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101 amico

(pl -ci) 1. adj friendly

2. m, amica f (pl -che) friend

amico intimo close friend

* * *

amico¹ agg.

1 friendly; (non com.) ( amato) beloved; ( affezionato) devoted

2 (letter.) ( propizio) favourable, propitious: le stelle non erano amiche, the planets were not propitious

3 ( alleato) allied; friendly: nazione amica, friendly nation; incidente di fuoco amico, friendly fire incident.

amico² s.m.

1 friend, man friend: amico del cuore, bosom friend; amico di casa, old friend; amico di famiglia, family friend; amico d'infanzia, childhood friend; amico di scuola, schoolfriend; siamo grandi amici, (fam.) we are great pals; agire da amico, to act as a friend; diventare amico di qlcu., to make friend with s.o.; fingersi amico, to feign friendship // amici per la pelle, bosom friends // amico del giaguaro, who (inadvertently) sides with (o helps) an opponent // l'amico, (scherz.) that fellow (o our fellow) // l'amico di tutti non è amico di nessuno, (prov.) a friend to everybody is a friend to nobody // gli amici si riconoscono nelle avversità, (prov.) a friend in need is a friend indeed // chi trova un amico trova un tesoro, (prov.) a good friend is worth his weight in gold

2 ( amante) lover; (fam.) boyfriend

3 ( cultore) friend, lover: un amico delle arti, a friend (o a lover) of the arts; un amico dell'ordine, a strong supporter of order.

* * *
[a'miko] amico -a, -ci, -che
1. agg

friendly

2. sm/f

1) friend

la mia migliore amica — my best friend

ha molti amici — she's got a lot of friends

amico del cuore — best friend

amico d'infanzia — childhood friend

amico intimo — close friend

Michela e le sue amiche — Michela and her (girl)friends

siamo molto amici — we're good friends

sono amici per la pelle — they're great pals

è un mio amico — he's a friend of mine

un mio amico avvocato — a lawyer friend of mine

farsi qn amico — to make friends with sb

senza amici — friendless

2) (euf : amante) friend, man friend/lady friend

3) (appassionato) lover, enthusiast

amico degli animali — animal lover

club degli amici della musica — music club

* * *
1.
pl. -ci, - che [a'miko, tʃi, ke] sostantivo maschile

1) (compagno) friend, pal colloq., buddy colloq., mate BE colloq.

un mio amico — a friend of mine

amico intimo, d'infanzia — close, childhood friend

un amico di famiglia — a friend of the family

essere amico di qcn. — to be friends with sb.

farsi degli -ci — to make friends, to form friendships

- ci come prima — let's be friends!

Daniele o Dany per gli -ci — Daniele known as Dany to his friends

ti parlo da amico — I say this as a friend

2) (in forme di richiamo)

ehi! amico! — hey! brother!

ciao amico! — colloq. hi buddy!

3) eufem. (amante) lover
2.
aggettivo [paese, persona, volto] friendly

telefono amico — helpline

amico del cuore — best o bosom friend

- ci e parenti — kith and kin

amico di penna — pen friend, pen pal colloq

••

gli -ci si riconoscono nel momento del bisogno — a friend in need is a friend indeed

essere -ci per la pelle — to be as thick as thieves

chi trova un amico trova un tesoro — prov. a good friend is worth his weight in gold

* * *

amico

pl. -ci, - che /a'miko, t∫i, ke/

I sostantivo m.

1 (compagno) friend, pal colloq., buddy colloq., mate BE colloq.; un mio amico a friend of mine; amico intimo, d'infanzia close, childhood friend; un amico di famiglia a friend of the family; essere amico di qcn. to be friends with sb.; farsi degli -ci to make friends, to form friendships; - ci come prima let's be friends! Daniele o Dany per gli -ci Daniele known as Dany to his friends; ti parlo da amico I say this as a friend

2 (in forme di richiamo) ehi! amico! hey! brother! ciao amico! colloq. hi buddy!

3 eufem. (amante) lover

II aggettivo

[ paese, persona, volto] friendly; telefono amico helpline

IDIOMS

gli -ci si riconoscono nel momento del bisogno a friend in need is a friend indeed; essere -ci per la pelle to be as thick as thieves; chi trova un amico trova un tesoro prov. a good friend is worth his weight in gold

\

COMPOUNDS

amico del cuore best o bosom friend; - ci e parenti kith and kin; amico di penna pen friend, pen pal colloq.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > amico
102 смотри ты!

тж. ты смотри (гляди)!

разг.

just think of it!; you don't say!; well I never!; how do you like it!; well, well!

Или бычки. Они водятся под берегом, среди скал, а также в песке, поглубже. Поэтому и окрашены они в бурый цвет скал или желтоватый цвет песка. Смотри ты! (В. Катаев, Белеет парус одинокий) — Or take bullheads. Their haunt was the rocks near the shore, and also the sandy bottom. That was why they were brownish like the rocks or yellowish like the sand. Just think of it!

Когда Степан рассказывал о себе, Михаил то и дело прерывал его: "Ты гляди!", "Надо же!" - и при этом смотрел на Пахомова какими-то по-собачьи преданными глазами. (В. Ерёменко, Слепой дождь) — When Stepan had been speaking about himself, Mikhail had often come out with exclamations such as 'You don't say!' 'Well I never!' and looked at Pakhomov with the gaze of a devoted dog.

Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > смотри ты!
103 addico

ad-dīco, xi, ctum, 3, v. a. ( imp. addice, for addic, Plaut. Poen. 2, 50;
addixti,
Mart. 12, 16), orig., to give one's assent to a thing (“addicere est proprie idem dicere et approbare dicendo,” Fest. p. 13 Müll.), in its lit. signif. belonging only to augural and judicial language (opp. abdĭco).
I.
Of a favorable omen, to be propitious to, to favor, usually with aves as subj., and without obj.:
cum sacellorum exaugurationes admitterent aves, in Termini fano non addixere,
Liv. 1, 55, 3; so,
Fabio auspicanti aves semel atque iterum non addixerunt,
id. 27, 16, 15; also with auspicium as subj.:
addicentibus auspiciis vocat contionem,
Tac. A. 2, 14; cf. Drak. Liv. 1, 36, 3; 27, 16, 15.—And with acc. of obj.:
illum quem aves addixerant,
Fest. p. 241 Müll.—In judicial lang.: alicui aliquid or aliquem, to award or adjudge any thing to one, to sentence; hence Festus, with reference to the adjudged or condemned person, says:
“alias addicere damnare est,” p. 13 Müll.: ubi in jus venerit, addicet praetor familiam totam tibi,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 57:
bona alicui,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 52:
addictus erat tibi?
had he been declared bound to you for payment? id. Rosc. Com. 14, 41; hence ironic.: Fufidium... creditorem debitoribus suis addixisti, you have adjudged the creditor to his debtors (instead of the reverse), id. Pis. 35:
liberum corpus in servitutem,
Liv. 3, 56.—Hence subst., addictus, i, m., one who has been given up or made over as servant to his creditor:
ducite nos quo jubet, tamquam quidem addictos,
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87:
addictus Hermippo et ab hoc ductus est,
Cic. Fl. 20 extr.; cf. Liv. 6, 15, 20. (The addictus, bondman, was not properly a slave = servus, for he retained his nomen, cognomen, his tribus, which the servus did not have; he could become free again by cancelling the demand, even against the will of his dominus; the servus could not; the addictus, when set free, was also again ingenuus, the servus only libertinus; v. Quint. 7, 3, 27. The inhuman law of the Twelve Tables, which, however, was never put in execution, that one indebted to several creditors should be cut in pieces and divided among them, is mentioned by Gell. 20, 1: Niebuhr, Rom. Gesch. 1, 638;
Smith's Antiq.): addicere alicui judicium,
to grant one leave to bring an action, Varr. L. L. 6, § 61 Müll.: addicere litem, sc. judici, to deliver a cause to the judge. This was the office of the praetor. Such is the purport of the law of XII. Tab. Tab. I.: POST MERIDIEM PRAESENTI STLITEM ADDICITO, ap. Gell. 17, 2:
judicem or arbitrum (instead of dare judicium),
to appoint for one a judge in his suit, Dig. 5, 1, 39, 46 and 80: addicere aliquid in diem, to adjudge a thing to one ad interim, so that, upon a change of circumstances, the matter in question shall be restored in integrum, Dig. 18, 2; 6, 1, 41; 39, 3, 9.—
B.
In auctions, to adjudge to the highest bidder, knock down, strike off, deliver to (with the price in abl.): ecquis est ex tanto populo, qui bona C. Rabirii Postumi [p. 31] nummo sestertio sibi addici velit, Cic. Rab. Post. 17; so id. Verr. 2, 1, 55; Suet. Caes. 50.—Addicere bona alicujus in publicum, i. e. to confiscate, Caes. B. C. 2, 18;
hence in Plaut., of a parasite, who strikes himself off, as it were, i. e. promises himself to one as guest, on condition that he does not in the mean time have a higher bid, i. e. is not attracted to another by a better table,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 76 sq. —
C.
In gen., to sell, to make over to:
addice tuam mihi meretricem,
Plaut. Poen. 2, 50:
hominem invenire neminem potuit, cui meas aedes addiceret, traderet, donaret, Auct. Or. pro Dom. 41. Antonius regna addixit pecunia,
Cic. Phil. 7, 5, 15; so Hor. S. 2, 5, 109.—In a metaph. signif.,
D.
To deliver, yield, or resign a thing to one, either in a good or a bad sense.
a.
In a good sense, to devote, to consecrate to:
senatus, cui me semper addixi,
Cic. Planc. 39, 93:
agros omnes addixit deae,
Vell. 2, 25;
hence, morti addicere,
to devote to death, Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45:
nolite... omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetuae servituti addicere,
to devote to perpetual slavery, Caes. B. G. 7, 77.—
b.
In a bad sense, to give up, to sacrifice, to abandon (very freq.);
ejus ipsius domum evertisti, cujus sanguinem addixeras,
Cic. Pis. 34, 83:
libidini cujusque nos addixit,
id. Phil. 5, 12, 33; so id. Mil. 32; id. Sest. 17; id. Quint. 30; hence poet.:
quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,
to sacrifice, to surrender his love, Ov. M. 1, 617 (where some read wrongly abdicere).—
E.
In later Latin, to attribute or ascribe a work to one:
quae (comoediae) nomini eius (Plauti) addicuntur,
Gell. 3, 3, 13.—Hence, addic-tus, P. a. (after II. D.), dedicated or devoted to a thing; hence,
a.
Destined to:
gladiatorio generi mortis addictus,
Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 16; cf. Hor. Epod. 17, 11.—
b.
Given up to, bound to:
qui certis quibusdam destinatisque sententiis quasi addicti et consecrati sunt,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 2, 5:
nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 14:
Prasinae factioni addictus et deditus,
Suet. Cal. 55.— Comp., sup., and adv. not used.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > addico
104 baccanal

Bacchānal (old orthog. Bacānal, v. S. C. Bacch. A. V. C. 568, Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172: baccānal, Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3), ālis, n. [from Bacchus, like Fagutal, Frutinal, Lupercal, etc.; v. App. 1 to the Pref.], a place devoted to Bacchus, the place where the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated:
NE QVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET, S. C. Bacch. v. 4: EA BACANALIA... IN DIEBVS X... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT,
ib. v. 28:
ad Baccas veni in Baccanal,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3:
aperire,
id. ib. 8:
Bacchanalia,
Liv. 39, 18, 7.—
II.
Transf., in the plur.: Bacchānālia, ium ( gen. sometimes Bacchananorum, Sall. H. 3, 79 Dietsch; Firm. Mat. Err. Prof. Relig. 6, 9), a feast of Bacchus, the orgies of Bacchus (diff. from the Roman festival of Liber; v. Liberalia); celebrated once in three years, at night, and in the most tumultuous and licentious manner (cf. Smith, Antiq.); hence, prohibited in Rome, A.U.C. 568, B.C. 186, by a decree of the Senate, Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, which is yet preserved (v. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172 sq.); Liv. 39, 9, 3; 39, 12, 4; 39, 16, 10; 39, 18, 7 sq.; 39, 41, 6; Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37; Tac. H. 2, 68.—Rarely in sing.:
Bacchanal facere,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 43 Lorenz ad loc.; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 20; so, exercere, id Suppos Amph Tun' me mactes? v. 12: habere, in the abovementioned S. C.— Poet.:
Bacchanalia vivere,
to live in the manner of the Bacchantes, to live riotously and wantonly, Juv. 2, 3.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > baccanal
105 Bacchanal

Bacchānal (old orthog. Bacānal, v. S. C. Bacch. A. V. C. 568, Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172: baccānal, Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3), ālis, n. [from Bacchus, like Fagutal, Frutinal, Lupercal, etc.; v. App. 1 to the Pref.], a place devoted to Bacchus, the place where the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated:
NE QVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET, S. C. Bacch. v. 4: EA BACANALIA... IN DIEBVS X... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT,
ib. v. 28:
ad Baccas veni in Baccanal,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3:
aperire,
id. ib. 8:
Bacchanalia,
Liv. 39, 18, 7.—
II.
Transf., in the plur.: Bacchānālia, ium ( gen. sometimes Bacchananorum, Sall. H. 3, 79 Dietsch; Firm. Mat. Err. Prof. Relig. 6, 9), a feast of Bacchus, the orgies of Bacchus (diff. from the Roman festival of Liber; v. Liberalia); celebrated once in three years, at night, and in the most tumultuous and licentious manner (cf. Smith, Antiq.); hence, prohibited in Rome, A.U.C. 568, B.C. 186, by a decree of the Senate, Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, which is yet preserved (v. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172 sq.); Liv. 39, 9, 3; 39, 12, 4; 39, 16, 10; 39, 18, 7 sq.; 39, 41, 6; Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37; Tac. H. 2, 68.—Rarely in sing.:
Bacchanal facere,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 43 Lorenz ad loc.; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 20; so, exercere, id Suppos Amph Tun' me mactes? v. 12: habere, in the abovementioned S. C.— Poet.:
Bacchanalia vivere,
to live in the manner of the Bacchantes, to live riotously and wantonly, Juv. 2, 3.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Bacchanal
106 Bacchanalia

Bacchānal (old orthog. Bacānal, v. S. C. Bacch. A. V. C. 568, Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172: baccānal, Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3), ālis, n. [from Bacchus, like Fagutal, Frutinal, Lupercal, etc.; v. App. 1 to the Pref.], a place devoted to Bacchus, the place where the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated:
NE QVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET, S. C. Bacch. v. 4: EA BACANALIA... IN DIEBVS X... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT,
ib. v. 28:
ad Baccas veni in Baccanal,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 3:
aperire,
id. ib. 8:
Bacchanalia,
Liv. 39, 18, 7.—
II.
Transf., in the plur.: Bacchānālia, ium ( gen. sometimes Bacchananorum, Sall. H. 3, 79 Dietsch; Firm. Mat. Err. Prof. Relig. 6, 9), a feast of Bacchus, the orgies of Bacchus (diff. from the Roman festival of Liber; v. Liberalia); celebrated once in three years, at night, and in the most tumultuous and licentious manner (cf. Smith, Antiq.); hence, prohibited in Rome, A.U.C. 568, B.C. 186, by a decree of the Senate, Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, which is yet preserved (v. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172 sq.); Liv. 39, 9, 3; 39, 12, 4; 39, 16, 10; 39, 18, 7 sq.; 39, 41, 6; Cic. Leg. 2, 15, 37; Tac. H. 2, 68.—Rarely in sing.:
Bacchanal facere,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 43 Lorenz ad loc.; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 20; so, exercere, id Suppos Amph Tun' me mactes? v. 12: habere, in the abovementioned S. C.— Poet.:
Bacchanalia vivere,
to live in the manner of the Bacchantes, to live riotously and wantonly, Juv. 2, 3.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Bacchanalia
107 caducum

cădūcus, a, um, adj. [cado].
I.
That falls or has fallen, falling, fallen (mostly poet.): bacae glandesque caducae, * Lucr. 5, 1362; cf. Dig. 50, 16, 30:
glans caduca est, quae ex arbore cecidit: oleae,
Cato, R. R. 23, 2:
spica,
that fell in mowing, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 12:
aqua,
id. ib. 3, 5, 2:
aquae,
Ov. P. 2, 7, 39:
frondes,
Verg. G. 1, 368:
frons,
Ov. M. 7, 840; id. Tr. 3, 1, 45:
folia,
id. Am. 2, 16, 45:
lacrimae,
id. M. 6, 396:
poma,
Prop. 2, 32, 40:
oliva,
Col. 12, 52, 22:
fulmen,
Hor. C. 3, 4, 44:
te, triste lignum, te caducum In domini caput immerentis,
id. ib. 2, 13, 11; cf.
ligna,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 66 Müll.:
tela,
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 53:
moro coma nigrior caduco,
Mart. 8, 64, 7.—
B.
Caduca auspicia dicunt cum aliquid in templo excidit, veluti virga e manu, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 9 Müll.—
2.
Caduci bello, that have fallen in war, slain in battle:
bello caduci Dardanidae,
Verg. A. 6, 481.—
3.
In gen., devoted to death, destined to die:
juvenis,
Verg. A. 10, 622.—
II.
Inclined to fall, that easily falls (rare):
vitis, quae naturā caduca est et, nisi fulta sit, ad terram fertur,
Cic. Sen. 15, 52; cf. id. ib. 2, 5. —Hence,
2.
Esp., in medic. lang.: homo, epileptic, Firm. Math. 3, 6, n. 8;
Aemil. Mac. c. de Paeonia: equus,
Veg. 1, 25, 2:
asellus morbo detestabili caducus,
App. M. 9, p. 236, 12:
morbus,
the falling sickness, epilepsy, App. Herb. 60; Aemil. Mac. c. Aristoloch.; Isid. Orig. 14, 7, 5.—
B.
Trop.
1.
In gen., frail, fleeting, perishable, transitory, vain (class., esp. in prose):
in eo, qui ex animo constet et corpus caducus et infirmus,
Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 98:
ignis,
quickly extinguished, Sen. Q. N. 2, 23, 2:
res humanae fragiles caducaeque,
Cic. Lael. 27, 102: quis confidit semper sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum, quod fragile et caducum sit, id. Fin. 2, 27, 86:
nihil nisi mortale et caducum praeter animos,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17: alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia;
virtus est una altissimis defixa radicibus,
id. Phil. 4, 5, 13; id. Lael. 6, 20; id. Dom. 58, 146:
tituli,
Plin. Pan. 55, 8:
tempus,
id. Ep. 3, 7, 14:
labores,
id. ib. 9, 3, 2:
fama,
Ov. P. 4, 8, 46:
spes,
vain, futile, id. M. 9, 597:
preces,
ineffectual, id. F. 1, 181:
pars voti,
id. Ib. 88.—
2.
Esp., in law, caduca bona were those possessions which did not fall to the heir mentioned in a will, because he was childless, but passed to other heirs (in default of such, to the exchequer); vacant, having no heir (cf. Hugo, Rechtsgesch. p. 760 sq.):
quod quis sibi testamento relictum, ita ut jure civili capere possit, aliquă ex causă deinde non ceperit, caducum appellatur, veluti ceciderit ab eo, etc., Ulp. Lib. Regul. tit. 10: hereditates,
Cic. Phil. 10, 5, 11; Cod. Th. 10, 10, 30 pr.; Dig. 22, 5, 9: portio, Gai Inst. 2, 206.—As subst.: cădūcum, i, n., property without an heir, an unowned eslate:
legatum omne capis nec non et dulce caducum,
Juv. 9, 88:
caduca occupare,
Just. 19, 3, 6: vindicare, Gal Inst. 2, 207.—
b.
Transf., of other things:
nostra est omnis ista prudentiae doctrinaeque possessio, in quam homines, quasi caducam atque vacuam, abundantes otio, nobis occupatis, involaverunt,
Cic. de Or. 3, 31, 122 (no comp. or sup.).—Hence, adv.: cădū-cĭter, precipitately, headlong: caduciter = praecipitanter;
Varro: aquai caduciter ruentis,
Non. p. 91, 1 sq.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > caducum
108 caducus

cădūcus, a, um, adj. [cado].
I.
That falls or has fallen, falling, fallen (mostly poet.): bacae glandesque caducae, * Lucr. 5, 1362; cf. Dig. 50, 16, 30:
glans caduca est, quae ex arbore cecidit: oleae,
Cato, R. R. 23, 2:
spica,
that fell in mowing, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 12:
aqua,
id. ib. 3, 5, 2:
aquae,
Ov. P. 2, 7, 39:
frondes,
Verg. G. 1, 368:
frons,
Ov. M. 7, 840; id. Tr. 3, 1, 45:
folia,
id. Am. 2, 16, 45:
lacrimae,
id. M. 6, 396:
poma,
Prop. 2, 32, 40:
oliva,
Col. 12, 52, 22:
fulmen,
Hor. C. 3, 4, 44:
te, triste lignum, te caducum In domini caput immerentis,
id. ib. 2, 13, 11; cf.
ligna,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 66 Müll.:
tela,
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 53:
moro coma nigrior caduco,
Mart. 8, 64, 7.—
B.
Caduca auspicia dicunt cum aliquid in templo excidit, veluti virga e manu, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 9 Müll.—
2.
Caduci bello, that have fallen in war, slain in battle:
bello caduci Dardanidae,
Verg. A. 6, 481.—
3.
In gen., devoted to death, destined to die:
juvenis,
Verg. A. 10, 622.—
II.
Inclined to fall, that easily falls (rare):
vitis, quae naturā caduca est et, nisi fulta sit, ad terram fertur,
Cic. Sen. 15, 52; cf. id. ib. 2, 5. —Hence,
2.
Esp., in medic. lang.: homo, epileptic, Firm. Math. 3, 6, n. 8;
Aemil. Mac. c. de Paeonia: equus,
Veg. 1, 25, 2:
asellus morbo detestabili caducus,
App. M. 9, p. 236, 12:
morbus,
the falling sickness, epilepsy, App. Herb. 60; Aemil. Mac. c. Aristoloch.; Isid. Orig. 14, 7, 5.—
B.
Trop.
1.
In gen., frail, fleeting, perishable, transitory, vain (class., esp. in prose):
in eo, qui ex animo constet et corpus caducus et infirmus,
Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 98:
ignis,
quickly extinguished, Sen. Q. N. 2, 23, 2:
res humanae fragiles caducaeque,
Cic. Lael. 27, 102: quis confidit semper sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum, quod fragile et caducum sit, id. Fin. 2, 27, 86:
nihil nisi mortale et caducum praeter animos,
id. Rep. 6, 17, 17: alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia;
virtus est una altissimis defixa radicibus,
id. Phil. 4, 5, 13; id. Lael. 6, 20; id. Dom. 58, 146:
tituli,
Plin. Pan. 55, 8:
tempus,
id. Ep. 3, 7, 14:
labores,
id. ib. 9, 3, 2:
fama,
Ov. P. 4, 8, 46:
spes,
vain, futile, id. M. 9, 597:
preces,
ineffectual, id. F. 1, 181:
pars voti,
id. Ib. 88.—
2.
Esp., in law, caduca bona were those possessions which did not fall to the heir mentioned in a will, because he was childless, but passed to other heirs (in default of such, to the exchequer); vacant, having no heir (cf. Hugo, Rechtsgesch. p. 760 sq.):
quod quis sibi testamento relictum, ita ut jure civili capere possit, aliquă ex causă deinde non ceperit, caducum appellatur, veluti ceciderit ab eo, etc., Ulp. Lib. Regul. tit. 10: hereditates,
Cic. Phil. 10, 5, 11; Cod. Th. 10, 10, 30 pr.; Dig. 22, 5, 9: portio, Gai Inst. 2, 206.—As subst.: cădūcum, i, n., property without an heir, an unowned eslate:
legatum omne capis nec non et dulce caducum,
Juv. 9, 88:
caduca occupare,
Just. 19, 3, 6: vindicare, Gal Inst. 2, 207.—
b.
Transf., of other things:
nostra est omnis ista prudentiae doctrinaeque possessio, in quam homines, quasi caducam atque vacuam, abundantes otio, nobis occupatis, involaverunt,
Cic. de Or. 3, 31, 122 (no comp. or sup.).—Hence, adv.: cădū-cĭter, precipitately, headlong: caduciter = praecipitanter;
Varro: aquai caduciter ruentis,
Non. p. 91, 1 sq.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > caducus
109 praesto

1.
praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:
bonorum officio praestus fui,
Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).
I.
Lit.:
ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:
quod adest praesto in primis placet,
Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:
sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,
id. 2, 16, 10;
more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,
Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:
togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,
id. Pis. 23, 55:
tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?
hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:
hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,
Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):
era, eccum praesto militem,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:
ipsum adeo praesto video,
Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—
II.
In partic: praesto esse or adire
A.
To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:
ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:
jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,
Cic. Mur. 9, 19:
praesto esse clientem tuum?
id. Att. 10, 8, 3:
saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:
ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,
id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;
also with videor,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:
pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,
will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—
B.
With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:
si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,
Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:
quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.
2.
prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.
I.
Neutr., to stand before or in front.
A.
Lit.:
dum primae praestant acies,
Luc. 4, 30.—
B.
Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):
cum virtute omnibus praestarent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:
quā re homines bestiis praestent,
id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:
hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,
id. Lael. 5, 19:
Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:
ceteris,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:
suos inter aequales longe praestitit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,
Sall. C. 1, 1:
praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,
Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:
quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,
Liv. 1, 57, 7:
cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,
id. 8, 7, 7:
quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!
id. 31, 7, 8:
genere militum praestare tironibus,
id. 42, 52, 10:
tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,
Quint. 1, 10, 14:
qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,
id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:
sacro, quod praestat, peracto,
Juv. 12, 86:
probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,
were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:
truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,
Tac. A. 2, 24:
cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?
Lucr. 1, 358.—
2.
Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:
nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,
it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:
mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,
it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:
praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,
it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:
motos praestat componere fluctus,
Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.
II.
Act.
A.
To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:
quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,
Liv. 5, 36, 4:
qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:
praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,
Liv. 3, 61, 7:
ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,
id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:
praestat ingenio alius alium,
Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;
7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,
Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:
imperatores prudentiā,
id. Hann. 1, 1:
eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,
id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—
B.
To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):
ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,
id. Att. 6, 3, 5:
quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,
Plin. Pan. 83:
communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:
impetus populi praestare nemo potest,
no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:
periculum judicii,
id. Mur. 2, 3:
damnum alicui,
id. Off. 3, 16:
invidiam,
id. Sest. 28, 61:
nihil,
to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:
cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,
what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:
ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,
Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:
quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,
Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:
quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:
(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?
id. Fl. 12, 28:
meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,
Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:
illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,
Juv. 6, 539.—
C.
In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:
arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,
Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:
ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,
id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:
suum munus,
id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:
hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:
ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,
I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:
quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,
I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:
fidem alicui,
Liv. 30, 15:
pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,
maintained, id. 40, 34:
tributa,
to pay, Juv. 3, 188:
annua,
id. 6, 480:
triplicem usuram,
id. 9, 7.— Pass.:
promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,
Liv. 43, 18, 11:
mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,
quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,
id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:
virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,
id. Div. 2, 37, 79:
ni praestaretur fides publica,
Liv. 2, 28, 7.—
2.
In partic.
a.
To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:
pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:
omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:
mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,
Lucr. 3, 214. —
b.
To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:
Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,
id. ib. 1, 9, 5:
virtutem,
Caes. B. G. 2, 27:
benevolentiam,
Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:
consilium suum fidemque,
id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:
se incolumem,
Lucr. 3, 220:
se invictum,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:
teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,
show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:
Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,
show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:
juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,
showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:
vel magnum praestet Achillem,
should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—
c.
To show, exhibit, manifest:
honorem debitum patri,
Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:
fratri pietatem,
id. Brut. 33, 126:
virtutem et diligentiam alicui,
id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:
frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:
obsequium,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:
sedulitatem alicui rei,
to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—
d.
To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:
alicui certam summam pecuniae,
Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:
caput fulminibus,
to expose, Luc. 5, 770:
Hiberus praestat nomen terris,
id. 4, 23:
anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,
Col. 8, 13:
cum senatui sententiam praestaret,
gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:
terga hosti,
to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:
voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,
to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:
pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,
was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:
corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,
Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.
A.
In gen. (class.).
1.
Of persons:
omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,
far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:
usu et sapientiā praestantes,
noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:
virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,
superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:
in illis artibus praestantissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:
praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:
o praestans animi juvenis,
distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:
belli,
Sil. 5, 92:
armorum,
Stat. Th. 1, 605:
praestantissimus sapientiae,
Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:
quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,
whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—
2.
Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:
praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Verg. A. 1, 71:
praestanti corpore tauri,
id. G. 4, 550:
formā,
id. A. 7, 483:
naturā excellens atque praestans,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:
qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
praestans prudentiā in omnibus,
Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:
quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?
id. Vatin. 3, 8.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Efficacious:
medicina,
Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:
usus praestantior,
id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:
calamus praestantior odore,
id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:
sucus sapore praestantissimus,
id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:
praestantissima auxilia,
id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—
2.
Sup.:
Praestantissimus,
a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:
praestantissime,
Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praesto
110 praestu

1.
praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:
bonorum officio praestus fui,
Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).
I.
Lit.:
ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:
quod adest praesto in primis placet,
Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:
sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,
id. 2, 16, 10;
more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,
Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:
togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,
id. Pis. 23, 55:
tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?
hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:
hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,
Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):
era, eccum praesto militem,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:
ipsum adeo praesto video,
Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—
II.
In partic: praesto esse or adire
A.
To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:
ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:
jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,
Cic. Mur. 9, 19:
praesto esse clientem tuum?
id. Att. 10, 8, 3:
saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:
ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,
id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;
also with videor,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:
pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,
will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—
B.
With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:
si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,
Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:
quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.
2.
prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.
I.
Neutr., to stand before or in front.
A.
Lit.:
dum primae praestant acies,
Luc. 4, 30.—
B.
Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):
cum virtute omnibus praestarent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:
quā re homines bestiis praestent,
id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:
hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,
id. Lael. 5, 19:
Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:
ceteris,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:
suos inter aequales longe praestitit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,
Sall. C. 1, 1:
praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,
Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:
quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,
Liv. 1, 57, 7:
cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,
id. 8, 7, 7:
quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!
id. 31, 7, 8:
genere militum praestare tironibus,
id. 42, 52, 10:
tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,
Quint. 1, 10, 14:
qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,
id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:
sacro, quod praestat, peracto,
Juv. 12, 86:
probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,
were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:
truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,
Tac. A. 2, 24:
cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?
Lucr. 1, 358.—
2.
Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:
nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,
it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:
mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,
it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:
praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,
it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:
motos praestat componere fluctus,
Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.
II.
Act.
A.
To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:
quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,
Liv. 5, 36, 4:
qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:
praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,
Liv. 3, 61, 7:
ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,
id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:
praestat ingenio alius alium,
Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;
7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,
Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:
imperatores prudentiā,
id. Hann. 1, 1:
eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,
id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—
B.
To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):
ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,
id. Att. 6, 3, 5:
quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,
Plin. Pan. 83:
communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:
impetus populi praestare nemo potest,
no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:
periculum judicii,
id. Mur. 2, 3:
damnum alicui,
id. Off. 3, 16:
invidiam,
id. Sest. 28, 61:
nihil,
to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:
cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,
what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:
ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,
Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:
quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,
Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:
quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:
(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?
id. Fl. 12, 28:
meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,
Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:
illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,
Juv. 6, 539.—
C.
In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:
arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,
Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:
ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,
id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:
suum munus,
id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:
hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:
ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,
I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:
quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,
I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:
fidem alicui,
Liv. 30, 15:
pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,
maintained, id. 40, 34:
tributa,
to pay, Juv. 3, 188:
annua,
id. 6, 480:
triplicem usuram,
id. 9, 7.— Pass.:
promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,
Liv. 43, 18, 11:
mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,
quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,
id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:
virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,
id. Div. 2, 37, 79:
ni praestaretur fides publica,
Liv. 2, 28, 7.—
2.
In partic.
a.
To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:
pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:
omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:
mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,
Lucr. 3, 214. —
b.
To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:
Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,
id. ib. 1, 9, 5:
virtutem,
Caes. B. G. 2, 27:
benevolentiam,
Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:
consilium suum fidemque,
id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:
se incolumem,
Lucr. 3, 220:
se invictum,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:
teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,
show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:
Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,
show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:
juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,
showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:
vel magnum praestet Achillem,
should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—
c.
To show, exhibit, manifest:
honorem debitum patri,
Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:
fratri pietatem,
id. Brut. 33, 126:
virtutem et diligentiam alicui,
id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:
frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:
obsequium,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:
sedulitatem alicui rei,
to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—
d.
To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:
alicui certam summam pecuniae,
Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:
caput fulminibus,
to expose, Luc. 5, 770:
Hiberus praestat nomen terris,
id. 4, 23:
anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,
Col. 8, 13:
cum senatui sententiam praestaret,
gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:
terga hosti,
to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:
voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,
to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:
pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,
was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:
corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,
Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.
A.
In gen. (class.).
1.
Of persons:
omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,
far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:
usu et sapientiā praestantes,
noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:
virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,
superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:
in illis artibus praestantissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:
praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:
o praestans animi juvenis,
distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:
belli,
Sil. 5, 92:
armorum,
Stat. Th. 1, 605:
praestantissimus sapientiae,
Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:
quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,
whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—
2.
Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:
praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Verg. A. 1, 71:
praestanti corpore tauri,
id. G. 4, 550:
formā,
id. A. 7, 483:
naturā excellens atque praestans,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:
qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
praestans prudentiā in omnibus,
Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:
quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?
id. Vatin. 3, 8.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Efficacious:
medicina,
Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:
usus praestantior,
id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:
calamus praestantior odore,
id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:
sucus sapore praestantissimus,
id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:
praestantissima auxilia,
id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—
2.
Sup.:
Praestantissimus,
a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:
praestantissime,
Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praestu
111 votum

vōtum, i, n. [voveo].
A.
(Acc. to voveo, I.) A solemn promise made to some deity, a vow (freq. and class.; esp. in plur.):
qui (deus) numquam nobis occurrit neque in optatis neque in votis,
Cic. N. D. 1, 14, 36:
nefaria vota,
id. Clu. 68, 194:
nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis, quam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint?
id. N. D. 3, 37, 89:
voto et promisso teneri,
id. Att. 12, 18, 1:
obstrictum esse religione voti,
id. ib. 12, 43, 2:
obligari voti sponsione deo,
id. Leg. 2, 16, 41:
cum de illo aegroto vota faciebant,
id. Att. 8, 16, 1:
vota facere,
id. Fam. 7, 2, 4; id. Mil. 15, 41; id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2 al.:
nuncupare,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:
suscipere,
id. N. D. 3, 39, 93:
concipere,
Ov. M. 7, 594; Liv. 5, 25, 7:
debere diis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 55, § 123:
solvere,
id. Phil. 3, 4, 11:
reddere,
id. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
Jovi reddere,
Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 46:
suscipere et solvere,
Plin. Ep. 10, 35 (44):
persolvere,
id. ib. 10, 100 (101):
voto se exsolvere,
Petr. 85:
exsequi,
Verg. A. 5, 53: voti damnari, i. e. to obtain one's prayer or wish [p. 2015] Liv. 5, 25, 4; 7, 28, 4; 27, 45, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 447 fin.:
voti reus,
Verg. A. 5, 237:
voti liberari,
Liv. 5, 28, 1.—
2.
Transf.
a.
A thing solemnly promised, that which is vowed or devoted, a volive offering (mostly poet.):
lustramurque Jovi, votisque incendimus aras,
with burnt-offerings, Verg. A. 3, 279:
Danai in voto (i. e. equo Trojano) latent,
Petr. 89; cf.:
iste... de bonis illius in aede Veneris argenteum Cupidinem posuit. Sic etiam fortunis hominum abutebatur ad nocturna vota cupiditatum suarum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142.—
b.
Vota, a day on which vows were made for the good of the State (post-class.), Capitol. Pert. 6; Vop. Tac. 9; cf. Dig. 50, 16, 233, § 1.—
B.
Transf.
1.
(Acc. to voveo, II.) A wish, desire, longing, prayer (perh not ante-Aug.):
ea esse vota, eam esse voluntatem omnium, ut, etc.,
Liv. 2, 15, 3:
ejus me compotem voti facere vos potestis,
id. 7, 40, 6:
quoniam res Romana contra spem votaque ejus velut resurgeret,
id. 24, 45, 3; 35, 42, 5:
quod omnibus votis petendum erat,
id. 32, 21, 35:
magnarum cogitationum,
Petr. 115:
audivere di mea vota,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 1:
haec loca sunt voto fertiliora tuo,
Ov. A. A. 1, 90; id. Tr. 1, 2, 1:
votum in amante novum,
id. M. 3, 468:
voti potens,
id. ib. 8, 80:
quod omnium sit votum parentum, ut, etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 82:
vota parentium,
id. 1, 2, 25: id enim voto meo sufficit;
illud supra votum, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 3:
Darius votum meum implevit,
Curt. 4, 13, 24; 4, 13, 8; Sen. Polyb. 10, 6:
cunctis super vota fluentibus,
Tac. H. 3, 48; Sen. Ben. 6, 30, 1:
votum aliquem confodiendi,
Suet. Aug. 51; cf. id. ib. 58:
hoc erat in votis: modus agri non ita magnus,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 1:
esse in voto,
Pers. 3, 48; cf.:
sed hoc votum est et rara felicitas,
is rather a thing to be wished, Quint. 12, 5, 6 Spald.; so, votum est, ut, etc., it is to be wished that, etc., Cels. 6, 6, 1:
an venit in votum Attalicis ex urbibus una?
Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 5:
non sine votis: O rus, quando ego te aspiciam?
id. S. 2, 6, 59. —Of inanimate things:
alioquin vota arborum frugumque communia sunt nivis diutinas sedere,
Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14.—
2.
A marriage vow, matrimonial engagement, marriage (post-class.):
ad tertia vota migrare,
Cod. Just. 5, 9, 4; 5, 5, 24; 5, 1, 2:
nuptualia,
App. M. 4, p. 154, 18; id. Flor. p. 342, 27.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > votum
112 Hollie Point

HOLLIE POINT
A needle lace of the Middle Ages, devoted to church ornaments. It is a corruption of Holy Point. The designs were always biblical.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Hollie Point
113 Albuquerque, Joaquim Mousinho de

(1855-1902)

Portugal's most celebrated colonial soldier of the modern era, governor and conqueror of the Gaza state in Mozambique. A career army officer with noble lineage, "Mousinho," as he became known to his generation, later helped to shape Portugal's administration and policies in Mozambique, following army service in India. He served largely as a soldier involved in so-called "pacification" campaigns in Mozambique (1890-95) and then as an administrator, where he acted as royal commissioner and governor-general of Mozambique from 1896 to 1898. After he first visited Africa in 1890, the year of the English Ultimatum, the principal part of his career would be devoted to Portuguese Africa, and he was to become a noted authority on African affairs and policies. Appointed governor of the district of Lourenço Marques (today, Maputo) in late 1890, he returned to Portugal in 1892, then became part of the most famous military expedition to Portuguese Africa of the modern era, the 1895 force sent to Mozambique to conquer the African state of Gaza, in southern Mozambique. Albuquerque distinguished himself in this bloody campaign; at the battle of Coolela, on 7 November 1895, Portuguese forces using the novel machine gun defeated and slaughtered the army of Gaza king Gungunyane. Following his appointment as military governor of the Gaza district, Albuquerque grew impatient with the failure of his superiors to give the coup d'grace to the Gaza kingdom by killing or capturing its leader, Gungunyane, who had escaped after the battle of Coolela. With a small force, Mousinho raided his refuge at Chaimite, Mozambique, and captured Gungunyane, who did not resist (January 1896). These bold deeds in the 1895 campaign and the surprise kidnapping of Mozambique's most powerful African leader made Albuquerque a hero in Portugal and a colonial celebrity in several other European states. Among the honors showered upon this unusual soldier was the 1896 double appointment as governor-general and royal commissioner of Mozambique colony. His service as chief administrator of Portugal's second most important African territory during 1896-98 was significant but frustrating. His efforts at sweeping reforms, rejuvenation, and decentralization of authority and power were noble but made little impact at the time. He resigned in anger after his failure to move the Lisbon colonial bureaucracy and returned to a restless, relatively inactive life in Portugal. Unable to adjust to dull garrison duty, after he completed his masterful colonial report-memoir on his African service (Mozambique, 1896-98), Albuquerque in vain sought new challenges. Briefly he served as tutor to Prince Luís, heir apparent of King Carlos I, but his efforts to volunteer as an officer in wars in South Africa and China failed. His idea of a military dictatorship to reform a lagging constitutional monarchy rejected both by his patron, King Carlos, and by much of the political elite, Lieutenant Colonel Mousinho de Albuquerque found life too painful to bear. On 8 January 1902, while on a Lisbon tram, Albuquerque committed suicide with his own pistol. His importance for future colonial policy in Africa was manifest as Portugal made efforts to decentralize and reform administration until 1930. After 1930, his personal legend as a brave colonial soldier who was an epitome of patriotism grew and was exploited by the dictatorship led by Sala- zar. Mousinho de Albuquerque was adopted by this regime, between 1930 and 1960, as the military-colonial patron saint of the regime and as an example to Portuguese youth. The name of the place where he surprised Gungunyane, Chaimite, was adopted as the name of an armored car used by the Portuguese Army in its post-1961 campaigns in Africa.

See also Carlos I, King; Generation of 1895.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Albuquerque, Joaquim Mousinho de
114 Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano

(1874-1955)

   Pioneer physician and neurosurgeon, sometime republican political figure, and minister during the First Republic, and Portugal's only Nobel Prize winner until 1998 (when the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to José Saramago). Trained as a doctor at Coimbra University's medical school, Egas Moniz was named a professor in 1902. In 1911, after having studied at several clinics in France, he was transferred to the Chair of Neurology at the University of Lisbon.

   In 1903, he began his involvement in politics when he was elected a deputy to the monarchy's parliament. During the early and middle phases of the First Republic, Egas Moniz became one of the more important moderate republican personalities in the Constituent Assembly, a leading member of José Almeida's Evolutionist Party, a founder of the Centrist Party, and a staunch supporter of presidentialism and President Sidônio Pais. In a sense a prophet without honor during some of the more difficult phases of the turbulent republic, Egas Moniz was Portugal's minister to Spain in 1917-18, then minister of foreign affairs. During 1919, he headed Portugal's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. Exhausted and disillusioned with politics and government service by mid-1919, he devoted the remainder of his active life to medical practice and neurological research and writing.

   In 1927, after intensive experimentation, Egas Moniz performed the first cerebral angiography on a patient; this X-ray provided vital information on the brain in terms of blood circulation within it, the most significant finding in half a century. In 1935, he pioneered a new type of brain operation. His great contributions to medicine and to neurosurgery were finally recognized in 1949, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the uses of leucotomy in certain psychoses. His two fascinating memoirs ( Confidencias de um Investigador Científico, 1949, and A Nossa Casa, 1950) are among the more significant and prescient of Portuguese memorial works in modern times. A tenacious collector of plastic arts, his collection is housed in the Egas Moniz House-Museum at Avança (near Aveiro), northern Portugal, and other memorabilia related to this outstanding scientist are located in the Egas Moniz Museum, Lisbon.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano
115 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.

   ■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.

   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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   ■ Crollen, Luc. Portugal, the U.S. and NATO. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1973.

   ■. "Portugal." In O. De Raeymaeker et al. Small Powers in Alignment, 27-96. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1974.

   ■ Cunha Leal, Francisco. Portugal e Inglaterra. Corunna, 1932.

   ■ Davidson, Basil. "The Oldest Alliance Faces a Crisis." In Philip Masonm, ed., Angola: A Symposium. Views of a Revolt, 138-60. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

   ■ Duff, Katherine. "The War and the Neutrals." In Arnold and Veronica Toyn-bee, eds., Survey of International Affairs. London: Chatham House, 1956.

   ■ Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

   ■ Epstein, John. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1373-1973." World Survey (London) 54 (June 1973): p. 18.

   ■ Ferreira, José Medeiros. Estudos de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General L. O Poder Militar Da Gran-Bretanha E A Aliança Anglo-Lusa. Coimbra, 1939.

   ■. A Cooperaçio Anglo-Portuguesa na Grande Guerra de 1914-18. Lisbon, 1942.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal 1691-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Freitas, A. Barjona de. A Questão Ingleza. Lisbon, 1891.

   ■ Gonçalves, Caetano. A Aliança Luso-Britânica e o Domínio Colonial Português. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Guedes, Armando Marques. A Aliança Inglesa: Notas de História diplomática, 1383-1943. Lisbon, 1943. Halpern Pereira, Miriam. Revoluçio, finanças, dependência externa. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Howorth, A. H. D'Araujo Scott. A Aliança Luso-Britânica E A Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Kay, Hugh. Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorne, 1970.

   ■ Lawrence, L. Nehru Seizes Goa. New York: Pageant, 1963.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance: Historical Perspective." 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 7-15. Lisbon: BBC, 1973.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História Diplomática Portuguesa-Constantes e Linhas de Força. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Manoel, J. de Câmara. Portugal e Inglatterra. Lisbon, 1909.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro S. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.

   ■ Oliveira, Pedro Aires. Os Despojos Da Alianca. A Gra-Bretanha e a questao colonial portuguesa 1945-1975. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2007. Ortigão, Ramalho. John Bull. Lisbon, 1887.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland from 1646 to 1668. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1925.

   ■. Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. London: Voss & Michael, 1935.

   ■ Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. Sarmento, J. E. Morães. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Coast Defense. London, 1908.

   ■ Serrão, Joel. "O Ultimatum (January 1890)." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. IV (1971): 219-24.

   ■ Shafaat, Ahmed Khan, ed. Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660-1667. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

   ■ Sousa, Carlos Hermenegildo de. A Aliança Anglo-Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■ Stone, Glyn A. "The Official British Attitude to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1910-45." Journal of Contemporary History (London) 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 729-46.

   ■. The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941. Woodbridge, U.K.: Royal Historical Society and Boydell Press, 1994. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Ultimatum Inglês: Política Externa no Portugal do 1890. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Teles, Basilio. Do Ultimatum ao 30 de Janeiro. Oporto, 1905.

   ■ Vicente, António Pedro. "Um testemunho de 1796 sobre a Situação de Portugal face ao domínio inglês." In Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües, IV. Paris, 1972.

   ■ Vieira de Castro, Luís. D. Carlos I. ( Elementos de História Diplomática), 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1941.

   ■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain, Portugal and the First World War." European Studies Review 4, 3 (1974).

   ■. "The Portuguese Economy and the Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty of 1916." Iberian Studies (Keele, U.K.) III, 2 (Autumn 1974): 49-54.

   ■. As Relações Políticas Luso-Britânicas 1910-1916. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. "The Portuguese Republic and Britain, 1910-14." Journal of Contemporary History 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 707-27.

   ■ Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: A Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. Viriato [Pseud]. A Aliança lnglesa. Lisbon, 1914.

   ■ Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon and Its Closing Stages Ensuring upon the Treaty of 1810. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
116 πρόσκειμαι

πρόσκειμαι (on the [dialect] Ion. forms

A v. κεῖμαι), serving as [voice] Pass. to προστίθημι, to be placed or laid by or upon, lie by or upon, οὔατα προσέκειτο handles were upon it, Il.18.379; τῇ θύρᾳ πρόσκεισο keep close to the door, Ar.V. 142, cf. E.Ph. 739; δοκοὶ τῷ τείχει.. προσκείμεναι lying near the wall, Th.4.112; of places, lie near, be adjacent, τῷ καλῷ ἀκρωτηρίῳ Plb.3.24.2
, etc.; ὁ προσκείμενος [ ἵππος] the inside horse (turning a corner), S.El. 722: metaph., πρόσκειται τὸ κάλλος ( ὁ καλός ap. Stob.) τῷ ἀγαθῷ X.Oec.6.15
.

2 lie beside, cling to, ἀμφὶ μέσσῃ περιπετῆ προσκείμενον S.Ant. 1223
.

3 of pessaries, to be applied, remain in place, Hp.Nat.Mul. 109, Mul.1.37.

II generally, to be involved in or bound up with, εἴ τῳ πρόσκειμαι χρηστῷ S.El. 240
(lyr.); ᾧ σὺ πρόσκεισαι κακῷ ib. 1040; κακοῖς γὰρ οὐ σὺ πρόσκεισαι μόνη E.Fr. 418
; cf. infr. 111.

2 to be attached or devoted to, τινι Hdt. 6.61; τῷ δήμῳ Th.6.89
, etc.: abs., θεραπεύων π. Id.8.52; devote oneself to the service of a god, τῷ Διονύσῳ D.C.51.25
; π. διάκονος καὶ ἀκόλουθος ἐκείνῳ (sc. τῷ θεῷ) Arr.Epict.4.7.20; also of things, π. τῷ λεγομένῳ put faith in a story, Hdt.4.11; π. οἴνῳ, τῇ φιλοινίῃ, to be addicted to wine, Id.1.133, 3.34; ἄγραις devote oneself to hunting, S.Aj. 407 (lyr.); ταῖς ναυσί Th.1.93
, cf. 8.89; τῇ τοῦ ὄντος ἰδέᾳ Pl.Sph. 254a
; τῇ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ποιήσει Paus.2.21.10
; τοῖς Δημοσθένους λόγοις Aristid.2.315J.
; θειασμῷ Th.7.50
, Plu.Nic.4.

3 urge, entreat, solicit, Κύρῳ π. δῶρα πέμπων Hdt.1.123
; π. αὐτῷ ἀξιοῦντες .. X.HG3.4.7: abs., ἐπηκολούθουν κἠντιβόλουν προσκείμενοι with importunity, Ar.Fr. 543; προσκείμενος ἐδίδασκε with zeal, Th.7.18; δεόμενοι προο έκειντο Plu. Per.33
.

b in military sense, press hard, pursue closely, ἡ ἵππος προσέκειτο πᾶσα Hdt.9.57
, cf. 40,60; ᾗ μάλιστα αὐτοῖς προσκέοιντο Th.4.33
, etc.; τὸ προσκείμενον the pressure of the enemy, Hdt.9.61; κλύδωνα πολεμίων προσκείμενον E.IT 316
: metaph., ἀνάγκης ἀεὶ προσκειμένης Pl.Phdr. 240e
: rarely c. acc., οἵ μ' ἀεὶ προσκείμενοι E.IA 814
(s.v.l.).

III to be assigned to, fall to, belong to, τοῖσι θεῶν τιμὴ αὕτη πρόσκειται Hdt.1.118
, cf. 2.83, etc.; τῷ πρόσκειμαι δούλα; E.Tr. 185 (lyr.), cf. Hdt.1.196; of qualities, τὴν ἀβουλίαν ὅσῳ μέγιστον ἀνδρὶ πρόσκειται κακόν S.Ant. 1243
; βραχεῖ λόγῳ δὲ πολλὰ π. σοφά Id.Fr. 102
; ἦ πόλλ' ἀγρώταις σκαιὰ π. φρενί E.Rh. 266
; τὸ δ' ἄρσεν αὐτοὺς ὠφελεῖ προσκείμενον Id.Hipp. 970
; τὸ ῥῆμα πρόσκειται τῇ προτέρᾳ τέρᾳ αἰτιατικῇ belongs to.., A.D.Synt.243.20; to be laid upon as a charge, business, προξείνους ἀποδεικνύναι τούτοισι προσκεῖσθαι Hdt.6.57
, cf. 1.119; ἐμοὶ τοῦτο π., μηδένα πελάζειν δόμοις E.Hel. 443
; ἄλλῳ δ' ἄλλο π. γέρας, σὲ μὲν μάχεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ βουλεύειν καλῶς Id.Rh. 107
; of punishments, προσκειμένης ζημίας τῷ πωλοῦντι X.Vect.4.21
(sed leg. προκ-).

2 to be added or attached to, ἄλγος ἄλγει π. E.Alc. 1039; ἐπὶ τοῖς πάλαι κακοὶς π. πῆμα Id.Heracl. 483
; κέρδος πρὸς ἔργῳ Id.Rh. 162
; π. τῇ πόλει ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ὥσπερ ἵππῳ Pl.Ap. 30e
; ἐχθρὰ δὲ τῷ θανόντι προσκείσει thou wilt be for ever hated by.., S.Ant.94; ταῦτα προσκείσθω τοῖς εἰρημένοις Isoc.15.196
: abs., ἡ χάρις προσκείσεται S.OT 232
; εἰ πρόσκειταί τι γράμμα ἢ ἀφῄρηται Pl.Cra. 393d
; αἱ γραφαὶ (of νώ) οὐκ ἔχουσι τὸ ῑ προσκείμενον A.D.Pron.86.12
; τὰ ἀντίγραφα οὐκ ἔχει προσκείμενον τῷ φρενιτικοί τὸ εἰσίν" Gal.16.491, cf. 840.

3 Arith. and Geom., to be added, opp. ἀφῃρῆσθαι, Arist.EN 1132b7, cf. 1138a19, PCair.Zen.707.3, 709.7 (iii B.C.); προσκείσθω ποτί .. Archim.Spir.10; also κοινὸς -κείσθω λόγος let the ratio be multiplied into both, Papp.66.28.

4 in Logic, to be added as a determinant (v. πρόσθεσις 111.2
), τὸ προσκείμενον Arist.Int. 21a21
; τοῖς ὅροις, ἄλλῳ π., Id.APr. 30a1, Metaph. 1029b31; so later, to be specified or given in a document, ὁ αὐτὸς χρόνος π. BGU 388 ii 37 (ii A.D.), cf. PRyl.421.36 (iii A.D.), etc.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πρόσκειμαι
117 σεμνός

σεμνός,, ή, όν, ([etym.] σέβομαι)

A revered, august, holy:

I prop. of gods, e.g. Demeter, h.Cer.1, 486; Hecate, Pi.P.3.79; Thetis, Id.N.5.25; Apollo, A.Th. 800; Poseidon, S.OC55; Pallas Athena, ib. 1090 (lyr.); at Athens the Erinyes were specially the σεμναὶ θεαί, Id.Aj. 837, OC 90, 458, Ar.Eq. 1312, Th. 224, Th.1.126, Autocl. ap. Arist.Rh. 1398b26; or simply Σεμναί, A.Eu. 383 (lyr.), 1041 (lyr.), E.Or. 410; τὸ σ. ὄνομα their name, S.OC41; σ. βάθρον the threshold of their temple, ib. 100; σ. τέλη their rites, ib. 1050 (lyr.).

2 of things divine, ὄργια ς. h.Cer. 478, S.Tr. 765; θέμεθλα δίκης Sol.4.14
; ὑγίεια Simon.70
; θυσία Pi.O.7.42
; σ. ἄντρον the cave of Cheiron, Id.P.9.30, cf. O.5.18; σ. δόμος the temple of Apollo, Id.N.1.72; παιάν A.Pers. 393
; σέλμα σ. ἡμένων, of the Olympian gods, Id.Ag. 183 (lyr.); σ. ἔργα, of the gods, Id.Supp. 1037 (lyr.); μυστήρια S.Fr. 804
, E.Hipp.25; τέρμων οὐρανοῦ ib. 746; σ. βίος devoted to the gods, Id. Ion 56; σεμνὰ φθέγγεσθαι, = εὔφημα, A.Ch. 109 (v.l.), cf. Ar.Nu. 315, 364; ἦ πού τι σ. ἔστιν ὃ ξυναμπέχεις; A.Pr. 521; τὸ ς. holiness, D.21.126.

II of human or half-human beings, reverend, august, ἐν θρόνῳ σεμνῷ σεμνὸν θωκέοντα Hdt.2.173
, cf. A.Ch. 975, E.Supp. 384, al.; σ. θάλος Ἀλκαϊδᾶν Pi.O.6.68
; τὸ σχῆμα σεμνὸς κοὐ ταπεινός E.Fr. 688
; αἱ φαυλότεραι.. παρὰ τὰς σεμνὰς καθεδοῦνται beside the great ladies, Ar.Ec. 617, cf. Isoc.3.42; οἱ σεμνότατοι ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν Pl.Phdr. 257d
; ἄνθρωπος οὐ ς., i.e. a nobody, Ar.Fr.52D.; opp. χαῦνος, Pl.Sph. 227b ([comp] Comp.); opp. κομψός, X.Oec.8.19; σεμνὸς οὐ προσώπου συναγωγαῖς ἀλλὰ βίου κατασκευαῖς Isoc.9.44
: c. dat., revered by.., σ. πόλει Riv.Fil.57.379
([place name] Crete); also, worthy of respect, honourable, 1 Ep.Ti.3.8, 11, Ep.Phil. 4.8.

2 of human things, august, stately, majestic, θᾶκοι A.Ag. 519
; ἱμάτια Ar.Pl. 940
, cf. Ra. 1061 ([comp] Comp.); ταφή X.HG3.3.1
; πράγματα, ἔργα, Ar.V. 1472, Isoc.12.213; σεμνοτέραν τὴν πόλιν ποιῆσαι Is.5.45
; οἰκία τοῦ γείτονος οὐδὲν σεμνοτέρα D.3.26
, cf. 29; ψεύδεσι [τοῦ Ὁμήρου] σ. ἔπεστί τι Pi.N.7.22
; λεγόντων.. περὶ αὐτοῦ σ. λόγους Hdt.7.6
; of Tragedy, Pl.Grg. 502b; of style, Arist.Po. 1458a21, cf.Rh. 1404b8 ([comp] Comp.); of certain metres, ib. 1408b32; ἐπὶ τὸ σ. μιμεῖσθαι to imitate it in its noble qualities, Pl.Lg. 814e; σ. τι λέγειν, πράσσειν, Id.R. 382b, E.Tr. 447; σεμνὰ ἄττα μεμαθηκότας Pl.Ep. 342a
; οὐδὲν ς. nothing very wonderful, Arist.EN 1146a15; so τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ς. (sc. τοῦ νοῦ); Id.Metaph. 1074b18; worthy of respect, E.IA 996; σεμνόν ἐστι, c. inf., 'tis a noble, fine thing to.., Pl.Cra. 392a, Isoc.Ep.9.5.

3 metaph., σ. βρῶμα a noble dish, Aristopho 7, cf. Archestr.Fr.20; σ. ὀσμή Mnesim.4.60
, etc.

III in bad sense, proud, haughty, τὰ σέμν' ἔπη S.Aj. 1107
; σεμνότερος καὶ φοβερώτερος And.4.18
; τὸ ς. haughty reserve, E.Hipp.93, cf. Med. 216.

2 in contempt or irony, solemn, pompous, σ. καὶ ἅγιον Pl.Sph. 249a
; τί σεμνὸν καὶ πεφροντικὸς βλέπεις; look grave and solemn, E.Alc. 773; τὸ σ. ἄγαν καὶ τραγικόν Arist.Rh. 1406b7
: very freq. in Com., ἀνελκτοῖς ὀφρύσι σεμνός Cratin. 355
; ὡς σ. οὑπίτριπτος how grand the rascal is! Ar.Pl. 275; ὡς σ. ὁ κατάρατος Id.Ra. 178
; λόγοι ς. Id.V. 1175; σεμνὸς σεμνῶς χλανίδ' ἕλκων Ephipp.19
.

IV Adv. - νῶς A.Supp. 193
, E. Ion 1133, Ar.V. 585, etc.; ὥσπερ κοχλίας σεμνῶς ἐπηρκὼς τὰς ὀφρῦς, of Plato, Amphis 13; σεμνῶς κεκοσμημένος X.Cyr.6.1.6
, etc.; περὶ εὐτελῶν σ. λέγειν Arist.Rh. 1408a13
: [comp] Comp. - ότερον X.Mem.3.5.20
: [comp] Sup. - ότατα Plb.15.31.7
.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σεμνός
118 ἐπιτείνω

ἐπιτείνω, [dialect] Ion. iterat.

A ἐπιτείνεσκον Hdt.1.186
: [tense] pf. - τέτακα PTeb. 19.6
(ii B.C.):— stretch upon or over, ξύλα ἐπὶ τὴν γέφυραν Hdt.
l.c. ; ὑπὲρ [τάφρης] Id.4.201
:—Hom. only in [voice] Pass., ἐπὶ νὺξ ὀλοὴ τέταται δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσι Od.11.19
; ἐπὶ πτόλεμος τέτατό σφιν Il.17.736
.

2 stretch as on a frame, tighten, screw up, esp. of musical strings, ἐ. τὰς χορδάς Pl.Ly. 209b
; ὥσπερ λύραν ἐ. ἕως ἂν ἁρμόσῃ Macho 2.9
:— [voice] Pass., χορδαὶ -όμεναι Arist.Pr. 920b3
, cf. GA 787b13, Pl.Phd. 98c.

b of sounds, raise them to a higher pitch, ἐ. τὸν φθόγγον καὶ ὀξὺ φθέγγεσθαι Arist.Phgn. 807a15
, cf. 806b27 ([voice] Pass.) ; of pitch accent, Phld.Po. 2.18 ([voice] Pass.).

c metaph., increase in intensity, augment, heighten, ἡδονάς Pl.Lg. 645d
; τὰ τιμήματα ἐ. ἢ ἀνιέναι Arist.Pol. 1308b4
; τὰ [τῆς ψυχῆς] γυμνάσια Pl.R. 498b
; ἐ. [τὴν πολιτείαν] Arist.Pol. 1309b33
, cf. 1301b17 ([voice] Pass.), Rh. 1360a25 ([voice] Pass.) ; ἐ. τὴν κρᾶσιν make it stronger, Plu.2.677f ; heighten by contrast, τὰ φωτεινὰ καὶ λαμπρὰ τοῖς σκιεροῖς καὶ σκοτεινοῖς ἐ., of painters, ib.57c ; τῇ γλυκύτητι τοῦ νουθετοῦντος ἐ. τὸ πικρὸν..τῆς νουθεσίας ib.67b: abs., exert oneself greatly, D.56.13, Arist.EN 1138b23 ; strain matters to an extreme, Id.Pol. 1293a26:—[voice] Pass., εἰ ἐπιτείνοιντο δυσκατάποτοι if their difficulty in swallowing increases, Archig. ap. Gal.12.976 ; so in [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., intensified, ταραχή Epicur.Ep.1p.30U.
; ἐπιτίμησις Phld.Ir.p.72
W.: impers.,
ἐπιτείνεται
increase arises, Arist.Cael. 289a3
.

d intr., increase, of fevers, Hp.Coac. 114 ; ἐπέτεινε ὁ λιμός Plu.Cam.28
; of motion, Arist.Ph. 238a5.

e intr., rise, of price, PTeb.8.17 (iii B.C.).

3 urge on, incite, τινὰ ποιεῖν τι X.Eq.Mag.1.13
; τινὰ ἵνα.. PFay.112.5 (i A.D.) ; ἐ. ἑαυτόν exert himself, Plu.Alex.40.

4 expedite, τὰ πράγματα PTeb.19.6
(ii B.C.).

II [voice] Pass., suffer more intensely, τῷ πυρετῷ Hp.Epid.5.50
; simply, to be tormented, racked, ὑπὸ νόσων Pl.Phd. 86c
: then generally, to be tortured, ζηλοτυπῶν Luc. DMeretr.9.4
.

2 to be on the stretch, screwed up to the uttermost, αἱ τιμαὶ ἐπετέταντο prices were 'screwed up', D.56.24, cf. Men.Eph. ap.J.AJ9.14.2 ; πολλαπλασίως ταῖς εὐνοίαις ἐπιταθέντες Plb.18.16.3
.

3 ἐ. τινί
to be passionately devoted to, Parth.23.1
; also of things, ἐ. [βιβλίοις] Luc.Ind.27
; εἴς τι D.S.1.37
.

4 hold out, last, endure, ἐπιταθῆναι πλείω χρόνον, of men, X.Lac.2.5, cf. Thphr. HP7.10.3.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπιτείνω
119 ὑπάρχω

ὑπάρχω, [tense] fut.

A - ξω Hdt.6.109
, S.Ant. 932 (anap.): [tense] aor. ὑπῆρξα (v. infr. 1):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. ὑπαρχθήσομαι PTeb.418.7
(iii A. D.): [tense] pf. ὕπηργμαι, [dialect] Ion. - αργμαι Hdt.7.11
:—begin, take the initiative:—Constr.:

1 abs., Od.24.286, E.Ph. 1223; ὑπάρχων ἠδίκεις αὐτούς Isoc.16.44
; ὁ ὑπάρξας the beginner (in a quarrel), D.59.15, cf. 1; ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ὑπάρξαντας Lys.24.18
; ἀμυνομένους, μὴ ὑπάρχοντας Pl.Grg. 456e
; ὡς οὐχ ὑπάρχων ἀλλὰ τιμωρούμενος Men.358
:—[voice] Med., Pl.Ti. 41c, Ael. NA12.41, etc.

2 c. gen., take the initiative in, begin, ἀδίκων ἔργων, ἀδικίης, Hdt.1.5, 4.1, cf. Th.2.74, etc.; ὑ. τῆς ἐλευθερίας τῇ Ἑλλάδι And.1.142
, cf. Pl.Mx. 237b.

3 c. part., take the initiative in doing, ἐμὲ ὑπῆρξαν ἄδικα ποιεῦντες Hdt.7.8
.β, cf. 6.133, 9.78; ὑπάρχει εὖ (or κακῶς) ποιῶν τινα X.An.2.3.23
, 5.5.9; τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀμύνεσθαι οἷσπερ καὶ οἱ Λκεδαιμόνιοι ὑπῆρξαν retaliating by the means which the L. had used first, Th.2.67 (where οἷσπερ is expld. by the following ἀποκτείναντες and ἐσβαλόντες).

b in [voice] Med. c. inf., Ael.NA14.11: c. gen., βαδίσεως -ονται ib.4.34; ἡλίου -ομένου τῆς ἀκμῆς ib.1.20.

4 c. acc., ὑ. εὐεργεσίας εἴς τινα or τινι take the initiative in [doing] kindnesses to one, D.19.280, Aeschin.2.26; ὑ. τοῦτο (sc. τὸ εὐνοεῖν) Men.927:—[voice] Pass., ὑπηρεσίαι ὑπηργμέναι εἰς Φίλιππον αὑτῷ Aeschin. 2.109
; τὰ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ὑπηργμένα D.1.10
; τὰ ἔκ τινος ὑπαργμένα ([dialect] Ion. for ὑπηργ-) Hdt.7.11; ὑπηργμένων πολλῶν κἀγαθῶν Ar. Lys. 1159
; οὐδέν μοι ὑπῆρκτο εἰς αὐτόν Antipho 5.58
; ἀνάξια τῶν εἰς ὑμᾶς ὑπηργμένων Lys.21.25
; ἄξιον τῶν ὑ. equivalent to what was done for him, Arist.EN 1163b21: impers., ὑπῆρκτο αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ Πειραιέως) a beginning of it had been made, Th.1.93.

B in [voice] Act. only, to be the begining, παιδοβόροι μὲν πρῶτον ὑπῆρξαν μόχθοι τάλανες A.Ch. 1068
(anap.); πολλῶν κακῶν, μεγάλων ἀχέων, E.Ph. 1582 (v. l.), Andr. 274 (lyr.), cf. HF 1169.

2 to be already in existence, πημονῆς δ' ἅλις γ' ὑπάρχει A.Ag. 1656
(troch.);
φοίνισσα δὲ Θρηϊκίων ἀγέλα ταύρων ὑπᾶρχεν
was already there, Pi.P.4.205
; αὗται αἱ νέες τοῖσι Ἀθηναίοισι ὑπῆρχον already existed, opp. to those they were about to build, Hdt.7.144; εἰ τοίνυν σφι χώρη γε μηδεμία ὑπῆρχε if they had no country originally existing, Id.2.15; χωρὶς δὲ τούτων οἱ χίλιοι ὑπῆρχον the original thousand existed, X.Cyr.1.5.5; ἔδει πρῶτον μὲν ὑπάρχειν πάντων ἰσηγορίαν Eup.291
(lyr.); ὑπαρχούσης μὲν τιμῆς, παρούσης δὲ δυνάμεως X.Ages.8.1
; τοῦτο δεῖ προσεῖναι, τὰ δ' ἄλλ' ὑπάρχει D.3.15
, cf. 8.53; ταὐτὰ ὑ. αὐτῷ ἅπερ ἐμοί Antipho 5.60
, cf. Lys.12.23; ὑμῖν.. ἐλευθερίαν τε ὑπάρχειν καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων ξυμμάχοις κεκλῆσθαι there is in store for you.., Th.5.9: c. gen., οἶκος δ' ὑ. τῶνδε.. ἔχειν there is store of these things for us to have, A.Ag. 961 (s. v. l., οἴκοις Pors.): freq. in part., ἡ ὑπάρχουσα οὐσία the existing property, Isoc.1.28; τὰ ὑ. ἁμαρτήματα Th.2.92
; τῆς ὑ. τιμῆς for the current price, Syngr. ap. D.35.12; οἱ ὑ. πολῖται the existing citizens, Id.18.295; τῆς φύσεως ὑ. nature being what it is, X.Cyr.6.4.4; also κρησφύγετόν τι ὑπάρχον εἶναι that there should be a refuge ready prepared, Hdt.5.124.

3 exist really, opp. φαίνομαι, Arist.Cael. 297b22, Metaph. 1046b10; ἀθεώρητοι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων Id.GC 316a9
; καταληπτικὴ φαντασία ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος Stoic.2.25
.

4 simply, be, τοῖσιν ἄγουσιν κλαύμαθ' ὑπάρξει S.Ant. 932
(anap.); ὅθεν εὐμάρει' ὑπάρχοι πόρου Id.Ph. 704
(lyr.): and with a predicate, θησαυρὸς ἄν σοι παῖς ὑπῆρχ' οὑμός E.Hec. 1229
; τὸ χωρίον καρτερὸν ὑ. Th.4.4
; φύσεως ἀγαθῆς ὑπάρξαι to be of a good natural disposition, X.Oec.21.11; κἂν σοφὸς ὑπάρχῃ Philem.102
; μέγα ὑ. τοῖς τοιούτοις λόγοις ις of great advantage to them, D.3.19; πολλῶν ὑπάρξει κῦρος ἡμέρα καλῶν, = κυρώσει πολλὰ καλά, S.El. 919.

b τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, much like τὰ ὑπηργμένα (A. 4 [voice] Pass.), a man's record, ἀνάξιον τῶν ὑ. τῇ πόλει καὶ πεπραγμένων τοῖς προγόνοις D.8.49
; τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ὑ. your past record, Id.18.95; ἡ ὑπάρχουσα αἰσχύνη the disgrace which has been incurred, Id.19.217; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα [αὑτῷ] ἐγκλήματα Aeschin.1.179
.

5 sts. with a part., much like τυγχάνω, τοιαῦτα [αὐτῷ] ὑπῆρχε ἐὀντα Hdt.1.192; ἐχθρὸς ὑ. ὤν D.21.38
; ὑ. δύναμιν κεκτημένοι Id.3.7
, cf. 15.1.

6 προγόνων ὑ. τῶν ἐξ Ἰλίου to be the descendant of.., D.H.2.65.

II like ὑπόκειμαι 11.2, to be laid down, to be taken for granted, Pl.Smp. 198d; τούτου ὑπάρχοντος, τούτων ὑπαρχόντων, this being granted, Id.Ti. 30c, 29b; θέντες ὡς ὑπάρχον Id.R. 458a
.

III belong to, fall to one, accrue, ὑπάρξει τοι.. τὰ ἐναντία you will have, Hdt.6.109, etc.; τὸ μισεῖσθαι πᾶσιν ὑ. Th.2.64
; τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀπ' ἀλλήλων ἀμφοτέροις [σωτηρίαν] Id.6.86; ἡ ὑπάρχουσα φύσις your proper nature, its normal condition, Id.2.45; τῇ τέχνῃ ὑπάρχειν διδούς assigning as a property of art, Pl.Phlb. 58c, cf. Tht. 150b, 150c.

2 of persons, ὑ. τινί to be devoted to one, X.An.1.1.4, HG7.5.5, D.19.54, etc.; καθ' ὑμῶν ὑπάρξων ἐκείνῳ he will be on his side against you, ib.118, cf. 2.14.

b ἐν παντὶ.. πᾶς χωρίῳ, καὶ ᾧ μὴ ὑπάρχομεν every one in every place, even outside our sphere of influence (lit. to which we do not belong), Th.6.87.

3 in the Logic of Arist. ὑπάρχειν denotes the subsistence of qualities in a subject, Metaph.1025a14; ὑ. τινί, = κατηγορεῖσθαί τινος, APr. 25a13, al.; ὑ. κατά τινος ib. 24a27, Int. 16b13; ἐπί τινος ib. 16a32; ὑ. τινὶ ζῴῳ πεζῷ δίποδι εἶναι Top. 109a14
; ὑπάρξει τι [τῷ πρώτῳ] it will have predicates, Plot.5.6.2; ἡ γένεσις τῷ χρόνῳ.. ὑπάρχει Dam.Pr. 142
.

IV freq. in neut. pl. part., τὰ ὑπάρχοντα,

1 in signf. 1, existing circumstances, presentadvantages, Democr. 191, D.2.2; ἀπὸ τῶν αἰεὶ ὑ. σφαλέντες Th.4.18
, cf. 6.33; πρὸς τὰ ὑ. ib.31;
ἐκ τῶν ὑ.
under the circumstances, according to one's means, X. An.6.4.9
, Arist.Pol. 1288b33; ὡς ἐκ τῶν ὑ. Th.7.76
, 8.1.

2 in signf. 111, possessions, resources, Id.1.70, 144, etc.; τὰ ἑκατέροις ὑ. ib. 141; κινδυνεύειν περὶ τῶν ὑ. Isoc.3.57
: as a Subst., τὰ ὑ. αὐτοῦ Ev.Matt. 24.47
, cf. LXXGe.12.5; ὑποθέμενος τὰ ὑ. καὶ ὑπάρξοντα present and future resources, POxy.125.22 (vi A.D.), etc.

3 Math., ὑπάρχοντα εἴδη positive terms, Dioph.1Def.10.

V impers., ὑπάρχει the fact is that.., c. acc. et inf., ὑ. γάρ σε μὴ γνῶναί τινα S.El. 1340
; ὡς ὑ. τοῦ ἔχειν .. as the case stands with regard to having, Arist.HA 516b25; περὶ τοὺς μαστοὺς ὑπεναντίως ὑ. ib. 500a14.

2 it is allowed, it is possible, c. dat. et inf., ὑ. ἡμῖν ἐπικρατεῖν Th.7.63
, cf. And.2.19, etc.; ὑ. αὐτῇ εὐδαίμονι εἶναι Pl.Phd. 81a
, cf. Prt. 345a, Phdr. 240b, etc.: also without a dat., οὐχ ὑ. εἰδέναι Th.1.82
; ὑ. τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι μητέρα Is.7.25
, etc.: abs., ὥσπερ ὑπῆρχε as well as was possible, Th.3.109.

3 in neut. part., ὑπάρχον ὑμῖν πολεμεῖν since it is allowed you to.., Th. 1.124, cf. Pl.Smp. 217a.

C to be ὕπαρχος or subordinate colleague, D.C.36.36; τῷ.. Ἀντωνίνῳ Id.71.34
.

II dub. in the sense of ἄρχω, rule; for Th.6.87, where the Sch. is in error, v. supr. B.111.2b; in Arist.Pol. 1291b32 ὑπερέχειν is prob. l.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑπάρχω
120 Manwë

noun "Blessed Being" Letters:283, the Elder King and Lord of the Valar, spouse of Varda. The name is adopted and adapted from Valarin Mānawenūz; names ending in -wë were already frequent in Quenya WJ:399. In the Etymologies derived from MAN, WEG.Cf. Mánwen, Mánwë the oldest Quenya forms of Manwë, closer to the Valarin form WJ:399. Lower-case manwë in LR:56. Ablative Manwello, VT49:24 in this source Tolkien indicated that lo Manwë is the preferred way of saying from Manwë, but this was apparently a short-lived idea; see lo. Masc. name Manwendil "Manwë-friend; one devoted to Manwë" UT:210. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, Manwë was also the name of letter \#22 VT45:32, which tengwa Tolkien would later call vala instead changing its Quenya value from m to v.

Quettaparma Quenyallo (Quenya-English) > Manwë

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