-
21 līcè
līcè Grammatical information: n. jo Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `cheek, face'Page in Trubačev: XV 75-78Old Church Slavic:Russian:licó `face, person' [n o]Old Russian:Czech:líce `face, (lit.) cheek' [n o]Old Czech:líce `cheek' [n o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:líce `face, appearance' [n o];Čak. līcȅ (Vrgada: obs.) `face, appearance' [n o], lȉca [Nom p];Čak. līcȅ (Novi) `face, appearance' [n o], líca [Nom p];Čak. līcȅ (Orbanići) `cheek' [n o], lĩca [Nom p]Slovene:líce `cheek, face' [n o]Bulgarian:licé `face, appearance, person' [n o]Old Prussian:laygnan (EV) `cheek'Comments: Since the third palatalization is generally considered not to have operated after *ei, one may advance the hypothesis that the root originally had zero grade.Other cognates: -
22 mělь
mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. oPage in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168Old Church Slavic:měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]Russian:Czech:měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]Old Czech:měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]Polish:Old Polish:Serbo-Croatian:mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]Slovene:mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-Lithuanian:smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-Certainty: +Page in Pokorny: 717Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).Other cognates:Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank';Notes:\{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root. -
23 mělъ
mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. oPage in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168Old Church Slavic:měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]Russian:Czech:měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]Old Czech:měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]Polish:Old Polish:Serbo-Croatian:mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]Slovene:mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-Lithuanian:smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-Certainty: +Page in Pokorny: 717Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).Other cognates:Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank';Notes:\{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root. -
24 modrъ
modrъ Grammatical information: adj. oPage in Trubačev: XIX, 101-104Church Slavic:Czech:modrý `blue' [adj o]Slovak:modrý `blue' [adj o]Polish:Slovincian:modrḯ `blue' [adj o]Upper Sorbian:módry `blue' [adj o]Serbo-Croatian:mȍdar `blue' [adj o], mȍdra [Nomsf], mȍdro [Nomsn];mòdar (Croat.) `blue' [adj o], mòdra [Nomsf], mòdro [Nomsn]Slovene:mǫ́dǝr `blue' [adj o], módra [Nomsf] -
25 netopyr'ь
netopyr'ь Grammatical information: m. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `bat'Page in Trubačev: XXIV 143-145Church Slavic:Russian:netopýr' `bat' [m jo], netopyrjá [Gens];nétopyr' (dial.) `bat' [m jo]Ukrainian:netopýr `bat' [m o]Czech:netopýr `bat' [m o]Old Czech:netopýř `bat' [m o]Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:njetopyŕ `bat' [m o]Slovene:netopír `bat' [m jo], netopírja [Gens] \{1\}Comments: What makes this etymon interesting, is the fact that it may contain * neto- < *nekwto- `night', with e-grade as in Hitt. nekuz `at night'. Vaillant (Gr. I: 83, IV: 655) reconstructs original o-grade, however. The second element is often interpreted as * pyrь `flier', with a lengthened zero grade (-> * pariti, * pьrati). A reanalysis * ne-topyrь seems only possible for East Slavic (Ru. ne `not', topýrit' `bristle'). According to Vaillant (l.c.), * pyrь has replaced original * pirь under the influence of the suffix *- yrь, which originated in borrowings from Greek (cf. Ru. psaltýr').Notes:\{1\} Pleteršnik mentions a large number of variants: natopír, nadopę́r, matopír, matofír, letopír, latopír, dopír, dupír, nadopir (Meg. 1744). -
26 olьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
27 elьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
28 òrdlo
òrdlo Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `plough'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 141-145Old Church Slavic:Russian:rálo `plough' [n o]Czech:rádlo `plough' [n o]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:rȁlo `plough' [n o]Slovene:rálọ `small plough' [n o]Bulgarian:rálo `plough' [n o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: árʔdlo; árʔtloLithuanian:árklas `plough' [m o] 3Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₂rh₃-dʰlomIE meaning: ploughPage in Pokorny: 62Comments: In Balto-Slavic (or in Baltic and Slavic independently), zero grade of the root (cf. Lith. ìrklas `oar') was apparently replaced by full grade after the verb `to plough'. The fixed stress on the root must result from Hirt's law.Other cognates:Notes: -
29 pȳtàti
pȳtàti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `ask, examine'Old Church Slavic:Russian:pytát' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], pytáju [1sg]Czech:\{1\}Slovak:pýtat' `ask' [verb]Polish:pytać `ask' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:pítati `ask' [verb];Čak. pītȁti (Vrgada) `ask' [verb], pĩtå̄š [2sg];Čak. pītȁt (Orbanići) `ask, request' [verb], pĩtan [1sg]Slovene:pítati `ask' [verb], pȋtam [1sg]Bulgarian:pítam `ask' [verb]Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} An interesting form is Cz. ptáti se `ask, inquire', which seems to have a unique zero grade. -
30 sě̀nь
sě̀nь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `shadow'Old Church Slavic:sěnь `shadow' [f i]Russian:Czech:síň `(entrance) hall' [f i]Old Czech:sieň `(entrance) hall' [f i]Slovak:sieň `(entrance) hall' [f i]Polish:sień `(entrance) hall' [f i]Serbo-Croatian:sjȅn `shadow' [m o]Latvian:seĩja (dial.) `face' [f ā];Other cognates:Skt. chāyā́- (RV+) `shadow, reflection' [f ā];Gk. σκιά̑ `shadow' [f];Notes:\{1\} The *s- was adopted from forms with zero grade of the root, cf. *sijati. -
31 vъpìti
vъpìti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `cry out'Old Church Slavic:Russian:vopít' `cry out, wail' [verb], vopljú [1sg], vopít [3sg]Czech:úpěti `wail, howl' [verb]Old Czech:úpiti `wail, howl' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:vàpiti `cry out, summon' [verb], vàpijēm [1sg];ùpiti `cry out, summon' [verb], ùpijēm [1sg];Čak. vȁpiti (Vrgada) `summon' [verb], vȁpīš [2sg]Slovene:vpíti `cry out, call' [verb], vpȋjem [1sg]Latvian:Other cognates: -
32 vъtorъjь
vъtorъjь Grammatical information: num. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `second, secondaryOld Church Slavic:Russian:vtorój `second, secondary' [num o] \{2\}Ukrainian:vtóryj `second, secondary' [num o]Polish:wtóry (arch.) `second, secondary' [num o]Slovene:vtóri `second' [num o]Indo-European reconstruction: (h1)ui-tor-o-Comments: The PIE form may have had initial *h₁- < *d- as a result of dissimilation before a following dental. It is not very likely that the PIE form was *n-toro-, with an unparallelled zero grade of the root reflected in Lith. añtras `second', etc.Other cognates:Skt. vitarám (RV) `again, further' [adv];Notes: -
33 želza
želza Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b? Proto-Slavic meaning: `gland'Church Slavic:žlěza `gland' [f ā]Russian:železá `gland' [f ā], žélezy [Nom p];žélezo `tumour (neck, throat, groin)' [n o];zélezy (dial.) `glands' [Nompf ā];zolozá (dial.) `gland, tumour on the neck' [f ā];zolóza `gland' [f ā]Belorussian:zalóza `gland' [f ā]Ukrainian:záloza `gland' [f ā]Czech:žláza `gland' [f ā]Old Czech:žléza `gland' [f ā];žláza `gland' [f ā]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:žlijèzda `gland' [f ā]Slovene:žlẹ́za `gland' [f ā]Bulgarian:žlezá `gland' [f ā]Lithuanian:Indo-European reconstruction: gʰelǵʰ-eh₂Comments: The Polish and Sorbian forms seem to reflect a zero grade.Other cognates:Arm. geɫjk` `glands'
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
zéro — [ zero ] n. m. • 1485; empr., pour remplacer l a. fr. cifre « zéro », puis « chiffre », à l it. zero, d ab. zefiro, transcription de l ar. sifr « vide; zéro »; cf. chiffre 1 ♦ Symbole numéral (0) destiné à remplacer, dans la numération écrite,… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Zero (disambiguation) — Zero is the name for both the digit 0 and the number 0.Zero may also refer to:Mathematics*Zero (complex analysis), in mathematics, a root of a holomorphic function *Zero element, in mathematics, a generalization of the number zero to other… … Wikipedia
Zero-point energy — is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have; it is the energy of its ground state. All quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have an associated zero point energy, a… … Wikipedia
Zero waste — is a philosophy that aims to guide people in the redesign of their resource use system with the aim of reducing waste to zero. Put simply, zero waste is an idea to extend the current ideas of recycling to form a circular system where as much… … Wikipedia
Zero No Tsukaima — ゼロの使い魔 (Le Familier du Zéro) Genre Comédie romantique, Aventure … Wikipédia en Français
Zero no Tsukaima — ゼロの使い魔 (Le Familier du Zéro) Genre Comédie romantique, Aventure … Wikipédia en Français
Zero no tsukaima — ゼロの使い魔 (Le Familier du Zéro) Genre Comédie romantique, Aventure … Wikipédia en Français
Zero — puede referise a: Cero Zero, canción de la banda estadounidense Smashing Pumpkins. El Mitsubishi A6M un caza embarcado empleado por la Armada Imperial Japonesa desde 1940 hasta 1945. La revista española Zero de estilos de vida dirigida al público … Wikipedia Español
Zero-K — Developer(s) See Credits Engine Spring … Wikipedia
Zero-based numbering — is numbering in which the initial element of a sequence is assigned the index 0, rather than the index 1 as is typical in everyday circumstances. Under zero based numbering, the initial element is sometimes termed the zeroth element, rather than… … Wikipedia
Zero tolerance — policies are studied in criminology and are common in formal and informal policing systems around the world.Fact|date=December 2007 The policies also appear in informal situations where there may be sexual harassment or Internet misuse in… … Wikipedia