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800+line

  • 21 con sede en América

    Ex. EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.
    * * *

    Ex: EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > con sede en América

  • 22 distribuidor de bases de datos

    = online system host, database host, host system, online service vendor
    Ex. Online system hosts, sometimes known as online system suppliers, online service vendors and online service spinners, are responsible for mounting data bases upon a computer and making the arrangements necessary for such data bases to be searchable from a large number of remote user terminals.
    Ex. This article covers the structure of a bibliographic data base, the differences in the basic index between different data base hosts, and how to link terms to make multiword concepts.
    Ex. Using the cross-file searching capabilities of the Dialog and ESA-IRS host systems, 53 data bases were investigated.
    Ex. EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.
    * * *
    = online system host, database host, host system, online service vendor

    Ex: Online system hosts, sometimes known as online system suppliers, online service vendors and online service spinners, are responsible for mounting data bases upon a computer and making the arrangements necessary for such data bases to be searchable from a large number of remote user terminals.

    Ex: This article covers the structure of a bibliographic data base, the differences in the basic index between different data base hosts, and how to link terms to make multiword concepts.
    Ex: Using the cross-file searching capabilities of the Dialog and ESA-IRS host systems, 53 data bases were investigated.
    Ex: EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > distribuidor de bases de datos

  • 23 sin formación previa

    (adj.) = untrained
    Ex. EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.
    * * *
    (adj.) = untrained

    Ex: EasyNet is an American-based, menu-driven information retrieval system which links untrained users to over 800 data bases from nearly 20 on-line service vendors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin formación previa

  • 24 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany
    d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of printing with movable type.
    [br]
    Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.
    Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.
    In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.
    Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.
    Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.
    S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

  • 25 service

    1) служба; работа
    3) услуги, обслуживание, сервис
    4) служебный; сервисный
    •
    - 700 service
    - 800 service
    - 900 service
    - abbreviated-dialing service
    - absent-subscriber service
    - advanced communication service
    - aeronautical telecommunication service
    - aeronautical-fixed service
    - aeronautical-mobile off-route service
    - aeronautical-mobile route service
    - aeronautical-mobile satellite service
    - aeronautical-multicom service
    - aeronautical-radionavigation satellite service
    - aeronautical-radionavigation service
    - air-ground radiotelephone service
    - alerting service
    - amateur-satellite service
    - ancillary service
    - application-free service
    - asymmetrical interactive service
    - attendant service
    - audio-description service
    - audiovisual multimedia service
    - authorization control service
    - automatic bank-reference service
    - automatic connection service
    - base services
    - bearer service
    - broadband service
    - broadcasting service
    - broadcasting-satellite service
    - bulletin-board service
    - Bureaufax service
    - cable-TV service
    - call service
    - carrier service
    - C-band fixed satellite service
    - cellular service
    - cellular-messaging service
    - Centrex® service
    - channel service
    - circuit-switched data-transmission service
    - citizen's radio service
    - coin service
    - communication-network service
    - confravision service
    - connectionless service
    - connection-oriented service
    - consolidated local-telecommunications service
    - constant bit-rate service
    - control service
    - conversational service
    - crytical service
    - CTX service
    - data-retrieval service
    - data-transmission service
    - data-transport service
    - Datel service
    - dedicated service
    - demand service
    - digital-terrestrial service
    - direct-dialing service
    - directory-inquiry service
    - direct-to-home service
    - distribution service
    - district service
    - document-communication service
    - document-distribution service
    - document-management service
    - document-retrieval service
    - domestic-fixed public service
    - domestic-public radio service
    - DTMF service
    - Earth exploration-satellite service
    - eight-hundred service
    - electronic-mail service
    - emergency service
    - enhanced service
    - enquiry service
    - entertainment service
    - essential service
    - extended-area service
    - five-hundred service
    - fixed-satellite service
    - flat-rate service
    - foreign-exchange service
    - fractional T1 service
    - free-phone service
    - FT1 service
    - gated service
    - general telegraph service
    - global satellite multimedia services
    - high resolution image communication service
    - high speed data service
    - image communication service
    - in-building service
    - information channel service
    - interactive on-line services
    - interactive-multimedia services
    - internal communication service
    - international telecommunication service
    - international telephone service
    - international television service
    - interruption-free service
    - intersatellite service
    - isochronous service
    - Kilostream service
    - land mobile service
    - land-mobile satellite service
    - land-transportation radio service
    - large-volume file-transfer service
    - MAILbus service
    - main service
    - marine-mobile service
    - maritime-mobile satellite service
    - maritime-radionavigation satellite service
    - Megastream service
    - messaging service
    - meteorological aids service
    - meteorological satellite service
    - mobile-air service
    - mobile-data service
    - mobile-phone service
    - mobile-satellite service
    - monochrome-television service
    - multimedia-communication service
    - multipoint-distribution service
    - naming service
    - national weather service
    - Netbios name service
    - Netbios session service service
    - network information service
    - nine-hundred service
    - nondelay service
    - nonreal-time service
    - nonswitched service
    - nonvoice service
    - numeric service
    - one-way audiovisual distribution service
    - on-line service
    - operational-fixed services
    - opportunistic service
    - packet-switched service
    - personal multimedia services
    - personal radio service
    - person-to-person service
    - port-operations service
    - presentation service
    - private NS/EP telecommunication services
    - private-line service
    - public data-transmission service
    - public radio communication service
    - public-message service
    - public-switched digital service
    - public-switched NS/EP telecommunication service
    - radio broadcast service
    - radio center annunciation service
    - radio monitoring service
    - radiocommunication service
    - radiodetermination-satellite service
    - radionavigation-satellite service
    - radiopaging service
    - real-time service
    - recorded-information service
    - reference service
    - resale service
    - reserved-circuit service
    - retrieval service
    - route aeronautical-mobile service
    - rural-radio service
    - safety service
    - satellite television service
    - seven-hundred service
    - shared service
    - short-message service
    - short-time service
    - signaling service
    - single service
    - space-operation service
    - space-research service
    - special-radio service
    - SQL-service
    - standard frequency-and-time signal satellite service
    - subscriber access service
    - subscriber trunk dialing service
    - T1 service
    - teleaction service
    - telecommunication service
    - telecommunication-service priority service
    - telefax service
    - teleinformatic services
    - telematic service
    - telemetering service
    - telephoto service
    - Teletail service
    - teletex service
    - teletypewriter exchange service
    - terminal information service
    - terrestrial mobile service
    - thin-route service
    - three-party service
    - time-signal service
    - toll service
    - trunking service
    - universal service
    - Usenet-support service
    - user-to-user service
    - value-added service
    - variable bit rate service
    - video-audio information transmitting service
    - videoconference service
    - videophone service
    - videotex service
    - virtual service
    - VISTA service
    - voiceless communication service
    - wide area telephone service
    - wired subscription service
    - wireless cable services

    English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > service

  • 26 Umfang

    m; -(e)s, Umfänge
    1. eines Kreises etc.: circumference (auch MATH.)
    2. einer Person, eines Baums etc.: girth; seine Oberarme haben einen Umfang von 40 cm his upper arms measure 40cm in circumference
    3. eines Geländes etc.: area; (Ausdehnung) extent
    4. fig. extent (auch eines Schadens etc.), size (auch wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten); (Reichweite, Bereich) range; eines Projekts etc.: scope; eine Stimme von drei Oktaven Umfang a voice with a range of three octaves; einen ungeahnten / beängstigenden Umfang annehmen Problem etc.: take on unexpected / frightening proportions; in vollem Umfang(e) fully; in großem Umfang(e) on a large scale, large-scale...
    * * *
    der Umfang
    comprehensiveness; extensiveness; bulk; scope; girt; extent; volume; amplitude; coverage; circumference; range
    * * *
    Ụm|fang
    m
    1) (von Kreis etc) perimeter, circumference (auch Geom); (von Baum) circumference; (= Bauchumfang) girth
    2) (= Fläche) area; (= Rauminhalt) capacity; (= Größe) size; (von Gepäck etc) amount
    3) (fig) (= Ausmaß) extent; (= Reichweite) range; (= Stimmumfang) range, compass; (von Untersuchung, Arbeit etc) scope; (von Verkehr, Verkauf etc) volume

    in vollem Umfang — fully, entirely, completely

    größeren/erschreckenden Umfang annehmen — to assume greater/alarming proportions

    das hat einen solchen Umfang angenommen, dass... — it has assumed such proportions that...

    * * *
    der
    1) ((the length of) the boundary line of a circle or anything circular in shape: the circumference of a circle/wheel.) circumference
    3) (the measurement round a tree, a person's waist etc.) girth
    4) (the amount between certain limits: I'm hoping for a salary within the range $30,000 to $34,000; the range of a person's voice between his highest and lowest notes.) range
    5) (the size of an activity: These guns are being manufactured on a large scale.) scale
    * * *
    Um·fang
    <-[e]s, -fänge>
    m
    1. (Perimeter) circumference; eines Baums a. girth
    2. (Ausdehnung) area
    einen \Umfang von 5 Hektar haben to cover an area of 5 hectares
    in begrenztem \Umfang on a limited scale
    in großem \Umfang on a large scale
    in vollem \Umfang completely, entirely, fully
    in vollem \Umfang freigesprochen werden to be found not guilty on all points
    eine Katastrophe in vollem \Umfang erkennen to recognize the full scale of a disaster
    \Umfang der Steuersenkung extent of tax cuts
    * * *
    1) circumference; (eines Quadrats usw.) perimeter; (eines Baums, Menschen usw.) girth; circumference
    2) (Größe) size
    3) (Ausmaß) extent; (von Wissen) range; extent; (einer Stimme) range; (einer Arbeit, Untersuchung) scope

    in vollem Umfang — fully; completely

    * * *
    Umfang m; -(e)s, Umfänge
    1. eines Kreises etc: circumference ( auch MATH)
    2. einer Person, eines Baums etc: girth;
    seine Oberarme haben einen Umfang von 40 cm his upper arms measure 40cm in circumference
    3. eines Geländes etc: area; (Ausdehnung) extent
    4. fig extent (auch eines Schadens etc), size (auch wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten); (Reichweite, Bereich) range; eines Projekts etc: scope;
    eine Stimme von drei Oktaven Umfang a voice with a range of three octaves;
    einen ungeahnten/beängstigenden Umfang annehmen Problem etc: take on unexpected/frightening proportions;
    in großem Umfang(e) on a large scale, large-scale …
    * * *
    1) circumference; (eines Quadrats usw.) perimeter; (eines Baums, Menschen usw.) girth; circumference
    2) (Größe) size
    3) (Ausmaß) extent; (von Wissen) range; extent; (einer Stimme) range; (einer Arbeit, Untersuchung) scope

    in vollem Umfang — fully; completely

    * * *
    -¨e m.
    circumference n.
    complexity n.
    comprehensiveness n.
    extent n.
    girt n.
    length n.
    perimeter n.
    periphery n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Umfang

  • 27 credit

    ['kredɪt] 1. сущ.
    1) доверие, вера

    to give credit to smb. / smth. — поверить кому-л. / чему-л.

    Charges like these may seem to deserve some degree of credit. — Обвинения, подобные этим, кажется, заслуживают известного доверия.

    Syn:
    2) хорошая репутация, доброе имя; честь

    John Gilpin was a citizen of credit and renown. (W. Cowper, John Gilpin, 1782) — Джон Гилпин был человек известный и с добрым именем.

    This they did to save their own credit. (J. Selden, Table Talk, 1654) — Они сделали это для спасения собственной чести.

    Syn:
    3) заслуга, честь

    to smb.'s credit — к чьей-л. чести

    The credit of inventing coined money has been claimed for the Persians. — Честь изобретения чеканных монет приписывали персам.

    This is much credit to you. — Это большая честь для вас.

    - do smb. credit
    4) влияние; значение; уважение

    Granvelle was not slow to perceive his loss of credit with the regent. (W. H. Prescott, The History of Philip II, 1855) — Гранвель быстро понял, что его влияние на регента ослабло.

    5) ( credits) список участников (разработчиков, организаторов)
    6) амер.
    а) "кредит" (зачётная единица в высшем учебном заведении; как правило, количество кредитов за курс равно количеству аудиторных занятий в неделю в течение семестра: 1 аудиторное занятие в неделю - 1 "кредит" за курс, 2 аудиторных занятий - 2 "кредита" и т. п.)

    The B.S. degree in chemistry requires a minimum of 180 credits to graduate. — Чтобы получить степень бакалавра химии, нужно набрать не менее 180 "кредитов".

    7) фин. кредит, долг
    - credit worthiness
    - jumbo credit
    - allow credit
    8) фин.; сокр. Cr. сумма, записанная на приход; правая сторона бухгалтерской книги ( куда записывается приход)
    2. гл.
    1) доверять, верить

    The report of William's death was credited. — Сообщению о смерти Уильяма поверили.

    Syn:
    2) приписывать (кому-л. совершение какого-л. действия)

    The staff are crediting him with having saved John's life. — Сотрудники считают, что он спас Джону жизнь.

    Syn:
    3) фин. кредитовать, выдавать кредит

    Entries were made crediting Stoney with 1,630 pounds and Armitage with 800 pounds. — Были сделаны записи о выдаче Стоуни кредита в 1630 фунтов и Армитаджу в 800 фунтов.

    4) фин. записывать в доходную часть

    Англо-русский современный словарь > credit

  • 28 range

    range [reɪndʒ]
    portée ⇒ 1 (a) échelle ⇒ 1 (b) gamme ⇒ 1 (c) champ ⇒ 1 (d) étendue ⇒ 1 (d) parcourir ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (b) ranger ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) aller de…à ⇒ 3 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (of missile, sound, transmitter, telescope) portée f; (of vehicle, aircraft) autonomie f;
    ∎ medium-range or intermediate-range missiles missiles mpl à portée intermédiaire;
    ∎ short/medium/long-range aircraft court-/moyen-/long-courrier m;
    ∎ Meteorology short/long-range forecast prévisions fpl météorologiques à court/long terme;
    ∎ at long/short range à longue/courte portée;
    ∎ out of range hors de portée;
    ∎ within (firing) range à portée de tir;
    ∎ to be within hearing range être à portée de voix;
    ∎ it can kill a man at a range of 800 metres ça peut tuer un homme à une distance de 800 mètres;
    ∎ at point blank range à bout portant;
    ∎ range of vision champ m visuel;
    ∎ it gives you some idea of the range of their powers ça vous donne une petite idée de l'étendue de leurs pouvoirs
    (b) (scale → of prices, salaries) échelle f, éventail m; (of instrument, voice) tessiture f;
    ∎ there is a wide range of temperatures in these parts il existe de très grands écarts de température dans ces régions;
    ∎ children in the same age range les enfants dans la même tranche d'âge;
    ∎ beyond one's range (note) hors de son registre;
    ∎ within one's range (note) dans son registre;
    ∎ it's within my price range c'est dans mes prix;
    ∎ what is your price range? quel prix voulez-vous mettre?;
    ∎ Stock Exchange opening/closing range fourchette f de cours d'ouverture/de clôture
    (c) (series, selection → of colours, feelings, products) gamme f; (→ of patterns, sizes) choix m;
    ∎ we stock a wide range of office materials nous avons en stock une large gamme de matériels de bureaux;
    ∎ the new autumn range (of clothes) la nouvelle collection d'automne;
    ∎ this car is (at) the top/bottom of the range cette voiture est le modèle haut/bas de gamme;
    ∎ the coat comes in a wide range of colours/sizes le manteau existe dans une gamme variée de couleurs/un grand choix de tailles;
    ∎ an actor with a wide range of expressions un acteur qui a une gamme d'expressions très variée;
    ∎ we talked on a wide range of topics nous avons discuté de sujets très divers;
    ∎ she has a wide range of interests elle s'intéresse à beaucoup de choses;
    ∎ to experience the full range of emotions passer par toute la gamme des émotions;
    ∎ the range of possibilities is almost infinite l'éventail des possibilités est presque infini
    (d) (scope → of activity) champ m; (→ of knowledge, research) étendue f; (→ of inquiry, investigation) domaine m; Marketing (→ of advertising campaign) rayon m d'action;
    ∎ that is beyond the range of the present inquiry cela ne relève pas de cette enquête;
    ∎ that lies outside the range of my responsibility ça dépasse les limites de ma responsabilité
    (e) (of mountains) chaîne f
    (f) (territory → of animal, plant) habitat m; American (prairie) prairie f
    (g) (for target practice) champ m de tir;
    ∎ missile range champ m de tir de missiles
    (h) (cooker) fourneau m (de cuisine)
    (i) (row, line) rang m, rangée f
    (j) (in surveying) alignement m, direction f
    (a) (roam over) parcourir
    (b) (put in a row or in rows) ranger, mettre ou disposer en rang ou en rangs;
    ∎ the troops ranged themselves in front of the embassy les troupes se rangèrent devant l'ambassade;
    ∎ the desks are ranged in threes les pupitres sont en rangées de trois
    (c) (join, ally) ranger, rallier;
    ∎ to range oneself with sb se ranger du côté de qn; (ideologically) s'aligner sur la position de qn;
    ∎ to range oneself against sb s'opposer à qn;
    ∎ the forces ranged against them les forces ralliées contre eux
    (d) (aim → cannon, telescope) braquer (on sur)
    (e) Typography aligner, justifier;
    ∎ ranged left/right justifié à gauche/à droite
    (f) (classify) classer, ranger
    ∎ to range cattle élever du bétail dans la prairie
    (a) (extend, vary) aller (from…to de…à), varier (from…to entre…et);
    ∎ prices range from £15 to £150 les prix vont de 15 à 150 livres;
    ∎ incomes ranging from £12,000 to £15,000 or between £12,000 and £15,000 revenus de l'ordre de 12 000 à 15 000 livres;
    ∎ their ages range from 5 to 12 or between 5 and 12 ils ont de 5 à 12 ou entre 5 et 12 ans;
    ∎ the quality ranges from mediocre to excellent la qualité varie de médiocre à excellent;
    ∎ the survey ranged over the whole country l'enquête couvrait la totalité du pays;
    ∎ our conversation ranged over a large number of topics nous avons discuté d'un grand nombre de sujets
    ∎ to range over sth parcourir qch;
    ∎ they range over the countryside ils parcourent la campagne;
    ∎ thugs range through the city streets des voyous rôdent dans les rues de la ville;
    ∎ his eyes ranged over the audience il parcourut l'auditoire des yeux
    (c) (gun, missile)
    ∎ to range over avoir une portée de
    ►► Marketing range addition ajout m à la gamme;
    American range cattle bétail m élevé dans la prairie;
    Marketing range stretching extension f de la gamme

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > range

  • 29 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
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    774. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1982) Psychoanalytic theories of aggression. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 2.
    775. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1984) The end phase of analysis. JAPA, 32.
    776. Shane, M. Shane, E. (1985) Change and integration in psychoanalytic developmental theory. In: New Ideas in Psychoanalysis, ed. C. F. Settlage & R. Brockbank. Hillsdale, N. J. Analytic Press.
    777. Shapiro, T. (1979) Clinical Psycholinguistics. New York: Plenum Press.
    778. Shapiro, T. (1984) On neutrality. JAPA, 32.
    779. Shengold, L. (1967) The effects of overstimulation. IJP, 48.
    780. Shopper, M. (1979) The (re)discovery of the vagina and the importance of the menstrual tampon. In: Female Adolescent Development, ed. M. Sugar. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
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    787. Socarides, C. W. (1963) The historical development of theoretical and clinical aspects of female homosexuality. JAPA, 11.
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    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 30 Chapelon, André

    [br]
    b. 26 October 1892 Saint-Paul-en-Cornillon, Loire, France
    d. 29 June 1978 Paris, France
    [br]
    French locomotive engineer who developed high-performance steam locomotives.
    [br]
    Chapelon's technical education at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, was interrupted by extended military service during the First World War. From experience of observing artillery from the basket of a captive balloon, he developed a method of artillery fire control which was more accurate than that in use and which was adopted by the French army.
    In 1925 he joined the motive-power and rolling-stock department of the Paris-Orléans Railway under Chief Mechanical Engineer Maurice Lacoin and was given the task of improving the performance of its main-line 4–6–2 locomotives, most of them compounds. He had already made an intensive study of steam locomotive design and in 1926 introduced his Kylchap exhaust system, based in part on the earlier work of the Finnish engineer Kyläla. Chapelon improved the entrainment of the hot gases in the smokebox by the exhaust steam and so minimized back pressure in the cylinders, increasing the power of a locomotive substantially. He also greatly increased the cross-sectional area of steam passages, used poppet valves instead of piston valves and increased superheating of steam. PO (Paris-Orléans) 4–6–2s rebuilt on these principles from 1929 onwards proved able to haul 800-ton trains, in place of the previous 500-ton trains, and to do so to accelerated schedules with reduced coal consumption. Commencing in 1932, some were converted, at the time of rebuilding, into 4–8–0s to increase adhesive weight for hauling heavy trains over the steeply graded Paris-Toulouse line.
    Chapelon's principles were quickly adopted on other French railways and elsewhere.
    H.N. Gresley was particularly influenced by them. After formation of the French National Railways (SNCF) in 1938, Chapelon produced in 1941 a prototype rebuilt PO 2–10–0 freight locomotive as a six-cylinder compound, with four low-pressure cylinders to maximize expansive use of steam and with all cylinders steam-jacketed to minimize heat loss by condensation and radiation. War conditions delayed extended testing until 1948–52. Meanwhile Chapelon had, by rebuilding, produced in 1946 a high-powered, three-cylinder, compound 4–8–4 intended as a stage in development of a proposed range of powerful and thermally efficient steam locomotives for the postwar SNCF: a high-speed 4–6–4 in this range was to run at sustained speeds of 125 mph (200 km/h). However, plans for improved steam locomotives were then overtaken in France by electriflcation and dieselization, though the performance of the 4–8–4, which produced 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) at the drawbar for the first time in Europe, prompted modification of electric locomotives, already on order, to increase their power.
    Chapelon retired from the SNCF in 1953, but continued to act as a consultant. His principles were incorporated into steam locomotives built in France for export to South America, and even after the energy crisis of 1973 he was consulted on projects to build improved, high-powered steam locomotives for countries with reserves of cheap coal. The eventual fall in oil prices brought these to an end.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1938, La Locomotive à vapeur, Paris: J.B.Bailière (a comprehensive summary of contemporary knowledge of every function of the locomotive).
    Further Reading
    H.C.B.Rogers, 1972, Chapelon, Genius of French Steam, Shepperton: Ian Allan.
    1986, "André Chapelon, locomotive engineer: a survey of his work", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 58 (a symposium on Chapelon's work).
    Obituary, 1978, Railway Engineer (September/October) (makes reference to the technical significance of Chapelon's work).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Chapelon, André

  • 31 ὅσιος

    ὅσιος, ία, ον (Aeschyl., Hdt.+ [the noun ὁσίη is found as early as Hom.]. Mostly of three endings, but-ος, ον Pla., Leg. 8, 831d; Dionys. Hal. 5, 71; 1 Ti 2:8. B-D-F §59, 2; W-S. §11, 1; Mlt-H. 157). Superl. ὁσιώτατος (Pla.; OGI 718, 1; Philo; 1 Cl 58:1). In the Gr-Rom. world this term for the most part described that which helps maintain the delicate balance between the interests of society and the expectations of the transcendent realm. For example, the ὅσιος pers. prays and sacrifices to the gods (Pl., Euthyph. 14b), is conscious of basic taboos (hence wary of pollution because of bloodshed [ibid. 4de; cp. Od. 16, 423]), and observes traditions of hospitality (on Zeus as protector of the stranger, s. Od. 9, 270f). For contrast of τὸ ὅσιον and τὸ δίκαιον s. Pla., Gorgias 507b, Polit. 301d; X., Hell. 4, 1, 33 al.
    ① pert. to being without fault relative to deity, devout, pious, pleasing to God, holy
    ⓐ of ordinary human beings: w. δίκαιος (cp. Pla., Leg. 2, 663b, Gorg. 507b; Polyb. 22, 10, 8 παραβῆναι καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους δίκαια καὶ τὰ πρὸς τ. θεοὺς ὅσια; SIG 800, 20f: ἀναστρέφεται πρός τε θεοὺς καὶ πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁσίως κ. δικαίως; En 104:12; TestGad 5:4; TestBenj 3:1 and 5:4; Jos., Ant. 9, 35; Just., D. 96, 3 [after Mt 5:45]; Theoph. Ant. 2, 9 [p. 120, 3]) 1 Cl 45:3; 2 Cl 15:3; and still other virtues Tit 1:8. ἔργα ὅσια κ. δίκαια (Jos., Ant. 8, 245) 2 Cl 6:9. δίκαιον κ. ὅσιον w. acc. and inf. foll. (Dicaearchus. p. 408, line 2 fr. bottom, Fuhr; cp. ὅσιον εἶναι w. acc. and inf., Orig., C. Cels. 5, 26, 13) 1 Cl 14:1. ὀφείλομεν ὅσια 2 Cl 1:3. (W. ἄμωμος) ἐν ὁς. κ. ἀμώμῳ προθέσει δουλεύειν τῷ θεῷ serve God with a holy and blameless purpose 1 Cl 45:7. ἄνδρες 45:3. ὁς. βουλή 2:3.—ὅσιοι χεῖρες (Aeschyl., Choëph. 378; Soph., Oed. Col. 470: ‘consecrated’, ‘ceremonially pure’) 1 Ti 2:8 transferred to the religio-ethical field (Philip of Perg. [II A.D.]: 95 Fgm. 1 Jac. writes ὁσίῃ χειρί).—The word was prob. used in a cultic sense in the mysteries (ERohde, Psyche9/10, 1925 I 288, 1): Aristoph., Ran. 335 ὅσιοι μύσται. The mystae of the Orphic Mysteries are called οἱ ὅσιοι: Pla., Rep. 2, 363c; Orph., Hymn. 84, 3 Qu.; cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 371d. Sim. the Essenes are called ὅσιοι in Philo, Omn. Prob. Liber 91; cp. 75 ὁσιότης; PParis 68c, 14 ὅσιοι Ἰουδαῖοι (s. Dssm., B 62, 4 [BS 68, 2]); PGM 5, 417 of a worshiper of Hermes.
    ⓑ of Christ, the Heavenly High Priest (w. ἄκακος; cp. the opposition Od. 16, 423) Hb 7:26. As subst. ὁ ὅσιός σου (after Ps 15:10) Ac 2:27; 13:35 (cp. ὁ ὅσιος of Abraham Did., Gen. 228, 8).
    ② pert. to being the standard for what constitutes holiness, holy of God (rarely of deities outside our lit.: Orph., Hymn. 77, 2 Qu.; Arg. 27; CIG 3594; 3830).
    ⓐ as adj., of God (Dt 32:4; Ps 144:17) holy μόνος ὅσιος Rv 15:4. ἡ ὁς. παιδεία holy (i.e. divine) discipline 1 Cl 56:16. τὸ ὁσιώτατον ὄνομα most holy name 58:1.
    ⓑ as subst. ὁ ὅσιος Rv 16:5.
    ③ The ref. to ὅς. in δώσω ὑμῖν τὰ ὅς. Δαυὶδ τὰ πιστά I will grant to you (pl.) the unfailing divine assurances or decrees relating to David Ac 13:34 is of special interest (for τὰ ὅς. in the sense of divine decrees or ordinances s. Wsd 6:10; Jos., Ant. 8, 115—). This quot. fr. Is 55:3 is evidently meant to show that the quot. fr. Ps 15:10, which follows immediately, could not refer to the Psalmist David, but to Christ alone (cp. a sim. line of argument relating to a referent Hb 2:6–9). The promises to David have solemnly been transferred to ‘you’. But David himself served not you, but his own generation (vs. 36). So the promises of God refer not to him, but to his Messianic descendant.—Lit. s.v. ἅγιος. JBolkestein, Ὅσιος en Εὐσεβής, diss. Amsterdam ’36; WTerstegen, Εὐσεβής en Ὅσιος in het Grieksch taalgebruik na de 4e eeuw, diss. Utrecht ’41; JMontgomery, HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; MvanderValk, Z. Worte ὅσιος: Mnemosyne 10, ’41; Dodd 62–64.—B. 1475. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὅσιος

  • 32 numéro

    c black numéro [nymeʀo]
    1. masculine noun
       a. number
       b. ( = personne) quel numéro ! (inf) what a character!
    • c'est un sacré numéro ! (inf) what a character!
    ► numéro vert ® Freefone ® (Brit) or toll-free (US) number
    * * *
    nymeʀo
    nom masculin
    1) ( nombre) number
    3) (journal, magazine) issue

    suite au prochain numéro — lit to be continued; fig watch this space

    4) ( dans un spectacle) act; ( de chant) number
    5) (colloq) ( personne drôle)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    tirer le bon/mauvais numéro — to be lucky/unlucky

    * * *
    nymeʀo nm
    1) (chiffres) number

    J'habite au numéro trois. — I live at number three.

    composer un numéro; faire un numéro — to dial a number

    2) [magazine] number
    3) (= spectacle) act, turn
    * * *
    numéro nm
    1 ( nombre) number; numéro de téléphone/télécopie/compte telephone/fax/account number; le numéro 7 number 7;
    2 ( indiquant l'importance) le numéro deux du parti number two in the party; objectif numéro un primary objective; le numéro un français de la chimie the number one French chemical company; le numéro un de l'opposition the leader of the opposition;
    3 Presse issue; un vieux numéro a back number ou issue; suite au prochain numéro lit to be continued; fig hum watch this space;
    4 ( dans un spectacle) act; ( de chant) number; faire son numéro lit to do one's act ou number;
    5 ○( personne drôle) quel numéro! what a character!
    numéro d'abonné customer's number; numéro d'appel telephone number; numéro d'appel gratuit freefone number GB, toll-free number US; numéro atomique Chimie atomic number; numéro d'ordre (queue GB ou line US) number; numéro de série serial number; numéro d'urgence hotline; numéro vert = numéro d'appel gratuit; numéro zéro Presse trial issue.
    tirer le bon numéro to be fortunate; tirer le mauvais numéro to be unfortunate.
    [nymero] nom masculin
    1. [nombre] number
    numéro atomique PHYSIQUE atomic ou proton number
    le numéro un/deux soviétique the Soviet number one/two
    ‘il n'y a pas d'abonné au numéro que vous avez demandé’ there's no subscriber at the number you've dialled
    numéro vert ≃ Freefone number (UK), ≃ 800 ou toll-free number (US)
    3. [habitation, place] number
    4. [exemplaire] issue
    [dans un spectacle] act, turn
    6. JEUX [nombre] number
    tirer le bon/mauvais numéro to pick the right/wrong number
    lui, il a tiré le bon numéro! (figuré) he's really picked a winner!
    7. [personne]
    8. (comme adjectif; après le nom)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > numéro

  • 33 ἱερός

    ἱερός (v. sub fin.), ά, όν, also ός, όν in the phrase
    A

    ἱερὸς ἀκτή Hes. Op. 597

    , 805, Orac. ap. Hdt.8.77: [dialect] Ion. and poet. [full] ἱρός, ή, όν (v. sub fin.): [dialect] Dor. and N. Greek [full] ἱᾰρός IG22.1126.20, etc.: [dialect] Aeol. [full] ἶρος Sapph.Supp.23.25, Alc.Supp.8.4, but [full] ἴαρος (corr. from ἴερ-) Sapph. Supp. 20a.6: [comp] Sup.

    ἱερώτατος Ar.Eq. 582

     (lyr.), Pl.Lg. 755e.
    I filled with or manifesting divine power, supernatural,

    ἱ. ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο Od.2.409

    , al.;

    ἱ. μένος Ἀλκινόοιο 8.421

    , etc.; ἄλφιτον, ἀλωαί, Il.11.631, 5.499;

    Δημήτερος ἱερὸς ἀκτή Hes.Op.

    Il.c.; of natural objects or phenomena, rivers, Od.10.351, Il.11.726, E.Med. 410 (lyr.); λιβάς, of the Spercheus, S.Ph. 1215 (lyr.); ἱεραὶ βῆσσαι Κίρκης 'faery', Od.10.275; ἱ. ἦμαρ, κνέφας, Il.8.66, 11.194;

    φάος Hes.Op. 339

    ; ἱερὸς δίφρος (where δ. perh.= ἵπποι) Il.17.464; after Hom.,

    ἱ. χεῦμα θαλάσσης A.Fr. 192

     (anap.);

    ἱ. κῦμα E.Hipp. 1206

    , cf. Cyc. 265;

    ὄμβρος S.OT 1428

    ;

    δρόσοι E. Ion 117

     (lyr.); ὕπνος, of death, Call.Epigr.11; ἔστι μὲν οὐδὲν ἱ. no great matter, Theoc.5.22.
    II of divine things, holy,

    ἱεροῖς ἐν δώμασι Κίρκης Od.10.426

    ;

    ἱ. γένος ἀθανάτων Hes.Th.21

    ; λέχος, of Zeus, ib.57; δόσις the gift of God, ib. 93; πόλεμος holy war, ' crusade', Ar.Av. 556, etc.
    2 of earthly things, hallowed, consecrated,

    βωμοί Il.2.305

    ; ἱ. δόμος, of the temple of Athena, 6.89;

    ἱ. ἑκατόμβη 1.99

    , 431, etc.;

    ἐλαίη Od.13.372

    ;

    χοαί S.OC 469

    , etc.; ἱρὰ γράμματα hieroglyphics, Hdt.2.36; but ἱ. γράμματα of the Holy Scriptures, 2 Ep.Tim.3.15;

    ἱ. βύβλοι OGI56.70

     (Canopus, iii B.C.); ἱ. ἄγαλμα, τρίπους, S.OT 1379, E. Ion 512, etc.;

    χρήματα Pl.R. 568d

    , etc.;

    ἱ. τὸ σῶμα τῷ θεῷ δίδωμ' ἔχειν E. Ion 1285

    ; ἱ. σώματα, of ἱερόδουλοι, Str.6.2.6;

    χῆνες Plu.2.325c

    ; of animals regarded as 'taboo', [

    κριοί] εἰσί σφι ἱ. διὰ τοῦτο Hdt.2.42

    ; so perh.

    ἱ. ἰχθύς Il.16.407

    ; of the Roman Tribunes,= Lat. sacrosanctus,

    ἱ. καὶ ἄσυλος Plu.TG15

    , etc.; of Augustus, Mon.Anc.Gr. 5.17; ἱ. νόμος law of sacrifice, D.21.35, cf. SIG685.81 (ii B.C.); ἱ. λόγος legend, Hdt.2.81, etc.;

    οἱ παλαιοὶ καὶ ἱ. λόγοι Pl.Ep. 335a

    ; ἱ. γάμος mystical marriage, a religious ceremony, Men.320, Phot. s.v.; opp. βέβηλος, as sacred to profane, D.H.7.8, AB223; but more freq.

    ἱ. καὶ ὅσιος Th.2.52

    , X.Vect.5.4, etc.; cf. ὅσιος.
    3 under divine protection, freq. of places,

    Ἴλιος Il.5.648

    , Alc.Supp.8.4;

    Πύλος Od. 21.108

    ;

    Θήβη Sapph.Supp. 20a

    .6; Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, Τροίης ἱερὰ κρήδεμνα, Od.1.2, Il.16.100;

    Ἀθῆναι Od.11.323

    , cf. Pi.Fr.75, S. Aj. 1221 (lyr.), Ps.-Orac. ap. Ar.Eq. 1037;

    Σούνιον ἱρόν Od.3.278

    ; ἱ. κύκλος the judge's seat under the protection of Zeus, Il.18.504: with gen. of the divinity, ἄλσος ἱρὸν Ἀθηναίης, ἄντρον ἱρὸν νυμφάων, Od.6.322, 13.104, cf. Hdt.1.80,2.41, Ar.Pl. 937, X.An.5.3.13, etc.;

    γῆ καὶ ἑστία ἱερὰ πᾶσι πάντων θεῶν Pl.Lg. 955e

    ; χωρίον ὡς -ώτατον ib. 755e, cf. Ti. 45a; with gen. of a human being,

    Γναθίου.. ἱ. εἰμι IG12.920

    .
    b of persons,

    φυλάκων ἱ. τέλος Il.10.56

    ;

    ἱ. πυλαωροί 24.681

    ;

    στρατός Od.24.81

    ;

    βασιλέες Pi.P.5.97

    ; ἱ. εὐσεβής τε, of Oedipus, S.OC 287; ἅνθρωπος ἱ. initiated, Ar.Ra. 652; c. gen. of a divinity, deuoted, dedicated, E.Alc.75, Pl.Phd. 85b.
    c under the Roman Empire,= sacer, imperial,

    ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν τοῦ Καίσαρος γραμμάτων IGRom.4.571

     (Aezani, ii A.D.); ὁ -ώτατος φίσκος, τὸ -ώτατον ταμιεῖον, ib.3.727 ([place name] Lycia), SIG888.10 (Scaptopara, iii A.D.), etc.; τὸ -ώτατον βῆμα (of the praefectus Aegypti), PHamb.4.8 (i A.D.): generally, worshipful,

    ἱ. σύνοδος OGI713.9

     (Egypt, iii A.D.), etc.
    III as Subst.,
    1 [full] ἱερά, [dialect] Ion. [full] ἱρά, τά, offerings, victims,

    ἱερὰ ῥέξας Il.1.147

    , etc.;

    ἔρδειν Hes.Op. 336

    ;

    διδόναι Od.16.184

    ;

    ἀλλ' ὅ γε δέκτο μὲν ἱρά Il.2.420

    , cf. 23.207: less freq. in sg.,

    ὄφρ' ἱρὸν ἑτοιμασσαίατ' Ἀθήνῃ 10.571

    ;

    θῦσαι ἱρά Hdt.1.59

    , 8.54, etc.;

    θυσίας καὶ ἱρὰ ποιέειν Id.2.63

    ;

    αἴθειν S. Ph. 1033

    ;

    ἱ. πατρῷα A.Th. 1015

    ;

    ἱ. ἐπιχώρια Democr.259

    .
    b after Hom., omens afforded by sacrifice,

    τὰ ἱρὰ οὐ προεχώρεε χρηστά Hdt. 5.44

    ; τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ [ἦν] X.An.1.8.15; simply οὐκ ἐγίγνετο τὰ ἱ. ib. 2.2.3.
    c generally, sacred objects or rites, Hdt.1.172,4.33;

    τῶν ὑμετέρων ἱ. καὶ κοινῶν μετεῖχον D.57.3

    ; of cult-images, IG Rom.3.800 (syllium).
    2 after Hom., [full] ἱερόν, [dialect] Ion. [full] ἱρόν, τό, holy place, Hdt.5.119,al.; opp. νηός, Id.2.170, cf. Th.4.90,5.18; freq. of a temple, ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ τεμένεϊ.. ἱρόν κτλ. Hdt.2.112; of the Jewish temple, LXX 1 Ch.29.4, Plb.16.39.4, Str.16.2.34, Ev.Matt.24.1.
    4 [full] ἱερός, ὁ (sc. μήν), name of month at Delos, IG12.377.22, 11(2).203A31 (iii B.C.).
    5 ἱεροί, οἱ, members of a religious college or guild, ib.5(1).1390.1, al. (Andania, i B.C.), prob. in SIG1010.7 ([place name] Chalcedon), etc.; also of women, [full] ἱεραί, αἱ, IG5(1). l.c., cf. 1511 ([place name] Sparta).
    b = ἱερόδουλος, ib. 1356 (Messenia, V B.C.), Inscr.Perg.572, GDI5702.39 ([place name] Samos).
    IV special phrases, post-Hom.,
    1 prov., ἱ. ἄγκυρα one's last hope, Plu. 2.815d, Luc.JTr.51, Fug.13, Poll.1.93, Gal.11.182.
    2 ἱ. βόλος, name of a throw at dice, Eub.57.1.
    3 ἱ. βοτάνη, v. βοτάνη.
    4 ἱ. (sc. γραμμή) (cf.

    γραμμή 111.1

    ), last line of draught-board,

    κινήσαις τὸν ἀπ' ἴρας.. λίθον Alc.82

    , cf. Epich.225, Sophr.127; τὴν ἀφ' ἱερᾶς (v.l. τὴν ἱεράν) Plu.Cor.32.
    5 ἱ. ἰχθύς,= ἀνθίας, Arist.HA 620b35, cf. Ath.7.282e, Plu.2.981d.
    6 ἱ. λόχος, v. λόχος.
    7 ἱερά (sc. νίκη), ἡ, drawn contest, dead heat (because the prize was assigned to the god), SIG1073.48 (Olymp.); ποιῆσαι ἱεράν, of the competitor, Wood Ephesus, App.vi p.70; so

    ἱ. ἀθλήματα Inscr.Olymp.56

    ;

    ἱερὸς ὁ στέφανος ἐκρίθη IG9(2).525

     ([place name] Larissa); τὸ παγκράτιον ἱ. ἐγένετο ib.527 (ibid.); ἱερός (sc. ἀγών) ib.7.2727.19, 24 (Acraeph.): metaph., ἱερὸν ποιῆσαι τὸν στέφανον 'divide the honours', Plb.1.58.5, 29.8.9.
    8 ἱ. νόσος epilepsy, Hdt.3.33, Hp.Morb. Sacr.tit., Thphr.HP9.11.3, etc., cf. Call.Aet.3.1.14: metaph.,

    τὴν οἴησιν ἱ. νόσον ἔλεγε Heraclit.46

     ( = Epicur.Fr. 224).
    9 ἡ ἱ. ὁδός the sacred road to Delphi, Hdt.6.34; also, from Athens to Eleusis, Cratin. 61, Paus.1.36.3, Harp. s.v.; and that from Elis to Olympia, Paus. 5.25.7.
    10 ἱ. ὀστέον, os sacrum, the last bone of the spine, Hp. Art.45, Plu.2.981d, Gal.UP5.8, etc.
    11 ἱ. συμβουλή sacred duty of an adviser, Pl.Ep. 321c, X.An.5.6.4, cf. Pl.Thg. 122b, Luc.Rh.Pr. 1.
    12 ἱ. σῦριγξ spinal canal, Poll.2.180.
    13 ἱερὰ τριήρης, of the Delian ship, or one of the state-ships (Salaminia or Paralos), D.4.34.
    14 freq. in geographical names, e.g. ἱ ἄκρα, in Lycia, Str. 14.3.8; ἱ. ἀκρωτήριον, in Spain, Cape St. Vincent, Id.2.4.3; ἱ. κώμη, in Lydia, Plb.16.1.8; ἱ. νῆσος, one of the Liparean group, Th.3.88; one of the insulae Aegates, Plb.1.60.3.
    V Adv. - ρῶς holily, ἀποθανεῖν v.l. in Plu.Lyc.27. [[pron. full] ῐ by nature, but sts. [pron. full] ῑ in [dialect] Ep., esp. in endings of hexameters, ἱ. ἰχθύς, ἱ. ἦμαρ, ἱερὰ ῥέξας, ἀλφίτου ἱεροῦ ἀκτή, Il.16.407, 8.66, 1.147, 11.631; ῑερόν in the first foot of a hex., Theoc.5.22; also in compds. ἱεραγωγός, ἱεροθαλλής, ἱερόφωνος: [pron. full] ῑ always in [var] contr. form ἱρός wh. is used in [dialect] Ep., Hdt., and some [dialect] Ion. inscrr., as IG12(8).265.9 ([place name] Thasos), cf. Semon.7.56, Herod.4.79, al., but is rarely found in codd. of Hp. (never in Heraclit. or Democr.); also in Trag., A.Th. 268, etc., but never required by metre in lyr. of Com.]

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἱερός

  • 34 Front

    v. trans.
    See Face.
    ——————
    subs.
    Forehead: P. and V. μέτωπον, τό (Xen.).
    Brow: P. and V. ὀφρύς, ἡ.
    Fore-part: P. and V. τὸ πρόσθεν, P. τὸ ἔμπροσθεν.
    Front of an army: P. and V. μέτωπον, τό (Xen.), στόμα, τό (Xen.).
    When we ranged our armed forces against each other, extending our line in front: V. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἀλλήλοισιν ὁπλίτην στρατὸν κατὰ στόμʼ ἐκτείνοντες ἀντετάξαμεν (Eur., Heracl. 800).
    Front of a house: V. προνώπια, τά.
    met., change of front, change of view: P. μετάνοια, ἡ.
    Change-front (met., change one's views), v.: P. μετανοεῖν.
    In front, adv.: P. ἔμπροσθεν, κατὰ πρόσωπον.
    Forward: P. πόρρω, V. πρόσω, πόρσω.
    Go in front to guide me: V. ἡγοῦ πάροιθε (Eur., Phoen. 834).
    In front of facing, adj.: P. and V. ἐναντίος (dat.), V. ἀντίος (dat.) (Plat. also but rare P.).
    Opposite, prep.: P. and V. κατά (acc.), P. ἀντιπέρας (gen.), κατάντικρυ (gen.).
    Before: P. and V. πρό (gen.), πρόσθεν (gen.); see Before.
    In presence of: P. and V. ἐναντίον (gen.), V. ἀντίον (gen.).
    Hold in front of one: P. προΐσχεσθαι, P. and V. προτείνειν.
    ——————
    adj.
    Fore: P. and V. πρόσθιος (Eur., Rhes.), P. ἐμπρόσθιος.
    Every man is jostling for a front seat: Ar. εἰς τὴν προεδρίαν πᾶς ἀνὴρ ὠστίζεται (Ach. 42).
    Placed first: P. and V. πρῶτος.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Front

  • 35 stretch

    stretch [stretʃ]
    1 noun
    (a) (expanse → of land, water) étendue f;
    ∎ this stretch of the road is particularly dangerous in the winter cette partie de la route est très dangereuse en hiver;
    ∎ a new stretch of road/motorway un nouveau tronçon de route/d'autoroute;
    ∎ a long straight stretch une longue route en ligne droite;
    ∎ it's a lovely stretch of river/scenery cette partie de la rivière/du paysage est magnifique;
    ∎ Horseracing & figurative to go into the final or finishing or home stretch entamer la dernière ligne droite
    (b) (period of time) période f;
    ∎ for a long stretch of time pendant longtemps;
    ∎ for long stretches at a time there was nothing to do il n'y avait rien à faire pendant de longues périodes;
    ∎ to do a stretch of ten years in the army passer dix ans dans l'armée;
    ∎ familiar he did a stretch in Dartmoor il a fait de la taule à Dartmoor;
    ∎ familiar he was given a five-year stretch (in prison) il a écopé de cinq ans
    (c) (act of stretching) étirement m;
    ∎ he stood up, yawned and had a stretch il se leva, bâilla et s'étira;
    ∎ to give one's legs a stretch se dégourdir les jambes;
    ∎ do a couple of stretches before breakfast faites quelques étirements avant le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ Music stretch of the fingers (at the piano) écart m des doigts;
    ∎ by no stretch of the imagination même en faisant un gros effort d'imagination;
    ∎ he's the better writer by a long stretch c'est de loin le meilleur écrivain;
    ∎ not by a long stretch! loin de là!
    (d) (elasticity) élasticité f;
    ∎ there isn't much stretch in these gloves ces gants ne sont pas très souples;
    ∎ there's a lot of stretch in these stockings ces bas sont très élastiques ou s'étirent facilement;
    ∎ with two-way stretch (of elastic fabric) extensible dans les deux sens
    Textiles (material) élastique, Stretch ® (inv); (cover) extensible
    (a) (pull tight) tendre;
    ∎ stretch the rope tight tendez bien la corde;
    ∎ a cable was stretched across the ravine on avait tendu un câble à travers le ravin;
    ∎ they stretched a net over the pit ils ont tendu un filet au-dessus de la fosse;
    ∎ Art to stretch the canvas on the frame tendre la toile sur le châssis
    (b) (pull longer or wider → elastic) étirer; (→ spring) tendre; (→ garment, shoes) élargir;
    ∎ to stretch sth out of shape déformer qch;
    ∎ don't pull your socks like that, you'll stretch them ne tire pas sur tes chaussettes comme ça, tu vas les déformer
    (c) (extend, reach to full length) étendre;
    ∎ stretch your arms upwards tendez les bras vers le haut;
    ∎ he stretched his arm through the broken window il allongea le bras à travers le carreau cassé;
    ∎ if I stretch up my hand I can reach the ceiling si je tends la main je peux toucher le plafond;
    ∎ to stretch one's neck to see sth tendre le cou pour voir qch;
    ∎ to stretch oneself s'étirer;
    ∎ to stretch one's legs étirer ses jambes; familiar figurative se dégourdir les jambes;
    ∎ the bird stretched its wings l'oiseau déploya ses ailes;
    ∎ figurative to stretch one's wings (become more independent) voler de ses propres ailes; (seek out new challenges) aller de l'avant
    (d) (force, bend → meaning) forcer; (→ rules) tourner, contourner, faire une entorse à; (→ principle) faire une entorse à; (→ imagination) faire un gros effort de;
    ∎ you're really stretching my patience ma patience a des limites;
    ∎ to stretch the truth exagérer;
    ∎ they have stretched their authority a bit too far ils ont un peu abusé de leur autorité;
    ∎ that's stretching it a bit! il ne faut pas exagérer!;
    ∎ it would be stretching a point to call him a diplomat dire qu'il est diplomate serait exagérer ou aller un peu loin;
    ∎ I suppose we could stretch a point and let him stay je suppose qu'on pourrait faire une entorse au règlement et lui permettre de rester
    (e) (budget, income, resources, supplies → get the most from) tirer le maximum de; (→ overload) surcharger, mettre à rude épreuve;
    ∎ our resources are stretched to the limit nos ressources sont exploitées ou utilisées au maximum;
    ∎ I can't stretch my income that far mon salaire ne me permet pas de faire de telles dépenses;
    ∎ we should be able to stretch the food until the weekend nous devrions pouvoir faire durer les provisions jusqu'au week-end;
    ∎ our staff are really stretched today le personnel travaille à la limite de ses possibilités aujourd'hui;
    ∎ to be fully stretched (machine, engine) tourner à plein régime; (factory, economy) fonctionner à plein régime; (resources, services) être sollicité à fond; (person, staff) faire son maximum;
    ∎ the job won't stretch you enough le travail ne sera pas assez stimulant pour vous;
    ∎ she believes young people need to be stretched elle pense qu'il faut être exigeant avec les jeunes pour qu'ils donnent le meilleur d'eux-mêmes
    (f) (ligament, muscle) étirer
    (a) (be elastic) s'étirer; (become longer) s'allonger; (become wider) s'élargir;
    ∎ this fabric tends to stretch ce tissu a tendance à s'étirer;
    ∎ the shoes will stretch with wear vos chaussures vont se faire ou s'élargir à l'usage;
    ∎ my pullover has stretched out of shape mon pull s'est déformé
    (b) (person, animal → from tiredness) s'étirer; (→ on ground, bed) s'étendre, s'allonger; (→ to reach something) tendre la main;
    ∎ she stretched lazily elle s'étira nonchalamment;
    ∎ he had to stretch to reach it (reach out) il a dû tendre le bras pour l'atteindre; (stand on tiptoe) il a dû se mettre sur la pointe des pieds pour l'atteindre;
    ∎ she stretched across me to get the salt elle a passé le bras devant moi pour attraper le sel;
    ∎ can you stretch over and get me the paper? pouvez-vous tendre le bras et me passer le journal?;
    ∎ he stretched up to touch the cupboard il s'est mis sur la pointe des pieds pour atteindre le placard
    (c) (spread, extend → in space, time) s'étendre;
    ∎ the forest stretches as far as the eye can see la forêt s'étend à perte de vue;
    ∎ the road stretches away into the distance la route s'étend au lointain;
    ∎ the road stretched across 500 miles of desert la route parcourait 800 km de désert;
    ∎ the rope stretched across the ravine le corde allait d'un côté à l'autre du ravin;
    ∎ minutes stretched into hours les minutes devenaient des heures;
    ∎ our powers don't stretch as far as you imagine nos pouvoirs ne sont pas aussi étendus que vous l'imaginez
    (d) (money, resources)
    ∎ my salary won't stretch to a new car mon salaire ne me permet pas d'acheter une nouvelle voiture;
    ∎ my resources won't stretch to that mes moyens (pécuniaires) ne vont pas jusque-là
    (a) (in a row) d'affilée;
    ∎ we worked for five hours at a stretch nous avons travaillé cinq heures d'affilée
    (b) (with much effort) à la limite, à la rigueur;
    ∎ we could finish by Monday at a stretch à la limite ou à la rigueur, on pourrait finir pour lundi;
    ∎ we could fit six people in the car at a stretch à la rigueur, on pourrait tenir à six dans la voiture
    ∎ to be at full stretch (factory, machine) fonctionner à plein régime ou à plein rendement; (person) se donner à fond, faire son maximum;
    ∎ we were working at full stretch nous travaillions d'arrache-pied;
    ∎ even at full stretch, we can't meet the delivery date même en tournant à plein régime, nous ne pouvons pas respecter les délais de livraison
    ►► stretch class cours m de stretching;
    stretch fabric Stretch ® m;
    stretch limo limousine f à la carrosserie allongée
    (a) (pull tight) tendre;
    ∎ the sheets had been stretched out on the line to dry on avait étendu les draps sur le fil à linge pour qu'ils sèchent;
    ∎ the plastic sheet was stretched out on the lawn la bâche en plastique était étalée sur la pelouse
    (b) (extend, spread → arms, legs) allonger, étendre; (→ hand) tendre; (→ wings) déployer;
    ∎ she stretched out her hand towards him/for the cup elle tendit la main vers lui/pour prendre la tasse;
    ∎ she lay stretched out in front of the television elle était allongée par terre devant la télévision
    (c) (prolong → interview, meeting) prolonger, faire durer; (→ account) allonger;
    ∎ she has to stretch her thesis out a bit for publication il faut qu'elle étoffe un peu sa thèse pour la publier
    (d) (make last → supplies, income) faire durer
    (a) (person, animal) s'étendre, s'allonger;
    ∎ they stretched out on the lawn in the sun ils se sont allongés au soleil sur la pelouse
    (b) (forest, countryside) s'étendre; (prospects, season) s'étendre, s'étaler;
    ∎ a nice long holiday stretched out before them ils avaient de longues vacances devant eux

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stretch

  • 36 Poulsen, Valdemar

    [br]
    b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark
    d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark
    [br]
    Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.
    [br]
    From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.
    The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.
    In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.
    In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.
    The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.
    The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.
    From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).
    His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.
    Further Reading
    A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar

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