 61b> כל דבר שהוא נ׳ סופו לצוף whatever is pressed down, is liable to come to the surface again; Pesik. R. s. 16. 2) to be submissive. Midr. Till. to Ps. 30, end when scholars sit down ונִכְבָּשִׁין אלו לאלו and are submissive (respectful) to one another; (Sabb.63a ונוחין). 3) to have surreptitious intercourse. Sifra Emor, Par. 6, ch. V נ׳ עם; Yeb.VII, 5 to נ׳ על. Hif. הִכְכִּיש to climb, v. supra. Hithpa. הִתְכַּבֵּש, Nithpa. נִתְכַּבֵּש to be conquered, be taken. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c bot. כמי שנִתְכַּבְּשוּ they are to be treated as if they had been subdued (in the days of Joshua). Ib. שמא נִתְכַּבְּשָׁהמד״ת perhaps it was to be taken by the command of the Law; Y. Yeb.VII, 8a bot. (corr. acc.). Ex. R. s. 18 עכשיו … מִתְכַּבֶּשֶׁת בידו just now Jerusalem may be taken by him (Sennacherib). (Pesik. Zutr., Ekeb, ed. Bub. p. 30 מתכבשים, מתכבשות, v. כָּתַש. -
80 כָּבַש
כָּבַש(b. h.; cmp. כָּבַס) 1) to press, squeeze. Ohol. VIII, 5 כ׳ את האבןוכ׳ if one pressed a stone on (weighted) the sheet. Bets.23b שהיא כּוֹבֶשֶׂת because it (the wagon) presses (the ground) down. Sabb.XX, 5 לא כוֹבְשִׁין you must not screw down, v. מַכְבֵּש; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּביּש, f. כְּבוּשָׁה pressed, compressed; pressing. Ib. 135a; Tosef. ib. XV (XVI), 9; a. e. ערלה כ׳ היא the foreskin (which seems to be wanting) is pressed (to the membrum). Tosef.Ohol.IX, 4 כאילו אבנים כְּבוּשוֹתוכ׳ as if stones were placed tightly upon them. Ex. R. s. 15 ההר … כְּבוּשִׁין עלוכ׳ a mountain on each side pressing upon (preventing the run of) the springs; a. fr. 2) כ׳ פנים (בקרקע) to press the face into the ground, to hide ones self in fear or shame. Snh.19b כָּבְשוּ פניהם בקרקע they cast their looks down (were afraid to give an opinion). Y. ib. X, 27d (ref. to Is. 7:3) א״ת כובס אלא כּוֹבֵש שהיה כובש פניווכ׳ read not kobes, but kobesh, for he hid his face and fled before him; (Bab. ib. 104a דכבשינהו לאפי Chald.). 3) to press vegetables, meat ; to preserve, pickle. Toh. II, 1 האשה … כּוֹבֶשֶׁתוכ׳ if a woman was pressing vegetables in a pot. Ukts. II, 1 זתים שכְּבָשָׂןוכ׳ olives which one pressed with their leaves; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּביּש preserved substance, pickle. Ḥull97b, a. fr. כ׳ הרי הוא כמבושל preserved substances are in ritual law like cooked.Pl. כְּבוּשִׁין. Pes.II, 6. Y.Sabb.I, 3c bot. כְּבוּשֵׁיהֶן preserves made by gentiles; a. fr. 4) Trnsf. to store, hide. Ḥag.13a (ref. to Prov. 27:26) א״ת כבשים אלא כְּברּשִׁים Ms. M. (missing in ed.; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) read not Kbasim (sheep) but Kbushim (hidden things), v. כִּבְשָׁן; Yalk. Prov. 961.Sot.10b; Macc.23b (ref. to Gen. 38:25) יצאת … ממני יצאו כבושים a divine voice went forth and said, ‘from me went forth the secret things (I declare that Judah is the father of Tamars children; Ar.: ממני היו הדברים כ׳, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 6); Yalk. Gen. 145; Yalk. 1 Sam. 112. 5) to detain (cmp. עצר). Pesik. Bayom, p. 193b>; כָּבְשָׁה אותם מטרונאוכ׳ the matron detained them one day longer; כבשה אותן התורחוכ׳ the Law detained them one day longer (before the Lord); ib. 195a>, sq.; Pesik. R. suppl., s. 4. Gen. R. s. 8, end האיש כּיֹבֵשוכ׳ the man detains his wife from going out; a. e. 6) to suppress, restrain, conquer. Snh.XI, 5 (89a) הכּוֹבֵש את נבואתו (a prophet) who suppresses his prophecy (being afraid to proclaim it). Ab. IV, 1 הכיבש את יצרו who conquers his passion. Lam. R. to V, 1 כובש את הגדול (not כביש), v. זַרְזִיר I. Y.Succ.V, 55b top עד שאתה מְכַבֵּש … בוא וכְבוֹשוכ׳ instead of conquering the barbarians, come and subdue the Jews; Lam. R. to I, 16; ib. to IV, 19. Ex. R. s. 25 הוא כוֹבְשוֹוכ׳ he suppresses (withholds the evidence) and does not produce it.כ׳ עון to suppress guilt, to forgive, cause forgiveness. Pesik. Eth Korb, p. 61b>; Pesik. R. s. 16, v. כֶּבֶש; a. fr.7) to violate. Esth. R. to VII, 7 (read:) הרי הוא כּוֹבְשֵׁנִיוכ׳ behold, he is attacking me in thy presence.8) to pave, grade a road.Part. pass. כָּבוּש, f. כְּבוּשָׁה. Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 20 דרך כ׳ graded road; ib. ed. Bub. 47; Yalk. Num. 764. (Pirké dR. El. ch. 52 כובשים במזלות, read with Yalk. Josh. 22: חושבים; Yalk. Gen. 77 רוגשים. Pi. כִּיבֵּש 1) to press, squeeze.Part. pass. מְכוּבָּש, pl. מְכוּבָּשִׁים. Tosef.Mikv.VI (VII), 17 לכלוכי צואה … המ׳ (ed. Zuck. והמכושים, corr. acc.) secretory substances … which are compressed, i. e. dried up by being sat upon. 2) (cmp. סָלַל II) to press down, make even, grade. Bets.IV, 5 מְכַבְּשִׁין you may press the ashes down (make a graded surface for baking); a. e.Trnsf. to level, make plain. Cant. R. to I, 2 (play on כבשים, Prov. 28:26, v. כֶּבֶש) כְּבָשִׁים … תהי׳ מְכַבֵּש לפניהםוכ׳ it may be read Kbashim ( grades), as long as thy pupils are young, make the words of the Law plain before them; when they are older reveal to them the secrets (reasons) of the Law; Yalk. ib. 985 הֱיֵה כוֹבֵש לפניהם (another expl., v. infra).כ׳ את הריחיים ( to carve steps for the grain, to put the millstones in working order. M. Kat. I, 9; expl. ib. 10a to sharpen the millstones (v. נָקַר I), (oth. opin.) to cut the hole out for the hopper. 3) (interch. with Kal) to conquer, defeat. Y.Peah VII, 20c top שבע שכִּיבְּשוּ seven years during which they were engaged in conquering the land; Ḥull.17a שכבשו. Sifré Deut. 51 לכַבֵּשח״ל עד שלא יְכַבְּשוּוכ׳ to conquer foreign land before they shall have conquered Palestine. Pes.5b נכרי שכִּיבַּשְׁתּוֹ a gentile who is in thy power. Yeb.65b (ref. to וכבשח, Gen. 1:28) איש דרכו לכַבֵּשוכ׳ it is man who conquers (the earth) but not woman; Kidd.35a; a. fr. 4) to suppress, withhold. Cant. R. l. c. תהי׳ מכבש לפניהםוכ׳ withhold from them, i. e. teach them merely the words of the Law without arguments; (another expl., v. supra). 5) (denom. of כֶּבֶש) to storm, climb over. Tosef.Sot.VI, 6 מכבש את הגנותוכ׳ climbing over the garden fences and violating the women; Gen. R. s. 53; Yalk. Gen. 94 מַכְבִּיש Hif. Nif. נִכְבַּש 1) to be pressed down, suppressed. Pesik. Eth. Korb. p. 61b> כל דבר שהוא נ׳ סופו לצוף whatever is pressed down, is liable to come to the surface again; Pesik. R. s. 16. 2) to be submissive. Midr. Till. to Ps. 30, end when scholars sit down ונִכְבָּשִׁין אלו לאלו and are submissive (respectful) to one another; (Sabb.63a ונוחין). 3) to have surreptitious intercourse. Sifra Emor, Par. 6, ch. V נ׳ עם; Yeb.VII, 5 to נ׳ על. Hif. הִכְכִּיש to climb, v. supra. Hithpa. הִתְכַּבֵּש, Nithpa. נִתְכַּבֵּש to be conquered, be taken. Y.Shebi.VI, 36c bot. כמי שנִתְכַּבְּשוּ they are to be treated as if they had been subdued (in the days of Joshua). Ib. שמא נִתְכַּבְּשָׁהמד״ת perhaps it was to be taken by the command of the Law; Y. Yeb.VII, 8a bot. (corr. acc.). Ex. R. s. 18 עכשיו … מִתְכַּבֶּשֶׁת בידו just now Jerusalem may be taken by him (Sennacherib). (Pesik. Zutr., Ekeb, ed. Bub. p. 30 מתכבשים, מתכבשות, v. כָּתַש.
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