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  • 101 catalanista

    adj. & m./f.
    Catalan nationalist.
    * * *
    1 PLÍTICA relating to Catalan nationalism
    1 PLÍTICA Catalan nationalist
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ that supports etc Catalan autonomy
    2.
    SMF supporter etc of Catalan autonomy
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    Catalan nationalist
    ♦ nmf
    Catalan nationalist

    Spanish-English dictionary > catalanista

  • 102 vasquista

    1.
    ADJ that supports etc Basque autonomy
    2.
    SMF supporter etc of Basque autonomy
    * * *
    in favor* of Basque autonomy

    Spanish-English dictionary > vasquista

  • 103 FYRIR

    * * *
    prep.
    I. with dat.
    1) before, in front of (ok vóru fyrir honum borin merkin);
    fyrir dyrum, before the door;
    2) before one, in one’s presence;
    hón nefndist fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, she told them that her name was G.;
    3) for;
    hann lét ryðja fyrir þeim búðina, he had the booth cleared for them, for their reception;
    4) before one, in one’s way;
    fjörðr varð fyrir þeim, they came to a fjord;
    sitja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for one;
    5) naut. term. before, off;
    liggja fyrir bryggjum, to lie off the piers;
    fyrir Humru-mynni, off the Humber;
    6) before, at the head of, over;
    vera fyrir liði, to be over the troops;
    vera fyrir máli, to lead the case;
    sitja fyrir svörum, to undertake the defence;
    7) of time, ago;
    fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;
    fyrir stundu, a while ago;
    fyrir löngu, long ago;
    vera fyrir e-u, to forebode (of a dream);
    8) before, above, superior to;
    Hálfdan svarti var fyrir þeim brœðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers;
    9) denoting disadvantige, harm, suffering;
    þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest E. thwart all thy affairs;
    tók at eyðast fyrir herm lausa-fé, her money began to fail;
    10) denoting obstacle, hindrance;
    mikit gøri þer mér fyrir þessu máli, you make this case hard for me;
    varð honum lítit fyrir því, it was a small matter for him;
    Ásgrími þótti þungt fyrir, A. thought that things looked bad;
    11) because of, for;
    hon undi sér hvergri fyrir verkjum, she had no rest for pains;
    fyrir hræðslu, for fear;
    illa fœrt fyrir ísum, scarcely, passable for ice;
    gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing, they neglected to make hay;
    fyrir því at, because, since, as;
    12) against;
    gæt þín vel fyrir konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men;
    beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar háska, against all kinds of harm;
    13) fyrir sér, of oneself;
    mikill fyrir sér, strong, powerful;
    minnstr fyrir sér, smallest, weakest;
    14) denoting manner or quality, with;
    hvítr fyrir hærum, while with hoary hair;
    II. with acc.
    1) before, in front of;
    halda fyrir augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes;
    2) before, into the presence of;
    stefna e-m fyrir dómstól, before a court;
    3) over;
    hlaupa fyrir björg, to leap over a precipice;
    kasta fyrir borð, to throw overboard;
    4) in one’s way, crossing one’s way;
    ríða á leið fyrir þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them;
    5) round, off;
    sigla fyrir nes, to weather a point;
    6) along, all along;
    fyrir endilangan Noreg, all along Norway, from one end to the other;
    draga ör fyrir odd, to draw the arrow past the point;
    7) of time, fyrir dag, before day;
    fyrir e-s minni, before one’s memory;
    8) for, on behalf of;
    vil ek bjóða at fara fyrir þik, I will offer to go for thee, in thy stead;
    lögvörn fyrir mál, a lawful defence for a case;
    9) for, for the benefit of;
    þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, they cut the lyme-grass for them (the horses);
    10) for, instead of, in place of, as;
    11) for, because of (vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit);
    fyrir þín orð, for thy words (intercession);
    fyrir sína vinsæld, by reason of his popularity;
    12) denoting value, price;
    fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks;
    fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost;
    13) in spite of, against (giptast fyrir ráð e-s);
    14) joined with adverbs ending in -an, governing acc. (fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan);
    fyrir austan, sunnan fjall, east, south of the fell;
    fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge;
    fyrir handan á, beyond the river;
    fyrir innan garð, inside the fence;
    III. as adverb or ellipt.
    1) ahead, before, opp. to eptir;
    þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, when this came first, preceded;
    2) first;
    mun ek þar eptir gera sem þér gerit fyrir, I shall do to you according as you do first;
    3) at hand, present, to the fore;
    föng þau, er fyrir vóru, stores that were at hand;
    þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already present (before the bride and bridegroom came);
    4) e-m verðr e-t fyrir, one takes a certain step, acts so and so;
    Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. was at a loss what to do;
    e-t mælist vel (illa) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) spoken or reported of (kvæðit mæltist vel fyrir).
    * * *
    prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either  (i. e. firir), or Ꝼ̆, fur͛, fvr͛ (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir͛, e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir ( over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge’s edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of ( super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where ‘for-’ is more common than ‘fyrir-;’ in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. προ-; Lat. pro, prae.]
    WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.
    A. LOCAL:
    I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142:—ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér):—also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér ( in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5.
    2. before one, before one’s face, in one’s presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u ( to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78.
    3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; … veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45.
    II. before one, in one’s way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92.
    2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát).
    3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8.
    4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men’s blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent.
    III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356.
    IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one’s behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26.
    V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,—also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka ráð f. e-m, to better one’s condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one’s work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, to manage one’s money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.
    B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57.
    2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65:—spá f. e-m, to ‘spae’ before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171.
    C. METAPH.:
    I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47.
    II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V).
    2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one’s life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni ( pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127.
    III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Manverjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another’s money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one’s face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor’s line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died.
    2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one’s honour, i. e. to hinder one’s doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased:—ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388.
    IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem …, Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king’s power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at …, for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök.
    V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52.
    2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i. e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i. e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one’s ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum ( thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.
    β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i. e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234.
    VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770.
    VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211.
    2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91.
    VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big ( little).
    β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one’s teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249.
    IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226.
    X. as adverb or ellipt.,
    1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283.
    β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90:—temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217.
    2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i. e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i. e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134.
    3. fore, opp. to ‘back,’ of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar.
    XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i. e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that …, Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i. e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285:—the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well ( ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113.
    XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one’s prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at …, Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to ‘spae’ before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to ‘wit’ beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.
    WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.
    A. LOCAL:
    I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39.
    2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one’s eyes, Stj. 611.
    3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one’s shield, Ísl. ii. 257.
    4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206:—draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap ( throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga ( to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse).
    II. in one’s way, crossing one’s way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166.
    III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, … Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i. e. to pass it, Edda l. c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to ( round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512.
    2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97:—öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer’s term, Fms. ii. 321.
    IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one’s mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, ‘verba alicujus praeripere,’ to take the word out of one’s mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one’s hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.
    B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one’s memory, Íb. 16.
    C. METAPH.:
    I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372.
    II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk … ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa.
    III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497.
    IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one’s costs, Grág. i. 341.
    V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one’s delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32.
    VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim.
    2. in a good sense, for one’s sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one’s sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. ‘fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316:—also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101:—so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531:—hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá …, each slew a man or more for himself, i. e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.
    2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem …, Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7.
    VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63,—this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc.:—in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast ( by dice), Sturl. ii. 159.
    IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one’s will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann ( in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i. e. although she had not fulfilled her journey ( her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram.
    X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as ‘at,’ C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use ‘at’), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers ‘at vin;’ hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one.
    2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e. g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come ( turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another’s faults for warning, Sól. 19.
    XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan … fjall, east, south of the fell, i. e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs:—used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east,—current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr …, cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side:—fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.
    ☞ For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163–167 and below:
    I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc.
    β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc.
    2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr.
    II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e. g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in:
    1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e. g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða.
    2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther’s Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e. g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings:—it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > FYRIR

  • 104 Alvor, Agreement of

       The ill-fated Alvor Agreement was signed in Alvor, Algarve province, in January 1975. The purpose of the agreement was to facilitate the peaceful, lawful decolonization of Portugal's former colony of Angola. The conference that worked out and signed this instrument was hosted by Portugal's provisional government, and backed by the Armed Forces Movement, which had overthrown the dictatorship on 25 April 1974, and which had called for rapid decolonization of Portugal's African colonies after a truce in the colonial war. Decolonization negotiations proceeded fairly smoothly in the other African territories, but in Angola, rather than one African nationalist movement or party, three were struggling for power. They were the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto; the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Agostinho Neto, who had trained as a physician in Portugal; and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi. By the Alvor Agreement, which was signed by four parties — Portugal, FNLA, MPLA, and UNITA—the decolonization process would be realized in several stages, ending in November 1975, following free elections with the three nationalist parties participating, Portugal overseeing the elections, and the new army of Angola comprised of elements of the three African parties' armies, which had fought Portuguese forces off and on since 1961. Portugal's government in Lisbon and its government and forces in Angola attempted, but failed, to put the Alvor Agreement into full effect. A civil war broke out in the spring of 1975 in Angola among the three nationalist forces, eventually with the FNLA and UNITA entering an alliance against the MPLA. No all-Angola army was ever constituted, and a power struggle among the three armed movements ensued. The MPLA won control of the Luanda region. As the Portuguese forces and commissioner withdrew, Portugal did not hand over power to any one group. On 11 November 1975, with the Alvor Agreement a dead letter and no elections having been organized, the MPLA declared the independence of Angola and the civil war continued. Angola's independent beginnings were unique in African history: the colonial power suddenly withdrew without handing over power officially to a nationalist party, but "to the people of Angola," and Angola was born as a free state embroiled in a bloody civil war that lasted until 2002.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Alvor, Agreement of

  • 105 лежать в основе

    •

    The basis for the antibacterial effects of dyes is their ability to...

    •

    Behind the Mullard invention is the notion that...

    •

    Central to the theory is...

    •

    These equations form the basis (or foundation) of the theory of...

    •

    It is this form that provides the basis (or is fundamental) for a wide variety of TV antennas.

    •

    Boolean algebra underlies the theory of relations.

    •

    Microcomputers are at the heart of "transaction" telephones for checking customers' credit.

    •

    The general rule that the forces between two particles result from an exchange of other particles is basic to much of our present understanding of elementary-particle interactions.

    •

    The Periodic Table provides the framework for the whole study of inorganic chemistry.

    •

    Thermochemistry is basic to the study of chemical bonding.

    •

    An understanding of dye laser operation is a building block for understanding the principles of other tunable laser systems.

    •

    The chapter describes the fundamental physics that gives rise to the behaviour of the single junction and the transistor as circuit elements.

    •

    The nature of energy lies at the heart of the mystery of our existence.

    •

    This reaction is the basis for the cyanamide process for...

    * * *
    Лежать в основе -- to be at the heart of, to lie at the heart of; to be at the root of; to be at the basis of, to form the basis of, to form the basis for; to form the foundation for; to underlie
     Inference is al the heart of both language understanding and language generation.
     An accurate determination of primary flowrate lies at the heart of any turbine acceptance test.
     It is this particular approach that forms the basis of the dynamic testing technique described in this paper.
     Suppose that a single predicate underlies part of the meaning of each of the following sentences. (... лежит в основе части значения...)

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > лежать в основе

  • 106 лежать в основе

    •

    The basis for the antibacterial effects of dyes is their ability to...

    •

    Behind the Mullard invention is the notion that...

    •

    Central to the theory is...

    •

    These equations form the basis (or foundation) of the theory of...

    •

    It is this form that provides the basis (or is fundamental) for a wide variety of TV antennas.

    •

    Boolean algebra underlies the theory of relations.

    •

    Microcomputers are at the heart of "transaction" telephones for checking customers' credit.

    •

    The general rule that the forces between two particles result from an exchange of other particles is basic to much of our present understanding of elementary-particle interactions.

    •

    The Periodic Table provides the framework for the whole study of inorganic chemistry.

    •

    Thermochemistry is basic to the study of chemical bonding.

    •

    An understanding of dye laser operation is a building block for understanding the principles of other tunable laser systems.

    •

    The chapter describes the fundamental physics that gives rise to the behaviour of the single junction and the transistor as circuit elements.

    •

    The nature of energy lies at the heart of the mystery of our existence.

    •

    This reaction is the basis for the cyanamide process for...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > лежать в основе

  • 107 Rose-colored map

       The famous map presented to the Chamber of Deputies in 1887, which indicated that Lisbon intended to occupy, claim, and annex a disputed corridor of central African territory. The pink or rose-colored area on the map was the area that linked up the Portuguese colonies of Angola in West Africa and Mozambique in East Africa. Portugal's territorial interests in tropical Africa shifted from the coasts to the interior after the settlement reached at the 1884-85 Berlin West Africa Conference. Thereafter, Portugal concentrated on participating in the European race for central Africa, part of the larger movement, the "Scramble for Africa."
       By means of dispatching expeditions of explorers and soldiers to the hinterlands of both Angola and Mozambique, Portugal sought to fulfill the Berlin Conference's "rule" about "effective occupation." In Portugal, the old colonialists' dream of linking up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique, a notion that dated at least to the mid-l8th century, was known as the contra-costa ("opposite coast") project. Much of the rose-colored section of the map comprises what is now Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. The plan failed when Great Britain opposed Portuguese expansion into this disputed area in 1890 and sent Lisbon a threatening ultimatum that obliged Portugal to back down.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Rose-colored map

  • 108 борьба за мир

    the peace movement, work for peace, the drive for peace

    Русско-английский словарь переводчика-синхрониста > борьба за мир

  • 109 התנועה הדמוקרטית לשינוי

    the Democratic Movement for Change

    Hebrew-English dictionary > התנועה הדמוקרטית לשינוי

  • 110 movimiento

    m.
    1 movement (desplazamiento, corriente).
    movimiento obrero working-class movement
    2 motion (physics & mechanics).
    en movimiento moving, in motion
    ponerse en movimiento to start moving
    movimiento continuo/de rotación perpetual/rotational motion
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    3 activity.
    4 turnover.
    6 move, forward movement, step in a process.
    * * *
    1 (gen) movement; (técnicamente) motion
    2 (de gente, ideas) activity; (de vehículos) traffic
    3 (artístico, político) movement
    4 (financiero) operations plural
    6 el Movimiento the Falangist Movement
    \
    en movimiento in motion
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mec, Fís) movement

    • movimiento hacia abajo/arriba — downward/upward movement

    movimiento continuo — continuous movement, continuous motion

    movimiento ondulatorio — wave movement, wave motion

    2) (=desplazamiento) [de persona, animal] movement

    no hagas ningún movimiento — don't move a muscle, don't make a move

    • movimiento de cabeza — [para negar] shake; [para asentir] nod

    ¡un movimiento en falso y disparo! — one false move and I'll shoot!

    3)

    • en movimiento — [figura, persona] moving; [vehículo] in motion

    está siempre en movimiento — (fig) she's always on the move o go *

    • poner en movimiento — [+ máquina, motor] to set in motion; [+ vehículo] to get going; [+ actividad, negocio] to start, start up

    4) (Econ, Com) [de cuenta] transaction; [de dinero] movement

    ¿puedo consultar los movimientos de mi cuenta? — can I have a statement of my account?

    "últimos movimientos" — "latest transactions"

    movimiento de mercancías — turnover, volume of business

    5) (=actividad) [en oficina, tribunal] activity; [en aeropuerto, carretera] traffic

    movimiento máximo — (Aut) peak traffic

    6) (=tendencia) movement

    el Movimiento (Nacional) — Esp ( Hist) the Falangist Movement

    7) (Mús) [de compás] tempo; [de sinfonía] movement
    8) (Inform)
    9) (=jugada) move
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    b) ( desplazamiento) movement
    c) (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    2)
    a) (traslado - de dinero, bienes) movement; (- de la población) shift
    b) (variación, cambio) movement, change
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity
    3)
    a) (corriente, tendencia) movement
    b) ( organización) movement
    4) ( alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    5) (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement; ( compás) tempo
    6) (Jueg) move
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    b) ( desplazamiento) movement
    c) (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    2)
    a) (traslado - de dinero, bienes) movement; (- de la población) shift
    b) (variación, cambio) movement, change
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity
    3)
    a) (corriente, tendencia) movement
    b) ( organización) movement
    4) ( alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    5) (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement; ( compás) tempo
    6) (Jueg) move
    * * *
    movimiento1
    1 = flow, motion, move, navigation, shift, stream of traffic, mechanical stress, movement.

    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).

    Ex: For instance 'Sculpture-Technique' precedes 'Sculpture in motion'.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: The function of the index is examined both technically and philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial orientation in large textual data bases.
    Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex: Laura Carpozzi head of the circulation department, who was on the far side of the desk, heard the checker's outburst and espied the bottleneck in the stream of traffic.
    Ex: This type of non-skid polyurethane flooring is hygienic and resistant to chemical substances and mechanical stress.
    Ex: She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.
    * blanco en movimiento = moving target.
    * con figuras en movimiento = animated.
    * con imágenes en movimiento = animated.
    * de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.
    * de movimiento total = full-motion.
    * detectar el movimiento = detect + motion.
    * dispositivo de control del movimiento del cursor = cursor-control device.
    * documento de imagen en movimiento = moving image document.
    * el movimiento se demuestra andando = actions speak louder than words.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en movimiento = in transit, on the go, moving.
    * gráfico en movimiento = animated graphic.
    * graficos en movimiento = animated media.
    * hacer un movimiento en falso = make + a false move.
    * horas de poco movimiento = slack hours.
    * imagen en movimiento = moving image, animated image.
    * imágenes en movimiento = animation.
    * libertad de movimiento = freedom of movement.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * movimiento de fondo = groundswell.
    * movimiento de la población = population turnover, population transfer.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * movimiento de tierra = earthwork.
    * movimiento en falso = false move.
    * movimiento oscilante = rocking motion.
    * movimiento peatonal = foot traffic.
    * movimientos de efectivos = cash flow.
    * poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * reconocedor del movimiento de los ojos = eye tracker.
    * ritmo de movimiento de mercancías = turnover rate.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sin movimiento = unmoving, motionless.
    * tasa de movimiento de mercancías = turnover rate.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * tecla de control del movimiento horizontal = horizontal positioning key.
    * tecla de control del movimiento vertical = vertical positioning key.

    movimiento2
    2 = drive, tide, push, movement.

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex: The cathedral-like hush contrasted strangely with the clamor and movement outside.
    * movimiento artístico = art movement.
    * movimiento bibliotecario = library movement.
    * movimiento cultural = cultural movement.
    * movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.
    * movimiento de resistencia = resistance movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.
    * movimiento feminista, el = women's movement, the.
    * movimiento político = political movement.
    * movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.
    * movimiento scout, el = Scouts Movement, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    un cuerpo en movimiento a body in motion
    esto pone el mecanismo en movimiento this sets the mechanism in motion
    ¿cómo se mantiene en movimiento? how is it kept moving o in motion?
    cuando el vehículo está en movimiento when the vehicle is in motion o is moving
    se puso en movimiento it started moving
    el movimiento de las olas the movement o motion of the waves
    2 (desplazamiento) movement
    el número de movimientos que se registraron en el puerto the number of vessel movements in the port, the number of ships that entered or left the port
    el movimiento migratorio de las aves the migratory movement of birds
    ella está siempre en movimiento she's always on the go ( colloq)
    tenemos que ponernos en movimiento cuanto antes we have to get moving as soon as possible
    el movimiento se demuestra andando actions speak louder than words
    3 (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    hizo un mal movimiento he turned ( o twisted etc) awkwardly
    asintió con un vehemente movimiento de cabeza he nodded (his head) vigorously
    un movimiento en falso one false move
    el menor movimiento de la mano the slightest movement of the hand
    andaba con un ligero movimiento de caderas her hips swayed slightly as she walked
    Compuestos:
    acceleration
    perpetual motion
    rotation
    orbital movement
    wave movement o motion
    perpetual motion
    deceleration
    earth tremor
    earth tremor
    wave movement o motion
    B
    1 (traslado — de dinero, bienes) movement; (— de la población) shift
    el libre movimiento de capitales/mercancías free movement of capital/goods
    2 (variación, cambio) movement, change
    habrá poco movimiento en las temperaturas there will be little change in temperatures
    los movimientos anómalos en los precios the unusual movements o changes in prices
    3 (agitación, actividad) activity
    siempre hay mucho movimiento en el puerto there is always a great deal of activity in the port
    es una zona de mucho movimiento it's a bustling o a very busy area
    hubo poco movimiento ayer en la Bolsa there was little activity on the Stock Market yesterday, the Stock Market was quiet yesterday
    C
    1 (corriente, tendencia) movement
    el movimiento surrealista/revolucionario the surrealist/revolutionary movement
    movimiento literario literary movement
    movimiento pictórico school of painting
    movimiento separatista/pacifista separatist/pacifist movement
    el movimiento de liberación femenina the women's liberation movement
    2 (organización) movement
    el movimiento pro amnistía the pro-amnesty movement
    3
    D (alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    el día que saltó el movimiento the day the uprising o rebellion began
    E ( Mús)
    2 (compás) tempo
    F ( Jueg) move
    * * *

     

    movimiento sustantivo masculino
    1


    el movimiento surrealista the surrealist movement;
    movimiento pictórico school of painting;
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    b) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement;


    se puso en movimiento it started moving
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity;


    2 (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement;
    ( compás) tempo
    3 (Jueg) move
    movimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 movement
    Fís Téc motion
    2 (actividad) activity
    3 Com Fin (de una cuenta) operations
    4 (alzamiento, manifestación social) movement
    el movimiento feminista, the feminist movement
    5 Mús (de una composición) movement
    ' movimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - ademán
    - animación
    - bloquear
    - delante
    - desplazamiento
    - detenida
    - detenido
    - ejercicio
    - en
    - entre
    - febril
    - gestarse
    - gravitatoria
    - gravitatorio
    - inerte
    - inmovilizar
    - intranquila
    - intranquilo
    - obrera
    - obrero
    - oscilación
    - pendular
    - quieta
    - quieto
    - refleja
    - reflejo
    - retroceso
    - revigorizar
    - sacudida
    - sandinista
    - suelta
    - suelto
    - tic
    - trabar
    - traslación
    - vaivén
    - vanguardista
    - ver
    - veloz
    - viaje
    - adelante
    - adentro
    - adherir
    - afuera
    - ágil
    - arriba
    - ascendente
    - avance
    - brusco
    English:
    along
    - anywhere
    - approach
    - astir
    - away
    - backward
    - bandwagon
    - bob
    - bump
    - by
    - check
    - dive
    - dodge
    - double-jointed
    - down
    - flap
    - flick
    - flow
    - forward
    - gesture
    - in
    - indoors
    - into
    - jerk
    - laboured
    - liberation
    - measured
    - motion
    - move
    - movement
    - off
    - on
    - over
    - past
    - perpetual
    - perpetual motion
    - poof
    - pro-life
    - set
    - sharp
    - sideways
    - smooth
    - speed
    - stamp
    - sudden
    - turnover
    - uncontrollable
    - underground
    - way
    - women's lib
    * * *
    1. [desplazamiento, traslado] movement;
    hizo un movimiento con la mano she made a movement with her hand;
    seguía con la mirada todos mis movimientos he was watching my every move;
    ¡no hagas ningún movimiento! don't move!;
    si haces un movimiento en falso, disparo if you move, I'll shoot, one false move and I'll shoot;
    la escayola entorpecía sus movimientos the plaster cast meant she couldn't move freely;
    hay pocos movimientos en la clasificación general there have been few changes in the overall standings
    movimiento migratorio migratory movement; Med movimientos oculares rápidos rapid eye movement;
    movimientos de población population shifts;
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    2. [en física y mecánica] motion;
    en movimiento moving, in motion;
    se bajó del tren cuando todavía estaba en movimiento she got off the train while it was still moving;
    poner algo en movimiento to set sth in motion;
    ponerse en movimiento to start moving
    Fís movimiento acelerado accelerated motion; Fís movimiento continuo perpetual motion; Fís movimiento ondulatorio wave motion; Fís movimiento oscilatorio oscillatory motion; Fís movimiento de rotación rotational motion; Fís movimiento de traslación orbital motion; Fís movimiento uniforme motion at a constant velocity
    3. [corriente ideológica, artística] movement;
    el movimiento dadaísta the Dadaist movement;
    el movimiento obrero the working-class movement;
    el movimiento pacifista the peace movement
    4. Hist
    el Movimiento (Nacional) [en España] = organisation uniting all Fascist groups supporting Franco, founded on 19th April 1937, and which served as the official party of his regime until 1975
    5.
    movimiento (militar) [sublevación] (military) uprising
    6. [actividad] activity;
    [de vehículos] traffic; [de personal, mercancías] turnover; [en cuenta bancaria] transaction; [en contabilidad] operation;
    últimos movimientos [opción en cajero automático] print mini-statement
    movimiento de capitales capital movements
    7. Mús [parte de la obra] movement
    8. Mús [velocidad del compás] tempo
    9. [en ajedrez, damas, juego de mesa] move
    10. [alzamiento] uprising
    * * *
    m
    1 movement
    2 COM, fig
    activity
    * * *
    : movement, motion
    movimiento del cuerpo: bodily movement
    movimiento sindicalista: labor movement
    * * *
    1. (en general) movement
    2. (marcha) motion
    3. (actividad) activity [pl. activities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > movimiento

  • 111 tiempo

    m.
    1 time.
    al poco tiempo soon afterward
    a tiempo (de hacer algo) in time (to do something)
    a un tiempo, al mismo tiempo at the same time
    cada cierto tiempo every so often
    con el tiempo in time
    con tiempo with plenty of time to spare, in good time
    dar tiempo al tiempo to give things time
    de un tiempo a esta parte recently, for a while now
    en mis tiempos in my day o time
    estar a tiempo de to have time to
    tener tiempo de to have time to
    fuera de tiempo at the wrong moment
    ganar tiempo to save time
    hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo I haven't seen him for ages
    hacer tiempo to pass the time
    matar o engañar el tiempo to kill time
    perder el tiempo to waste time
    en tiempos de Maricastaña donkey's years ago
    a tiempo parcial part-time
    tiempo de cocción cooking time
    tiempo libre spare time
    tiempo de respuesta response time
    2 long time (periodo largo).
    hace tiempo que it is a long time since
    hace tiempo que no vive aquí he hasn't lived here for some time
    tomarse uno su tiempo to take one's time
    3 age.
    ¿qué tiempo tiene? how old is he?
    4 movement (movimiento).
    motor de cuatro tiempos four-stroke engine
    5 weather (clima).
    hizo buen/mal tiempo the weather was good/bad
    si el tiempo lo permite o no lo impide weather permitting
    hace un tiempo de perros it's a foul day
    poner a o al mal tiempo buena cara to put a brave face on things
    6 half (sport).
    7 tense (grammar).
    tiempo simple/compuesto simple/composite tense
    9 tempo, beat, rhythmic unit, time.
    10 turn, time.
    11 Father Time.
    12 tempus.
    * * *
    1 (gen) time
    2 (época) time, period, age, days plural
    3 METEREOLOGÍA weather
    ■ ¿qué tiempo hace? what's the weather like?
    4 (edad) age
    ■ ¿qué tiempo tiene el niño? how old is your baby?
    5 (temporada) season, time
    6 (momento) moment, time
    7 MÚSICA tempo, movement
    9 GRAMÁTICA tense
    10 TÉCNICA stroke
    \
    a su tiempo / a su debido tiempo in due course
    a través de los tiempos through the ages
    a un tiempo at the same time
    al mismo tiempo at the same time
    al poco tiempo soon afterwards
    antes de tiempo too early, too soon
    con el tiempo in the course of time, with time
    con tiempo in advance
    ¿cuánto tiempo...? how long...?
    ■ ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste allí? how long did you stay there?
    ■ ¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí en España? how long have you lived in Spain?
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace...? how long ago...?
    ■ ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no vas al cine? how long ago is it since you went to the cinema?
    dar tiempo to give time
    dar tiempo al tiempo figurado to let matters take their course
    dar tiempo a uno de/para to have enough time to
    de tiempo en tiempo from time to time
    de tiempo inmemorial from time immemorial
    de un tiempo a esta parte for some time now
    desde hace tiempo / desde hace mucho tiempo for a long time
    el tiempo corre time goes by, time flies
    el tiempo es oro figurado time is money
    en mis tiempos in my time
    en otro tiempo / en otros tiempos formerly
    estar a tiempo de to still have time to
    fuera de tiempo (de temporada) out of season 2 (inoportunamente) at the wrong moment
    ganar tiempo to save time
    hace tiempo a long time
    hacer buen tiempo / hace mal tiempo the weather is good / the weather is bad
    hacer tiempo / hacer el tiempo to kill time
    matar (el) tiempo / pasar (el) tiempo to kill time
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    perder el tiempo / perder tiempo to waste time
    ¡qué tiempos aquellos! those were the days!
    tiempo atrás some time ago, time ago
    tomarse tiempo to take one's time
    ¡y si no, al tiempo! time will tell!
    tiempo de perros familiar lousy weather
    tiempo libre free time
    tiempos difíciles hard times
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) time
    2) period, epoch, age
    * * *
    SM
    1) [indicando duración] time

    el tiempo pasa y no nos damos ni cuenta — time goes by o passes and we don't even realize it

    • me llevó bastante tiempo — it took me quite a long time

    • ¿ cuánto tiempo se va a quedar? — how long is he staying for?

    ¿cuánto tiempo hace de eso? — how long ago was that?

    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que vives aquí? — how long have you been living here?

    ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! — I haven't seen you for ages!

    • más tiempo, necesito más tiempo para pensármelo — I need more time o longer to think about it

    • mucho tiempo, una costumbre que viene de mucho tiempo atrás — a long-standing custom

    • al poco tiempo de — soon after

    se acostumbró a la idea en muy poco tiempo — she soon got used to the idea, it didn't take her long to get used to the idea

    tiempo de exposición — (Fot) exposure time

    tiempo libre — spare time, free time

    2) [otras locuciones]

    • a tiempo — in time

    • cada cierto tiempo — every so often

    • a tiempo completo — full-time

    • con tiempo, llegamos con tiempo de darnos un paseo — we arrived in time to have a walk

    • con el tiempo — eventually

    • dar tiempo, no da tiempo a terminarlo — there isn't enough time to finish it

    ¿crees que te dará tiempo? — do you think you'll have (enough) time?

    • fuera de tiempo — at the wrong time

    • ganar tiempo — to save time

    • hacer tiempo — to while away the time

    • matar el tiempo — to kill time

    • a tiempo parcial — part-time

    • de un o algún tiempo a esta parte — for some time (past)

    • pasar el tiempo — to pass time

    • perder el tiempo — to waste time

    ¡rápido, no perdamos (el) tiempo! — quick, there's no time to lose!

    • sacar tiempo para hacer algo — to find the time to do sth

    • tener tiempo para algo — to have time for sth

    - con el tiempo y una caña hasta las verdes caen
    3) (=momento) time

    al mismo tiempo, a un tiempo — at the same time

    • llegamos antes de tiempo — we arrived early

    ha nacido antes de tiempo — he was born prematurely, he was premature

    • a su debido tiempo — in due course

    4) (=época) time

    en los últimos tiempos — recently, lately, in recent times

    en tiempos de Maricastaña —

    va vestida como en tiempos de Maricastaña — her clothes went out with the ark, her clothes are really old-fashioned

    5) (=edad) age

    ¿cuánto o qué tiempo tiene el niño? — how old is the baby?

    6) (Dep) half

    tiempo muerto — (lit) time-out; (fig) breather

    7) (Mús) [de compás] tempo, time; [de sinfonía] movement
    8) (Ling) tense
    9) (Meteo) weather

    ¿qué tiempo hace ahí? — what's the weather like there?

    • del tiempo, ¿quiere el agua fría o del tiempo? — would you like the water chilled or at room temperature?

    mapa, hombre
    10) (Inform) time
    11) (Industria) time

    tiempo de paro, tiempo inactivo — downtime

    12) (Náut) stormy weather
    13) (Mec) cycle
    * * *
    1) ( que transcurre) time

    cómo pasa el tiempo!/el tiempo vuela! — how time flies!

    el tiempo apremia — time is short, time is of the essence (frml)

    para ganar tiempo — (in order) to gain time

    2)
    a) (duración, porción de tiempo) time

    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no lo ves? — how long is it since you last saw him?

    ¿cada cuánto tiempo? — how often?

    un or algún tiempo atrás — some time ago o back

    a tiempo completo/parcial — full time/part time

    b) (período disponible, tiempo suficiente) time

    tengo todo el tiempo del mundo — I've got all the time in the world

    c) (Dep) ( marca) time
    d) ( de bebé)

    ¿cuánto tiempo tiene? — how old is he?

    al mismo tiempo or a un tiempo — at the same time

    con (el) tiempo y una caña... — everything in good time

    hacer tiempo — to while away the time; (Dep) to play for time

    matar el tiempo — (fam) to kill time

    robarle tiempo al sueño — to burn the candle at both ends

    4)
    a) ( época)

    en aquellos tiempos — at that time, in those days

    en los tiempos que corren — these days, nowadays

    b) ( temporada) season
    c) (momento propio, oportuno)
    5) (Dep) ( en partido) half

    primer/segundo tiempo — first/second half

    6) (Mús) ( compás) tempo, time; ( de sinfonía) movement
    7) (Ling) tense
    8) (Meteo) weather

    hace buen/mal tiempo — the weather's good/bad

    ¿qué tal el tiempo por ahí? — what's the weather like over there?

    del or (Méx) al tiempo — at room temperature

    a mal tiempo, buena cara — I/you/we may as well look on the bright side

    * * *
    1) ( que transcurre) time

    cómo pasa el tiempo!/el tiempo vuela! — how time flies!

    el tiempo apremia — time is short, time is of the essence (frml)

    para ganar tiempo — (in order) to gain time

    2)
    a) (duración, porción de tiempo) time

    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no lo ves? — how long is it since you last saw him?

    ¿cada cuánto tiempo? — how often?

    un or algún tiempo atrás — some time ago o back

    a tiempo completo/parcial — full time/part time

    b) (período disponible, tiempo suficiente) time

    tengo todo el tiempo del mundo — I've got all the time in the world

    c) (Dep) ( marca) time
    d) ( de bebé)

    ¿cuánto tiempo tiene? — how old is he?

    al mismo tiempo or a un tiempo — at the same time

    con (el) tiempo y una caña... — everything in good time

    hacer tiempo — to while away the time; (Dep) to play for time

    matar el tiempo — (fam) to kill time

    robarle tiempo al sueño — to burn the candle at both ends

    4)
    a) ( época)

    en aquellos tiempos — at that time, in those days

    en los tiempos que corren — these days, nowadays

    b) ( temporada) season
    c) (momento propio, oportuno)
    5) (Dep) ( en partido) half

    primer/segundo tiempo — first/second half

    6) (Mús) ( compás) tempo, time; ( de sinfonía) movement
    7) (Ling) tense
    8) (Meteo) weather

    hace buen/mal tiempo — the weather's good/bad

    ¿qué tal el tiempo por ahí? — what's the weather like over there?

    del or (Méx) al tiempo — at room temperature

    a mal tiempo, buena cara — I/you/we may as well look on the bright side

    * * *
    tiempo1
    1 = time, length of time, period.

    Ex: Because not all files need to be reorganized at once, but only those which are very full, the time required for this procedure is reduced to a minimum.

    Ex: There is a correlation between length of time spent obtaining the book required and loss of interest.
    Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.
    * absorber tiempo = absorb + time.
    * acabarse el tiempo = time + run out, time + be + up.
    * acaparar el tiempo de Alguien = monopolise + time.
    * adaptarse a los tiempos = change with + the times, move with + the times, keep up with + the times, adapt to + the times.
    * adelantado a su tiempo = ahead of + Posesivo + time(s).
    * adelantarse a + Posesivo + tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * administración del tiempo = time management.
    * administrar el tiempo = manage + time.
    * adquirido con el transcurso del tiempo = time-based.
    * agotarse el tiempo = time + run out.
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * ahorrar tiempo = save + time.
    * ahorrar tiempo de escritura = save + typing.
    * ahorro de tiempo = time-saving [timesaving], economy of time, savings in time.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que ahorra tiempo = time saver [timesaver].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que se hace para matar el tiempo = time filler.
    * Algo que se le va tomando el gusto con el tiempo = acquired taste.
    * algún tiempo = awhile.
    * al mismo tiempo = at once, at the same time, concurrently, in the process, simultaneously, contemporaneously, at the same instant, at one and the same time, in parallel, concomitantly, at the one time, all the while.
    * al mismo tiempo que = in parallel to/with, while, as the same time as, cum, in conjunction with.
    * al mismo tiempo que + Indicativo = whilst + Gerundio.
    * a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.
    * alquilar tiempo = buy + time.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time goes by, as time passes (by).
    * andar (muy) apurado de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * andar (muy) corto de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * andar (muy) escaso de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * andar (muy) falto de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * anunciado desde hace tiempo = long-heralded.
    * apurado de tiempo = time-rationed, crunched for time, time-crunched.
    * a su debido tiempo = in due course, timely, in due time.
    * a su tiempo = in a timely fashion, in due course, in a timely manner.
    * a tiempo = in timely fashion, on time, promptly, timely, just in time, in time.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * a tiempo parcial = part-time.
    * a través del tiempo = over time.
    * avatares del tiempo, los = vicissitudes of time, the, whims of time, the.
    * avecinarse tiempos difíciles = tough times ahead, lean times ahead, darker times + lie ahead, hard times ahead.
    * basado en el tiempo = time-based.
    * bastante tiempo = ample time.
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * buenos tiempos = good times.
    * cada cierto tiempo = episodic, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cada tanto tiempo = every so often, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cantar victoria antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * cantidad de tiempo = length of time.
    * cápsula del tiempo = time capsule.
    * carrera contra el tiempo = race against time, race against the clock.
    * comprar tiempo = buy + time.
    * con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.
    * con el decursar del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time.
    * con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, as time goes by, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.
    * con el tiempo = in time, over the years, with time, with the passage of time, eventually, in due course, over a period of time, in due time, over time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time goes by, as time went by, by and by.
    * con el transcurrir del tiempo = with the passage of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by).
    * con el transcurso del tiempo = over time, with time, with age, as time goes by, in the course of time, over the course of time, as time passes (by), as time went by.
    * consagrado por el tiempo = time-proven.
    * conseguir tiempo = buy + time.
    * considerado desde hace mucho tiempo = long considered.
    * consumir + Posesivo + tiempo = swallow up + Posesivo + time.
    * con un plazo de tiempo muy corto = at (a) very short notice.
    * con un plazo de tiempo tan corto = at such short notice.
    * cumplido hace tiempo = long overdue.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * dar tiempo = give + time, donate + Posesivo + time.
    * dar tiempo a Alguien = give + Nombre + some time.
    * de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.
    * dedicación de tiempo = expenditure of time.
    * dedicar algún tiempo a hacer algo = have + a turn at.
    * dedicar el tiempo y el esfuerzo = take + the time and effort.
    * dedicar tiempo = spend + time, lend + time, expend + time, devote + time, dedicate + time.
    * dedicar tiempo a = take + time on.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar tiempo = free up + time.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * demasiado tiempo = too long.
    * demostrado válido por el tiempo = time-tested.
    * de otros tiempos = of yore.
    * de otro tiempo = of yore.
    * desde el comienzo de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde hace algún tiempo = for some time past, for days.
    * desde hace la tira (de tiempo) = for yonks and yonks, for yonks.
    * desde hace muchísimo tiempo = in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desde hace tanto tiempo = so long.
    * desde hace tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], over the years, for a long time, long since, for some time.
    * desde hace un montonazo de tiempo = for yonks and yonks.
    * desde hace un montón de tiempo = for yonks.
    * desde hace ya algún tiempo = for some time now.
    * desde los primeros tiempos = since the earliest of times, from earliest times.
    * desde los viejos tiempos = since olden times.
    * desde tiempo inmemorial = since earliest time, since time immemorial, from time immemorial, since time out of mind, from time out of mind.
    * desde tiempos prehistóricos = since prehistoric times.
    * desperdiciar tiempo = squander + time.
    * desperdicio de tiempo = time waster.
    * deteriorado por el paso del tiempo = timeworn.
    * de todos los tiempos = all-time, of all time(s).
    * de un tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.
    * dispositivo de desconexión automática transcurrido un tiempo determinado = time out mechanism.
    * donar tiempo = donate + Posesivo + time.
    * donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.
    * durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * durante cuánto tiempo = how long.
    * durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.
    * durante este tiempo = in this time.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * durar tiempo = take + time, take + long.
    * el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.
    * el tiempo de Algo = in season.
    * el tiempo dirá = time will tell.
    * el tiempo es oro = time is money.
    * el tiempo lo dirá = only time will tell.
    * el tiempo vuela = time flies (by).
    * el transcurrir del tiempo = the sands of time.
    * embates del tiempo, los = ravages of time, the.
    * emplear tiempo = spend + time, expend + time, devote + time.
    * en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.
    * encontrar el tiempo = make + an opportunity.
    * encontrar tiempo = find + time.
    * encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.
    * en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.
    * en los últimos tiempos = latterly, in recent times, in modern times, in recent memory.
    * en muy poco tiempo = before long.
    * en nada de tiempo = at a moment's notice, in next to no time, in no time at all, in no time.
    * en otros tiempos = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en otro tiempo = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en poco tiempo = before very long, in quite a short time, in a short time, in a short span of time.
    * en sus buenos tiempos = in + Posesivo + heyday.
    * en su tiempo = formerly.
    * en tiempo de carnaval = carnivalistically.
    * en tiempo de feria = carnivalistically.
    * en tiempo de guerra = wartime [wart-time].
    * en tiempo real = real time [real-time], in real time.
    * en tiempos de = in times of.
    * en tiempos de adversidad = in times of + adversity.
    * en tiempos de austeridad = in austere times.
    * en tiempos de guerra = in time(s) of war.
    * en tiempos de Maricastaña = in olden days, in olden times.
    * en tiempos de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime, in peace, in time(s) of peace.
    * en tiempos de recesión = in recessionary times.
    * en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * en tiempos más recientes = in more recent times.
    * en tiempos prehistóricos = in prehistoric times.
    * en un corto espacio de tiempo = in a short space of time.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un tiempo razonable = timely.
    * en un tiempo relativamente corto = in a relatively short time, in a relatively short span of time.
    * equivalente a tiempo completo = full-time equivalent (FTE).
    * esa época ya pasó hace tiempo = that time is long past.
    * escaso de tiempo = time-strapped, short of time.
    * esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.
    * esperado hace tiempo = overdue.
    * establecido desde hace tiempo = long-established.
    * estado del tiempo = weather conditions.
    * estar muy por delante de su tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * estragos del tiempo, los = ravages of time, the.
    * faceta de tiempo = Time facet.
    * factor tiempo = time factor.
    * facturación por tiempo de conexión = metered pricing, metered billing.
    * falta de tiempo = tightness of scheduling.
    * falto de tiempo = crunched for time, time-crunched, short of time.
    * finito en el tiempo = timebound [time-bound].
    * florecer antes de tiempo = bolt.
    * frontera del tiempo = time boundary.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.
    * ganar tiempo = win + time, buy + time, free up + time.
    * germinar antes de tiempo = bolt.
    * gestión del tiempo = time management.
    * gusto que se adquiere con el tiempo = acquired taste.
    * hablar antes de tiempo = speak too soon.
    * hace algún tiempo = some time ago, a while back, some while ago.
    * hace demasiado tiempo = too long ago.
    * hace la tira (de tiempo) = yonks and yonks, yonks.
    * hace muchísimo tiempo = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonks.
    * hace mucho tiempo = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muy poco tiempo = a short time ago.
    * hace poco tiempo = a short time ago.
    * hacer algún tiempo = sometime back.
    * hacer frente a tiempos difíciles = cope with + difficult times.
    * hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.
    * hace tiempo = for some time, long ago, once, long since.
    * hace un montonazo de tiempo = yonks and yonks.
    * hace un montón de tiempo = yonks.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hace ya tiempo = long since.
    * hasta el final de los tiempos = till the end of time.
    * hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo = until relatively recently.
    * instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.
    * intentar ganar tiempo = play for + time, temporise [temporize, -USA].
    * intervalo de tiempo = date range.
    * inversión de tiempo = commitment of time.
    * invertir el tiempo de Uno en = invest + Posesivo + time in.
    * ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * justo a tiempo = (just) in the nick of time, just in time, not a moment too soon.
    * la mayoría del tiempo = most of the time.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * la tira de tiempo = donkey's years.
    * liberar tiempo = free up + time.
    * limitado por el tiempo = time-constrained.
    * límite de tiempo = time limit.
    * llegar a tiempo = arrive + in time, arrive + on time.
    * llevar tiempo = take + time, take + a while, take + long, absorb + time.
    * llevar tiempo y esfuerzo = take + time and effort.
    * los buenos tiempos = the good old days.
    * los viejos tiempos = the good old days.
    * malos tiempos = bad times.
    * margen de tiempo = time frame [timeframe].
    * matar el tiempo = kill + time.
    * mejoría del tiempo = break in the weather.
    * muchísimo tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * muy apreciado desde hace tiempo = long-revered.
    * muy a tiempo = in good time.
    * muy venerado desde hace tiempo = long-revered.
    * no cantes victoria antes de tiempo = don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
    * noción del tiempo = notion of time, sense of time.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * ocupar el tiempo = fill in + Posesivo + time.
    * ocupar tiempo = occupy + time, take up + time.
    * olvidado desde hace tiempo = long forgotten.
    * pasar algún tiempo en = have + a turn at.
    * pasar el tiempo = pass + the time, hang around, spend + Posesivo + days, hang about, hang out.
    * pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure, spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar tiempo = spend + time.
    * pasar tiempo haciendo Algo = do + stint at.
    * perder el tiempo = dawdle, mess around, pissing into the wind, mess about, faff (about/around), pootle, sit + idle, muck around/about, piddle around.
    * perder la noción del tiempo = lose + track of time, lose + all notion of time, lose + all sense of time.
    * perder tiempo = waste + time, lose + time.
    * pérdida de tiempo = time wasting, wild goose chase, waste of time, time-consuming [time consuming], fool's errand.
    * pérdida de un tiempo precioso = waste of precious time.
    * perdido hace tiempo = long-lost.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * permanecer estable con el tiempo = be stable over time.
    * pero al mismo tiempo = but then again.
    * plazo de tiempo = timeline [time line].
    * poco tiempo = short while, short time.
    * poco tiempo después = shortly afterwards.
    * poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * por algún tiempo = for sometime.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * por un tiempo = for a time.
    * por un tiempo indefinido = for indefinite time.
    * postulado desde hace mucho tiempo = long-espoused.
    * precio calculado según el tiempo de conexión = connect time based pricing.
    * precio calculado según el tiempo empleado = time-based charge.
    * preocupado por el tiempo = time-conscious.
    * programador de tiempo = egg timer.
    * prolongar el tiempo = prolong + time.
    * propugnado desde hace mucho tiempo = long-espoused.
    * que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.
    * que consume tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.
    * que depende del tiempo = time-dependent.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que lleva tiempo en cartelera = long-running.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza el tiempo como variable = time-dependent.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * reloj que registra el tiempo de conexión = accounting clock.
    * remontarse bastante en el tiempo = go back + a long way.
    * remontarse en el tiempo = extend + far back, stretch + far back in time.
    * resistir el paso del tiempo = stand + the test of time, withstand + the test of time, survive + the test of time, pass + the test of time.
    * robarle tiempo al sueño = burn + the candle at both ends.
    * se avecinan malos tiempos = hard times lie ahead.
    * sensible al tiempo = time-sensitive [time sensitive].
    * sentido del tiempo = sense of time, notion of time.
    * ser una pérdida de tiempo = be idle, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.
    * ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.
    * ser un producto de su tiempo = be a product of + Posesivo + time.
    * si el tiempo lo permite = weather permitting.
    * siempre que Uno puede dedicarle el tiempo = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.
    * si hay tiempo = time permitting.
    * sin importar el tiempo = all-weather.
    * si no lo impide el tiempo = weather permitting.
    * sin tiempo que perder = without a minute to spare.
    * si queda tiempo = time permitting.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sobrado de tiempo = unpressed for time.
    * sólo por tiempo limitado = for a limited time only.
    * subordinado al tiempo = time-dependent.
    * suficiente tiempo = long enough, ample time.
    * superar la barrera del tiempo = cross + time barriers.
    * tanto tiempo = so much time, this long, such a very long time.
    * tardar tanto tiempo en = take + so long to.
    * tardar tiempo = take + time, take + long.
    * tarifa calculada según el tiempo de conexión = connect time based pricing.
    * tarifa calculada según el tiempo empleado = time-based charge.
    * tarifa calculada según el tiempo utilizado = time-based tariff.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * terminarse el tiempo = time + run out.
    * tiempo adicional = extra-time.
    * tiempo agotado = time out.
    * tiempo + apremiar = time + press, time + be of the essence.
    * tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.
    * tiempo de acceso = access time, seek time, access speed.
    * tiempo de búsqueda = search time.
    * tiempo de calidad = quality time.
    * tiempo de carga = loading time.
    * tiempo de conexión = connect time.
    * tiempo de conexión en línea = online time.
    * tiempo de CPU = CPU time.
    * tiempo de demora = lead time.
    * tiempo de descarga = download time.
    * tiempo de descarga de datos = download time, latency.
    * tiempo de duración = lifespan [life span].
    * tiempo de emisión = airtime.
    * tiempo de espera = lead time, wait time, waiting time, waiting period.
    * tiempo de estudio = study time.
    * tiempo de inicio = start time.
    * tiempo de ordenador = computer time, computer time.
    * tiempo de préstamo = document delivery.
    * tiempo de proceso = processing time.
    * tiempo de reacción = reaction time.
    * tiempo de respuesta = response time, turnaround time, turnabout time, fill time, reaction time.
    * tiempo durante el cual el ordenador no está disponible al público = down time.
    * tiempo + estar a favor de Alguien = time + be + on + Posesivo + side.
    * tiempo estar de lado de Alguien = time + be + on + Posesivo + side.
    * tiempo familiar = quality time.
    * tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.
    * tiempo futuro = future tense.
    * tiempo inmemorial = time immemorial.
    * tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours, spare time.
    * tiempo muerto = downtime, time out.
    * tiempo + pasar = time + march on.
    * tiempos alocados = heady days.
    * tiempos de los romanos = Roman times.
    * tiempos de paz = peacetime [peace time].
    * tiempos difíciles = difficult times, tough times, hard times, embattled time(s).
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.
    * tiempos emocionantes = heady days.
    * tiempo + ser esencial = time + be of the essence.
    * tiempo + ser + precioso = time + be + precious.
    * tiempos mejores = better times.
    * tiempos modernos = modern times.
    * tiempos turbulentos = embattled time(s).
    * tiempo transcurrido = elapsed time.
    * tiempo verbal = tense.
    * todo al mismo tiempo = all at once.
    * todo el tiempo = all of the time, left, right and centre, the whole time, all the while.
    * tomar el tiempo = time.
    * tomarse el tiempo que Uno necesita = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomar tiempo = take + time, take + long.
    * trabajador a tiempo parcial = part-timer.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * transcurrir tiempo = lapse + time.
    * tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.
    * un porrón de tiempo = donkey's years.
    * un tiempo = awhile.
    * usando el tiempo de un modo eficaz = time efficient [time-efficient].
    * vencido hace tiempo = long overdue.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * viajar hacia atrás en el tiempo = travel back in + time.
    * viaje a través del tiempo = time travel.
    * viaje en el tiempo = time travel.
    * vicisitudes del tiempo, las = vicissitudes of time, the, whims of time, the.
    * viejos tiempos, los = good old days, the.
    * ya hace algún tiempo = for quite some time.
    * ya hace bastante tiempo = for quite a while now.
    * y al mismo tiempo = and in the process, yet.

    tiempo2
    2 = weather.

    Ex: Data Resources Inc., again US-based, covers data bases in economics, finance, energy and weather.

    * alerta del tiempo = weather warning.
    * artífice del tiempo = weather-maker, rainmaker.
    * buen tiempo = fair weather.
    * cuando el tiempo lo permita = when the weather permits.
    * del tiempo = room temperature.
    * el cielo rojo al atardecer augura buen tiempo, el cielo rojo al amanecer aug = red sky at night, (shepherd/sailor)'s delight, red sky in the morning, (shepherd/sailor)'s warning.
    * hombre del tiempo = weatherman.
    * justo a tiempo = not a minute too soon.
    * mapa del tiempo = weather map.
    * muy mal tiempo = severe weather.
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * si hace buen tiempo = weather permitting.
    * tiempo + aclararse = weather + clear.
    * tiempo de invierno = winter weather.
    * tiempo de verano = summer weather.
    * tiempo estival = summer weather.
    * tiempo inclemente = intemperate weather.
    * tiempo invernal = winter weather.
    * tiempo muy malo = severe weather.

    * * *
    ya ha pasado mucho tiempo desde aquello that all happened a long time ago o a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then
    el tiempo va pasando y las cosas no mejoran time passes o goes by and things don't get any better
    ¡cómo pasa or corre el tiempo! how time flies!, doesn't time go quickly!
    ya te acostumbrarás con el tiempo you'll get used to it in time
    el tiempo dirá time will tell
    el tiempo apremia time is short, I'm/we're pressed for time, time is of the essence ( frml)
    ¡el tiempo vuela! how time flies!
    a ver si dejas de perder el tiempo why don't you stop wasting time?
    ¡qué manera de perder el tiempo! what a waste of time!
    no pierdas tiempo con eso don't waste time with o on that
    ¡deprisa, no hay tiempo que perder! quick, there's no time to lose!
    sin perder tiempo without wasting a moment, without further ado
    hay que recuperar el tiempo perdido we must make up for lost time
    todas las advertencias fueron tiempo perdido all our warnings were a waste of time
    es una pérdida de tiempo it's a waste of time
    para ganar tiempo, ve metiendo las cartas en los sobres to save time, start putting the letters into the envelopes
    les contó una historia para ganar tiempo to gain time she told them a story, she played for time by telling them a story
    creo que si vamos por aquí ganamos tiempo I think we'll save time if we go this way
    Compuestos:
    time-sharing
    real time
    universal time, Greenwich Mean Time
    B
    1 (duración, porción de tiempo) time
    luego de todo este tiempo after all this time
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no lo ves? how long is it since you last saw him?
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que vives aquí? how long have you lived o been living here?
    de esto que te cuento ya hace mucho tiempo all this happened a long time ago now
    ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! I haven't seen you for ages o it's been ages since I last saw you o ( colloq) long time, no see
    hace demasiado tiempo, no creo que se acuerde it was too long ago, I don't think she'll remember
    hace mucho tiempo que no sé nada de ellos I haven't heard from them for a long time o ( colloq) for ages
    todavía falta or queda mucho tiempo para su boda it's still a long time till their wedding
    todo este tiempo me ha estado mintiendo he's been lying to me all this time
    se ha pasado todo el tiempo hablando she's done nothing but talk the whole time
    pasaba la mayor parte del tiempo leyendo he spent most of the time reading
    tómate el tiempo que te haga falta take as long as you need
    dentro de muy poco tiempo very soon o very shortly
    ¿cada cuánto tiempo conviene hacerse un chequeo? how often should one have a check-up?
    cada cierto tiempo every so often
    de tiempo en tiempo from time to time
    ¿cuánto tiempo van a pasar en Los Ángeles? how much time o how long are you going to spend in Los Angeles?
    me llevó mucho tiempo preparar la tarta it took me a long time o ( colloq) ages to make the cake
    no pude quedarme (por) más tiempo I couldn't stay any longer
    ¿por qué tardaste tanto tiempo en contestarme? why did you take such a long time o so long to answer me?
    ya hace algún or un tiempo que no se le ve por aquí he hasn't been around here for some time o for quite a time o for quite a while now
    queremos quedarnos (por) un tiempo we want to stay for a while o for a time
    un or algún tiempo atrás some time ago o back
    una costumbre que viene de mucho tiempo atrás a custom that dates back a long way
    poco tiempo después or al poco tiempo se volvieron a encontrar a short time later they met again o they met again not long afterward(s)
    de un tiempo a esta parte se ha vuelto muy agresivo he's been very aggressive recently o ( frml) of late
    trabajar a tiempo completo/parcial to work full time/part time
    2
    (mucho tiempo): hacía tiempo que no lo veíamos we hadn't seen him for a long time o for quite a while o ( colloq) for ages
    ya hace tiempo que se marchó she left quite some time ago o quite a while ago
    ¡mira que yo lo venía diciendo desde hacía tiempo! haven't I been saying so for a long time o ( colloq) for ages?
    3
    (período disponible, tiempo suficiente): no he tenido tiempo de terminarlo I haven't had time to finish it
    hay tiempo de sobra para eso there's plenty of time for that
    no tenemos mucho tiempo we don't have much time
    tengo todo el tiempo del mundo I've got all the time in the world
    no sé de dónde voy a sacar el tiempo I don't know where I'm going to find the time
    no tengo tiempo ni para respirar I hardly have time to breathe
    no he tenido tiempo material para hacerlo I haven't had a moment to do it o I just haven't had the time to do it
    me va a faltar tiempo para terminarlo I'm not going to have enough time to finish it
    no me ha dado tiempo a or de acabarlo I haven't had time to finish it
    no da tiempo de hacerlo todo there isn't (enough) time to do it all
    dame un poco de tiempo give me a bit of o a little time
    no me dieron suficiente tiempo they didn't give me enough time
    4 ( Dep) (marca) time
    ¿qué tiempo hizo Espinosa? what was Espinosa's time?
    lo hizo en un tiempo récord she did it in record time
    5
    (de un bebé): ¿cuánto tiempo tiene? how old is he?
    Compuestos:
    uptime
    spare time, free time
    C ( en locs):
    a tiempo in time
    no vamos a llegar a tiempo we won't get there in time
    llegas justo a tiempo de echarnos una mano you're just in time to give us a hand
    todavía estamos a tiempo de coger el tren si vamos en taxi we can still catch o we still have time to catch the train if we take a taxi
    piénsatelo, todavía estás a tiempo think about it, there's still time
    con tiempo in good time
    le gusta llegar con tiempo she likes to arrive with time to spare o in good time
    avísame con tiempo let me know in advance o in good time
    si llegan con tiempo pueden ver la galería antes if you arrive early, you can have a look at the gallery beforehand
    al mismo tiempo or a un tiempo at the same time
    no hablen todos al mismo tiempo don't all talk at once o at the same time
    llegaron al mismo tiempo they arrived at the same time
    al tiempo que at the same time as o that
    con el tiempo y una caña … everything in good time
    seguro que va a mejorar, tú dale tiempo al tiempo I'm sure she's going to get better, you just have to be patient o to give it time
    no debemos precipitarnos, hay que dar tiempo al tiempo let's not rush into this, we must be patient
    hacer a tiempo ( RPl): no hice a tiempo a ir al banco I didn't have enough time to go to the bank
    hacerse tiempo (CS); to make time
    hacer tiempo (mientras se espera algo) to while away the time, to kill time; (para hacer algo) to make time;
    ( Dep) to play for time
    matar el tiempo ( fam); to kill time
    robarle tiempo al sueño to have less sleep than one needs, to burn the candle at both ends
    y si no ¡al tiempo! just you wait and see!, mark my words!
    el tiempo es oro time is precious, time is money
    el tiempo todo lo cura time is a great healer
    todo tiempo pasado fue mejor the past always looks better
    D
    1
    (época): en mi(s) tiempo(s) esas cosas no pasaban things like that didn't use to happen in my day o my time
    eran otros tiempos things were different then
    ¡qué tiempos aquellos! those were the days!
    esa música es del tiempo de mi abuela that music is from my grandmother's time
    en aquellos tiempos un helado costaba una peseta at that time o back then o in those days an ice cream used to cost one peseta
    los problemas de nuestro tiempo the problems of our time o age
    en los tiempos que corren these days, nowadays
    desde tiempos inmemoriales from o since time immemorial
    aquéllos eran tiempos difíciles those were difficult times
    en tiempos de paz in times of peace, in peacetime
    estamos viviendo tiempos de crisis we are living in extremely difficult times
    se ha adelantado a su tiempo he is ahead of his time
    hubo un tiempo en que yo pensaba igual there was a time when I thought the same
    ese peinado es del tiempo de Maricastaña ( fam); that hairstyle looks as if it came out of the ark ( colloq), that hairstyle looks really old-fashioned o out-of-date
    2 (temporada) season
    fruta del tiempo fresh fruit, seasonal fruit
    3
    (momento propio, oportuno): eso lo trataremos a su (debido) tiempo we'll deal with o discuss that in due course
    cada cosa a su tiempo everything in (its own) good time
    lo sacó del fuego antes de tiempo she took it off the heat before it was ready
    nació antes de tiempo he was premature, he was born prematurely
    Compuesto:
    Eastertide
    E
    1 ( Dep)
    (en un partido): primer/segundo tiempo first/second half
    medio1 (↑ medio (1))
    2 ( Mec):
    un motor de dos/cuatro tiempos a two-stroke/four-stroke engine
    Compuestos:
    ( Dep) overtime ( AmE), extra time ( BrE); ( Com) period of inactivity
    time out
    ( Méx) overtime ( AmE), extra time ( BrE)
    overtime ( AmE), extra time ( BrE)
    F (compás) tempo, time
    G ( Ling) tense
    tiempo simple/compuesto simple/compound tense
    hace buen tiempo the weather's good o fine, it's good o fine weather, it's fine
    el mal tiempo reinante the prevailing o current bad weather
    nos hizo un tiempo estupendo/asqueroso we had wonderful/terrible weather
    el pronóstico del tiempo the weather forecast
    ¿qué tal el tiempo por ahí? what's the weather like over there?
    del or ( Méx) al tiempo at room temperature
    un vaso de leche del tiempo a glass of milk at room temperature
    a mal tiempo, buena cara I/you/we may as well look on the bright side
    * * *

     

    tiempo sustantivo masculino
    1

    ◊ ¡cómo pasa el tiempo! how time flies!;

    te acostumbrarás con el tiempo you'll get used to it in time;
    perder el tiempo to waste time;
    ¡no hay tiempo que perder! there's no time to lose!;
    para ganar tiempo (in order) to gain time;
    tiempo libre spare time, free time;
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no lo ves? how long is it since you last saw him?;
    hace tiempo que no sé de él I haven't heard from him for a long time;
    ya hace tiempo que se marchó she left quite some time ago;
    ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! I haven't seen you for ages;
    la mayor parte del tiempo most of the time;
    me llevó mucho tiempo it took me a long time;
    no pude quedarme más tiempo I couldn't stay any longer;
    poco tiempo después a short time after;
    de un tiempo a esta parte for some time (now);
    a tiempo completo/parcial full time/part time;
    no vamos a llegar a tiempo we won't get there in time;
    al mismo tiempo at the same time;
    avísame con tiempo let me know in good time;
    ¡qué tiempos aquellos! those were the days!;
    en aquellos tiempos at that time, in those days


    c) (momento propio, oportuno):


    cada cosa a su tiempo everything in (its own) good time

    ◊ ¿cuánto tiempo tiene? how old is he?

    2 (Dep) ( en partido) half;

    3 (Mús) ( compás) tempo, time;
    ( de sinfonía) movement
    4 (Ling) tense
    5 (Meteo) weather;
    ◊ hace buen/mal tiempo the weather's good/bad;

    del or (Méx) al tiempo ‹ bebida› at room temperature
    tiempo sustantivo masculino
    1 (indeterminado) time: llegó a tiempo para ver el espectáculo, he got there in time to see the show
    hace mucho tiempo, a long time ago
    me llevó mucho tiempo, it took me a long time
    la vi poco tiempo después, I saw her a short time after o soon afterwards
    ¿cuánto tiempo tienes para acabarlo?, how long have you got to finish it?
    es tiempo perdido, it's a waste of time
    tómate tu tiempo, take your time
    no puedo quedarme más tiempo, I can't stay any longer
    a su (debido) tiempo, in due course
    a un tiempo/al mismo tiempo, at the same time
    de tiempo en tiempo, from time to time
    tiempo libre, free time
    2 (de un bebé) age: ¿cuánto o qué tiempo tiene?, how old is she?
    3 (época) en mis tiempos de estudiante, in my student days
    nació en tiempos de Luis XIV, he was born in the time of Louis XIV
    malos tiempos o fig tiempo de vacas flacas, hard times o rainy days
    4 Meteor weather
    hace buen tiempo, the weather is good
    tiempo tormentoso, stormy weather
    5 Mús tempo
    6 Dep half
    primer tiempo, first half
    tiempo muerto, time out
    7 Ling tense 8 del tiempo, (temperatura ambiente) póngame un refresco del tiempo, no lo quiero con hielo, could I have a non-refrigerated soft drink, please
    9 Auto (motor) de dos/cuatro tiempos, two-cycle/four-cycle
    ♦ Locuciones: dar tiempo al tiempo, to let matters take their course
    hacer tiempo, to while away the time
    matar el tiempo, to kill time
    Lab a tiempo parcial/completo, part/full time
    con el tiempo, in the course of time
    de un tiempo a esta parte, lately
    ' tiempo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acá
    - achuchar
    - adelanto
    - alborotada
    - alborotado
    - alborotarse
    - allá
    - andar
    - anquilosarse
    - antes
    - anticiclónica
    - anticiclónico
    - anticiparse
    - apremiar
    - aprovechada
    - aprovechado
    - apurada
    - apurado
    - aquí
    - áspera
    - áspero
    - atonía
    - atrás
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - bizantina
    - bizantino
    - bochorno
    - cargada
    - cargado
    - cerca
    - coincidir
    - conceder
    - congraciarse
    - contrarreloj
    - contrato
    - corta
    - corto
    - costar
    - cuando
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - cundir
    - de
    - debida
    - debido
    - dedicar
    - descontar
    - desde
    English:
    absorb
    - accomplice
    - accustom
    - administration
    - advance
    - advantage
    - after
    - age
    - ago
    - ahead
    - allow
    - as
    - at
    - barring
    - be
    - beautiful
    - before
    - begin
    - behind
    - best
    - between
    - beyond
    - bitter
    - bleak
    - boiling
    - breezy
    - brighten up
    - brisk
    - busy
    - by
    - bygone
    - calm
    - catch up
    - change
    - clear up
    - clock
    - concurrently
    - corner
    - course
    - dawdle
    - demand
    - depend
    - dilly-dally
    - distant
    - drag
    - dull
    - early
    - encroach
    - end
    - enough
    * * *
    tiempo nm
    1. [transcurso, rato, momento] time;
    en poco o [m5] dentro de poco tiempo lo sabremos we will soon know;
    tardé o [m5] me llevó bastante tiempo it took me quite a while o quite a long time;
    es una tarea que lleva mucho tiempo it's a very time-consuming task;
    ¡cómo pasa el tiempo! time flies!;
    todo el tiempo all the time;
    estuvo todo el tiempo de pie he was standing up the whole time;
    al mismo tiempo at the same time;
    al poco tiempo, poco tiempo después soon after(wards);
    podríamos discutirlo al tiempo que comemos we could discuss it while we eat;
    antes de tiempo [nacer] prematurely;
    [florecer, celebrar] early;
    muchos llegaron antes de tiempo a lot of people arrived early;
    a tiempo completo full-time;
    a tiempo parcial part-time;
    a su (debido) tiempo in due course;
    cada cosa a su tiempo everything in due course o in good time;
    a un tiempo at the same time;
    empujaron todos a un tiempo they all pushed together o at the same time;
    cada cierto tiempo every so often;
    ¿cada cuánto tiempo tiene que tomarlo? how often o frequently does he have to take it?;
    con el tiempo in time;
    de tiempo en tiempo from time to time, now and then;
    de un tiempo a esta parte recently, for a while now;
    dar tiempo al tiempo to give things time;
    el tiempo lo dirá time will tell;
    ganar tiempo to save time;
    hacer tiempo to pass the time;
    RP
    hacerse tiempo to make time, to find time;
    matar el tiempo to kill time;
    perder el tiempo to waste time;
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose;
    el tiempo es oro time is money;
    el tiempo todo lo cura time is a great healer
    Informát tiempo de acceso access time; Informát tiempo de búsqueda search time;
    tiempo de cocción cooking time;
    Fot tiempo de exposición exposure time;
    tiempo libre: [m5] no me queda mucho tiempo libre I don't have much free o spare time any more;
    te dan tiempo libre para asuntos personales they give you time off for personal matters;
    tiempo muerto idle time;
    tiempo de ocio leisure time;
    Informát tiempo real real time; Informát tiempo de respuesta response time;
    tiempo universal coordinado Coordinated Universal Time
    2. [periodo disponible, suficiente] time;
    ¡se acabó el tiempo! pueden ir entregando los exámenes time's up, start handing in your papers!;
    a tiempo (para algo/de hacer algo) in time (for sth/to do sth);
    no llegamos a tiempo de ver el principio we didn't arrive in time to see o for the beginning;
    estar a tiempo de hacer algo to be in time to do sth;
    si quieres apuntarte, aún estás a tiempo if you want to join in, you still have time o it's not too late;
    con tiempo (de sobra) with plenty of time to spare, in good time;
    ¿nos dará tiempo? will we have (enough) time?;
    no me dio tiempo a o [m5] no tuve tiempo de decírselo I didn't have (enough) time to tell her;
    dame tiempo y yo mismo lo haré give me (a bit of) time and I'll do it myself;
    me faltó tiempo para terminarlo I didn't have (enough) time to finish it;
    Fam Irónico
    le faltó tiempo para ir y contárselo a todo el mundo she wasted no time in telling everyone about it;
    sacar tiempo para hacer algo to find (the) time to do sth;
    ¿tienes tiempo para tomar algo? do you have time for a drink?;
    tenemos todo el tiempo del mundo we have all the time in the world
    3. [periodo largo] long time;
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace (de eso)? how long ago (was that)?;
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no vas al teatro? how long is it since you went to the theatre?;
    ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! it's been ages since I saw you!, I haven't seen you for ages!;
    hace tiempo que it is a long time since;
    hace tiempo que no vive aquí he hasn't lived here for some time;
    hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo I haven't seen him for ages;
    tiempo atrás some time ago;
    Méx
    tener tiempo de algo: tiene tiempo de estudiar lingüística she's been studying linguistics for a long time;
    tómate tu tiempo (para hacerlo) take your time (over it o to do it)
    4. [época] time;
    aquél fue un tiempo de paz y felicidad those were peaceful and happy times, it was a time of peace and happiness;
    corren o [m5] son malos tiempos para el estudio del latín it isn't a good time to be studying Latin;
    del tiempo [fruta] of the season;
    las ideas de nuestro tiempo the ideas of our time o day;
    el mejor boxeador de todos los tiempos the greatest ever boxer, the greatest boxer of all time;
    mi álbum favorito de todos los tiempos my all-time favourite album, my favourite ever album;
    en aquellos tiempos, por aquel tiempo in those days, back then, at that time;
    en los buenos tiempos in the good old days;
    en mis tiempos in my day o time;
    Johnson, en otro tiempo plusmarquista mundial,… Johnson, once the world record-holder o the former world record-holder,…;
    en tiempo(s) de Napoleón in Napoleon's time o day;
    eran otros tiempos (entonces) things were different (back) then;
    ¡qué tiempos aquellos! those were the days!;
    en tiempos [antiguamente] in former times;
    en tiempos de Maricastaña donkey's years ago;
    ser del tiempo del Perú, RP [m5] ñaupa o Chile [m5] ñauca to be ancient, to be as old as the hills
    5. [edad] age;
    ¿qué tiempo tiene? how old is he?
    6. [clima] weather;
    ¿qué tal está el tiempo?, ¿qué tal tiempo hace? what's the weather like?;
    buen/mal tiempo good/bad weather;
    hizo buen/mal tiempo the weather was good/bad;
    nos hizo un tiempo horrible we had terrible weather;
    del tiempo, Méx [m5] al tiempo [bebida] at room temperature;
    estas cervezas están del tiempo these beers aren't cold o haven't been chilled;
    si el tiempo lo permite o [m5] no lo impide weather permitting;
    hace un tiempo de perros it's a foul day;
    poner al mal tiempo buena cara to put a brave face on things
    7. Dep [mitad] half;
    [cuarto] quarter;
    primer/segundo tiempo first/second half
    tiempo añadido injury o stoppage time;
    tiempo de descuento injury o stoppage time;
    tiempo muerto time-out;
    8. [marca] [en carreras] time;
    consiguió un tiempo excelente his time was excellent;
    lograron clasificarse por tiempos they qualified as fastest losers
    tiempo intermedio split time [at halfway point];
    tiempo parcial split time;
    tiempo récord record time;
    en un tiempo récord in record time
    9. [movimiento] movement;
    levantó las pesas en dos tiempos he lifted the weights in two movements;
    motor de cuatro tiempos four-stroke engine
    10. Gram tense
    tiempo compuesto compound tense;
    tiempo simple simple tense
    11. Mús [ritmo] tempo;
    [movimiento] movement; [compás] time
    * * *
    m
    1 time;
    a tiempo in time;
    a un tiempo, al mismo tiempo at the same time;
    antes de tiempo llegar ahead of time, early; celebrar victoria too soon;
    a su (debido) tiempo in due course;
    cada cosa a su tiempo all in good time;
    con tiempo in good time, early;
    dar tiempo al tiempo give things time;
    hacer tiempo while away the time;
    desde hace mucho tiempo for a long time;
    hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;
    de tiempo en tiempo from time to time;
    de un tiempo a esta parte for some time now;
    durante algún tiempo for some time;
    por poco tiempo for a short time;
    hace tanto tiempo it’s so long ago;
    el tiempo es oro time is money;
    con el tiempo, andando el tiempo with time, in time;
    trabajar a tiempo completo/parcial work full/part time;
    le faltó tiempo para … fig he couldn’t wait to…;
    poner al mal tiempo buena cara fig look on the bright side;
    volver el tiempo atrás fig turn the clock back
    2 ( época)
    :
    en mis tiempos in my day
    3 ( clima) weather;
    hace buen/mal tiempo the weather’s fine/bad
    4 GRAM tense
    5 DEP de juego half;
    medio tiempo half time
    6 ( edad)
    :
    ¿qué tiempo tiene? de un niño how old is he?
    * * *
    tiempo nm
    1) : time
    justo a tiempo: just in time
    perder tiempo: to waste time
    tiempo libre: spare time
    2) : period, age
    en los tiempos que corren: nowadays
    3) : season, moment
    antes de tiempo: prematurely
    4) : weather
    hace buen tiempo: the weather is fine, it's nice outside
    5) : tempo (in music)
    6) : half (in sports)
    7) : tense (in grammar)
    * * *
    1. (período, momento) time
    2. (período largo) long time / ages
    4. (parte) half [pl. halves]
    ¿cuánto tiempo tiene tu bebé? how old is your baby?
    6. (verbal) tense
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que...? how long...?
    ¿cuánto tiempo hace que conoces a Susana? how long have you known Susana?
    ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! it's been ages since I saw you!
    tiempo libre free time / spare time

    Spanish-English dictionary > tiempo

  • 112 desplazamiento

    m.
    1 journey (viaje).
    un desplazamiento hacia la derecha/izquierda a shift to the right/left (en política)
    2 displacement (Nautical).
    3 shift, displacement, change from one place to another.
    * * *
    1 (traslado) moving, removal
    2 (viaje) trip, journey
    3 MARÍTIMO displacement
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=movimiento) [de partículas] displacement; [de tropas] movement
    2) (=viaje) journey
    3) [de opinión, votos] shift, swing

    desplazamiento de la demanda — (Com) shift in demand

    4) (Inform) scrolling
    5) (Náut) displacement
    * * *
    1) ( movimiento) movement, displacement (frml)
    2) (frml) (traslado, viaje) trip
    3) ( del voto) swing, shift
    * * *
    = displacement, move, navigation, travel, dislocation, travelling [traveling, -USA], roaming, movement.
    Ex. It is still the same inexorably literal logic which must ultimately glance into the chaos, and small differences create infinite displacements between records.
    Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex. The function of the index is examined both technically and philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial orientation in large textual data bases.
    Ex. There is a preference for a deep-plan building in order to provide maximum flexibility and minimum horizontal travel.
    Ex. The group recognized that their special information needs arose out of their dislocation from family, friends and established information networks and their need to adjust to a new environment.
    Ex. This has proved a useful way of reducing some of the problems of distance and cost in relation to both travelling and telephone calls.
    Ex. At a time when fixed telecommunications costs and prices were failing, the prices for mobile roaming were spiralling out of control.
    Ex. She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.
    ----
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * barra de desplazamiento = space bar.
    * beca de desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * corta distancia de desplazamiento = easy travelling distance.
    * desplazamiento diario entre la residencia y el lugar de trabajo = commuting.
    * desplazamiento en autobús = bus trip.
    * desplazamiento por medio del ordenador = computer commuting.
    * dieta de desplazamiento = travel allowance.
    * dietas de desplazamiento = travel costs.
    * distancia de desplazamiento = travel distance.
    * flechas de desplazamiento del cursor hacia la izquierda/derecha = left/right arrows.
    * gastos de desplazamiento = travel costs, travelling expenses, travel expenses.
    * tecla de Bloquear Desplazamiento = Scroll Lock key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento del cursor = arrow key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia abajo = ↓ (Down) key, down arrow key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.
    * * *
    1) ( movimiento) movement, displacement (frml)
    2) (frml) (traslado, viaje) trip
    3) ( del voto) swing, shift
    * * *
    = displacement, move, navigation, travel, dislocation, travelling [traveling, -USA], roaming, movement.

    Ex: It is still the same inexorably literal logic which must ultimately glance into the chaos, and small differences create infinite displacements between records.

    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: The function of the index is examined both technically and philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial orientation in large textual data bases.
    Ex: There is a preference for a deep-plan building in order to provide maximum flexibility and minimum horizontal travel.
    Ex: The group recognized that their special information needs arose out of their dislocation from family, friends and established information networks and their need to adjust to a new environment.
    Ex: This has proved a useful way of reducing some of the problems of distance and cost in relation to both travelling and telephone calls.
    Ex: At a time when fixed telecommunications costs and prices were failing, the prices for mobile roaming were spiralling out of control.
    Ex: She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * barra de desplazamiento = space bar.
    * beca de desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * corta distancia de desplazamiento = easy travelling distance.
    * desplazamiento diario entre la residencia y el lugar de trabajo = commuting.
    * desplazamiento en autobús = bus trip.
    * desplazamiento por medio del ordenador = computer commuting.
    * dieta de desplazamiento = travel allowance.
    * dietas de desplazamiento = travel costs.
    * distancia de desplazamiento = travel distance.
    * flechas de desplazamiento del cursor hacia la izquierda/derecha = left/right arrows.
    * gastos de desplazamiento = travel costs, travelling expenses, travel expenses.
    * tecla de Bloquear Desplazamiento = Scroll Lock key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento del cursor = arrow key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia abajo = ↓ (Down) key, down arrow key.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.

    * * *
    A (movimiento) movement, displacement ( frml)
    B ( frml) (traslado, viaje) trip
    gastos de desplazamiento traveling expenses
    C ( Náut) displacement
    D (del voto) swing, shift
    E ( Inf) scrolling
    * * *

     

    desplazamiento sustantivo masculino
    1 ( movimiento) movement, displacement (frml)
    2 (frml) (traslado, viaje) trip;

    desplazamiento sustantivo masculino
    1 (viaje, trayecto) trip, journey
    2 (movimiento, cambio) movement
    3 Inform scroll(ing)
    ' desplazamiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barra
    English:
    displacement
    - shift
    - movement
    * * *
    1. [viaje] journey;
    los desplazamientos por carretera road journeys, journeys by road;
    gastos de desplazamiento travelling expenses
    2. [traslado] movement;
    el desplazamiento de tropas a la zona the movement of troops to the area
    Fís desplazamiento Doppler Doppler shift; Fís desplazamiento hacia el rojo redshift
    3. [sustitución] replacement
    4. Náut displacement
    * * *
    m
    1 trip
    2 ( movimiento) movement
    * * *
    1) : movement, displacement
    2) : journey

    Spanish-English dictionary > desplazamiento

  • 113 circulación

    f.
    1 circulation, traffic.
    2 circulation, blood circulation.
    3 currency.
    * * *
    1 (gen) circulation
    2 (de vehículos) traffic
    \
    estar fuera de circulación to be out of circulation
    poner en circulación to put into circulation
    quitar de la circulación / retirar de la circulación to withdraw from circulation
    circulación sanguínea / circulación de la sangre blood circulation
    circulación rodada vehicular traffic, traffic
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Aut) traffic

    circulación única — Méx one way (traffic)

    2) (Med) circulation

    circulación de la sangre, circulación sanguínea — circulation of the blood

    3) (Econ) circulation

    estar fuera de circulación — to be out of circulation, be no longer current

    poner algo en circulación — to issue sth, put sth into circulation

    circulación fiduciaria — paper money, paper currency

    * * *
    1) ( movimiento) movement; (Auto) traffic
    2) (Biol, Med) circulation
    3) (Fin) circulation
    •
    * * *
    1) ( movimiento) movement; (Auto) traffic
    2) (Biol, Med) circulation
    3) (Fin) circulation
    •
    * * *
    circulación1
    1 = flow, stream of traffic, circulation, traffic, movement.

    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).

    Ex: Laura Carpozzi head of the circulation department, who was on the far side of the desk, heard the checker's outburst and espied the bottleneck in the stream of traffic.
    Ex: For example, the heading ' circulation of the blood' is acceptable, but the very similar 'Movement of fluids in plants' is not.
    Ex: Above all, we specified a variety of reader places and that all traffic in and out of the library be controlled from one point.
    Ex: She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.
    * circulación de información = flow of information.
    * circulación de la información = flow of information.
    * circulación del aire = air flow, airflow.
    * circulación libre = free flow.
    * circulación masiva = mass circulation.
    * circulación por carretera = road traffic.
    * código de circulación = highway code.
    * distintivo de impuesto de circulación = road tax disc.
    * estado de la circulación = traffic conditions.
    * fuera de circulación = out of circulation.
    * impuesto de circulación = road tax.
    * libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.
    * libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.
    * permiso de circulación = driving licence, driver's licence, driving permit.
    * permiso de circulación internacional = international driving permit, international driving licence.
    * seguridad de circulación en bicicleta = bicycle safety.
    * señal de circulación = road sign.
    * señalización de circulación = road signage.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.

    circulación2
    = circulation, circ [circulation].

    Ex: Each local library is a separate administrative unit with separate and independent files for circulation, acquisitions, periodicals, and holdings.

    Ex: As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.
    * circulación de documentos = flow of documents, stock circulation.
    * circulación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical routing.
    * control de circulación = circulation control.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * departamento de circulación = circulation department.
    * estadística de circulación = circulation statistics.
    * fichero de circulación = circulation file.
    * hoja de circulación = routing slip, circulation slip.
    * lista de circulación = routing list, circulation list.
    * módulo de circulación = circulation system, circulation module.
    * mostrador de circulación = circulation desk.
    * poner en circulación = circulate.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.

    * * *
    A
    1 (movimiento) movement
    la libre circulación de los extranjeros the free movement of foreign nationals
    2 ( Auto) traffic
    Compuesto:
    vehicular traffic
    B ( Biol, Med) circulation
    la circulación sanguínea or de la sangre the circulation of the blood
    tener buena/mala circulación to have good/bad circulation
    C ( Fin) circulation; (de un periódico, una revista) circulation
    el último número fue retirado de la circulación the last issue was withdrawn from circulation
    estar en/fuera de circulación to be in/out of circulation
    la gripe lo tiene fuera de circulación (the) flu has put him out of circulation
    Compuesto:
    fiduciary money, fiat money ( AmE)
    * * *

    circulación sustantivo femenino



    (Auto) traffic
    circulación sustantivo femenino
    1 circulation
    2 Auto (tráfico) traffic
    ' circulación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sacar
    - accidente
    - activar
    - código
    - curso
    - fluido
    - flujo
    - impuesto
    - paralizar
    - retirar
    English:
    circulation
    - flow
    - highway code
    - movement
    - numb
    - traffic
    - traffic accident
    - action
    - call
    - high
    - road
    - test
    - withdraw
    - withdrawal
    * * *
    1. [movimiento] movement;
    la libre circulación de personas the free movement of people
    la circulación atmosférica atmospheric circulation
    2. [de la sangre] circulation;
    tiene problemas de circulación he has bad circulation
    circulación de la sangre circulation of the blood;
    circulación sanguínea circulation of the blood
    3. [de vehículos] traffic
    la circulación rodada vehicular traffic
    4. [de moneda, valores, revista] circulation;
    fuera de circulación out of circulation;
    poner en circulación to put into circulation;
    retirar de la circulación to withdraw from circulation
    Fin circulación de capitales circulation of capital; Fin circulación fiduciaria paper currency; Fin circulación monetaria paper currency
    * * *
    f
    1 movement;
    libre circulación POL freedom of movement
    2 FIN, MED circulation;
    poner en circulación put into circulation;
    retirar de la circulación withdraw from circulation fuera de circulación out of circulation
    3 AUTO traffic
    * * *
    1) : circulation
    2) : movement
    3) : traffic
    * * *
    1. (en general) circulation
    2. (tráfico) traffic

    Spanish-English dictionary > circulación

  • 114 libertad

    f.
    1 freedom, liberty.
    libertad de imprenta freedom of the press
    libertad de movimientos freedom of movement
    libertad de prensa freedom of the press
    puede entrar en mi casa con toda libertad she is entirely free to come into my house as she pleases
    dejar o poner a alguien en libertad to set somebody free, to release somebody
    estar en libertad to be free
    tener libertad para hacer algo to be free to do something
    tomarse la libertad de hacer algo to take the liberty of doing something
    tomarse libertades (con) to take liberties (with)
    libertad de cátedra academic freedom
    libertad de circulación de capitales/trabajadores (economics) free movement of capital/workers
    libertad de culto freedom of worship
    libertad de expresión freedom of speech
    2 Libertad.
    imperat.
    2nd person plural (vosotros/ustedes) Imperative of Spanish verb: libertar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) freedom, liberty
    2 (confianza) freedom
    1 liberties
    \
    dejar en libertad to free, release
    poner en libertad to free, release
    tomarse la libertad de + inf to take the liberty of + gerund
    tomarse libertades con alguien to take liberties with somebody
    libertad de expresión freedom of expression
    libertad de imprenta freedom of the press
    * * *
    noun f.
    freedom, liberty
    - libertad provisional
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gen] freedom

    no tengo libertad para hacer lo que quiera — I'm not free to do what I want, I don't have the freedom to do what I want

    libertad de cátedra — academic freedom, freedom to teach

    libertad de imprenta, libertad de prensa — freedom of the press

    2) (=confianza)

    hablar con entera o total libertad — to speak freely

    tomarse muchas o demasiadas libertades con algn — to take too many liberties with sb

    * * *
    1) (para decidir, elegir) freedom

    dejar/poner a alguien en libertad — to release somebody

    2) libertades femenino plural ( derechos) rights (pl)
    3) ( confianza)
    * * *
    = freedom, liberty, latitude, breathing space, elbow room.
    Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex. I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with a model collection development policy rather than, as Ruth succinctly stated a moment ago, 'grandiose platitudes' with liberty and justice for all.
    Ex. Rules and procedures are firm, while policies, as guides, allow for latitude in their use.
    Ex. This article explains the procedures librarians should adopt when they have secured a breathing space to develop a collection profile.
    Ex. People will work at a higher level when they have adequate elbow room for decision making.
    ----
    * atentado contra la libertad = war on liberty.
    * dar libertad = give + licence.
    * dar libertad a un esclavo = manumit.
    * dar libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * decretar libertad bajo fianza = remand.
    * dejar en libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar libertad para + Infinitivo = leave + Nombre + free to + Infinitivo.
    * derecho a la libertad de expresión = right to free speech, right of free speech.
    * en libertad condicional = on probation.
    * en libertad provisional = on probation.
    * libertad académica = academic freedom.
    * libertad artística = artistic freedom.
    * libertad bajo fianza = bail.
    * libertad condicional = bail, conditional discharge.
    * libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.
    * libertad de acción = leeway.
    * libertad de copia = copyleft.
    * libertad de culto = religious freedom.
    * libertad de elección = freedom of choice.
    * libertad de expresión = freedom of expression, freedom to speak, freedom of speech, free speech.
    * libertad de información = freedom of information (FOI).
    * libertad de maniobra = freedom for manoeuvre, leeway.
    * libertad de movimiento = freedom of movement.
    * libertad de pensamiento = freedom of thought, freedom to think, free thought.
    * libertad de prensa = freedom of the press, press freedom.
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * libertad de religión = religious freedom.
    * libertades civiles = civil liberties.
    * libertad intelectual = intellectual freedom.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * libertad provisional = parole.
    * libertad religiosa = religious freedom.
    * libertad sexual = sexual freedom.
    * libertad sin cargos = unconditional discharge.
    * poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.
    * poner en libertad, salir de la cárcel = release from + jail.
    * puesta en libertad = discharge, manumission.
    * supervisor de la libertad condicional = probation officer.
    * tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.
    * tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.
    * tener libertad = have + freedom.
    * tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.
    * tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.
    * tomarse libertades = take + liberties.
    * vivir en libertad = live in + freedom.
    * * *
    1) (para decidir, elegir) freedom

    dejar/poner a alguien en libertad — to release somebody

    2) libertades femenino plural ( derechos) rights (pl)
    3) ( confianza)
    * * *
    = freedom, liberty, latitude, breathing space, elbow room.

    Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.

    Ex: I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with a model collection development policy rather than, as Ruth succinctly stated a moment ago, 'grandiose platitudes' with liberty and justice for all.
    Ex: Rules and procedures are firm, while policies, as guides, allow for latitude in their use.
    Ex: This article explains the procedures librarians should adopt when they have secured a breathing space to develop a collection profile.
    Ex: People will work at a higher level when they have adequate elbow room for decision making.
    * atentado contra la libertad = war on liberty.
    * dar libertad = give + licence.
    * dar libertad a un esclavo = manumit.
    * dar libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * decretar libertad bajo fianza = remand.
    * dejar en libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar libertad para + Infinitivo = leave + Nombre + free to + Infinitivo.
    * derecho a la libertad de expresión = right to free speech, right of free speech.
    * en libertad condicional = on probation.
    * en libertad provisional = on probation.
    * libertad académica = academic freedom.
    * libertad artística = artistic freedom.
    * libertad bajo fianza = bail.
    * libertad condicional = bail, conditional discharge.
    * libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.
    * libertad de acción = leeway.
    * libertad de copia = copyleft.
    * libertad de culto = religious freedom.
    * libertad de elección = freedom of choice.
    * libertad de expresión = freedom of expression, freedom to speak, freedom of speech, free speech.
    * libertad de información = freedom of information (FOI).
    * libertad de maniobra = freedom for manoeuvre, leeway.
    * libertad de movimiento = freedom of movement.
    * libertad de pensamiento = freedom of thought, freedom to think, free thought.
    * libertad de prensa = freedom of the press, press freedom.
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * libertad de religión = religious freedom.
    * libertades civiles = civil liberties.
    * libertad intelectual = intellectual freedom.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * libertad provisional = parole.
    * libertad religiosa = religious freedom.
    * libertad sexual = sexual freedom.
    * libertad sin cargos = unconditional discharge.
    * poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.
    * poner en libertad, salir de la cárcel = release from + jail.
    * puesta en libertad = discharge, manumission.
    * supervisor de la libertad condicional = probation officer.
    * tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.
    * tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.
    * tener libertad = have + freedom.
    * tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.
    * tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.
    * tomarse libertades = take + liberties.
    * vivir en libertad = live in + freedom.

    * * *
    A (para actuar, elegir) freedom
    la libertad de movimiento de trabajo the freedom of movement of labor
    tiene plena libertad para tomar las medidas necesarias he is completely free o he is at complete liberty to take the necessary measures
    libertad, igualdad, fraternidad liberty, equality, fraternity
    les dieron la libertad a los esclavos the slaves were given o granted their freedom
    queda usted en libertad you are free to go
    dejaron en libertad a los sospechosos they let the suspects go
    lo pusieron en libertad they released him, they set him free
    exigían la libertad de los estudiantes encarcelados they were demanding the release of the imprisoned students
    Compuestos:
    ● libertad bajo fianza or bajo palabra
    bail
    parole
    academic freedom
    freedom of conscience
    freedom of worship
    ● libertad de expresión or de palabra
    freedom of expression, freedom of speech
    freedom of the press
    freedom of assembly
    bail
    B libertades fpl (derechos) rights (pl)
    no respetan las libertades fundamentales they do not respect basic human rights
    C
    (confianza): si necesitas algo, pídelo con toda libertad if you need anything, feel free to ask
    puedes hablar con toda libertad you can speak freely
    me tomé la libertad de invitarlo I took the liberty of inviting him
    se está tomando muchas libertades he's taking a lot of liberties
    * * *

     

    Del verbo libertar: ( conjugate libertar)

    libertad es:

    2ª persona plural (vosotros) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    libertad    
    libertar
    libertad sustantivo femenino
    1 ( para actuar) freedom;

    poner a algn en libertad to release sb;
    libertad bajo fianza bail;
    libertad condicional parole;
    libertad de expresión/de prensa freedom of speech/of the press
    2 ( confianza):

    habla con toda libertad speak freely;
    tomarse la libertad de hacer algo to take the liberty of doing sth
    libertad sustantivo femenino freedom, liberty: Jur está en libertad condicional, he was given parole
    lo pusieron en libertad, they freed him
    fue puesto en libertad bajo fianza, he was released on bail
    libertad de comercio, free trade
    libertad de culto/prensa, freedom of worship/the press
    ' libertad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atar
    - ETA
    - fianza
    - licencia
    - por
    - privación
    - sed
    - soltar
    - suelta
    - suelto
    - vivir
    - ansia
    - ansiar
    - coartar
    - comprometer
    - concepto
    - culto
    - idea
    - privar
    - puesta
    - restringido
    - tomar
    - tras
    English:
    bail
    - bid
    - discharge
    - free
    - free rein
    - freedom
    - jail
    - leeway
    - liberty
    - licence
    - parole
    - press
    - probation
    - probation officer
    - release
    - remand
    - speech
    - suspended sentence
    - freely
    - latitude
    - loose
    - maneuver
    - price
    - set
    - wild
    * * *
    1. [para hacer algo] freedom, liberty;
    dejar o [m5] poner a alguien en libertad to set sb free, to release sb;
    estar en libertad to be free;
    quedas en libertad you are free to go;
    tener libertad para hacer algo to be free to do sth;
    libertad, igualdad y fraternidad liberty, equality and fraternity
    libertad de cátedra academic freedom; Econ libertad de circulación de capitales free movement of capital; Econ libertad de circulación de trabajadores free movement of workers;
    libertad de conciencia freedom of conscience;
    Der libertad condicional parole;
    libertad de culto freedom of worship;
    libertad de expresión freedom of speech;
    libertad de horarios (comerciales): [m5] las tiendas tienen libertad de horarios shops can open when they like;
    libertad de imprenta freedom of the press;
    libertad de movimientos freedom of movement;
    libertad de pensamiento freedom of thought;
    libertad de prensa freedom of the press;
    Der libertad provisional bail;
    libertad religiosa religious freedom;
    libertad de reunión freedom of assembly
    2.
    libertades [derechos] rights;
    las libertades civiles/individuales civil/individual rights;
    las libertades fundamentales basic human rights
    3. [confianza, familiaridad] freedom;
    puede entrar en mi casa con toda libertad she is entirely free to come into my house as she pleases;
    tomarse la libertad de hacer algo to take the liberty of doing sth;
    tomarse libertades (con) to take liberties (with)
    * * *
    f freedom, liberty;
    dejar a alguien en libertad release s.o., let s.o. go;
    tomarse libertades take liberties;
    tomarse la libertad de hacer algo take the liberty of doing sth
    * * *
    1) : freedom, liberty
    tomarse la libertad de: to take the liberty of
    2)
    3)
    * * *
    libertad n freedom

    Spanish-English dictionary > libertad

  • 115 движение

    1. motion ( и на планета), movement
    движение напред forward/progressive motion
    движение назад backward/regressive motion
    равномерно движение uniform motion/velocity
    2. (телесно) movement, motion
    движение с ръка gesture
    правя движение make a movement/motion/gesture
    3. (разходки) excercise
    той е винаги в движение he is always on the move/go/run
    4. (на машина, мотор) working, functioning, operation, motion
    5. (на хора, превозни средства) movement, traffic
    голямо движение heavy/dense traffic
    автомобилно/въздушно/железопътно/трамвайно движение road/aircraft/rail/tramway traffic
    движение на моторни коли road/vehicle/vehicular traffic
    движение на автобуси bus service
    движение на пешеходци/пътници pedestrian/passenger traffic
    движение то е на дясната страна traffic keeps to the right
    движението е нормално traffic runs smoothly
    път, по който няма много движение a quiet road, a road of little traffic
    в движение in motion, under way, (за самолет и пр.) on the fly
    качвам се/скачам на трамвай и пр. в движение get on a moving/running tram etc., jump on to a moving/running tram etc.
    ам. jump a tram etc.
    не спирайте движението don't block the traffic
    правила за движението rule of the road; traffic code
    6. (шетня, блъсканица) bustle
    7. прен. movement
    всенародно движение a national/nationwide movement
    движението за мир the peace movement
    национално-освободително-a national liberation movement, a movement for national liberation
    профсъюзно движение a trade union movement, trade-unionism
    работническо движение a labour/working class movement
    8. (улица, където хората се разхождат) promenade, main street
    движение на населението population shift
    движение на капитали/идеи flow of capital/ideas
    движение на скали rock subsidence
    * * *
    движѐние,
    ср., -я 1. motion (и на планета), movement; ( внезапно; рязко) jerk; ( ходене насам-натам) coming and going; бързо \движениее (на снаряд) flight; \движениее назад backward/regressive motion; \движениее напред forward/progressive motion; непрекъснато \движениее мат. flux; равномерно \движениее uniform motion/velocity; равномерно-закъснително \движениее uniformly decelerated motion; равномерно-ускорително \движениее uniformly accelerated motion;
    2. ( телесно) movement, motion; \движениее с ръка gesture; правя \движениее make a movement/motion/gesture;
    3. ( разходки) exercise; постоянно съм в \движениее keep on the move; той е винаги в \движениее he is always on the move/go/run;
    4. (на машина, мотор) working, functioning, operation, motion; моторът е в \движениее the motor is running; привеждам в \движениее set/put in motion;
    5. (на хора, превозни средства) movement, traffic; автомобилно/въздушно/железопътно/трамвайно \движениее road/aircraft/rail/tramway traffic; в \движениее in motion, under way, (за самолет и пр.) on the fly; голямо \движениее heavy/dense traffic; \движениее на автобуси bus service; \движениее на моторни коли road/vehicle/vehicular traffic; \движениее на пешеходци/пътници pedestrian/passenger traffic; \движениеето е на дясната страна traffic keeps to the right; \движениеето е нормално traffic runs smoothly; качвам се/скачам на трамвай и пр. в \движениее get on a moving/running tram etc., jump on to a moving/running tram etc.; амер. jump a tram etc.; не спирайте \движениеето don’t block the traffic; правила за \движениеето rule of the road; traffic code, highway code; път, по който няма много \движениее a quiet road, a road of little traffic; улично \движениее street traffic;
    7. прен. movement; всенародно \движениее national/nation-wide movement; \движениее против абортите pro-life movement; \движениеето за мир the peace movement; националноосвободително \движениее movement for national liberation, national liberation movement; профсъюзно \движениее trade union movement, trade-unionism; работническо \движениее labour/working class movement;
    8. ( улица, където хората се разхождат) promenade, main street; • в \движениее съм be on the move; в постоянно \движениее ( променя се) in a state of flux; \движениее на населението population shift; \движениее на капитали/идеи flow of capital/ideas; \движениее на скали rock subsidence.
    * * *
    course ; headway ; locomotion: He made a slight движение. - Той направи леко движение.; race ; stir ; traffic (улично); exercise (се)
    * * *
    1. (внезапно 2. (на машина, мотор) working, functioning, operation, motion 3. (на хора, превозни средства) movement, traffic 4. (разходки) excercise 5. (телесно) movement, motion 6. (улица, където хората се разхождат) promenade, main street 7. (ходене насам-натам) coming and going 8. (шетня, блъсканица) bustle 9. motion (и на планета), movement 10. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на автобуси bus service 11. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на капитали/идеи flow of capital/ideas 12. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на моторни коли road/vehicle/vehicular traffic 13. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на населението population shift 14. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на пешеходци/пътници pedestrian/passenger traffic 15. ДВИЖЕНИЕ на скали rock subsidence 16. ДВИЖЕНИЕ назад backward/ regressive motion 17. ДВИЖЕНИЕ напред forward/progressive motion 18. ДВИЖЕНИЕ с ръка gesture 19. ДВИЖЕНИЕ то е на дясната страна traffic keeps to the right 20. ДВИЖЕНИЕто е нормално traffic runs smoothly 21. ДВИЖЕНИЕто за мир the peace movement 22. автомобилно/ въздушно/железопътно/трамвайно ДВИЖЕНИЕ road/ aircraft/rail/tramway traffic 23. ам. jump a tram etc. 24. бързо ДВИЖЕНИЕ (на снаряд) flight 25. в ДВИЖЕНИЕ in motion, under way, (за самолет и пр.) on the fly 26. в постоянно ДВИЖЕНИЕ (променя се) in a state of flux 27. всенародно ДВИЖЕНИЕ a national/nationwide movement 28. голямо ДВИЖЕНИЕ heavy/dense traffic 29. имам нужда от повече ДВИЖЕНИЕ need more excercise 30. качвам се/скачам на трамвай и пр. в ДВИЖЕНИЕ get on a moving/running tram etc., jump on to a moving/running tram etc. 31. моторът е в ДВИЖЕНИЕ the motor is running 32. национално-освободително - a national liberation movement, a movement for national liberation 33. не спирайте ДВИЖЕНИЕто don't block the traffic 34. непрекъснато ДВИЖЕНИЕ мат. flux 35. постоянно съм в ДВИЖЕНИЕ keep on the move 36. правила за ДВИЖЕНИЕто rule of the road;traffic code 37. правя ДВИЖЕНИЕ make a movement/motion/gesture 38. прен. movement 39. привеждам в ДВИЖЕНИЕ set/put in motion 40. профсъюзно ДВИЖЕНИЕ a trade union movement, trade-unionism 41. път, по който няма много ДВИЖЕНИЕ a quiet road, a road of little traffic 42. работническо ДВИЖЕНИЕ a labour/working class movement 43. равномерно ДВИЖЕНИЕ uniform motion/velocity 44. равномерно-закъснително ДВИЖЕНИЕ uniformly decelerated motion 45. равномерно-ускорително ДВИЖЕНИЕ uniformly accelerated motion 46. рязко) jerk 47. той е винаги в ДВИЖЕНИЕ he is always on the move/go/run 48. улично ДВИЖЕНИЕ street traffic

    Български-английски речник > движение

  • 116 mouvement

    mouvement [muvmɑ̃]
    masculine noun
       a. movement
       b. ( = impulsion, réaction) dans un mouvement de colère in a fit of anger
    • allons, un bon mouvement ! come on, just a small gesture!
    * * *
    muvmɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) ( geste) movement

    faire un mouvement — to move, to make a move

    tu es libre de tes mouvements — you can come and go as you please; faux I

    2) ( déplacement) movement, motion

    se mettre en mouvement — [troupe] to start moving; [machine] to start up

    mettre quelque chose en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à quelque chose — to set something in motion

    3) ( animation) bustle

    suivre le mouvement — fig to follow the crowd

    4) ( élan) impulse, reaction

    un mouvement de colère/pitié — a surge of anger/pity

    un bon mouvement — a kind ou nice gesture

    5) ( action collective) movement
    7) Économie, Finance ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend
    8) (de poème, d'œuvre musicale) movement
    9) ( d'horloge) movement
    * * *
    muvmɑ̃ nm
    1) (= déplacement) [corps] movement
    2) [panique, recul] reaction
    3) (syndical, politique, artistique) movement

    mouvement de grève — industrial action, strike

    4) (= tumulte, agitation) activity, bustle
    6) MUSIQUE (= rythme) tempo, (partie de morceau) movement
    7) (= mécanisme d'horloge) movement
    * * *
    1 ( geste) movement; faire un mouvement to move, to make a move; il fit un mouvement pour se dégager he made a move to break away; je ne peux pas faire un seul mouvement I can't move at all; tu es libre de tes mouvements you can come and go as you please; mouvement de danse dance movement; mouvement de gymnastique gymnastic exercise; apprendre les mouvements du crawl to learn stroke for the front crawl; avoir un mouvement d'humeur to show a flash of annoyance; ⇒ faux;
    2 ( déplacement) gén movement; Phys movement, motion; le mouvement des vagues the movement of the waves; mouvements sismiques seismic movements; mouvement de reflux backward movement; le mouvement des bateaux à l'entrée du port the movement of ships at the entrance to a port; le mouvement de personnel dans une entreprise staff changes in a company; mouvement de retraite withdrawal; accélérer le mouvement to speed up; ralentir le mouvement to slow down; se mettre en mouvement to get moving; mouvement ondulatoire or périodique wave motion; mouvement hélicoïdal/ascendant/absolu/fixe helical/upward/absolute/relative motion; mouvement perpétuel perpetual motion; le mouvement d'un pendule the movement ou swing of a pendulum; la toupie décrit un mouvement de rotation the top describes a rotary motion; mettre qch en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à qch to set sth in motion;
    3 ( animation) bustle; il y a du mouvement dans la rue there's a lot of bustle in the street; toute la maison était en mouvement the whole household was bustling about ou bustling with activity; une rue pleine de mouvement a busy street; suivre le mouvement fig to follow the crowd;
    4 ( élan) impulse, reaction; mon premier mouvement a été de me mettre en colère my initial reaction ou my first impulse was to get angry; dans un mouvement de générosité on a generous impulse; un mouvement de colère/pitié a surge of anger/pity; un mouvement de panique a panic reaction; un bon mouvement a kind ou nice gesture; fais un bon mouvement, donne-moi 10 euros do me a good turn and give me 10 euros; agir de son propre mouvement to act of one's own accord; un mouvement général de rejet a generally hostile reaction; un mouvement de masse a mass movement;
    5 (pour contester, revendiquer) action; le mouvement étudiant the student protest movement; mouvement de contestation protest action; mouvement de grève strike, industrial action ¢; mouvement de rébellion rebel movement;
    6 ( groupe) movement, group; mouvement de jeunesse youth movement; mouvement de protection/défense de movement for the protection/defenceGB of;
    7 ( évolution) le mouvement des idées the evolution of ideas; être dans le mouvement to move with the times; vivre dans un milieu en mouvement to live in a changing environment; mouvement de décentralisation/démocratisation trend toward(s) decentralization/democratization; mouvement de création d'emploi trend toward(s) job creation;
    8 Écon, Fin ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend; le mouvement du marché market fluctuations (pl); mouvement de hausse/de baisse upward/downward trend (de in); un mouvement de reprise a movement toward(s) recovery; mouvements financiers financial transactions; mouvement de capitaux movement ou flow of capital; mouvement d'un compte turnover on an account; mouvement de fonds movement of funds;
    9 Littérat (de récit, poème) movement;
    10 Mus ( partie d'une œuvre) movement;
    11 Mécan (de montre, d'horloge) movement; mouvement d'horlogerie commandant un contact électrique clockwork mechanism controlling an electrical contact.
    [muvmɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [geste] movement
    a. [affirmatif] a nod
    b. [négatif] a shake of the head
    2. [impulsion]
    mouvement de colère fit ou burst of anger
    les mouvements du cœur/de l'âme (littéraire) the impulses of the heart/of the soul
    3. [déplacement - d'un astre, d'un pendule] movement ; [ - de personnes] movement
    4. [évolution - des prix, des taux] trend, movement ; [ - du marché] fluctuation
    mouvement en baisse/en hausse downward/upward trend
    5. POLITIQUE [action collective] movement
    6. [animation - d'un quartier] bustle, liveliness ; [ - dans un aéroport, un port] movement
    eh bien, il y a du mouvement chez vous! it's all go at your place!
    8. [impression de vie - d'une peinture, d'une sculpture] movement ; [ - d'un vers] flow, movement ; [ - d'une robe] drape ; [ - d'un paysage] undulations
    9. MUSIQUE [rythme] tempo
    mouvement perpétuel moto perpetuo, perpetuum mobile
    [section d'un morceau] movement
    10. [mécanisme] movement
    ————————
    en mouvement locution adjectivale
    [athlète] moving, in motion
    [population, troupes] on the move
    ————————
    en mouvement locution adverbiale
    ————————
    sans mouvement locution adjectivale
    [personne] inert

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mouvement

  • 117 tránsito

    m.
    1 transit, crossing, through traffic, traffic.
    2 Tránsito.
    * * *
    1 (acción) passage, transit, movement
    2 AUTOMÓVIL traffic
    3 eufemístico (muerte) death, passing
    4 (lugar de parada) stopping place
    \
    'Cerrado al tránsito' "Closed to traffic"
    estar de tránsito (de paso) to be passing through 2 (mercancías, viajeros) to be in transit
    pasajeros en tránsito passengers in transit
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=paso) transit, passage, movement

    "se prohíbe el tránsito" — "no thoroughfare"

    estar de tránsito — to be in transit, be passing through

    2) (=tráfico) movement, traffic

    horas de máximo tránsito — rush hour sing, peak (traffic) hours

    3) [de puesto] transfer, move
    4) (=muerte) passing, death
    5) (=parada) [de transporte público] stop; [de turismos] stopping place
    6) (=pasillo) passageway
    * * *
    1) ( tráfico) traffic

    un accidente de tránsito — (AmL) road accident

    infracción de tránsito — (AmL) traffic violation (AmE), motoring offense (BrE)

    2) ( paso) passage, movement
    3) (liter) ( muerte) passing (euph), death
    * * *
    = traffic flow, changeover [change-over], transit.
    Ex. The traffic flow in the building should be dictated by the compartmentalisation of the spaces and the arrangement of partitions and furniture.
    Ex. The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex. This article calls attention to dangers of deterioration of photographs, caused by exhibition and transit.
    ----
    * infracción de tránsito = traffic violation.
    * tránsito de peatones = foot traffic.
    * tránsito peatonal = foot traffic.
    * * *
    1) ( tráfico) traffic

    un accidente de tránsito — (AmL) road accident

    infracción de tránsito — (AmL) traffic violation (AmE), motoring offense (BrE)

    2) ( paso) passage, movement
    3) (liter) ( muerte) passing (euph), death
    * * *
    = traffic flow, changeover [change-over], transit.

    Ex: The traffic flow in the building should be dictated by the compartmentalisation of the spaces and the arrangement of partitions and furniture.

    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: This article calls attention to dangers of deterioration of photographs, caused by exhibition and transit.
    * infracción de tránsito = traffic violation.
    * tránsito de peatones = foot traffic.
    * tránsito peatonal = foot traffic.

    * * *
    A (tráfico) traffic
    [ S ] cerrado al tránsito closed to all traffic, no entry
    un accidente de tránsito ( AmL); a road accident
    una infracción de tránsito ( AmL); a motoring offense, a traffic violation ( AmE)
    Compuestos:
    heavy goods vehicles (pl), heavy traffic
    vehicular traffic
    B (paso) passage, movement
    sólo están aquí de tránsito they're just passing through
    los pasajeros en tránsito hacia Roma passengers in transit for Rome
    una caja se perdió en tránsito one box was lost in transit
    C ( liter) (muerte) passing ( euph), death
    * * *

     

    Del verbo transitar: ( conjugate transitar)

    transito es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    transitó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    transitar    
    tránsito
    transitar ( conjugate transitar) verbo intransitivo [ vehículo] to travel;
    [ peatón] to walk
    tránsito sustantivo masculino
    1 ( tráfico) traffic;

    una calle de mucho tránsito a very busy road;
    un accidente de tránsito (AmL) a road accident;
    infracción de tránsito (AmL) traffic violation (AmE), motoring offense (BrE)
    2 ( paso) movement;

    pasajeros en tránsito passengers in transit
    transitar verbo intransitivo to pass
    tránsito sustantivo masculino
    1 (paso de un lugar a otro, proceso) transition
    2 (de personas) movement, passage
    Auto traffic
    ' tránsito' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agente
    - policía
    English:
    transfer desk
    - transfer lounge
    - transit
    - transit lounge
    - road
    - traffic
    * * *
    1. [de vehículos] traffic;
    tránsito rodado road traffic
    2. [paso]
    el tránsito entre la Edad Media y el Renacimiento the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance;
    es sólo un área de tránsito it is just a transit area;
    los extranjeros que están de tránsito en el país foreigners who are in the country for a short time;
    aviones en tránsito entre América y Europa planes en route between America and Europe;
    pasajeros en tránsito hacia Roma [en aeropuerto] passengers with connecting flights to Rome
    3. [movimiento] movement;
    facilita el tránsito intestinal it facilitates bowel movement;
    4. Formal [muerte] passing on;
    pocos llorarán su tránsito few will mourn her passing on
    * * *
    m
    1 transit;
    pasajero en tránsito passenger in transit, transit passenger
    2 L.Am. ( circulación) traffic
    * * *
    1) tráfico: traffic
    hora de máximo tránsito: rush hour
    2) : transit, passage, movement
    3) : death, passing

    Spanish-English dictionary > tránsito

  • 118 defensa

    f.
    1 defense.
    en defensa de in defense of
    la defensa del medio ambiente the protection of the environment
    defensa personal self-defense
    2 defense (sport).
    3 defence, security, defense, guard.
    4 protection, succor, refuge.
    5 defendor, advocate.
    6 shield, guard, protector.
    7 defensive movement, ward.
    8 back, back-line player.
    f. & m.
    defender (sport).
    defensa central central defender, center back
    * * *
    1 defence (US defense)
    1 DEPORTE (jugador) back, defender; (conjunto de jugadores) defence (US defense), defenders plural
    \
    en defensa propia in self-defence (US self-defense)
    en legítima defensa in self-defence (US self-defense)
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=protección) defence, defense (EEUU)

    (Ministerio de) Defensa — Ministry of Defence, Defense Department (EEUU)

    2) (Jur) (=abogado, argumentación) defence, defense (EEUU)
    3) (Dep)

    la defensa — (=jugadores) the defence, the defense (EEUU)

    4) pl defensas (Med) defences, defenses (EEUU)

    está bajo de defensas — his (body's) defences are low, his resistance is low

    5) pl defensas [de toro] horns; [de elefante, jabalí] tusks
    6) (Náut) fender
    7) Méx bumper, fender (EEUU)
    2.
    SMF (Dep) defender

    defensa escoba, defensa libre — sweeper

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( protección) defense*

    actuó en defensa propia or en legítima defensa — he acted in self-defense

    defensa de algo/alguien — defense* of something/somebody

    b) Defensa femenino the Defense Department (AmE), the Ministry of Defence (BrE)
    2) (Der) defense*

    los testigos de la defensa — the witnesses for the defense, the defense witnesses

    3) defensas femenino plural (Biol, Med) defenses* (pl)
    4) (Náut) fender
    5) (Dep)
    a) ( conjunto) defense*
    b) defensa masculino y femenino ( jugador) defender
    * * *
    = defence [defense, -USA], plea, advocacy, championship, crusade, championing, affirmation, apologia, bulwark.
    Ex. The only defense that Panizzi was able to muster in this case was to cite the authorities instead of the reasons he followed.
    Ex. Enter a brief, plea, or other formal record of one party to a case under the heading for that party.
    Ex. However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    Ex. Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex. The Thatcher government's crusade for privatisation is also hitting British libraries.
    Ex. Many say the role of consumer advice centres as being simply mediators between the consumer and the retailer/manufacturer; only a few adventurous authorities encouraged the aggressive championing of consumer complaints.
    Ex. This article argues that the OTA report, despite its affirmation of public access to information, is unlikely to cause a redeployment of resources unless librarians argue vociferously that there is a real need for this information.
    Ex. The article ' apologia for alternatives' examines the situation where professional standards may have to give way to commercial interests.
    Ex. Thus our freedom has prompted many to think of libraries as 'a great instrument and bulwark of democracy'.
    ----
    * actitud de defensa = defensiveness.
    * actuar defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * actuar en defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * alegar defensa = muster + defense.
    * decir en defensa de = say in + defence of.
    * defensa bioquímica = biodefence [biodefense, -USA].
    * defensa con misiles = missile defence.
    * defensa costera = coastal defence.
    * defensa de intereses = lobbying.
    * defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * defensa del consumidor = consumer protection.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.
    * defensa nacional = national defence.
    * defensa propia = self-defence [self-defense, -USA].
    * defensas marítimas = maritime defences.
    * defensas naturales = natural defences, natural defences.
    * defensa solapada = plug.
    * Departamento de Defensa = Department of Defense.
    * departamento de defensa del consumidor = consumer protection department.
    * el ataque es la mejor defensa = attack is the best form of defence.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * estrategia de defensa = defence strategy.
    * fuerzas de defensa, las = defence forces, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * mecanismo de defensa = defence mechanism [defense mechanism, -USA].
    * Ministerio de Defensa = Ministry of Defence.
    * ministro de defensa = defence minister.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.
    * preparar una defensa = mount + defence.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * secretario de defensa = defence minister.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia = Office of Fair Trade.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( protección) defense*

    actuó en defensa propia or en legítima defensa — he acted in self-defense

    defensa de algo/alguien — defense* of something/somebody

    b) Defensa femenino the Defense Department (AmE), the Ministry of Defence (BrE)
    2) (Der) defense*

    los testigos de la defensa — the witnesses for the defense, the defense witnesses

    3) defensas femenino plural (Biol, Med) defenses* (pl)
    4) (Náut) fender
    5) (Dep)
    a) ( conjunto) defense*
    b) defensa masculino y femenino ( jugador) defender
    * * *
    = defence [defense, -USA], plea, advocacy, championship, crusade, championing, affirmation, apologia, bulwark.

    Ex: The only defense that Panizzi was able to muster in this case was to cite the authorities instead of the reasons he followed.

    Ex: Enter a brief, plea, or other formal record of one party to a case under the heading for that party.
    Ex: However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    Ex: Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex: The Thatcher government's crusade for privatisation is also hitting British libraries.
    Ex: Many say the role of consumer advice centres as being simply mediators between the consumer and the retailer/manufacturer; only a few adventurous authorities encouraged the aggressive championing of consumer complaints.
    Ex: This article argues that the OTA report, despite its affirmation of public access to information, is unlikely to cause a redeployment of resources unless librarians argue vociferously that there is a real need for this information.
    Ex: The article ' apologia for alternatives' examines the situation where professional standards may have to give way to commercial interests.
    Ex: Thus our freedom has prompted many to think of libraries as 'a great instrument and bulwark of democracy'.
    * actitud de defensa = defensiveness.
    * actuar defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * actuar en defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * alegar defensa = muster + defense.
    * decir en defensa de = say in + defence of.
    * defensa bioquímica = biodefence [biodefense, -USA].
    * defensa con misiles = missile defence.
    * defensa costera = coastal defence.
    * defensa de intereses = lobbying.
    * defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * defensa del consumidor = consumer protection.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.
    * defensa nacional = national defence.
    * defensa propia = self-defence [self-defense, -USA].
    * defensas marítimas = maritime defences.
    * defensas naturales = natural defences, natural defences.
    * defensa solapada = plug.
    * Departamento de Defensa = Department of Defense.
    * departamento de defensa del consumidor = consumer protection department.
    * el ataque es la mejor defensa = attack is the best form of defence.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * estrategia de defensa = defence strategy.
    * fuerzas de defensa, las = defence forces, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * mecanismo de defensa = defence mechanism [defense mechanism, -USA].
    * Ministerio de Defensa = Ministry of Defence.
    * ministro de defensa = defence minister.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.
    * preparar una defensa = mount + defence.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * secretario de defensa = defence minister.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia = Office of Fair Trade.

    * * *
    A
    1 (protección) defense*
    nadie acudió en su defensa nobody went to his defense, nobody went to defend him
    salió en nuestra defensa he came to our defense
    actuó en defensa propia or en legítima defensa he acted in self-defense*
    defensa DE algo/algn defense* OF sth/sb
    se manifestaron en defensa de sus derechos they demonstrated in defense of their rights
    2
    Defensa feminine the Defense Department ( AmE), the Ministry of Defence ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    self-defense*
    anti-aircraft defenses* (pl)
    sea defenses* (pl)
    river defenses* (pl)
    B ( Der) defense*
    los testigos de la defensa the witnesses for the defense, the defense witnesses
    C defensas fpl ( Biol, Med) defenses* (pl)
    las defensas biológicas del organismo the organism's biological defenses o biological defense mechanisms
    está bajo de defensas his resistance is low
    D
    1 ( Náut) fender
    2 (Cu, Méx) ( Auto) bumper
    3 ( Chi) ( Const) barrier
    E ( Dep)
    1 (conjunto) defense*
    2
    * * *

     

    defensa sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) ( protección) defense( conjugate defense);


    actuó en defensa propia he acted in self-defense;
    defensa de algo/algn defense( conjugate defense) of sth/sb;
    defensa personal self-defense( conjugate defense)
    b) (Dep) defense( conjugate defense)

    2
    a)

    ◊ Defensa sustantivo femenino

    the Defense Department (AmE), the Ministry of Defence (BrE)
    b)

    ◊ defensas sustantivo femenino plural (Biol, Med) defenses( conjugate defenses) (pl)

    c)

    ◊ defensa sustantivo masculino y femenino ( jugador) defender

    defensa
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 defence, US defense: salió en defensa de su hija, he came out in defence of his daugther
    2 Auto bumper, US fender
    3 Dep (conjunto) defence
    4 Med defensas, defences: la enfermedad le ha dejado sin defensas, the disease affected his immune system
    II m Dep defender, back
    ' defensa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caída
    - caído
    - Cesid
    - legítima
    - legítimo
    - llave
    - alegar
    - lateral
    - mecanismo
    English:
    AA
    - back
    - defence
    - defender
    - defense
    - fender
    - for
    - spirited
    - stout
    - behalf
    - defend
    - element
    - guard
    - mace
    - self
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [protección] defence;
    la defensa del medio ambiente the protection of the environment;
    lleva siempre una pistola como defensa she always carries a gun to defend herself;
    en su defensa cabe decir que él ignoraba lo sucedido in his defence, it has to be said that he didn't know what had happened;
    acudir en defensa de algo/alguien to come to the defence of sth/to sb's defence;
    salir en defensa de algo/alguien to come out in defence of sth/sb
    defensa antiaérea anti-aircraft defences;
    la defensa nacional national defence;
    defensa pasiva passive resistance;
    defensa personal self-defence
    2.
    (Ministerio de) Defensa Br ≈ Ministry of Defence, US ≈ Defense Department
    3. [legal] defence;
    basó su defensa en la falta de pruebas he based his defence on the lack of evidence;
    en defensa propia, en legítima defensa in self-defence;
    la defensa [parte en un juicio] the defence;
    la defensa tiene la palabra [en juicio] it is the turn of the defence to speak
    4.
    defensas [sistema inmunitario] defences;
    tiene las defensas muy bajas his body's defences are very low
    5. [jugadores, parte del juego] defence
    defensa al hombre man-to-man defence;
    defensa hombre man-to-man defence;
    defensa en zona [en baloncesto] zone defence
    6. Méx [parachoques] Br bumper, US fender
    7. Aut
    defensa (delantera) [en todoterrenos] bull bars
    ♦ nmf
    [jugador] defender;
    la línea de defensas the back line, the defence
    defensa central [en fútbol] central defender, centre back;
    defensa de cierre [en rugby] fullback;
    Fam defensa escoba [en fútbol] sweeper
    * * *
    I f
    1 JUR, DEP defense, Br
    defence;
    legítima defensa self-defense, Br self-defence;
    salir en defensa de alguien come to s.o.’s defense
    2 L.Am.
    AUTO fender, Br
    mudguard
    3
    :
    defensas pl MED defenses, Br defences
    II m/f DEP defender
    * * *
    : defense
    defensa nmf
    : defender, back (in sports)
    * * *
    1. (en general) defence
    2. (jugador) defender

    Spanish-English dictionary > defensa

  • 119 swing

    1. noun
    1) (apparatus) Schaukel, die
    2) (spell of swinging) Schaukeln, das
    3) (Sport): (strike, blow) Schlag, der; (Boxing) Schwinger, der; (Golf) Schwung, der

    take a swing at somebody/something — zum Schlag gegen jemanden/auf etwas (Akk.) ausholen

    4) (of suspended object) Schwingen, das

    in full swing — (fig.) in vollem Gang[e]

    5) (steady movement) Rhythmus, der

    get into/be in the swing of things or it — richtig reinkommen/richtig drin sein (ugs.)

    6) (Mus.) Swing, der
    7) (shift) Schwankung, die; (of public opinion) Wende, die; (amount of change in votes) Abwanderung, die
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (turn on axis, sway) schwingen; (in wind) schaukeln

    swing open — [Tür:] aufgehen

    2) (go in sweeping curve) schwenken

    swing from somebody's arm/a tree — an jemandes Arm/einem Baum schwingen (geh.) od. baumeln

    3)

    swing into action — (fig.) loslegen (ugs.)

    4) (move oneself by swinging) sich schwingen
    5) (sl.): (be executed by hanging) baumeln (salopp)
    3. transitive verb,
    1) schwingen; (rock) schaukeln

    swing something round and round — etwas kreisen od. im Kreise wirbeln lassen

    2) (cause to face in another direction) schwenken

    he swung the car off the road/into the road — er schwenkte [mit dem Auto] von der Straße ab/in die Straße ein

    3) (have influence on) umschlagen lassen [öffentliche Meinung]

    swing the elections — den Ausgang der Wahlen entscheiden

    what swung it for me... — was für mich den Ausschlag gab...

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/112515/swing_round">swing round
    * * *
    [swiŋ] 1. past tense, past participle - swung; verb
    1) (to (cause to) move or sway in a curve (from side to side or forwards and backwards) from a fixed point: You swing your arms when you walk; The children were swinging on a rope hanging from a tree; The door swung open; He swung the load on to his shoulder.) schwingen
    2) (to walk with a stride: He swung along the road.) schwungvoll gehen
    3) (to turn suddenly: He swung round and stared at them; He is hoping to swing the voters in his favour.) sich drehen, herumkriegen
    2. noun
    1) (an act, period, or manner, of swinging: He was having a swing on the rope; Most golfers would like to improve their swing.) das Schwingen, der Schlag
    2) (a swinging movement: the swing of the dancers' skirts.) der Schwung
    3) (a strong dancing rhythm: The music should be played with a swing.) der Schwung
    4) (a change in public opinion etc: a swing away from the government.) die Schwenkung
    5) (a seat for swinging, hung on ropes or chains from a supporting frame etc.) die Schaukel
    •
    - swinging
    - swing bridge
    - swing door
    - be in full swing
    - get into the swing of things
    - get into the swing
    - go with a swing
    * * *
    [swɪŋ]
    I. n
    1. (movement) Schwingen nt kein pl
    with a \swing of his axe... mit einem Schwung seiner Axt...
    2. (punch) Schlag m
    to take a \swing at sb zum Schlag gegen jdn ausholen
    3. (hanging seat) Schaukel f
    porch \swing Hollywoodschaukel f
    to go on a \swing schaukeln
    4. (change) Schwankung f
    mood \swing Stimmungsschwankung f; POL Umschwung m
    5. esp AM (quick trip) Stippvisite f fam
    to take a \swing through the southern states eine kurze Tour durch die Südstaaten machen
    6. no pl MUS Swing m
    7. AM (in baseball) Swing m
    8.
    ▶ to be in full \swing voll im Gang sein
    ▶ to get [back] into the \swing of things [or it] ( fam) sich akk [wieder] an etwas gewöhnen, [wieder] in etwas reinkommen fam
    ▶ to go with a \swing BRIT ( fam: be exciting) Schwung haben; (be well done) ein voller Erfolg sein
    ▶ what you lose on the \swings, you gain on the roundabouts [or it's \swings and roundabouts] BRIT ( prov) das hält sich die Waagschale, das ist Jacke wie Hose [o ÖSTERR, DIAL g'hupft wie g'hatscht] [o SCHWEIZ Hans was Heinrich] fam
    II. vi
    <swung, swung>
    1. (move) [hin- und her]schwingen; (move circularly) sich akk drehen
    the monkey was \swinging from tree to tree der Affe schwang sich von Baum zu Baum
    the door swung open in the wind die Tür ging durch den Wind auf
    2. (attempt to hit) zum Schlag ausholen
    ▪ to \swing at sb [with sth] [mit etw dat] nach jdm schlagen
    3. (in playground) schaukeln
    4. (alternate) mood schwanken
    5. MUS swingen
    6. ( fam: be exciting) swingen sl
    you need music to make a party \swing man braucht Musik, um eine Party in Schwung zu bringen
    7. esp AM (stop shortly)
    ▪ to \swing by somewhere irgendwo kurz anhalten
    8. (hang) hängen, baumeln fam
    ▪ to \swing for sth für etw akk gehängt werden; AM ( fig: be reprimanded) für etw akk gerügt [o getadelt] werden
    9. AM ( fam: in baseball)
    to \swing for the fences einen Homerun versuchen
    10. AM ( fam: to take a chance and go for it all) das Äußerste wagen
    11.
    ▶ to \swing into action loslegen fam
    III. vt
    <swung, swung>
    ▪ to \swing sth etw [hin und her] schwingen
    to \swing one's arms die Arme schwingen
    2. MUS etw als Swing spielen
    3. ( fam: arrange)
    ▪ to \swing sth:
    do you think you could \swing the job for me? glaubst du, du könntest die Sache für mich schaukeln? fam
    to \swing it es arrangieren [o fam deichseln]
    to \swing an election ( pej) eine Wahl herumreißen fam
    4.
    ▶ to \swing the balance den Ausschlag geben
    ▶ to \swing the lead BRIT sich akk vor etw dat drücken
    IV. adj voter, state entscheidend
    * * *
    [swɪŋ] vb: pret, ptp swung
    1. n
    1) (= movement) Schwung m; (to and fro) Schwingen nt; (of needle) Ausschlag m; (= distance) Ausschlag m, Schwung(weite f) m; (BOXING ETC = blow) Schwinger m; (GOLF, SKIING ETC) Schwung m; (fig, POL) (Meinungs)umschwung m

    the golfer took a big swing at the ball —

    my swing is too short — ich hole nicht weit genug aus

    2) (= rhythm) Schwung m; (= kind of music, dance) Swing m

    to get into the swing of sth (of new job, married life etc) — sich an etw (acc) gewöhnen

    3) (= seat for swinging) Schaukel f

    what you win or gain on the swings (you lose on the roundabouts) (prov) — was man auf der einen Seite gewinnt, verliert man auf der anderen

    4) (esp US

    = scope, freedom) he gave his imagination full swing — er ließ seiner Fantasie or Phantasie (dat) freien Lauf

    he was given full swing to make decisions — man hat ihm bei allen Entscheidungen freie Hand gelassen

    2. vt
    1) object schwingen; (to and fro) hin und her schwingen; (on swing, hammock) schaukeln; arms, legs (vigorously) schwingen (mit); (= dangle) baumeln mit; propeller einen Schwung geben (+dat)
    See:
    → cat
    2) (= move) schwingen

    he swung his axe at the tree/at me — er schwang die Axt gegen den Baum/gegen mich

    to swing a door open/shut —

    he swung the case ( up) onto his shoulder — er schwang sich (dat) die Kiste auf die Schulter

    he swung himself over the stream/wall/up into the saddle — er schwang sich über den Bach/über die Mauer/in den Sattel

    3) (= influence) election, decision, voters beeinflussen; opinion umschlagen lassen; person umstimmen, herumkriegen (inf)

    his speech swung the decision in our favour — seine Rede ließ die Entscheidung zu unseren Gunsten ausfallen

    what swung it for me was the fact that... (inf) — was dann letzten Endes den Ausschlag gegeben hat, war, dass...

    to swing it ( so that...) (inf) — es so drehen or deichseln (inf)(, dass...)

    he managed to swing it in our favour — es gelang ihm, es zu unseren Gunsten zu drehen

    4) (turn) plane, car herumschwenken
    3. vi
    1) (object) schwingen; (to and fro) (hin und her) schwingen; (= pivot) sich drehen; (on swing) schaukeln; (arms, legs = dangle) baumeln

    he was left swinging by his hands — er hing or (dangerously) baumelte nur noch an den Händen

    2) (= move into saddle, along rope etc) sich schwingen

    opinion/the party has swung to the right — die Meinung/die Partei hat einen Rechtsschwenk gemacht

    3) (music, tune) Schwung haben

    the town/club began to swing — in der Stadt/im Klub kam Stimmung auf (inf)

    4) (inf

    = be hanged) he'll swing for it — dafür wird er baumeln

    I'll swing for him ( yet) — ich bring ihn noch um (inf)

    he's not worth swinging for — es lohnt sich nicht, sich an ihm die Hände schmutzig zu machen (inf)

    * * *
    swing [swıŋ]
    A v/t prät und pperf swung [swʌŋ]
    1. ein Lasso, Schwert etc schwingen:
    swing o.s. from branch to branch;
    2. eine Glocke etc schwingen, (hin- und her)schwenken:
    swing one’s arms mit den Armen schlenkern; she left the room, swinging her hips mit wiegenden Hüften;
    swing out TECH ausschwenken;
    swing sb round jemanden herumwirbeln oder -schwenken;
    swing the propeller den Propeller durchdrehen oder anwerfen; → lead2 A 2, room A 1
    3. baumeln oder pendeln lassen, aufhängen ( from an dat):
    swing a hammock eine Hängematte aufhängen;
    swing one’s legs mit den Beinen baumeln;
    swing a gate open (to) ein Tor auf-(zu)stoßen
    5. swing in (out) besonders MIL ein-(aus)schwenken lassen
    6. SCHIFF (rund)schwojen
    7. (auf die Schulter etc) (hoch)schwingen
    8. TECH Spielraum lassen für:
    9. umg
    a) etwas schaukeln, hinkriegen
    b) US die Wähler etc rumkriegen
    c) US eine Wahl etc entscheiden(d beeinflussen)
    B v/i
    1. (hin- und her)schwingen, pendeln, ausschlagen (Pendel, Zeiger):
    swing from branch to branch sich von Ast zu Ast schwingen;
    swing into motion in Schwung oder Gang kommen;
    swing into action fig loslegen;
    a) fig alles abdecken,
    b) POL eine Wahlrundreise machen;
    swing round the circle of all theories US sich der Reihe nach mit allen Theorien befassen
    2. baumeln ( from an dat) (Glocke etc)
    3. (sich) schaukeln
    4. umg baumeln (gehängt werden):
    5. sich drehen ( on its hinges in den Angeln) (Tür etc):
    swing open (to) auffliegen (zuschlagen);
    a) sich ruckartig umdrehen,
    b) sich drehen (Wind etc),
    c) fig umschlagen (öffentliche Meinung etc)
    6. SCHIFF schwojen
    7. a) mit schwungvollen oder flotten Bewegungen gehen, auch MIL (flott) marschieren
    b) swing in(to line) (out) besonders MIL ein-(aus)schwenken
    8. mit Schwung oder in großem Bogen fahren:
    9. sich in weitem Bogen hinziehen:
    10. a) schwanken
    b) TECH Schwingungen haben
    11. a) Schwung haben, schwungvoll sein (Musik etc)
    b) lebenslustig sein
    12. (zum Schlag) ausholen:
    swing at sb nach jemandem schlagen
    13. MUS swingen, Swing spielen oder tanzen
    14. sl swingen (Atmosphäre haben)
    15. sl (gerne) Partner tauschen
    C s
    1. (Hin- und Her)Schwingen n, Schwingung f, Pendeln n, Ausschlagen n (eines Pendels oder Zeigers), TECH auch Schwungweite f, Ausschlag m:
    the swing of the pendulum fig der Umschwung;
    free swing Bewegungsfreiheit f, Spielraum m (beide a. fig):
    a) einer Sache freien Lauf lassen,
    b) jemandem freie Hand lassen;
    the party was in full swing die Party war in vollem Gang
    2. Schaukeln n:
    have a swing schaukeln
    3. a) Schwung m (beim Gehen, Skilauf etc), schwingender Gang, Schlenkern n
    b) LIT, MUS Schwung m (auch fig), schwingender Rhythmus:
    with a swing schwungvoll;
    get into the swing of things umg den Bogen rauskriegen;
    go with a swing Schwung haben, fig a. wie am Schnürchen gehen
    4. Schwung (-kraft f) m (auch fig):
    at full swing in vollem Schwung, in voller Fahrt
    5. WIRTSCH US umg Konjunkturperiode f
    6. umg (Arbeits)Schicht f
    7. Boxen: Schwinger m
    8. POL US Wahlrundreise f
    9. a) Schwenkung f
    b) fig Umschwung m (of gen oder in dat):
    swing of opinion Meinungsumschwung
    10. Schaukel f: → roundabout B 3
    11. TECH
    a) Spielraum m, Spitzenhöhe f (einer Drehbank)
    b) (Rad)Sturz m
    12. MUS Swing m (ein Jazzstil)
    13. WIRTSCH Swing m (Spielraum für Kreditgewährung bei bilateralen Handelsverträgen)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (apparatus) Schaukel, die
    2) (spell of swinging) Schaukeln, das
    3) (Sport): (strike, blow) Schlag, der; (Boxing) Schwinger, der; (Golf) Schwung, der

    take a swing at somebody/something — zum Schlag gegen jemanden/auf etwas (Akk.) ausholen

    4) (of suspended object) Schwingen, das

    in full swing — (fig.) in vollem Gang[e]

    5) (steady movement) Rhythmus, der

    get into/be in the swing of things or it — richtig reinkommen/richtig drin sein (ugs.)

    6) (Mus.) Swing, der
    7) (shift) Schwankung, die; (of public opinion) Wende, die; (amount of change in votes) Abwanderung, die
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (turn on axis, sway) schwingen; (in wind) schaukeln

    swing open — [Tür:] aufgehen

    swing from somebody's arm/a tree — an jemandes Arm/einem Baum schwingen (geh.) od. baumeln

    3)

    swing into action — (fig.) loslegen (ugs.)

    4) (move oneself by swinging) sich schwingen
    5) (sl.): (be executed by hanging) baumeln (salopp)
    3. transitive verb,
    1) schwingen; (rock) schaukeln

    swing something round and round — etwas kreisen od. im Kreise wirbeln lassen

    he swung the car off the road/into the road — er schwenkte [mit dem Auto] von der Straße ab/in die Straße ein

    3) (have influence on) umschlagen lassen [öffentliche Meinung]

    what swung it for me... — was für mich den Ausschlag gab...

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (music) n.
    Swingmusik f. n.
    Schaukel -n f.
    Schwingen n. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: swung)
    = schaukeln v.
    schwingen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: schwang, geschwungen)

    English-german dictionary > swing

  • 120 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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