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1 ἀστεροπή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `lightning' (Il.).Other forms: στεροπή (Il.), ἀστραπή (Hdt.); στροπά ἀστραπή. Πάφιοι and στορπάν (cod. - τιάν) την ἀστραπήν H.; epithet of Zeus Στορπᾶος (Tegea). Note στροφαί. ἀστραπαίH.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Mostly taken as `star-eye' from ἀστήρ and ὀπ- (in ὄψ `eye', ὄψομαι) with -η ( ὀπή `opening'), what seemed confirmed by Arm. p` ayl-akn `lightning' (cf. p` ayl `gleam, splendour' and akn `eye') and areg-akn `sun' (from arew `sun' and akn), Meillet Handes Amsorya 41, 757ff., s. Idg. Jb. 13 VIII 98). - Diff. Winter Prothet. Vokal 35. - στεροπή cannot be explained in this way, nor ἀστραπη (for ἀστράπτω one would expect *ἀστρασσω, Chantr.) or στροφή. The word, therefore, must be a substr. word; after Kuiper, Fur. s. Beekes, MSS 48 (1987) 15-20.Page in Frisk: 1,170Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀστεροπή
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2 κόπρος
Grammatical information: f. (on the gender Schwyzer-Debrunner 34 n. 4)Meaning: `excrement, ordure, dung, filth' (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e. g. κοπρο-λόγος `dung-gatherer' (Ar.), κοπρο-φορά `loaf of dung' (Amorgos IVa; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 187 A. 2 [S. 188]).Derivatives: A. Subst. κόπριον = κόπρος (Heraclit., Hp., inscr., pap.) with κοπριώδης `dung-like, full of dung' (Hp., Thphr., pap.), κοπριακός `belonging to dung' (pap.); κόπρανα pl. `excrements' (Hp., Aret.); κοπρία `dung-heap' (Semon., Stratt., Arist.; Scheller Oxytonierung 44); κοπρών (Ar.), - εών (Tz.), - ιών (Gortyn) `privy'; κοπροσύνη `manuring' (pap. VIp); - Κοπρεύς herald of Eurystheus (Ο 639; Boßhardt Die Nomina auf - ευς 121); Κοπρεαῖος joking PN (Ar.); κοπρίαι pl. `buffoons' (D. C.; Lat. copreae). - B. Adj. Κόπρειος `belonging to the demos Κόπρος' (inscr.), also referring to κόπρος (Ar.), Κόπριος `id.' (Is.); κόπρινος `living in κ.' (Hp.); κοπρώδης `dung-like, dirty' (Hp., Pl., Arist.). - C. verbs. κοπρέω `manure' only fut. ptc. κοπρήσοντες (ρ 299; v. l. κοπρίσσοντες); ( ἐκ-, ἐπι-)κοπρίζω `id.' (ρ 299 v. l., Hp., Thphr.) with κόπρισις, - ισμός `manuring' (Thphr., pap.); κοπρόω `defile with dung' (Arr.) with κόπρωσις `manuring' (Thphr.; ἐκκοπρόω with - ωσις Hp.); κοπρεύω = κοπρίζω (Chios V-IVa), κοπρεῦσαι φυτεῦσαι H.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [544] *ḱokʷr `dung'Etymology: Thematic form of an old r-n-stem, which is preserved in Skt. śákr̥-t, śakn-áḥ `dung'; so IE. *ḱoku̯r-. A primary verb is assumed in Lith. šikù, sìkti `cacare', Pok. 544, W.-Hofmann s. cacō and mūscerda. S. also on σκῶρ. The Lall-word κακκάω is not cognate.Page in Frisk: 1,914-915Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόπρος
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3 οὖς
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `ear'; metaph. `handle'(Il.; IA).Other forms: ὦς (Theoc., hell.). Gen. ὠτός, nom. acc. pl. ὦτα etc. (IA.), οὔατος, - ατα etc., with n. a. sg. οὖας (Simon.); besides ἆτα (cod. ἄτα) ὦτα. Ταραντῖνοι H.; prob. also sg. αὖς (Paul. Fest. 100, 4; Wackernagel IF 45, 312ff. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1252ff.); further details on the inflexion in Schwyzer 520.Dialectal forms: Myc. anowoto; also anowe like ἀμφ-ώης `with two ears or handles' (Theoc.; ἄμφ-ωτος Od.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὠτ-ακουστέω `to eavesdrop, to listen, to attend' (Hdt., X., D., Plb.), compound of ὠτὶ ἀκουστόν (opposite ἀν-ηκουστέω: οὑκ ἀκουστόν; cf. ἀμνηστέω and Schwyzer 726; not correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 68), with ὠτακουστής m. `eavesdropper, listener' (Arist.); ἀν-ούατος `without ears, without handles' (Theoc.), ἄ-ωτος `id.' (Philet., Plu.); μυόσ-ωτ-ον ( μύ-ωτον) n., - ίς f. "mouse-ear" (the plant) `madwort, Asperugo', from μυὸς ὦτα `id.' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pfl.namen 42). On λαγώς s. v.Derivatives: ὠτ-ίον n. `handle, ear' (Theopomp. Com., LXX, NT), - άριον n. `id.' (com. IVa); οὑατ-όεις `with ears, handles' (Simon., Call.; also in Hom. a. Hes. for ὠτώεις to be reconstructed; Wackernagel Unt. 168f.), ὠτ-ικός `belonging to the ear' (Gal., Dsc.). Also ὠτ-ίς, - ίδος f. `bustard' (X., Arist.; after the cheek-plumes or the tuft?; Thompson Birds s.v.); besides ὦτ-ος m. `eared owl' (Arist.; after the ear-plumes). -- On ἐνῴδιον, ἐνώτιον s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [785] *h₂(e\/o)us- `ear'.Etymology: The pair οὖς, ὦς (cf. βοῦς, βῶς) can be derived from IE * ōus; Lat. aur-is, aus-cultō a.o. contain an e-grade (* h₂eus-), which may also be found in ἆτα from *αὔσ-ατα; s. also on ἀάνθα. To be noted old Att. ΟΣ, which seems to point to a contraction; one wanted to construct (since J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 407) a basis * ous-os, for which a support was seen in OCS ucho n. `ear', gen. ušes-e ; but it is also possible to read ὦς (after ὠτός etc.). The other forms can without problem be derived from IE * ōus-n-tos etc. with diff. phonetic developments, s. the extensive treatment in Schwyzer 520 a. 348, WP. 1,18 w. rich lit. The in οὔ-α-τος incorporated n-enlargement is also found in Arm. un-kn (with -kn after akn `eye'; so not comparable with ὠκίδες ἐνώτια H.) and in Germ., e.g. Goth. auso, ausin-s. -- From the further forms are especially notable the old duals Av. uš-i (IE * h₂us-ī, with zero grade); OCS uš-ī (IE * h₂us-ī ). Further details from diff. languages w. rich lit. in WP. (s. ab.), Pok. 785, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. auris, Vasmer s. úcho; older lit. also in Bq. -- (See also παρειαί, παρήϊον; not here ἀκούω, ἀκροάομαι.)Page in Frisk: 2,448-449Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖς
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4 ὀφθαλμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `eye' (Il.).Other forms: Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος.Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. μον-όφθαλμος ( μουν-) `with a single eye, one-eyed' (Hdt., Plb., Str.), ἑτερ-όφθαλμος `bereft of one eye' (D., Arist.); also as 1. member, e.g. ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος `digging out the eyes' (A.).Derivatives: 1. ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον n. dimin. (Ar.); 2. - ία, Ion. - ίη f. `eye-disease' (s. Scheller Oxytonierung 42f.) with - ιάω `suffering from an eye-disease' (IA.), with - ίασις f. (Plu., H.); 3. - ίας m. name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.; because of the fixed glance, Strömberg Fischnamen 42); 4. - ικός `belonging to the eyes', m. `eye-doctor' (Gal., Dsc.); 5. - ηδόν `like eyes' (gloss.). -- 6. Verbs ὀφθαλμίζομαι `to be inoculated' (Thphr.), `to suffer from ὀ-ία' (Plu.); with prep. ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω `to inoculate' (Thphr.), - ίζομαι pass. (Delos) with - ισμός (Thphr.); also - ιάζομαι (Plu.); ἐξ-οφθαλμ-ιάζω `to disregard, to disparage' (pap. IVp); ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω (Pherecyd., Plu.), - ιάω (Plu., pap. IIIp), - έω (pap. IVp) `to ogle, to peep at'.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Understandably the word has been derived from the root ὀπ- `see'. Variants are Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος. The group κτ: πτ: φθ ("mit altem κτ [but see below], analogischem πτ und expressivem φθ" (Frisk) [Schwyzer 299 bzw. Benveniste Origines 48]?) has been connected with the group kṣ in Skt. ákṣi `eye' Schwyzer 317 w. lit.). With the suppletive n-stem e.g. in gen. akṣ-ṇ-ás the l-stem in ὀφθ-αλ-μός would correspond (Specht 351n.1). "Die lautlichen Einzelheiten sind indessen nicht endgültig und eindeutig aufgeklärt" (Frisk). An IE laibo-velar before consonat became a labial, Lejeune Phonét. $ 42, so Frisks "mit altem κτ" is wrong. The rise of - αλ(λ)- cannot be explained from IE. The repeated attempts, to explain ὀφθαλμός as a compound, are all wrong (to θάλαμος Brugmann, s. Bq and WP. 1, 864). The variation cannot well be explained as IE, nor can the formation of ὀφθαλμός. ὄκταλλος has a Pre-Greek suffix, Beekes FS Kortlandt.; already Devel. 193); it continues a palatalized l (i.e. *ly, which was represented as a geminate). This leads to a PGr. reconstruction *akʷt-aly-(m)- (with *a- = [ο] before the labiovelar). Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which gave ὀκτ-. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant ὀφθ- is unproblematic. In ὀπτίλ(λ)ος apparently the (second) *a became i through the following labialized consonant. The fact that PGr. * akʷ- strongly resembles IE * h₃ekʷ- is a mere coincidence, an accident that may be expected to occur here and there. -- Note the expressive geminate in ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν H. (to Arm. akn? Meillet BSL 26, 15f.; s. also Lejeune Traité de phon. 72 n. 1); this word may well be of IE origin. -- For words derived from the IE root ὀπ- `see', s. ὄμμα, ὄσσε, ὄπωπα; cf. WP. 1, 169ff., Pok. 775ff., W.-Hofmann s. oculus etc.Page in Frisk: 2,452-453Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφθαλμός
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