-
81 throw
throw [θrəʊ]lancer ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e), 2, 3 (a) jeter ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e) projeter ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (e) plonger ⇒ 1 (d) jet ⇒ 3 (a) coup ⇒ 3 (b) tour ⇒ 3 (b)(a) (stone) lancer, jeter; (ball) lancer; Sport (discus, javelin etc) lancer; (dice) jeter; (coal onto fire) mettre;∎ throw me the ball, throw the ball to me lance-moi le ballon;∎ he threw the ball over the wall il a lancé ou envoyé le ballon par-dessus le mur;∎ a bomb was thrown into the crowded waiting room une bombe a été lancée dans la salle d'attente bondée;∎ could you throw me my lighter? peux-tu me lancer mon briquet?;∎ she threw the serviette into the bin elle a jeté la serviette à la poubelle;∎ children were throwing bread to the birds les enfants jetaient ou lançaient du pain aux oiseaux;∎ he threw his jacket over a chair il a jeté sa veste sur une chaise;∎ to throw a sheet over sth couvrir qch d'un drap;∎ she threw a few clothes into a suitcase elle a jeté quelques affaires dans une valise;∎ I threw some cold water on my face je me suis aspergé la figure avec de l'eau froide;∎ a group of rioters threw stones at the police/the car un groupe de manifestants a lancé ou jeté des pierres sur les policiers/la voiture;∎ he threw two sixes (with dice) il a jeté deux six;∎ to throw sb into prison or jail jeter qn en prison;∎ to throw sb to the lions jeter qn aux lions; figurative jeter qn en pâture(b) (opponent, rider) jeter (par ou à terre);∎ his opponent threw him to the ground (in fight) son adversaire l'a jeté à terre; (in wrestling match) son adversaire l'a envoyé au sol ou au tapis;∎ the horse threw him le cheval le désarçonna ou le jeta à terre(c) (with force, violence) projeter;∎ she was thrown clear (in car accident) elle a été éjectée;∎ the force of the explosion threw them against the wall la force de l'explosion les a projetés contre le mur;∎ to throw open ouvrir en grand ou tout grand;∎ she threw open the door/windows elle a ouvert la porte/les fenêtres en grand;∎ figurative the House of Commons has been thrown open to the television cameras la Chambre des communes a été ouverte aux caméras de télévision;∎ she threw herself into an armchair elle s'est jetée dans un fauteuil;∎ he threw himself at her feet il s'est jeté à ses pieds;∎ she threw herself at him (attacked) elle s'est jetée ou s'est ruée sur lui; (as lover) elle s'est jetée sur lui ou à sa tête;∎ figurative he threw himself on the mercy of the king il s'en est remis au bon vouloir du roi∎ the news threw them into confusion/a panic les nouvelles les ont plongés dans l'embarras/les ont affolés;∎ the scandal has thrown the country into confusion le scandale a semé la confusion dans le pays;∎ to throw oneself into one's work se plonger dans son travail;∎ she threw herself into the job of organizing the wedding elle s'est plongée avec enthousiasme dans l'organisation des noces(e) (direct, aim → look, glance) jeter, lancer; (→ accusation, reproach) lancer, envoyer; (→ punch) lancer, porter; (cast → light, shadows) projeter;∎ to throw sb a kiss envoyer un baiser à qn;∎ to throw a question at sb poser une question à brûle-pourpoint à qn;∎ don't throw that one at me!, don't throw that in my face! ne me faites pas ce reproche!, ne me jetez pas ça à la figure!;∎ Theatre to throw one's voice projeter sa voix;∎ Building industry to throw a bridge over a river jeter un pont sur une rivière∎ that question really threw me! cette question m'a vraiment désarçonné!, je ne savais vraiment pas quoi répondre à cette question!;∎ I was completely thrown for a few seconds je suis resté tout interdit pendant quelques secondes(g) (activate → switch, lever, clutch) actionner∎ to throw a pot (potter) tourner un vase∎ to throw a litter mettre bas∎ she can throw a hundred metres elle est capable de lancer à cent mètres;∎ I can't throw straight je n'arrive pas à lancer droit3 noun∎ his whole fortune depended on a single throw of the dice toute sa fortune dépendait d'un seul coup de dés;∎ it's your throw c'est ton tour, (c'est) à toi;∎ Sport a free throw un lancer franc;∎ that was a good throw! vous avez bien visé!∎ 10p a throw 10 pence le coup;∎ at £20 a throw I can't afford it à 20 livres chaque fois, je ne peux pas me l'offrir□ ;∎ give me another throw laissez-moi encore une chance□►► American throw pillow coussin m∎ the boys were throwing a ball about les garçons jouaient à la balle;∎ don't throw your books/toys about like that ne lance pas tes livres/jouets comme ça;∎ to throw one's money about gaspiller son argent;∎ to be thrown about être ballotté∎ to throw oneself about s'agiter, se débattre;∎ she was throwing her arms about wildly elle agitait frénétiquement les bras(unwanted object) rejeter, laisser de côté; (friend, work) laisser tomber, laisser de côté; (idea, suggestion) rejeter, repousser; (prejudices, fears, hatred etc) se débarrasser de(a) (old clothes, rubbish) jeter(b) figurative (waste → advantage, opportunity, talents) gaspiller, gâcher; (→ affection, friendship) perdre;∎ don't throw your money away on expensive toys ne gaspille pas ton argent à acheter des jouets coûteux;∎ you're throwing away your only chance of happiness vous êtes en train de gâcher votre seule chance de bonheur;∎ his presents are just thrown away on her elle ne sait pas apprécier les cadeaux qu'il lui fait;∎ don't throw yourself away on a waster like him ne gâche pas ta vie pour un bon à rien pareil(in cards) se défausser(a) (gen) relancer, renvoyer; (fish) rejeter (à l'eau); figurative (image, light) réfléchir, renvoyer; (heat) réverbérer;∎ she threw his words of love back at him elle lui a jeté tous ses mots d'amour à la tête;∎ figurative to throw sth back in sb's face jeter qch à la figure de qn∎ we were thrown back on our own resources on a dû se rabattre sur nos propres ressources(a) (to lower level) jeter;∎ can you throw the towel down to me? pouvez-vous me lancer la serviette?;∎ she threw her bag down on the floor elle a jeté son sac par terre;∎ to throw oneself down on the ground/on one's knees se jeter par terre/à genoux;∎ he threw his cards down on the table il a jeté ses cartes sur la table;∎ I threw the money down on the counter j'ai jeté l'argent sur le comptoir∎ they threw down their arms ils ont déposé les armes∎ it's throwing it down (raining) il pleut à verse□, il tombe des cordes➲ throw in∎ also figurative to throw in the towel jeter l'éponge;∎ also figurative to throw in one's hand abandonner la partie(b) (interject → remark, suggestion) placer;∎ she threw in a few comments about housing problems elle a placé quelques remarques sur les problèmes de logement∎ breakfast is thrown in le petit déjeuner est compris;∎ the salesman said he'd throw in a free door if we bought new windows le vendeur nous a promis une porte gratuite pour l'achat de fenêtres neuves;∎ with a special trip to Stockholm thrown in avec en prime une excursion à Stockholm∎ American to throw in with sb s'associer à ou avec qn∎ he threw off his shirt and dived into the water il enleva sa chemise et plongea dans l'eau(b) (get rid of → habit, inhibition) se défaire de, se débarrasser de; (→ burden) se libérer de, se débarrasser de; (→ cold, infection) se débarrasser de(c) (elude → pursuer) perdre, semer;∎ he managed to throw the dogs off the trail il a réussi à dépister les chiens(d) (write hastily → poem etc) composer au pied levé(clothes) enfiler ou passer (à la hâte);∎ she threw on some make-up/an old coat elle s'est maquillée/a enfilé un vieux manteau à la hâte(a) (rubbish, unwanted items) jeter, mettre au rebut(b) (eject → from building) mettre à la porte, jeter dehors; (→ from night club) jeter dehors, vider; (evict → from accommodation) expulser; (expel → from school, army) renvoyer, expulser;∎ we were thrown out of our jobs on s'est fait mettre à la porte;∎ the takeover will throw a lot of people out of work le rachat va mettre beaucoup de monde au chômage(c) (reject → bill, proposal) rejeter, repousser(d) (extend → arms, leg) tendre, étendre;∎ to throw out one's chest bomber le torse(e) (make → remark, suggestion) émettre, laisser tomber;∎ to throw out a challenge lancer un défi∎ she threw me over for another guy elle m'a laissé tomber pour un autre∎ he managed to throw a meal together il a réussi à improviser un repas□ ;∎ the film looks as if it's been thrown together le film semble bâclé;∎ she threw the report together the night before elle a rédigé le rapport en vitesse la veille au soir□∎ she threw a few things together and rang for a taxi elle a jeté quelques affaires dans un sac et a appelé un taxi(c) (by accident) réunir par hasard;∎ Fate had thrown them together le destin les avait réunis➲ throw up(a) (above one's head) jeter ou lancer en l'air;∎ can you throw me up my towel? peux-tu me lancer ma serviette?;∎ they threw their hats up into the air ils ont lancé leur chapeau en l'air;∎ she threw up her hands in horror elle a levé les bras en signe d'horreur(b) (produce → problem) produire, créer; (→ evidence) mettre à jour; (→ dust, dirt) soulever; (→ artist) produire;∎ the discussion threw up some new ideas la discussion a amené de nouvelles idées(c) (abandon → career, studies) abandonner, laisser tomber; (→ chance, opportunity) laisser passer, gaspillerfamiliar vomir□, rendre;∎ it makes you want to throw up c'est à vomir -
82 end
1) конец, окончание, завершение || кончать(ся); заканчивать(ся); завершать(ся) || концевой, конечный2) край, оконечность; концевая часть; наконечник3) торец, торцевая поверхность; торцевая стенка4) крышка; дно; днище ( ёмкости) || устанавливать крышку или дно; мн. ч. концы (донышко и крышка жестяной консервной банки)5) головка (напр. шатуна)6) разрушение; гибель7) ребро; лезвие ( инструмента)8) горн. забой ( подготовительный)9) остаток; крайняя фракция ( начальная или конечная)10) мн. ч. основные нити, основа ( ткани)12) матем. предел•end of core life — конец кампании активной зоны ( ядерного реактора)end of dislocation — выход дислокаций ( на поверхность)end of lock — голова судоходного шлюзаabnormal end of task — вчт. аварийное прекращение( выполнения) задания-
abutting ends
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air end
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approach end
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back end of fuel cycle
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back end
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ball end
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ballpoint lever end
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basic end
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batten ends
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battered rail end
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beet end
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belly end
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bent ends
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big end
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bitter end
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blind end
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blunt end
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boot end
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bottom end
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box end
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box pipe end
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built-in end
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business end
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butt end
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butted fiber end
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cap end
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capped end
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cast-steel underframe end
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charge end
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cleared end
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cold end
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commutator end
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conditioning end
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connecting rod end
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control cable end
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corrugated steel end
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coupler shank rear end
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crop end
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crosscut end
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cutting end
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dead end
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deal ends
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delivery end
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development end
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discharge end
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dished end
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drawing end
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drive end
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driven end
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drop end
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dry end
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dull ends
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egg end
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electrode end
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entry end
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exit end
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externally upset end
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eye end
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far end
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feed end
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feeder end
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female end of pipe
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fining end
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finishing end
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fixed end
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flared end
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flat-seat nozzle end
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front end of the fuel cycle
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front end
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fully framed end
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gable end
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gate end
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gathering end
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graphite end
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head end
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heavy ends
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hinged end
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hipped end
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hot end
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internally upset end
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joint end
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lapped ends
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leading end
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lean end of column
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light ends
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loading end
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male end of pipe
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melting end
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near end
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nose end
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outlet end
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outshore end of breakwater
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pin pipe end
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piped end
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piston ring end
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plain pipe end
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pointed end
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port end
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preinsulated terminal end
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pusher end
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rear end
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receiving end
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reeling end
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reference end
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refining end
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return end
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rod end
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roof end
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round end
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running end
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sealed end
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seed end
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sending end
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shank end
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shield end
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shoreward end of breakwater
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shorted end
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shouldered end
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siding end
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sleeper head end
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soldered end
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spigot end
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standing-off end
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stub end
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sugar end
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switch rail end
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tail end
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terminal end
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throw-off end
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top end
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trailing end
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upstream end
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valve stem end
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warm end
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waste end
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wear end
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wire end
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wobbler end
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working end -
83 pile
1) штабель; стопа; кипа; куча; груда; полигр. тж. стапель || штабелировать, складывать в штабель, стопу, кипу, кучу, груду3) отвал грунта; кавальер4) пачка; связка; пакет || связывать в пачки; пакетировать5) свая; столб || вбивать сваи; устраивать свайное основание7) эл. батарея8) эл. (выпрямительный) столб9) текст. ворс•to draw apile — выдёргивать сваю;to drive a pile to refusal — забивать сваю до (расчётного) отказа;to extract a pile — выдёргивать сваю;to jack a pile — погружать сваю домкратом;to jet a pile — погружать сваю с подмывом;to overdrive a pile — забивать сваю до разрушения;to sink a pile — погружать сваю;to splice a pile — наращивать сваю-
anchor pile
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arch-type sheet pile
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atomic pile
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balled-out pile
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batch pile
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batter pile
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bearing pile
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bored pile
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box pile
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box piles
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built-in-place pile
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bulb pile
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caisson pile
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capped pile
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cased pile
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cast-in-place pile
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closed-end pile
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closing pile
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club-footed pile
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coal pile
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compaction pile
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composite pile
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concrete pile
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critical pile
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day pile
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deep pile
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deep-arch sheet pile
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delivery pile
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dirt pile
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driven cast-in-place pile
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driven pile
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dry pile
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emergency pile
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end-bearing pile
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feeder pile
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fender pile
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filling pile
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floating pile
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Franki pile
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friction pile
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graphite pile
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grooved pile
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grouted pile
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guide pile
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hollow pile
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H-pile
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interlocking pile
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jetted pile
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key pile
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king pile
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leading pile
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lubricating pile
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monotube pile
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nuclear pile
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open-end pile
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pedestal pile
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pipe pile
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plank pile
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plumb pile
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point-bearing pile
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precast pile
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precast-concrete pile
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prefabricated pile
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prestressed concrete pile
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raking pile
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reinforced concrete pile
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sand compaction pile
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scrap pile
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screw pile
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shallow-arch sheet pile
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sheet pile
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shelled concrete pile
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slotted pile
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soldier pile
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spoil pile
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standing pile
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stay pile
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steel pile
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supercritical pile
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tailing pile
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timber pile
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triple-lap pile
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tubular pile
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waste pile
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wood pile
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zee-type sheet pile -
84 process
1) процесс2) (технологический) процесс; (технологическая) обработка3) технологический приём; способ4) технология5) режим; ход (процесса)6) обрабатывать, подвергать обработке7) подвергать анализу, анализировать•to design process — разрабатывать технологию-
acetone-acetylene process
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acetylene process
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Acheson process
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acid Bessemer process
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acid process
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acid reclaiming process
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acyclic process
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Adapti investment casting process
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additive process
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adiabatic process
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Aero case process
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aerobic process
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age-dependent process
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air blast process
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air-sand process
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Alcan process
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Al-Dip process
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alfin process
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alkali reclaiming process
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alkaline process
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Allis-Chalmers agglomeration reduction process
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ALT process
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aluminothermic process
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anaerobic process
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anamorphotic process
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annealing-in-line process
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anode process
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anodic electrode process
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AOD process
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aqua-cast process
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ARBED-ladle-treatment process
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arc-air process
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arc-remelting process
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argon-oxygen-decarburization process
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ASEA-SKF process
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autoregressive process
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averaging process
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Azincourt process
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azo coupling process
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background process
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bag process
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BAP process
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Barrow process
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Basett process
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basic Bessemer process
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basic oxygen process
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basic process
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basic-arc process
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batch process
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biofiltration process
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bipolar process
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bipolar-FET process
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bipolar-MOS process
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BISRA degassing process
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black-heart process
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Blackodising process
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blast-furnace process
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Blaw-Knox process
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bleaching process
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Bochumer-Verein process
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boiling process
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bonding process
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bottom-argon-process process
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broadband random process
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bromoil transfer process
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bromoil process
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bubble-column process
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bubble-hearth process
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buffer-slag process
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Calmes process
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Canadizing process
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carbon mold process
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carbon process
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carbon-arc process
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carbon-in-leach process
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carbon-in-pulp process
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carbothermic process
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carbro process
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carrier-gas degassing process
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cascade process
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cast shell process
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catalytic DENO process
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cathodic process
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CC-CR process
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CC-DR process
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CC-HCR process
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cementation process
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cementation-in-pulp process
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cementing process
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centrifugal spinning process
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cermet process
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CESM process
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CEVAM process
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charge transfer process
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chemical vapor deposition process
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chemical-bonding process
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Chenot process
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china process
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cine exposure process
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cine process
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CLC process
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clean burn process
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cloudburst process
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CLU process
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CMOS process
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CNC process
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CO2 silicate process
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coal reduction process
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coal to gas process
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coal-gas-sumitomo process
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coal-oxygen-injection process
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COIN process
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cold box process
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cold doping process
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cold process
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cold scrap process
-
cold type process
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collodion process
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color process
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concurrent processes
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consteel process
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consumable electrode vacuum arc melting process
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contact process
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continuous annealing process
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continuous casting-cleaning rolling process
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continuous casting-direct rolling process
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continuous casting-hot charging and rolling process
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continuous electroslag melting process
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continuous metal cast process
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continuous-on-line control process
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continuous-time process
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controlled pressure pouring process
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controlled process
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converter process
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cooking process
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coppering process
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copying process
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coupled cathodic-anodic process
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cracking process
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Creusot Loire Uddenholm process
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critical process
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cumulative process
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cuprammonium process
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curing process
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CVD process
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cyclic process
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Cyclosteel process
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Czochralski process
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daguerre photographic process
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dense-media process
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Desco process
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deterministic process
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developing process
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DH degassing process
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diabatic process
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diazo process
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diffused planar process
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diffusion process
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diffusion transfer process
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dip-forming process
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direct iron process
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direct process
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direct reduction process
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direct-sintering process
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discrete-time process
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discrete process
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DLM process
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Domnarvet process
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Dored process
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double-crucible process
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double-epi process
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doubling process
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D-process
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DR process
-
drop-molding process
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dry adiabatic process
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dry process
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dry-blanch-dry process
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duplex process
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easy drawing process
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EBM process
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EBR process
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EF-AOD process
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electric furnace-argon oxygen decarburization process
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electroarc process
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electrocatalytic process
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electrocolor process
-
electrodialysis reversal process
-
electroflux-remelting process
-
electromembrane process
-
electron-beam-melting process
-
electron-beam-refining process
-
electrophotoadhesive process
-
electrophotographic process
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electroslag refining process
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electroslag remelting process
-
electroslag remelt process
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electrostatographic process
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electrostream process
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Elo-Vac process
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elquench process
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endothermic process
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energy efficient process
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entropy process
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enzymatic process
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EPIC process
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epidemic process
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epitaxial growth process
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epitaxy growth process
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ergodic process
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ESR process
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Estel process
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etching process
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exoergic process
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exothermic process
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extrusion-molded neck process
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ferroprussiate process
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Ferrox process
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filming process
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filtration-chlorination process
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Finkl-Mohr process
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FIOR process
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first process
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fixed-bed MTG process
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flash steel direct reduction process
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float process
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float-and-sink process
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float-zone process
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flow process
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fluid iron ore reduction process
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fluid-bed MTG process
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fluidized roasting process
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fluid-sand process
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FMC coke process
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foaming process
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foehn process
-
food-machinery and chemical coke process
-
foreground process
-
Foren process
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FOS process
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freeze concentration process
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fuel-oxygen-scrap process
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full-mold process
-
fusion-casting process
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Futacuchi process
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Gaussian process
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Gero mold degassing process
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Gero vacuum casting process
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GGS process
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girbitol process
-
gradual reduction process
-
growing process
-
growth process
-
gypsum-sulfuric acid process
-
Hall electrolytic process
-
Harris process
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hazardous process
-
H-coal process
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heat-transfer process
-
heavy-media process
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hibernating process
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HI-GAS process
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high-frequency induction process
-
HIP process
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H-iron process
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Hoope process
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hot isostatic pressing process
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hot process
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hot-metal process
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hot-metal-and-scrap process
-
hot-type process
-
hydrogasification process
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hydrotype process
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HyL process
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IC-DR process
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image process
-
imbibition process
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immiscible displacement process
-
implantation process
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impurity doping process
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in-bulk process
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inchrome process
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in-draw process
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inductoslag-melting process
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ingot casting direct rolling process
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injection molding process
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in-line process
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Inred process
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interpolation process
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investment process
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ion-implantation process
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irreversible process
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isentropic process
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ISM process
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isobaric process
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isochoric process
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isoenthalpic process
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isoentropic process
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isometric process
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isoplanar process
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isothermal process
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iterative process
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jet-expanding process
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Kaldo process
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katadyn process
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Kawasaki-bottom-oxygen-process process
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Kawasaki-Gas-Lime-Injection process
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K-BOP process
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KEK process
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KG-LI process
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kiln-reduction process
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KIVCET cyclone smelting process
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KIVCET process
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knit-deknit process
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koetherizing process
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KR process
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kraft process
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lance bubbling equilibrium process
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LBE process
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LD-AB process
-
LD-AC process
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LD-AOD process
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LD-argon bottom process
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LD-argon oxygen decarburization process
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LD-CB process
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LD-circle lance process
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LD-CL process
-
LD-combination blow process
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LD-HC top and botton blowing process
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LDK process
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LD-Kawasaki-Gas process
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LD-KG process
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LD-OB process
-
LD-OTB process
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LD-oxygen bottom process
-
LD-oxygen-top-bottom process
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lift-off process
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liquefaction process
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liquid gas plug process
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liquid-phase process
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loop transfer process
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lost core process
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low-waste technological process
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LSI process
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LVR process
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LVS process
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Mannesmann powder process
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mapping process
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Markovian process
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Markov process
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masking process
-
matte fuming process
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melting process
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mercast process
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Midland-Ross process
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Midrex process
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migration process
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miscible displacement process
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miscible plug process
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mixed autoregressive-moving average process
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moist adiabatic process
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Molynutz process
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monochrome process
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monolithic process
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MOS process
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MOSFET process
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motion-picture process
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moving average process
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narrowband random process
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Neely process
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negative-positive process
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Nitemper process
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no pickle process
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nonflow process
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non-Gaussian process
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Nord-Fuvo process
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Nu-iron process
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OBM process
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OG process
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OLP converter process
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one-way process
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open-hearth process
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orbitread process
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ore process
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Orthoflow cracking process
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Orthoforming process
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orthogonal increment process
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oxidation process
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oxide-isolated process
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oxygen-blow process
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oxygen-gas process
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oxygen-lancing process
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oxygen-steelmaking process
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packaging process
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pad-batch dyeing process
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pad-dry dyeing process
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pad-jig dyeing process
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pad-roll dyeing process
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pad-steam dyeing process
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pad-steam vat-print process
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PAMCO-hot-alloy process
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parent process
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PCR process
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Perrin process
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PHA process
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phonon process
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photoelectric process
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photomechanical process
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photovoltaic process
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pig iron-scrap process
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pig-and-ore process
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pigment padding dying process
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pigment padding process
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pigment process
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pinatype process
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planar process
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plasma etching process
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plasma etch process
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plasma process
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plasma-arc process
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Plasmamelt process
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Plasmared process
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plaster mold process
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plastic wirecut process
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polytropic process
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powder silicon ribbon process
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power-press process
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prepolymer process
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prepress processes
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pressure-driven membrane process
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primuline process
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propane-acid process
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pulsating mixing process
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Purex process
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pushbench process
-
Q-BOP process
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QDT process
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quality basic oxygen process process
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quasi-independent processes
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quick and direct tapping process
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ram process
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random process
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rapid solidification plasma deposition process
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rayon continuous process
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receiving process
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reclamator reclaiming process
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recurrent process
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redox process
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reducing process
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reduction-smelting process
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relaxation process
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repetitive process
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reproduction process
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reversal process
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reversible process
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RH process
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RH-OB process
-
ribbon process
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R-N direct-reduction process
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roasting-sintering process
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roast-leaching process
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robot-controlled process
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rongalit-potash process
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rotor process
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rustless process
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sample process
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schoop process
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scrap-and-pig process
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scrap-conditioning process
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scrap-ore process
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screen printed process
-
self-developing process
-
self-healing process
-
semibatch process
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semiconductor process
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sending process
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Sendzimir coating process
-
sequential process
-
silicon-gate MOS process
-
silicon-gate process
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silk-screen process
-
single-pumpdown process
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SIP process
-
skein spinning process
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Skinner multiple-hearth process
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slag minimum process
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slip-casting process
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slow down process
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SLPM process
-
SL-RN metallization process
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SL-RN reduction process
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solid source diffusion process
-
solution regrowth process
-
solvent extraction-electrowinning process
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solvent plug process
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SOS process
-
spin-draw-texturizing process
-
spinylock process
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sponge iron process
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spontaneous process
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Stanal process
-
stationary random process
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STB process
-
steady-flow process
-
steam-blow process
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steelmaking process
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Stelmor process
-
step and repeat process
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stochastic process
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stuffer box process
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submerged arc process
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subtractive process
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suck-and-blow process
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Sulf BT process
-
Sulfinuz process
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Sumitomo-slag all recycling process
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Sumitomo-top-bottom process
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Sursulf process
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system process
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TBM process
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T-die process
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Technamation process
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thermal DeNOx process
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Therm-i-Vac process
-
Thermo-Flow process
-
thermoplastic process
-
Thomas process
-
Thorex process
-
three-color process
-
Thyssen-blast-metallurgy process
-
Tifran process
-
tightly coupled processes
-
time-varying process
-
trichromatic process
-
triplex process
-
Tropenas converter process
-
Tufftride process
-
Tufftride TF1 process
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uncertain process
-
user process
-
vacuum arc remelting process
-
vacuum casting process
-
vacuum deoxidation process
-
vacuum induction refining process
-
vacuum stream-droplet process
-
vacuum-arc degassing process
-
vacuum-carbodeoxidation process
-
vacuum-carbonate process
-
vacuum-induction melting process
-
vacuum-melting process
-
vacuum-metallothermic process
-
vacuum-oxygen-decarburization process
-
VAD process
-
VAR process
-
VAW process
-
VHSIC process
-
vigom process
-
VIR process
-
viscose process
-
visual process
-
VLSI process
-
VOD process
-
waiting process
-
water gas process
-
waterfall process
-
wet process
-
white-heart process
-
Zinal process
-
zinc distilling process -
85 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
86 водоспуск
1) Geology: delivery gate2) Naval: waterway3) Engineering: drain weir, flood-gate, floodgate, water outlet, water outlet device4) Construction: culvert, discharge opening (плотины), discharging sluice, overflow spillway, sluice gate, spillway overflow, water discharge, outlet work5) Fishery: drainage outlet6) Ecology: bottom water outlet, dike drain, emptying conduit, outlet box, overflow dike7) Makarov: bottom water, chute, drain, outlet, outlet box (рыболовного пруда), outlet conduit, shoot, waste outlet, wasteway, water drain8) General subject: leat -
87 грязеотстойник
1) Engineering: bog, dirt collection bowl, dirt pocket, dirt-collection bowl, mud pan, mud pocket, mud settler, mud sump, mud-box, sediment tank, sludge pan, mud box2) Automobile industry: mud collector (топлива)4) Metallurgy: sump5) Oil: waste pit6) Ecology: mud trap -
88 сбор
1) General subject: acquisition, assemblage, box office, call-over, camp-fire, capitation, collection, duty, gather, gathering, harvest (яблок, мёда и т. п.), harvesting, imperialty (установленный королевской властью), imposing, imposition, imposure, ingathering (особ. урожая), innings, levy (податей, налогов), meet (охотников, велосипедистов), muster, muster (для проверки, осмотра), perception, picking (урожая, плодов), pickup, plucking (ягод, цветов), preparations, rally, receipts, rollcall (сигнал), solicitation, take (театральный), tax, toll, tollage, troop (при барабанном бое), turn-out (войск и т.п.), yield, fee (взимаемый за что-либо), taking, foraging3) Aviation: rounding up5) Medicine: tea6) American: electronic journalism8) Sports: get-together9) Military: assembly, (служебный) call, cantonment (войск в указанном районе в целях разоружения и демобилизации), cantonment area (войск в указанном районе в целях разоружения и демобилизации), concentration, meeting, muster (для проверки), reassembly (после рассредоточения), recovery, recovery (повреждённых машин или раненых), rendezvous, roundup, staging (десантно-высадочных средств)10) Engineering: picking-up, waste control12) Law: assessment, cess, charges, charge, collecting13) Economy: canvas (заказов, подписки), canvass, impost14) Accounting: collection (напр. данных), compilation (данных), fee (напр. таможенный)15) Australian slang: roll-up16) Diplomatic term: accumulation (данных), turnout17) Forestry: crop18) Metallurgy: balling-up19) Theatre: box office receipts20) Jargon: round-up, ( с продаваемых билетов) take21) Oil: collection (данных), gathering (скважинной продукции)22) Cartography: collection (картоматериалов)23) Taxes: embarkation fee24) Patents: accumulation (напр. данных), assembly, capture (данных), compilation (материалов, фактов), perception (налогов)25) Business: calling together, contribution, due, takings26) EBRD: commission, fee, levy27) Automation: acquisition (данных), aggregation (напр. данных)28) Quality control: compilation (фактов, статистических данных)29) Oceanography: collection (проб, образцов)30) leg.N.P. gathering (e.g., of students), training meeting (in military service)31) Makarov: accumulation (данных, информации и т.п.), acquisition (информации, данных), acquisition (напр. данных), capture (напр. данных), compilation (напр. материала), levy (налогов), pick, tollage (особ. дорожный)32) General subject: collection (напр, проб, образцов) -
89 смывной бачок
1) Engineering: flush tank, flushing cistern, flushing tank, hopper, toilet tank, water-waste preventer2) Construction: WC flushing cistern, flushing box, lavatory cistern, rinsing box, washwater tank, water-closet flush cistern3) Makarov: cistern -
90 Prämie
Prämie f 1. BÖRSE, FIN bounty, premium; 2. MGT, PERS bonus, award, additional pay (Gehalt); 3. V&M incentive fee (für das Teilnehmen an einer Meinungsumfrage); 4. VERSICH premium, pm* * *f 1. <Börse, Finanz> bounty, premium; 2. <Mgmnt, Person> Gehalt bonus, award, additional pay; 3. <V&M> für das Teilnehmen an einer Meinungsumfrage incentive fee; 4. < Versich> premium (pm)* * *Prämie
premium [pay], consideration, (Agio) [exchange] premium, stock discount, (Anreiz) bonus, bounty, (Belohnung) reward, (Extradividende) bonus, (Kaufmann) giveaway (US), goody, (Lebensversicherung) life insurance dividend, (Prämiengeld) option (Br.) (forfeit) money, prime, (Prämiengeschäft) premium, option, privilege (US), (Sozialversicherung) contribution, (Verpackungsteileinsendung) box-top offer (US), (Versicherung) premium, rate, (Zollvergütung) drawback, (Zusatzlohn) bonus, extra pay, premium pay (US);
• ohne Prämie ex bonus;
• abgekürzte Prämie limited premium;
• angegebene Prämie specified premium;
• anteilige Prämie prorata rate;
• [aus]bedungene Prämie stipulated premium;
• ausstehende Prämie outstanding premium, premium due;
• bedungene Prämie stipulated premium;
• im Einzug befindliche Prämie premium in course of collection;
• einheitliche Prämie flat bonus;
• einmalige Prämie (Lebensversicherung) uniform premium;
• erste Prämie opening premium;
• fällige Prämie premium due;
• noch nicht fällige Prämie (Versicherung) deferred premium;
• feste Prämie fixed premium;
• nach eigenem Ermessen festgesetzte Prämie (Feuerversicherung) judgment rate;
• tariflich festgesetzte Prämie class rate;
• gerechte Prämie equitable rate;
• gezahlte (eingenommene) Prämie premium paid;
• gleich bleibende Prämie level premium;
• gleitende Prämie sliding-scale premium;
• hohe Prämie long (high) premium;
• jährliche Prämie annual premium;
• konstante Prämie level premium;
• kostendeckende Prämie net premium;
• höchst mögliche Prämie highest possible award;
• monatliche Prämie monthly premium;
• niedrige Prämie short premium;
• pauschale Prämie flat premium, (Betrieb) flat bonus;
• [nicht] produktionsgebundene (produktionsunabhängige) Prämie [non-]production bonus;
• progressive (jährlich steigende) Prämie step-rate premium;
• rückständige Prämie premium in arrears;
• rückvergütete Prämie return premium;
• steuerfreie Prämie tax-free bonus;
• veränderliche Prämie variable premium;
• verdiente Prämie earned premium;
• nicht verdiente Prämie unearned premium;
• nachträglich zahlbare Prämie deferred premium;
• zusätzliche Prämie additional (supplementary) premium;
• zweischneidige Prämie double-option premium;
• Prämie für verringerte Abfallproduktion waste-reduction bonus;
• Prämie für die Abschlachtung von Kühen cow-slaughter scheme premium;
• Prämie für Betriebsstillegung (Unternehmer) non-production bonus;
• Prämie für langjährige Betriebszugehörigkeit longevity pay;
• Prämie für die Drosselung landwirtschaftlicher Produkte domestic allowance (US);
• Prämie für regelmäßige Einhaltung der Dienstzeit regular attendance bonus;
• Prämie zwecks Exportsteigerung bounty [on exportation];
• Prämie für unfallfreies Fahren preferred risk plan (US);
• Prämie frei von Kosten net premium;
• Prämie für besonderes Risiko (Betrieb) bonus for special risk;
• Prämie bei Teileinsendung der Verpackung box-top offer;
• Prämie für erfolgreiche Verwaltungstätigkeit (Investmentgesellschaft) management fee bonus;
• Prämie für Wiederausfuhr drawback;
• Prämie abwerfen to yield a premium;
• Prämie aussetzen to put a prize on;
• Prämie berechnen to charge a premium;
• Prämien für besondere Leistungen einschließen to carry incentive arrangements;
• Prämie erhöhen to raise the premium;
• Prämie erklären (Börse) to declare an option;
• Prämie festsetzen to assess (fix) a premium;
• durch Prämien fördern (stimulieren) to bonus;
• Prämien fortzahlen (Versicherung) to pay premiums to date;
• Prämie herabsetzen to reduce a premium;
• Prämie vereinbaren to arrange a premium;
• auf Prämien verkaufen to sell at option;
• Prämie an eine Lebensversicherung zahlen to pay a premium with an insurance company;
• Prämie zurückerstatten to refund a premium. -
91 Behälter
m; -s, -1. container; förm. receptacle; (Schachtel, Karton etc.) box; für Flüssigkeit: tank; hast du dafür einen Behälter? have you got something to put it in?2. (Container) container* * *der Behältercontainer; holder; case; bin; repository; receptacle; tank; catchall; reservoir* * *Be|hạ̈l|ter [bə'hɛltɐ]m -s, -1) container, receptacle (form)2) (= Container) container* * *der1) (a container (usually metal or plastic, often large) in which corn etc is stored or rubbish is collected: a waste-paper bin; a dustbin.) bin2) (something made to contain things: He brought his lunch in a plastic container.) container3) (a container of some kind: A dustbin is a receptacle for rubbish.) receptacle* * *Be·häl·ter<-s, ->m container, receptacle form* * *der; Behälters, Behälter: container; (für Abfälle) receptacle* * *hast du dafür einen Behälter? have you got something to put it in?2. (Container) container* * *der; Behälters, Behälter: container; (für Abfälle) receptacle* * *- m.container n.receptacle n.reservoir n.tank n. -
92 capsa
capsa ae, f [capio], a repository, box, bookcase, C.: delatae, H.: aperta (for waste - paper), H.: angusta (of a school-boy's satchel), Iu.* * *cylindrical case (for books), bookcase; receptacle for things, box, satchel -
93 stringere
1. v/t make narrowerabito take invite tightenstringere amicizia become friends2. v/i di tempo press* * *stringere v.tr.1 ( tenere saldamente) to grip; ( fra le braccia) to hug, to clasp; ( serrare) to clench: stringere qlco. fra le mani, to grip sthg. in one's hands; il cane stringeva un bastone fra i denti, the dog gripped (o clenched) a stick in its teeth; stringeva fra le braccia un orsacchiotto, she was hugging a teddy bear; la strinse a sé e la baciò, he hugged (o embraced) and kissed her; stringere i pugni, to clench one's fists; stringere le labbra, to press one's lips together; non stringermi così la mano, mi fai male, don't squeeze my hand so hard, it hurts // stringere i denti, to clench one's teeth, (fig.) to grit one's teeth // stringere la mano a qlcu., to shake hands with s.o. (o to shake s.o.'s hand) // è una notizia che mi stringe il cuore, it's a piece of news that breaks my heart // chi troppo vuole nulla stringe, (prov.) grab all lose all2 ( spingere) to push: un camion mi strinse contro il guardrail, a lorry pushed me against the guardrail3 ( rendere più stretto) to tighten; ( un indumento) to take* in: stringere un nodo, una vite, to tighten a knot, a screw; stringere la cinghia, (anche fig.) to tighten one's belt; devo far stringere questo vecchio vestito, I must have this old dress taken in; stringere i freni, (fig.) to tighten the reins4 ( concludere, stipulare) to make*, to draw* up: stringere un'alleanza, to make an alliance; stringere un accordo, to make (o to enter into) an agreement; stringere un trattato, to draw up a treaty; (dir.) stringere un contratto, to make (o to draw up) a contract // stringere amicizia con qlcu., to make friends with s.o.7 (mus.) ( accelerare) to quicken: stringere il passo, ( nel ballo) to quicken the step; stringere i tempi, to quicken the tempo, (fig.) to conclude◆ v. intr.2 ( condensare, riassumere) to make* brief, to make* short: stringi, che non ho tempo da perdere, make it brief, I've no time to waste3 ( essere stretto) to be tight: queste scarpe (mi) stringono in punta, these shoes are tight at the toe; questo vestito (mi) stringe in vita, this dress is too tight at the waist◘ stringersi v.rifl.1 (per cercare, offrire protezione) to press (against s.o., sthg.); ( per solidarietà) to rally (around s.o.); ( circondare) to surround: il bambino si stringeva alla madre, the child was pressing against his mother; la folla si strinse intorno al vincitore, the crowd surrounded the winner // stringere nelle spalle, to shrug one's shoulders2 ( far spazio) to squeeze together, to squeeze up: potete stringervi un poco ancora?, could you squeeze up a little more?* * *1. ['strindʒere]vb irreg vt1) (con la mano) to grip, hold tightstringere la mano a qn — (afferrarla) to squeeze o press sb's hand, (salutando) to shake sb's hand, shake hands with sb
2) (pugno, mascella) to clench, (labbra) to compressstringere i denti — to clench one's teeth, fig to grit one's teeth
3) (gonna, vestito) to take in5) (avvicinare: oggetti) to close up, put close together, (persone) squeeze together6)stringere qn tra le braccia — to clasp sb in one's arms2. vi(aus avere) (essere stretto) to be tight, (scarpe) to pinch, be tight, (fig : arrivare al dunque) to come to the point3. vr (stringersi)stringersi a — (muro, parete) to press o.s. up against
* * *['strindʒere] 1.verbo transitivo1) (serrare) to tighten [vite, bullone, presa, labbra]; fig. to tighten up (on) [ sorveglianza]stringere a sé o al petto qcn. to hug sb. (to one's bosom); stringere qcn. tra le braccia — to hold sb. in one's arms
3) (tenere vigorosamente) to grip [volante, corda]4)stringere la mano a qcn. — (come saluto) to shake hands with sb
5) (stipulare) to conclude, to strike* (up) [ accordo]; to form [ alleanza]stringere amicizia con qcn. — to make friends with sb
6) (rendere più stretto) to tighten [nodo, cintura]; (restringere) to take* in [ abito]7) (sintetizzare) to make* [sth.] short, to shorten, to condense [ racconto]8) (comprimere) [ scarpe] to pinch [ piedi]9) (chiudere) to box in [ avversario]stringere un ciclista contro il marciapiede — [ veicolo] to force a cyclist up against the pavement
2.stringere qcn. contro il muro — to pin sb. (up) against the wall
1) (incalzare)il tempo stringe — time is running out o getting short
2) (comprimere)3.stringere in vita, sui fianchi — [ vestito] to be tight around the waist, the hips
verbo pronominale stringersi1) (diventare più stretto) [ strada] to narrow; [ tessuto] to shrink*2) (avvolgersi)3) (accostarsi)- rsi attorno a — to rally (a)round [parente, amico]; to huddle around o cluster round [ fuoco]
4) (farsi più vicini) to squeeze up; (abbracciarsi) to hug (each other), to embrace (each other)••mi si stringe il cuore — my heart wrings o aches
* * *stringere/'strindʒere/ [36]1 (serrare) to tighten [vite, bullone, presa, labbra]; fig. to tighten up (on) [ sorveglianza]; stringere i pugni to clench one's fists2 (abbracciare) stringere a sé o al petto qcn. to hug sb. (to one's bosom); stringere qcn. tra le braccia to hold sb. in one's arms3 (tenere vigorosamente) to grip [volante, corda]4 stringere la mano a qcn. (come saluto) to shake hands with sb.5 (stipulare) to conclude, to strike* (up) [ accordo]; to form [ alleanza]; stringere amicizia con qcn. to make friends with sb.7 (sintetizzare) to make* [sth.] short, to shorten, to condense [ racconto]9 (chiudere) to box in [ avversario]; stringere un ciclista contro il marciapiede [ veicolo] to force a cyclist up against the pavement; stringere qcn. contro il muro to pin sb. (up) against the wall(aus. avere)III stringersi verbo pronominale2 (avvolgersi) - rsi in un busto to lace oneself into a corset3 (accostarsi) - rsi attorno a to rally (a)round [parente, amico]; to huddle around o cluster round [ fuoco]4 (farsi più vicini) to squeeze up; (abbracciarsi) to hug (each other), to embrace (each other); - rsi l'uno contro l'altro to huddle togetherstringere d'assedio to besiege; mi si stringe il cuore my heart wrings o aches; stringere i denti to grit one's teeth. -
94 languish
['læŋgwɪʃ]to languish in — [ person] languire in [prison, bed]; [ object] giacere abbandonato in [garage, box]
2) (lose strength) languire* * *['læŋɡwiʃ](to grow weak; to waste away.) languire* * *['læŋgwɪʃ]to languish in — [ person] languire in [prison, bed]; [ object] giacere abbandonato in [garage, box]
2) (lose strength) languire -
95 empty
1. IIempty in some manner the tank (the cistern, the bath, etc.) empties slowly (gradually, rapidly, automatically, completely, etc.) бак и т.д. опорожняется медленно и т.д.; the theatre empties rapidly after the performance после спектакля театр быстро пустеет; empty at some time the stalls empty first сначала освобождается партер2. IIIempty smth. empty a cart (a car, a load, etc.) разгружать телегу и т.д.; empty the room (the building, the theatre, etc.) освобождать комнату и т.д.; empty a box (these closets, a drawer, etc.) опорожнять ящик и т.д.; I emptied my suitcase я вытащил /выложил, вынул/ все /все вещи/ из чемодана; empty the rubbish bin (the ashtray, etc.) высыпать /выбрасывать/ все из мусорного ведра и т.д.; empty a bucket выливать ведре; empty one's cup (one's glass) осушать /выпивать до дна/ чашу (рюмку); they have emptied the shop они опустошили весь магазин; the rain emptied the streets дождь разогнал прохожих с улицы, из-за дождя улицы опустели3. XVI1) empty into smth. the river (the brook, the stream, etc.) empties into a big lake (into the sea, into the Gulf of Mexico, into the Mediterranean, etc.) река и т.д. впадает в большое озеро и т.д.2) empty in some time the tank (the cistern, the bath, etc.) empties in five (in ten, etc.) minutes бак и т.д. опорожняется за пять и т.д. минут /в течение пяти и т.д. минут/; the room (the hall, etc.) empties in three minutes комнату и т.д. освобождают /можно освободить/ за три минуты4. XVIIIempty oneself into smth. the river (the stream, etc.) empties itself into the sea река и т.д. впадает в море5. XXI1empty smth. out of /from/ smth. empty water out of a glass (out of a can, from a pail, etc.) выливать воду из стакана и т.д., empty the water out of one bucket into another переливать воду из одного ведра в другое; empty smth. into smth. empty the bottle into the jug перелить что-л. из бутылки в кувшин; empty the kettle into the sink вылить воду из чайника в раковину; empty the bag into the crate высыпать содержимое мешка в ящик; empty everything into another box выложить все в другой ящик; empty rubbish into the fire выбросить мусор в огонь; empty smth. of smth. empty one's pocket of its contents (the basket of the waste paper, the bag of rubbish, etc.) выложить все из кармана и т.д., вытряхнуть карман и т.д.; empty smth. in some time empty the hall in a few minutes (the room in an hour, the plane in less than a minute, etc.) освободить зал за несколько минут в т.д.; they emptied the building in six minutes через шесть минут они очистили здание6. XXVempty as soon as... (when.., etc.) the hall emptied as soon as the concert was over как только кончился концерт, зал опустел; the streets emptied when the rain began когда хлынул дождь, на улицах не осталось ни души -
96 post
1. n спорт. столб2. n шест, кол, вехаnithing post — кол, вбитый в знак презрения
3. n тех. стр. стойка; подкос, подпорка4. n тех. стр. мачта, свая; надолба; колонка5. n тех. стр. мор. ахтерштевень6. n тех. стр. горн. целик угля или руды7. n тех. стр. геол. мелкозернистый песчаник8. n тех. стр. спец. штырь9. n тех. стр. внешняя дорожка10. n тех. стр. эл. клемма11. v вывешивать, расклеивать12. v обклеивать плакатами, афишами13. v вывешивать списки студентов, не выдержавших экзаменов14. v амер. спорт. записывать счёт15. n почтовое отделение; почтовая контора16. n почтовый ящикpost office — почтовое отделение; почта
17. n почта, корреспонденция18. n ист. почтовая карета или дилижанс19. n ист. почтовый пароход20. n ист. почтовая станция21. n ист. ист. кучер почтовой кареты22. n ист. уст. диал. почтальон23. n ист. курьер24. n ист. формат бумагиlarge post 4 vo — формат писчей бумаги,3Х25,4 см
large post 8 vo — формат писчей бумаги,7Х20,3 см
extra large post — формат писчей бумаги 45?57,1 см
large post 4 vo — формат писчей бумаги 20,3?25,4 см
large post 8 vo — формат писчей бумаги 12,7?20,3 см
25. n ист. вид игры в жмурки, в которой по возгласу « » играющие меняются местами26. n ист. вчт. извещение27. adv ист. на почтовых или на курьерских лошадях28. adv спешно, стремительно29. v отправлять по почте; опускать в почтовый ящик30. v ехать на почтовых, на перекладных31. v подпрыгивать, подскакивать в седле32. v мчаться, спешить33. v обыкн. извещать, давать информацию34. v бухг. переносить в гроссбух35. v бухг. заносить в бухгалтерскую книгу36. v бухг. делать проводку, осуществлять разноску по счетамholding the post — занимающий пост; нахождение на посту
defended post — обороняемая позиция, обороняемый пост
ministerial post — министерский пост, пост министра
37. n пост, должность; положение38. n воен. позиция39. n воен. укреплённый узел, форт40. n воен. огневая точка41. n воен. амер. пункт42. n воен. амер. воен. гарнизон; постоянная стоянка43. n воен. торговое поселениеtrading post — фактория, торговый пост
44. n воен. тех. пульт управления45. n воен. ж. -д. блокпост46. n воен. амер. отделение организации ветеранов войны47. n воен. амер. бирж. место торговли определённым видом акций48. n воен. положение центрового игрока49. v часто pass ставить, расставлять50. v часто pass воен. выставлять караул51. v часто pass воен. назначать на должность52. v часто pass воен. мор. прикомандировать53. n воен. сигнал на горнеshe grasped the post with her hands for fear of falling — боясь упасть, она крепко держалась за столб обеими руками
Синонимический ряд:1. column (noun) column; mast; pillar; pole; prop; support; upright2. embassy (noun) delegation; embassy; legation; ministry; mission3. job (noun) appointment; berth; billet; connection; job; office; place; situation; spot4. picket (noun) picket; shaft; stake; stud5. position (noun) assignment; base; beat; position; posting; round; station; task6. affix (verb) affix; circulate; hang up7. announce (verb) advertise; announce; publicise; publicize8. enter (verb) enter; insert; record; register; slate9. inform (verb) acquaint; advise; apprise; clew; clue; fill in; inform; notify; tell; warn; wise up10. placard (verb) placard; poster11. put (verb) bet; gamble; game; lay; lay down; play; put; stake; wager12. score (verb) notch; score; tally13. set (verb) assign; place; set; stationАнтонимический ряд: -
97 Sledded Cotton
This is the name given to raw cotton which has been picked by a machine termed the " Sled." The sled is a form of box about 8 feet long and 4 feet wide, which is drawn between the rows of cotton plants so that the bolls pass into grooves and are stripped off and fall into the box. Owing to the device also stripping off leaf, twig and bits of the stems, the waste after cleaning in the spinning mill is at least 50 per cent more than from hand-picked cotton. -
98 ящик
container, box
- (контейнер) для использованных бритвенных лезвий (в туалете) — razor blade disposal container
- (контейнер) для использованных гигиенических пакетов и салфеток — motion sickness and sanitary napkin waste container
-, транспортировочный (тарный) — shipping container
-, укладочный — packing case
вынимать ч-л. из я. — take smth out of container
комплектовать я. деталями — fill container with complement parts
распаковывать я. — unbox
упаковывать я. — package in container, box
надписи на я.:
верх — up f
заказ/наряд... — order no.
he кантовать — do not turn over
осторожно — handle with care
осторожно, стекло (приборы) — delicate unit
отправитель — shipped by
с горки не толкать — do not hump
n транспорта — transport no.Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > ящик
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99 гофрированный
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > гофрированный
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100 bin
صُنْدُوق (للخُبْز أو الفَحْم، إلخ) \ bin: a large container, esp. one for coal, bread or waste material. box: a container with flat sides, of wood, cardboard metal, etc.. case: a box, container, or covering: a case of oranges; a packing case: a suitcase; a bookcase; a case for one’s reading glasses. fund: an amount of money for a special purpose: the ‘Save the Children’ fund. locker: one of a set of small cupboards in a public place (railway station, swimming baths, etc.) for personal things (bags, clothes, etc.). \ See Also مال (مُخصَّص)، خزانة (خِزانَة)
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