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1 άλογο
cheval -
2 ἄντυξ
ἄντυξ, - γοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `edge, rim of anything round; rail of chariot' (Delebecque Cheval 177f.) (Il.)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Explained as ἀνά and a root noun - τυξ to τεύχω, τετυκεῖν, but these have - χ-, - κ- and the etym. does not convince: this type of etymology should be seriously questioned. Speculations in vW. Resembles ἄμπυξ (but gen. - κος), which has no etym. (s. v.). Cf. καταῖτυξ, which is also unclear.Page in Frisk: 1,115Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄντυξ
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3 ἀπήνη
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: πήνα· ἀπήνη H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown. The first question is the relation with πήνα ἀπήνη H.; apocopated acc. to Strömberg Wortstudien 45; thus Fur. 374: the analysis must be ἀπ-ηνη; but rejected by Winter Prothet. Vokal 13 (if the ἀ- is a proth. vowel, the word would be a substr. word). Then there is the synonym καπᾱ́νᾱ (Xenarch. 11, Thess.), s. Güntert Reimwortbildungen 152; the agreement is remarkable, the word is hardly IE. Fur. 224 n. 96 compares γάπος ὄχημα. Τυρρηνοί H. He also adduces (285) λαμπήνη id. (with λαπίνη, which shows prenasalization; on λ\/zero see Fur. 392). Further one has compared ἀμανάν ἅμαξαν H. There is also Myc. apenewo, which would be drawing animals; but ἀπήνη will have -ᾱνᾱ. Bănăt̨eanu REIE 3, 141 thought the word is Anatolian (which amounts to saying that it is a substr. word), which DELG considers possible (but not because ἄμαξα is IE, q.v.!); Szemerényi, JHS 94 (1974) 149f. thought it could be Semitic. - The comparison with καπάνα is the most convincing and shows foreign (substr.) origin (κ-\/zero Fur. 391f.).Page in Frisk: 1,121Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπήνη
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4 ἅρμα 1
ἅρμα 1.Grammatical information: n. (pl.)Dialectal forms: Myc. amo \/ armo\/, dat. amotei, pl. amota, but it means `wheel'; amotejonade \/armoteiōna-de\/ `to the wheel workingplace'. On traces of the meaning `wheel' in Homer s. Panagl, Papers...Szemerényi (1992) 137-44. On the development (Myc. armho-, not yet * harmo-) Ruijgh, Études 48 n. 17.Compounds: ἁρματο-πηγός (Il.) `wheel-maker' etc. ἁρμάμαξα contains ἄμαξα (Ar.), unless it is an adapted Persian word. On βητάρμων s.v.Etymology: From ἀρ- `fit' in ἀραρίσκω; spiritus asper from original suffix - sm- (Schwyzer 523, Chantr. Form. 175), also in: ἁρμός (s. ἁρμόζω), ἁρμονία, ἁρμαλια (s.s.vv.). - Outside Greek there are several forms with m-suffix, e. g.Lat. arma pl. `weapons', armentum `herd' (independent formation), Arm. y-armar `fitting'. (Not here Lat. armus m. `arm', Goth. arms id., Skt.īrmá- id. etc. (\< * h₂(e)rH-mo-).Page in Frisk: 1,142-143Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἅρμα 1
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5 ζεύγνυμι
ζεύγνυμι, - ύωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `bring under the yoke, unite' (Il.)Other forms: Aor. ζεῦξαι, pass. ζυγῆναι, ζευχθῆναι, fut. ζεύξω, perf. pass. ἔζευγμαι (Il.), perf. act. ἔζευχα (Philostr.)Derivatives: 1. ζεῦξις `yoking, bridging' (Hdt.), often to prefixcompp., e. g. σύ-, διά-, ἐπί-ζευξις (IA). 2. ὑπο-, ἀνα-, παρα-, ἀπο-ζυγή etc. (since Va), as simplex only pap. (IV-VIp) meaning `pair'. 3. ζεῦγμα `what is used for joining, bridge of boats, canal-lock etc.' (Th., E., Plb.) with ζευγματικόν `payment for a ship through a canal-lock' (pap.). 4. ζεύγλη `part of a yoking' (`yoke-cushion, loop attached to the yoke through which the beasts' heads were put', cf. Delebecque Cheval 60 and 179) etc. (Il.; s. below). 5. ζεῦγος, s. v. 6. ζυγόν, s. v. 7. - ζυξ, s. ζυγόν. 8. ζευκτήριος `apt for yoking, connecting', n. `yoke' (A.), ζευκτηρίαι pl. `ropes two fasten a rudder' ( Act. Ap. 27, 40); later 9. ζευκτήρ `connecter' (J.), f. - ειρα (Orph.); cf. Chantraine Formation 45, 62f. and below. 10. ( δια- etc.) ζευκτικός (hell.). 11. ζευκτός (Str., Plu.; s. below).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [508] *i̯eug- `yoke, connectEtymology: Bedie the athematic νυ-present ζεύγνυμι (with full grade; cf. δείκνυμι) the other languages have forms with inner nasal, Skt. yunák-ti `yokes, connects' (athem.), Lat. iung-ō (them.), Lith. jung-iù (jot pres.) `id.', or nasalless forms, Av. yaog-ǝt_ (3. sg. pret., athem.), yuǰ-yeite (3. sg., jot pras.). The other Greek forms too show full grade except the aorist ἐζύγην and the noun - ζυγη, e.g. the future and the σ-aorist (s. Schwyzer 751) but also the late nom. ag. ζευκτήρ (= Sktd. yoktár-), and the σι-(τι-)deriv. ζεῦξις and the late verbal adj. ζευκτός (against Sktd. (prá-)yukti-, yuktá-). - The λ-deriv. ζεύγ-λη is not connected with Lat. iŭgulum `clavicle' and Skt. yúgalam `pair'. S. also ζυγόν.Page in Frisk: 1,609-610Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ζεύγνυμι
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6 ἱμάς-
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `leathern strap, for drawing, lashing etc., thong of a sandal, of a door etc.', as building term `beam' (Il.; Delebecque Cheval 63, 187f.).Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἱμαντ-ελίκται pl. "pricker of tapes-", name of the sophists in Democr. 150, ἱμαντελιγμός name of a game (Poll. 9, 118), compounds of ἱμάντας ἑλίσσειν, cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 244 w. n. 1.Derivatives: Diminut. ἱμάντιον (Hp.), ἱμαντ-άριον (Delos IIa a. o.), - ίδιον (EM), - ίσκος (Herod.); adj. ἱμάντινος `of ropes' (Hdt., Hp.), ἱμαντώδης `rope-like' (Pl., Dsc., Gal.); denomin. verbs: 1. ἱμάσσω, aor. ἱμάσαι a) `lash' (Il.) with ἱμάσθλη `lash, whip' (Il.); also μάσθλης (through cross with μάστιξ?, cf. on μαίο-μαι; diff. on ἱμάσσω, ἱμάσθλη Schwyzer 533, 725 n. 3, Belardi Maia 2, 274ff.); b) `provide with ἱμάντες, i. e. beams' only in ἱμασσια `beams?' (IG 4, 823, 26, Troizen IVa; s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 149 w. n. 1, Bechtel Dial. 2, 510, Scheller Oxytonierung 113 n. 1). 2. ἱμάσκω `wallop' (`fetter'?; Del.3 409, 7; cf. Brugmann IF 29, 214). 3. ἱμαντόω `provide with ἱμάντες, i. e. bed-clothes' in ἱμαντωμένην κλίνην (H. s. πυξ\< ίνην\>; from there ἱμάντωσις (LXX, Poll.), ἱμάντωμα H. - Besides, independent of ἱμάς, but cognate with it: 1. ἱμαῖος (sc. ᾠδή), ἱμαῖον ( μέλος, ᾳ῏σμα) `song at water scooping' (Call., Tryphon, Suid.) with ἱμαοιδός (haplolog. for ἱμαιο-αοιδός) `who sings an ἱμαῖον' (Poll., H.); 2. ἱμάω `bring (water) up with a ropel (from a well)', also metaph. (Arist., Ath.), usually ἀν-, καθ-ιμάω (Ar., X.) with ἱμητήρ ( κάδος, Delos IIa), ἱμητήριος (H. s. ἱβανατρίς), ἀν-, καθ-ίμησις (Plu.); 3. ἱμονιά `well-rope' (Com., Ph., Luc. a. o.; Scheller Oxytonierung 75f.); 4. ἱμανήθρη `id.' s. v.Etymology: As secondary formation in - ντ- (Schwyzer 526, esp. Kretschmer Glotta 14, 99f.) ἱμάς supposes a noun, that is found also in ἱμάω, ἱμαῖος, so e.g. *ἱμᾱ `rope' ( ἱμαῖος from ἱμάω like δαμαῖος from δαμάζω?; cf. Chantr. Form. 48f.); beside it we find in ἱμον-ιά (as in καθ-, κατ-ιμονεύει καθίησι, καθιεῖ H., if not free formed to ἱμονιά) an ν-stem, prob. *ἱμων; thus ἱμανήθρη through *ἱμανάω, perh. *ἱμαίνω goes back on *ἱμάνη (cf. πλεκτάνη, ἀρτάνη; this seems quite doubtful, however), or *ἷμα; cf. e. g. γνώμη: γνῶμα: γνώμων. Note the changing quantity of the anlauting vowel: against length in ἱμονιά, ἱμανήθρη, καθ-ιμάω stands a short in ἱμαῖος, mostly also in ἱμάς (except Φ 544, Κ 475 a. o., cf. Schulze Q. 181, 466 n. 1) with compp. and derivv. The change cannot go back on old ablaut (as Frisl says), but it will continue * sh₁i-, which with metathesis (to * sih₁m-) gives a long, without a short vowel; see Schrijver, Laryngals in Latin 519ff, who supposes that a stressed form resulted in the long vowel. With *ἱ̄μων agrees exactly a Germ. word for `rope', e. g. OWNo. sīmi, OS sīmo m.; with deviant meaning Skt. sīmán- m. f. `skull, boundary', IE * sī-mon-, sī-men- (note that for Germ. also * seh₁i-m- is possible); formally identical are *ἱμᾱ and Skt. sīmā f. `boundary'; an m-suffix also in Irish sim `chain'. The primary verb `bind' is still seen in Indo-Iranian, Baltic and Hittite, e. g. Skt. sy-ati, si-nā́-ti, Ptz. sĭ-ta-, Lith. sienù, siẽti, Hitt. išh̯ii̯a-, 3. sg. išh̯āi. The nominal derivv. are very numerous, a. o. OHG NHG seil (uncertain hypotheses in Specht Ursprung 227). More forms Pok. 891f. - (The group ἰβάνη, ἴβανος etc. (s. v. and s. εἴβω) is rather Pre-Greek (Kuiper Μνήμης χάριν 1, 212f.).Page in Frisk: 1,724-725Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἱμάς-
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7 ἵππος
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `horse, mare' (Il.), collective f. `cavalry' (IA)Compounds: Very often in compp.: bahuvrihi ( λεύκ-ιππος), governing compp. ( ἱππό-δαμ-ος, ἱππ-ηλά-της), determin. compp. ( ἱππο-τοξότης); with transformed 2. member ( ἱππο-πόταμος, ἵππ-αγρος for ἵππος ποτάμιος, ἄγριος, Risch IF 59, 287; ἱππο-κορυστής, s. κόρυς); with metr. conditioned ἱππιο- for ἱππο- in ἱππιο-χαίτης, - χάρμης (ep.). As 1. member also augmentative, esp in plant-names ( ἱππο-λάπαθον a. o., Strömberg Pflanzennamen 30).Derivatives: A. Substantives: diminut. ἱππάριον (X.), ἱππίσκος `(small) statue of a horse' (Samos IVa) etc., ἱππίδιον as fishname (Epich.; Strömberg Fischnamen 100). - ἱππότης m. `horse-, chariot-driver' (Il.; in Homer always ἱππότᾰ with voc. = nom.; see Risch Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 389ff), f. ἱππότις (Nonn.); ἱππεύς `horse-driver, chariot-fighter' (Il.), `cavalrist' (Sapph., A., Hdt.), `knight' as social class (Hdt., Ar., Arist.); from there ἱππεύω, s. C.; also as name of a comet like ἱππίας (Plin., Apul.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 107); ἱππών `stable' (Att. inscr., X.); ἱππάκη `cheese of mare-milk' (Hp.), also plant-name (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 136; formation like ἐριθάκη, ἁλωνάκη a. o.); ἵππερος "horse-fever" (Ar., like ἴκτερος, ὕδερος); ἱπποσύνη `art of driving, cavalry' (Il.; Urs Wyss Die Wörter auf - σύνη 23 u. 49). - B. Adjectives: ἱππάς f. `belonging to a horse, status and census of the knights in Athens' (Hp., Arist.); ἵππειος `belonging to a horse' (Il.); ἵππιος `id.' (Alc., Pi., trag.), often as epithet of gods (Poseidon, Athena etc.); from there Ίππιών as month-name (Eretria); ἱππικός `id.' (IA; Chantraine Et. sur le vocab. gr. 141); ἱππώδης `horse-like' (X.). - C. Verbs: 1. ἱππάζομαι, also with ἀφ-, ἐφ-, καθ- a. o., `drive horses, serve as riding-horse' (Il.) with ἱππασία, ἱππάσιμος, ἱππαστήρ, - άστρια, ἱππαστής, - αστικός, ἵππασμα, ἱππασμός. 2. ἱππεύω `id.' (IA), prop. from ἱππεύς, but also referring to ἵππος (Schwyzer 732), also with prefix, e. g. ἀφ-, καθ-, παρ-, συν-; from there ἱππευτήρ, - τής, ἱππεία, ἵππευσις, ἵππευμα; details in Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 34f. - Further endless proper-names, both full- and short-names ( Ίππόλυτος, Ίππίας, Ι῝ππη etc.etc.). See E. Delebecque Le cheval dans l'Iliade. Paris 1951.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [301] *h₁eḱuos `horse'Etymology: Inherited word for `horse', e. g. Skt. áśva-, Lat. equus, Venet. acc. ekvon, Celt., e. g. OIr. ech, Germ., e. g. OE eoh, OLith. ešva `mare', Toch. B yakwe, perh. also Thrac. PN Βετεσπιος, give IE *h₁eḱu̯os; further HLuw. aśuwa, Lyc. esbe. From this form we expect Gr. *ἔππος or *ἔκκος (s. Schwyzer 301). A form with geminate is indeed found in ἴκκος (EM 474, 12), Ἴκκος PN (Tarent., Epid.); s. Lejeune, Phonétique 72. (With ἴκκος: ἵππος cf. Pannonian PN Ecco, Eppo.) A problem is the ἰ-; one suggestion was that it is Mycenaean; Cf. W.-Hofmann s. equus, Schwyzer 351. The aspiration is also difficult. - There is no further explanation for the word (connection e.g. with ὠκύς cannot be demonstrated).Page in Frisk: 1,734-735Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἵππος
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8 κέλης
κέλης, - ητοςGrammatical information: m.Other forms: also (Dor.?) κέληξ `runner' (IG 5: 1, 213; Sparta Va).Derivatives: κελήτιον `sloop, shallop' (Th., App.); κελητίζω `ride on race-horses, one who leaps from horse to horse' (Ο 679 usw.), κελητιᾶν κελητίζειν, ἱππεύειν H.Etymology: Formation in - ητ- resp. - ηκ- (Schwyzer 499 and 496), perh. from κέλομαι `drive om' (s. v.). From it Lat. celēs, celōx (after vēlōx) `fast-sailing ship'. - Doubtful is connection with Av. čarāitī `younge woman' (prob. to čar- `move', s. πέλομαι) and with Germ., e. g. OHG helid `Held' (Johansson WZKM 19, 237, Meillet MSL 17, 114).Page in Frisk: 1,816-817Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κέλης
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9 μάστιξ
μάστιξ, -ῑγοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `whip, scourge', metaph. `plague' (Il.).Other forms: dat. acc. also μάστῑ, - ῐν (Ψ 500, ο 182, AP).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. μαστιγο-φόρος `scourge-bearing', also name of a policeman (Th., Pap.).Derivatives: Dimin. μαστίγιον (M. Ant.); μαστιγ-ίας m. `rogue' (Att.; Chantraine Form. 93), - ία name of a magic plant (PMag. Par.). Denominative verbs: 1. μαστίω, only presentstem, `whip, crourge, thrash' (rarely ep. since Il.). 2. μαστίζω (posthom.), - ίσδω (Theoc.), aor. μαστίξαι (Il.; hell.) `id.', either from μάστιξ or enlarged from μαστίω (cf. Schwyzer 735 n. 4, Schulze Kl. Schr. 354 n. 1, Ruijgh L'éIém. ach. 88), with μαστίκ-τωρ `scourger, chastiser' (A. Eu. 159), - τήρ `id.' (coni. A. Supp. 466; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 22f.). 3. μαστιγ-ῶσαι, - όω (- έω Hdt. 1, 114) `id.' (IA.) with μαστίγωσις `whipping' (Ath.), - ώσιμος `worth a thrashing' (Luc.; after λεύσιμος, Arbenz 99). -- On μάστιξ, - ίζω also Delebecque Cheval 186ff.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Nom. instr. in - τις ( ἄρυσ-τις, κνῆσ-τις etc.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 32, 42; Chantraine Form. 275 f.), with γ-enlargement (Schwyzer 496, Chantraine 397) μασ-τῑ-γ-, from μάσ-σασθαι, μαίομαι `touch' (s. v.). -- The formal similariy between μάστιξ, μαστιγόω and Lith. màstieguoti, mostigóti `quirl, beat about' is purely accidental (Fraenkel Wb. s. màkaluoti against Prellwitz BB 24, 106). I doubt the connection with μασάομαι, and rather think that the word is Pre-Greek. Cf. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 154.The suffix -ῑγ- is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,182-183Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάστιξ
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10 νωχελής
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `slow, dull, sluggish' (Hp., S., E., hell. epic).Other forms: Also νωχαλής (cod. νωφ-) νωθρός H. with νωχαλίζει βραδύνει; NGr. ἀνώχαλος with ἀ-prothesis (Papadopoulos Άρχ. Έφ. 28, 58 ff.).Derivatives: νωχελίη, - ία f. `slowness, laziness' (T 411; cf. Porzig, Satzinhalte 204 and Delebecque Cheval 156 f.), also - εια f. (Orib., H.); νωχελίς, - ίδος f. plantname = βαλλωτή (Ps.-Dsc.); also νωκελίς, which points to a Pre-Greek word, and νωφρύς; cf. Strömberg Pflanzenn. 158; νωχελεύομαι `be slow, indolent' (Aq.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. On the formation Bechtel s. v.; hypothetic etymology by Sütterlin IF 29, 126 (mentioned by Bq and WP. 2, 698). Fur. 133 connects νῶκαρ (s.v.), which implies that the word is Pre-Greek. Note also χαλ-\/ κελ- and χ\/φ (for which I have no explanation).Page in Frisk: 2, 332Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νωχελής
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11 παρήορος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `(horse) in the same harness' (Il.), metaph. `walking beside the track, irrational', also aprox. `outstretched' (through false interpretation of Π 471?; s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 222 ff.).Derivatives: Rhythm. byform παρηόριος `driven out of course', of a ship (A. R.), `irrational' (AP). -- From there παρηορίαι f. pl. `side-traces' (Il.), metaph. `outlying reaches of a river' (Arat. 600); παρηρία (for - ηορία?) μωρία H.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1150] *h₂u̯er- `bind, connect, hang'Etymology: Verbal noun of παρ-αείρω, s. 2. ἀείρω w. lit.; on the phonetics see Björck Alpha impum 112f., 231, on the facts Delebecque Cheval 99f., 144f.Page in Frisk: 2,474Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > παρήορος
См. также в других словарях:
cheval — cheval, aux [ ʃ(ə)val, o ] n. m. • fin XIe; lat. caballus « mauvais cheval » (mot gaul.), qui a supplanté le class. equus; cf. aussi joual I ♦ 1 ♦ Grand mammifère ongulé (hippomorphes) à crinière, plus grand que l âne, domestiqué par l homme… … Encyclopédie Universelle
cheval — CHEVAL. s. m. Animal qui hennit, propre à tirer & à porter. Cheval noir, blanc, gris pommelé, gris moucheté, truité, gris cendré, gris teste de more, alezan bruslé, alezan moreau, bay, bay brun, bay clair, isabelle, rubican, roüan, poil de souris … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
cheval — Cheval, Caballus, Equus, Sonipes. Il vient de Caballus. Cheval qui n a personne sur soy, Vacuus vel inanis aequus. Cheval de selle, Vectarius equus. Cheval de trait ou de charroy, Equus iugalis. Cheval de somme, ou un sommier, Equus sarcinarius.… … Thresor de la langue françoyse
CHEVAL (F.) — CHEVAL FERDINAND (1836 1924) Né à Charmes, dans la Drôme. Facteur rural à Hauterives, Ferdinand Cheval dispose d’un petit bagage de connaissances géographiques, historiques et scientifiques. Fonctionnaire sans reproche, il semble avoir été… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Cheval — Lugar designado por el censo de los Estados Unidos … Wikipedia Español
Cheval — may refer to: Cheval, Florida, United States Cheval tree, a tree native to North Agalega Island People with the surname Cheval: Christophe Cheval (born 1971), French sprinter Ferdinand Cheval (1836 1924), French postman This disambiguation page… … Wikipedia
Cheval — steht für: Cheval, eine Stadt in Florida Cheval ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Ferdinand Cheval (1836–1924), französischer Postbote und Erbauer des sogenannten Palais idéal Diese Seite ist eine … Deutsch Wikipedia
cheval — CHEVAL: S il connaissait sa force, ne se laisserait pas conduire. Viande de cheval : beau sujet de brochure pour un homme qui désire se poser en personnage sérieux. Cheval de course : le mépriser. À quoi sert il ? … Dictionnaire des idées reçues
Cheval — Cheval, FL U.S. Census Designated Place in Florida Population (2000): 7602 Housing Units (2000): 3659 Land area (2000): 6.683276 sq. miles (17.309605 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.160658 sq. miles (0.416102 sq. km) Total area (2000): 6.843934 sq.… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Cheval, FL — U.S. Census Designated Place in Florida Population (2000): 7602 Housing Units (2000): 3659 Land area (2000): 6.683276 sq. miles (17.309605 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.160658 sq. miles (0.416102 sq. km) Total area (2000): 6.843934 sq. miles… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Cheval — Porté dans des régions assez variées, c est dans la Drôme que le nom est le plus répandu. On le trouve aussi dans le Nord et le Morbihan. Comme pour tous les noms d animaux, le surnom est difficile à interpréter avec certitude : le possesseur d… … Noms de famille