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  • 1 War of Restoration

    (1641-68)
       After the revolution of 1 December 1640, when King João IV of Braganza overthrew Spanish rule and declared Portugal independent, Portugal and Spain fought a war that decided the fate of Portugal. The War of Restoration was fought between Spanish and Portuguese armies, assisted by foreign mercenaries and by Portugal's oldest ally, England. Portugal's 1640 Revolution and the war against Spain to maintain its reclaimed independence were supported as well by France during the 1610-59 period. After 1659, France gave no more assistance to Lisbon and cut off diplomatic relations. Portugal's great friend during this war, which was fought largely near the Luso-Spanish frontier or in Portugal in the flat Alentejo province, with no natural barriers to Spanish invasion, was thus England. This crucial alliance was reestablished in the Anglo-Portuguese treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661. Various truce and peace treaties, too, were signed with Holland, which was willing to side with Portugal, or at least be neutral, against Spain. Catalonia's prolonged rebellion against Spanish (Castilian) rule during Portugal's struggle played an important role in weakening Spain's effort to recover Portugal. At Ameixial, on 8 June 1663, a decisive battle in the war occurred, resulting in the defeat of the Spanish army and its withdrawal from Portugal. The Luso-Spanish Peace Treaty (1668) concluded the War.
        See also Peace treaty of 1668.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > War of Restoration

  • 2 Война против мятежников

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Война против мятежников

  • 3 estallar

    v.
    1 to explode (explotar) (bomba).
    si sigo comiendo voy a estallar if I eat any more I'll burst
    La bomba estalló de repente The bomb exploded suddenly.
    2 to break out (sonar) (ovación).
    La epidemia estalló The epidemic broke out.
    3 to break out (guerra, epidemia).
    ha estallado un nuevo escándalo de corrupción a new corruption scandal has erupted
    4 to blow up, to blow one's top (expresarse bruscamente).
    se metieron tanto conmigo que al final estallé they went on at me so much I eventually blew up o blew my top
    estallar en sollozos to burst into tears
    estallar en una carcajada to burst out laughing
    ¡voy a estallar de nervios! I'm so nervous!
    5 to suffer a nervous breakdown, to crumble emotionally, to crack up, to crumble.
    María estalló Mary suffered a nervous breakdown.
    6 to explode all of a sudden, to appear suddenly, to blaze forth, to blaze out.
    7 to explode on.
    Nos estalló una mina A mine exploded on us
    * * *
    1 (reventar) to explode, blow up
    2 (neumático) to burst; (bomba) to explode, go off; (cristal) to shatter
    3 (volcán) to erupt
    4 (látigo) to crack
    5 figurado (rebelión, epidemia) to break out
    6 figurado (pasión, sentimientos) to burst
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=reventar) [pólvora, globo] to explode; [bomba] to explode, go off; [volcán] to erupt; [neumático] to burst; [vidrio] to shatter; [látigo] to crack

    hacer estallar — to set off; (fig) to spark off, start

    2) [epidemia, guerra, conflicto, sublevación] to break out
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) bomba to explode; neumático to blow out, burst; globo to burst; cristal to shatter
    b) guerra/revuelta to break out; tormenta/escándalo/crisis to break

    estallar en algo — <en llanto/carcajadas> to burst into something

    * * *
    = reach + a head, detonate, break out, burst forth, flare, blow up, blow + sky high, blow + a fuse, pop, let off, reach + boiling point, go off.
    Ex. Growing concern reached a head in the mid 1980s when a number of practitioners expressed the view that children's librarianship had lost its way.
    Ex. There has been an explosion in terminology detonated by developments related to XML (eXtensible Markup Language).
    Ex. Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex. It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex. The visual manifestation of the recent Hale-Bopp comet reminds us how telling are those rare objects which suddenly flare in the sky.
    Ex. The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.
    Ex. This is all that can be done at this point to prevent the current violence from blowing sky-high, destabilising the region, and sending oil prices into the stratosphere.
    Ex. He simply blew a fuse and decided to go out on the road, spitefully apologizing again and again, until he got it right.
    Ex. The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex. By this time, firecrackers and fireworks were being let off willy-nilly in the streets by any mug with a match.
    Ex. This hilarious show pranks unsuspecting guests, testing their patience to see just how long before they reach boiling point.
    Ex. My hand looks like a hand grenade went off near it -- all cut up, bruised and with perforations by small bits of flying glass.
    ----
    * estallar a borbotones = splurt out.
    * guerra + estallar = war + break out.
    * hacer estallar = spark, ignite, touch off, blow up, let off.
    * hacer estallar en añicos = blow + sky high.
    * hacer estallar una bomba = bomb.
    * hacer estallar un guerra = ignite + war.
    * rebelión + estallar = rebellion + break out.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) bomba to explode; neumático to blow out, burst; globo to burst; cristal to shatter
    b) guerra/revuelta to break out; tormenta/escándalo/crisis to break

    estallar en algo — <en llanto/carcajadas> to burst into something

    * * *
    = reach + a head, detonate, break out, burst forth, flare, blow up, blow + sky high, blow + a fuse, pop, let off, reach + boiling point, go off.

    Ex: Growing concern reached a head in the mid 1980s when a number of practitioners expressed the view that children's librarianship had lost its way.

    Ex: There has been an explosion in terminology detonated by developments related to XML (eXtensible Markup Language).
    Ex: Loud, unscripted quarrels between unshaven peasants break out in odd corners of the auditorium and add to the liveliness.
    Ex: It seems the passions of the people were only sleeping and burst forth with a terrible fury.
    Ex: The visual manifestation of the recent Hale-Bopp comet reminds us how telling are those rare objects which suddenly flare in the sky.
    Ex: The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.
    Ex: This is all that can be done at this point to prevent the current violence from blowing sky-high, destabilising the region, and sending oil prices into the stratosphere.
    Ex: He simply blew a fuse and decided to go out on the road, spitefully apologizing again and again, until he got it right.
    Ex: The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.
    Ex: By this time, firecrackers and fireworks were being let off willy-nilly in the streets by any mug with a match.
    Ex: This hilarious show pranks unsuspecting guests, testing their patience to see just how long before they reach boiling point.
    Ex: My hand looks like a hand grenade went off near it -- all cut up, bruised and with perforations by small bits of flying glass.
    * estallar a borbotones = splurt out.
    * guerra + estallar = war + break out.
    * hacer estallar = spark, ignite, touch off, blow up, let off.
    * hacer estallar en añicos = blow + sky high.
    * hacer estallar una bomba = bomb.
    * hacer estallar un guerra = ignite + war.
    * rebelión + estallar = rebellion + break out.

    * * *
    estallar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 (explotar, reventar) «bomba» to explode; «neumático» to blow out, burst; «globo» to burst; «cristal» to shatter
    la policía hizo estallar el dispositivo police detonated the device
    el vestido le estallaba por las costuras her dress was literally bursting at the seams
    un día de estos voy a estallar one of these days I'm going to blow my top ( colloq)
    2 «guerra/revuelta» to break out; «tormenta» to break; «escándalo/crisis» to break
    el conflicto estalló tras un incidente fronterizo the conflict blew up after a border incident
    3
    «persona»: estallar EN algo: estalló en llanto she burst into tears, she burst out crying
    el público estalló en aplausos the audience burst into applause
    * * *

    estallar ( conjugate estallar) verbo intransitivo

    [ neumático] to blow out, burst;
    [ globo] to burst;
    [ vidrio] to shatter;

    b) [guerra/revuelta] to break out;

    [tormenta/escándalo/crisis] to break

    estallar en algo ‹en llanto/carcajadas› to burst into sth
    estallar verbo intransitivo
    1 (reventar) to burst
    (explotar) to explode, blow up, go off: a José le estalló la televisión, Jose's TV blew up
    estalló el vaso, the glass shattered
    2 (un suceso) to break out
    3 fig (de rabia, etc) to explode
    ' estallar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    blow up
    - break out
    - burst
    - erupt
    - explode
    - flare up
    - let off
    - live
    - start
    - blow
    - break
    - flare
    - go
    - let
    - pop
    - spark
    * * *
    1. [reventar] [bomba] to explode, to go off;
    [misil] to explode; [petardo] to go off; [neumático, globo] to burst; [volcán] to erupt; [cristal] to shatter; [olas] to break, to crash; [botón] to fly off; [cremallera, costura] to burst; [vestido, falda, pantalón] to split;
    hacer estallar un artefacto explosivo to detonate an explosive device;
    si sigo comiendo voy a estallar if I eat any more I'll burst
    2. [sonar] [ovación] to break out;
    [látigo] to crack; [trueno] to crash
    3. [desencadenarse] [guerra, revolución, disturbios, epidemia] to break out;
    [tormenta] to break;
    ha estallado un nuevo escándalo de corrupción a new corruption scandal has erupted
    4. [expresarse bruscamente] to blow up, to blow one's top;
    se metieron tanto conmigo que al final estallé they went on at me so much I eventually blew up o blew my top;
    estallar en aplausos to burst into applause;
    estallar en una carcajada to burst out laughing;
    estallar en llanto o [m5] sollozos to burst into tears;
    ¡voy a estallar de nervios! I'm so nervous!
    * * *
    v/i
    1 explode
    2 de guerra break out; de escándalo break;
    estalló en llanto she burst into tears
    * * *
    1) reventar: to burst, to explode, to erupt
    2) : to break out
    * * *
    1. (explotar) to explode
    2. (romperse) to burst [pt. & pp. burst]
    3. (sobrevenir) to break out [pt. broke; pp. broken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > estallar

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 Maria II, queen

    (1811-1853)
       Born Maria da Glória, daughter of Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I of Brazil) and his first wife, Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria, in Rio de Janeiro, the future queen was named regent at age seven, on the death of King João VI (1826). By an agreement, her father Pedro abdicated the throne of Portugal on her behalf with the understanding that she would marry her uncle Dom Miguel, who in turn was pledged to accept a constitutional charter written by Pedro himself. Backed by the absolutist party, including his reactionary mother Queen Carlota Joaquina, Dom Miguel returned from his Austrian exile in 1828 and proceeded to scrap the 1826 charter of Pedro and rule as absolutist king of Portugal, placing the nine-year-old Maria da Glória in the political wilderness.
       Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (who had been Pedro IV of Portugal before he abdicated in Maria's favor) responded by deciding to fight for his daughter's cause and for the restoration of the 1826 charter. Maria's constitutional monarchy, throne, and cause were at the center of the War of the Brothers, a tragic civil war from 1831 to 1834. With foreign assistance from Great Britain, Pedro's army and fleet prevailed over the Miguelite forces by 1834. By the Convention of Évora-Monte, signed by generals of Miguel and Pedro, Miguel surrendered unconditionally, peace was assured, and Miguel went into exile.
       At age 15, Maria da Glória was proclaimed queen of Portugal, but her personal life was tragic and her reign a stormy one. Within months of the victory of her constitutionalist cause, her chief advocate and counselor, her father Pedro, died of tuberculosis. Her all too brief reign was consumed in childbirth (she died bearing her 11th child in 1853 at age 34) and in ruling Portugal during one of the modern era's most disturbed phases. During her time on the throne, there were frequent military insurrections and interventions in politics, various revolutions, the siege of Oporto, the Patuleia revolt and civil war, the Maria da Fonte uprising, rebellion of leading military commanders (marshals), and economic troubles. Maria was a talented monarch, and helped raise and educate her oldest son Pedro, who succeeded her as King Pedro V, one of Portugal's most remarkable rulers of recent centuries. Late in her reign, the constitutional monarchy system settled down, enjoyed greater stability, and began the so-called " Regeneration" era of economic development and progress.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Maria II, queen

  • 6 avant

    avant [avɑ̃]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. (temps) before
    ► avant de (+ infinitif) before
       b. (durée) for
       c. (lieu) before
       d. (priorité) before ; (dans une liste, un classement) ahead of
    ► avant tout, avant toute chose ( = ce qui est le plus important) above all ; ( = tout d'abord) first
    • avant tout, il faut éviter la guerre above all war must be avoided
    2. <
       a. ( = auparavant) first
    ► d'avant ( = précédent) previous
       b. ( = autrefois)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque l'adverbe avant signifie autrefois, cette notion est généralement exprimée en anglais par used to, qui est suivi de l'infinitif.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • avant, c'était très beau ici it used to be very beautiful here
    • avant, je n'aimais pas la physique I didn't use to like physics
       c. (durée) before
       d. (lieu) tu vois la boulangerie ? le fleuriste est juste avant you see the baker's? the florist's is just this side of it
    ► en avant [mouvement] forward ; [position] in front
    • en avant, marche ! forward march!
    • partez en avant, on vous rejoindra you go on ahead, we'll catch up with you
    3. <
       a. ( = partie antérieure) [d'avion, voiture, train] front ; [de navire] bows
       b. ( = joueur) forward
    4. <
    ( = antérieur) front
    * * *

    I
    1. avɑ̃
    1) ( dans le temps) gén before, beforehand; ( d'abord) first
    2) ( dans l'espace) before

    tu vois l'église, j'habite (juste) avant — can you see the church? I live (just) before it

    refuser de s'engager plus avant — lit to refuse to go any further; fig to refuse to get any more involved


    2.
    1) ( dans le temps) before

    avant mon départ/retour — before I leave/come back

    avant le 1er juillet — by 1 July

    2) ( dans l'espace) before

    faire passer quelqu'un/quelque chose avant quelqu'un/quelque chose — to put somebody/something before somebody/something

    avant tout, avant toute chose — ( surtout) above all; ( d'abord) first and foremost


    3.
    avant de locution prépositive

    4.
    avant que locution conjonctive

    5.
    en avant locution adverbiale forward(s)

    se pencher/faire un pas en avant — to lean/to take a step forward(s)

    en avant, marche! — Armée forward march!

    en avant toute! — Nautisme, fig full steam ahead!

    en avant la musique! — (colloq) off we go!

    mettre quelqu'un/quelque chose en avant — to put somebody/something forward


    6.
    en avant de locution prépositive ahead of [groupe]

    II
    1. avɑ̃
    adjectif invariable [roue, siège, patte] front

    2.
    nom masculin

    ••
    Lorsque avant est adverbe il se traduit par before sauf lorsqu'il signifie ‘en premier lieu, d'abord’; il se traduit alors par first: si tu prends la route, mange quelque chose avant = if you're going to drive, have something to eat first
    Lorsque avant est préposition il se traduit par before sauf dans le cas où une limite de temps est précisée; il se traduit alors par by: à retourner avant le 30 mars = to be returned by 30 March
    avant entre dans la composition de nombreux mots qui s'écrivent avec un trait d'union ( avant-hier, avant-guerre, avant-coureur etc). Ces mots sont des entrées à part et on les trouvera dans la nomenclature du dictionnaire. Utilisé avant un nom pour désigner une période précédant un événement ou l'avènement d'une personne il se traduit par pre- et forme alors un groupe adjectival que l'on fait suivre du nom approprié: l'avant-1945/l'avant-Thatcher/l'avant-sommet = the pre-1945 period/the pre-Thatcher era/the pre-summit discussions
    * * *
    avɑ̃
    1. prép
    2. adv
    3. adj inv
    4. nm
    1) [véhicule] front

    à l'avant — in the front, in front

    2) SPORT (= joueur) forward

    aller de l'avant — to steam ahead, to make good progress

    en avant — forward, forwards Grande-Bretagne

    Il a fait un pas en avant. — He took a step forward.

    avant que (avec subjonctif) ; avant qu'il ne parte; avant qu'il parte — before he leaves

    avant qu'il ne pleuve; avant qu'il pleuve — before it rains

    avant tout (= surtout) — above all

    * * *
    I.
    avant ⇒ Note d'usage
    A adv
    1 ( dans le temps) gén before, beforehand; ( d'abord) first; que faisait-il avant what was he doing before?; tu n'aurais pas pu le dire avant? couldn't you have said so before(hand)?; si j'avais su cela avant j'aurais… if I'd known that before(hand) I would have…; quelques heures/jours avant a few hours/days before; la nuit/la semaine/le mois avant the night/the week/the month before; peu avant not long before (that); bien avant long before; le bus/train d'avant the previous bus/train; les locataires d'avant the previous tenants; le cours/la séance d'avant the previous lesson/performance; repose-toi avant tu partiras ensuite rest first and then go; laquelle de ces lettres veux-tu que je tape avant? which of these letters would you like me to type first?; avant nous n'avions pas l'électricité we didn't have electricity before; aussitôt avant just before; j'avais compris longtemps avant I had understood a long time before; ce n'était pas ce lundi mais celui d'avant it was not this Monday but the previous one; la fois d'avant nous nous étions déjà perdus we got lost the last time as well; j'ai vu le film mais pas l'émission d'avant I saw the film GB ou movie US but not the programmeGB before it;
    2 ( dans l'espace) before; tu vois l'église, j'habite (juste) avant can you see the church? I live (just) before it; ‘c'est avant l'église?’-‘oui juste avant’ ‘is it before the church?’-‘yes just before it’; il l'a mentionné avant dans l'introduction he mentioned it earlier in the introduction; je crois que la dame était avant I think this lady was first; il est inutile de creuser plus avant lit, fig there's no point in digging any further; refuser de s'engager plus avant lit to refuse to go any further; fig to refuse to get any more involved;
    3 ( dans une hiérarchie) before; le T vient avant T comes before; son travail passe avant his work comes first.
    B prép
    1 ( dans le temps) before; partir/arriver avant qn to leave/to arrive before sb, to leave/to arrive before sb does; avant mon départ/retour before I leave/come back; les enfants avant les adultes children before adults; je suis partie avant la fin I left before the end; avant l'ouverture/la fermeture des magasins before the shops GB ou stores US open/close; peu avant minuit shortly before midnight; ne viens pas avant 5 heures don't come before 5 o'clock; rentrer avant la nuit/le dîner to come back before nightfall/dinner; la situation d'avant la crise/révolution the situation before the crisis/revolution; avant le 1er juillet by 1 July; le travail doit être fini avant l'été/la fin de l'année/19 heures the work must be completed by the summer/the end of the year/7 pm; j'aurai fini avant une semaine/un mois I'll have finished within a week/a month; nous partons à 11 heures, avant cela je vais travailler un peu we're leaving at 11, I'm going to do a bit of work before then; avant peu shortly; vous serez informé avant peu des nouvelles consignes you will be informed of the new orders shortly; bien/peu avant 16 heures well/a little before 4 pm; bien avant ta naissance long ou well before you were born ; avant toute explication/considération before explaining/considering anything; avant déduction/impôt before deductions/tax;
    2 ( dans l'espace) before; avant le croisement/la poste before the crossing/the post office; bien/juste avant le pont well/just before the bridge; j'étais avant vous I was in front of ou before you; ⇒ charrue;
    3 ( dans une hiérarchie) before; le grade de capitaine vient avant celui de colonel the rank of captain comes before that of colonel; faire passer qn/qch avant qn/qch to put sb/sth before sb/sth; avant tout, avant toute chose ( surtout) above all; ( d'abord) first and foremost; il recherche avant tout la tranquillité above all he wants peace and quiet; il s'agit avant tout de comprendre le principe above all, it is a matter of understanding the principle; je suis avant tout un peintre I am first and foremost a painter.
    C en avant loc adv
    1 ( dans l'espace) forward(s); se pencher/faire un pas en avant to lean/to take a step forward(s); faire deux pas en avant to take two steps forward(s); partir en avant to go ahead; en avant!, en avant la musique○! off we go!; en avant, marche! Mil, fig forward march!; en avant toute! Naut, fig full steam ahead!; mettre qch en avant to put sth forward; mettre en avant le fait que to point out the fact that; mettre qn en avant to put sb forward; se mettre en avant to push oneself forward;
    2 ( dans le temps) ahead.
    D avant de loc prép avant de faire before doing; réfléchis avant de prendre ta décision think about it before making a decision ou before you make a decision; c'est juste avant d'arriver dans le village it's just before you get to the village; agiter avant de servir shake before serving.
    E avant que loc conj avant qu'il ne soit trop tard/qu'elle ne dise non before it's too late/she says no; essaie de rentrer avant qu'il ne fasse nuit try to come back before dark; il est parti un jour avant que je n'arrive he left one day before I arrived; le gouvernement a démissionné avant que la révolte n'éclate the government resigned before the rebellion broke out.
    F en avant de loc prép ahead of [groupe, cortège].
    II.
    A adj inv [roue, siège, patte] front; la partie avant de qch the front part of sth.
    B nm
    1 ( partie antérieure) l'avant the front; tout l'avant du véhicule est à refaire the whole of the front of the vehicle will have to be repaired; à l'avant in (the) front; à l'avant du train [passager, locomotive] at the front of the train; à l'avant du bateau at the front of the boat; d'avant en arrière backward(s) and forward(s); aller de l'avant to forge ahead; aller de l'avant dans ses projets to forge ahead with one's plans; c'est une femme qui va de l'avant she's very go-ahead;
    2 Sport forward; la ligne des avants gén the forward line; ( au rugby) the front line.
    [avɑ̃] préposition
    1. [dans le temps] before
    il est arrivé avant la nuit/le dîner he arrived before nightfall/dinner
    avant son élection prior to her election, before being elected
    peu avant les élections a short while ou time before the elections
    2. [dans l'espace] before
    3. [dans un rang, un ordre, une hiérarchie] before
    vous êtes avant moi [dans une file d'attente] you're before me
    ————————
    [avɑ̃] adverbe
    1. [dans le temps] before
    avant, j'avais plus de patience avec les enfants I used to be more patient with children
    quand j'ai un rendez-vous, j'aime arriver un peu avant when I'm due to meet someone, I like to get there a little ahead of time
    bien ou longtemps avant well ou long before
    discuter/lire bien avant dans la nuit to talk/to read late into the night
    2. [dans l'espace]
    sans entrer ou aller plus avant dans les détails without going into any further ou more detail
    3. [dans un rang, un ordre, une hiérarchie]
    ————————
    [avɑ̃] adjectif invariable
    [saut périlleux, roulade] forward
    [roue, siège, partie] front
    ————————
    [avɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [d'un véhicule] front
    aller de l'avant (sens propre & figuré) to forge ahead
    [au volley] frontline player
    jouer avant droit/gauche to play right/left forward
    la ligne des avants, les avants the forward line, the forwards
    ————————
    avant de locution prépositionnelle
    avant de partir, il faudra... before leaving, it'll be necessary to...
    ————————
    avant que locution conjonctive
    avant qu'il comprenne, celui-là! by the time he's understood!
    ————————
    avant que de locution prépositionnelle
    ————————
    avant tout locution adverbiale
    1. [surtout]
    2. [tout d'abord] first
    avant tout, je voudrais vous dire ceci first (and foremost), I'd like to tell you this
    avant toute chose locution adverbiale
    avant toute chose, je vais prendre une douche I'll have a shower before I do anything else
    ————————
    d'avant locution adjectivale
    le jour/le mois d'avant the previous day/month, the day/month before
    en avant locution adverbiale
    [marcher] in front
    [partir] ahead
    [se pencher, tomber, bondir] forward
    en avant, marche! MILITAIRE forward march!
    a. [pour se protéger] to use somebody as a shield
    b. [pour le faire valoir] to push somebody forward ou to the front
    en avant de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > avant

  • 7 laisser

    laisser [lese]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
    • il m'a laissé ce vase pour 100 € he let me have this vase for 100 euros
    • laissez, je vais le faire/c'est moi qui paie leave that, I'll do it/I'm paying
    • laisse-moi ! leave me alone!
    • laissez-moi rire ! don't make me laugh!
    • on ne va pas le laisser faire sans réagir ! we're not going to let him get away with that!
    3. reflexive verb
    • se laisser persuader to let o.s. be persuaded
    • se laisser aller to let o.s. go
    * * *
    lese
    1.
    1) to leave [parapluie, pourboire, marge, trace]

    je ne veux pas y laisser ma peau — (colloq) I don't want it to kill me

    laisse-le, ça lui passera — ignore him, he'll get over it

    2) ( cesser) liter

    2.
    verbe auxiliaire

    laisser quelqu'un/quelque chose faire — to let somebody/something do

    laisse-moi faire — ( ne m'aide pas) let me do it; ( je m'en occupe) leave it to me

    laisse-la faire! — ( ne t'en mêle pas) let her get on with it!

    laisse-la faire, elle reviendra toute seule — just leave her, she'll come back of her own accord


    3.
    se laisser verbe pronominal

    il ne veut pas se laisser faire — (coiffer, laver etc) he won't let you touch him

    ça se laisse manger! — (colloq) euph it's quite palatable


    ••
    laisser verbe transitif se traduit généralement par to leave. On trouvera la traduction des expressions comme laisser la parole à quelqu'un, laisser quelque chose en suspens, laisser à quelqu'un le soin de, laisser quelqu'un pour mort etc sous le nom ou l'adjectif. Attention, to leave verbe transitif ne s'utilise jamais sans complément: laisse, si tu n'as plus faim! = leave it if you've had enough!; laisse, c'est trop lourd pour toi! = leave it, it's too heavy for you!; non merci, je laisse, c'est trop cher = no thank you, I think I'll leave it, it's too expensive
    laisser + sujet + infinitif
    Lorsque laisser signifie permettre de ou ne pas empêcher de, on pourra le traduire par to let: vous avez laissé pousser des mauvaises herbes = you've let weeds grow; il ne laisse pas ses enfants regarder la télévision = he doesn't let his children watch television; laisse-le pleurer/critiquer/dormir = let him cry/criticize/sleep; ne laisse pas le chat monter sur le canapé don't let the cat climb on the settee; ne laisse pas brûler la sauce = don't let the sauce burn; quand on laisse le repassage s'accumuler = if you let the ironing mount up. Voir II
    se laisser + infinitif
    - De façon très générale, le verbe pronominal suivi d'un verbe à l'infinitif peut se traduire par to let oneself: laisse-toi couler jusqu'au fond = let yourself sink to the bottom
    - Quand se laisser peut-être remplacé par être vous traduirez par to be: se laisser envahir par un sentiment de bien-être = to be overcome by a feeling of well-being. Voir III
    * * *
    lese
    1. vt
    1)

    J'ai laissé mon parapluie à la maison. — I've left my umbrella at home.

    J'ai laissé les enfants à la garderie. — I left the children at the nursery.

    2) [passager]

    laisser qn quelque part — to drop sb somewhere, to drop sb off somewhere

    Laisse-moi ici, j'en ai pour cinq minutes jusqu'à la gare. — You can drop me off here, it'll only take me five minutes to get to the station.

    3) [parent survivant] to leave

    Il laisse une femme et deux enfants. — He leaves a wife and two children.

    4) (ne pas tout prendre) [gâteau, argent] to leave

    Laisse du rôti, tu n'es pas tout seul! — Leave some meat, you are not the only one here!

    laisser qch à qn; laisser qch pour qn — to leave sb sth, to leave sth for sb

    Laisse du gâteau à ton frère. — Leave your brother some cake., Leave some cake for your brother.

    Ne laisse pas ta chambre en désordre. — Don't leave your room in a mess.

    6) (= ne pas empêcher)

    Laisse-le parler. — Let him speak.

    Il les a laissé torturer sans intervenir. — He stood back and let them be tortured.

    7) (= permettre)

    rien ne laisse penser que... — there is no reason to think that...

    ceci laisse supposer que... — this would lead us to believe that..., this seems to indicate that...

    2. vi

    ne pas laisser de... (+ infinitif) Cela ne laisse pas de surprendre. — It never ceases to surprise.

    * * *
    laisser ⇒ Note d'usage verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 to leave [parapluie, pourboire, marge, trace]; laisser qch à qn gén to leave sb sth; ( à sa mort) to leave sb sth; laisser la liberté à qn to let sb go free; laisser la vie à qn to spare sb's life; il laisse une veuve et deux enfants he leaves a wife and two children; laisser qn quelque part ( déposer) to leave sb ou drop sb (off) somewhere; je te laisse ( en sortant d'un bâtiment) I must be off ou go; (en sortant d'une pièce, au téléphone) I must go; ( en fin de lettre) I'll have to stop; laisse tes livres et viens te balader put your books away and come for a stroll; partez en vacances et laissez vos problèmes take a vacation and leave your problems behind; laissons de côté les raisons de son départ let's not go into why he/she left; laissez la rue Palassou sur votre gauche ( dépasser) you'll see rue Palassou on your left;
    2 ( confier) to leave (à qn with sb); laisser les clés au gardien to leave the keys with the caretaker; jamais je ne lui laisserais les enfants I would never leave the children with him/her;
    3 ( accorder) laisser qch à qn to give sb sth [temps, chance]; laisser le choix à qn to give sb the choice; ( choix peu important) to let sb choose;
    4 (céder, prêter, ne pas retirer) laisser qch à qn to let sb have sth; laisse ce jouet à ton frère let your brother have the toy; je vous le laisse pour 100 euros ( céder) I'll let you have it for 100 euros; je te laisse ma voiture pendant 15 jours ( ne pas prendre avec soi) I'll leave you my car for two weeks; ( prêter) I'll let you have my car for two weeks, you can have my car for two weeks; tu devrais laisser ta place à la vieille dame you should let the old lady have your seat;
    5 ( perdre) to lose; laisser une jambe à la guerre to lose a leg in the war; tu y laisseras ta santé you'll ruin your health; je ne veux pas y laisser ma peau○ I don't want it to kill me;
    6 ( ne pas s'occuper de) to leave; laisse-le, ça lui passera ignore him, he'll get over it; ‘qu'est-ce qui ne va pas?’-‘rien, laisse, ce n'est pas grave’ ‘what's wrong?’-‘nothing really, don't worry’; non, laisse, je te l'offre! no, no, it's my treat!;
    7 ( abandonner) to leave; je te laisse à tes occupations I'll let you get on; laisse-le à ses rêves let him dream;
    8 ( maintenir) to leave; laisser un animal en liberté to leave an animal in the wild; je ne voulais pas le laisser dans l'ignorance I wanted him to know;
    9 ( rendre) to leave; cela l'a laissé froid/sans voix it left him cold/speechless; laisser qn perplexe to puzzle sb; cela me laisse sceptique I'm sceptical;
    10 liter ( cesser) cela ne laisse pas d'étonner it is a continual source of amazement.
    B v aux laisser qn/qch faire to let sb/sth do; laisser qn parler/pleurer to let sb speak/cry; laisse-moi entrer/sortir/passer let me in/out/through; laisse-moi faire ( ne m'aide pas) let me do it; ( je m'en occupe) leave it to me; laisse-la faire! ( ne t'en mêle pas) let her get on with it!; laisse-la faire, elle reviendra toute seule just leave her, she'll come back of her own accord; ils s'entretuent et on laisse faire they're killing each other and we just sit back and do nothing; laisse faire! ( qu'importe) so what!; laissons faire le temps let things run their course.
    C se laisser vpr se laisser bercer par les vagues to be lulled by the waves; il se laisse insulter he puts up with insults; elle n'est pas du genre à se laisser faire ( laisser abuser) she won't be pushed around; c'est parce que tu te laisses faire ( pas assez autoritaire) it's because you're too easy going; il ne veut pas se laisser faire (coiffer, laver etc) he won't let you touch him; laisse-toi faire, c'est un bon coiffeur leave it to him, he's a good hairdresser; s'il veut te l'offrir, laisse-toi faire! if he wants to buy it for you, let him do it; se laisser aller ( tous contextes) to let oneself go; se laisser aller au désespoir to give in to despair; ça se laisse manger○! iron it's quite palatable iron.
    ‘c'est cher’-‘c'est à prendre ou à laisser’ ‘it's expensive’-‘take it or leave it’; c'est cher mais c'est à prendre ou à laisser it's expensive but that is how it is; il y a à prendre et à laisser dans ce qu'elle dit I'd take what she says with a pinch of salt.
    [lɛse] verbe transitif
    A.[ABANDONNER]
    1. [ne pas prendre, renoncer à] to leave
    elle a laissé son dessert she left her pudding (untouched), she didn't touch her pudding
    a. [il y a du bon et du mauvais] you have to pick and choose
    b. [il y a du vrai et du faux] you have to be selective
    laissez toute espérance, vous qui entrez Dante (allusion) abandon hope all ye who enter here
    2. [quitter momentanément - personne, chose] to leave
    laisse-nous, nous avons à parler leave us (alone), we have things to talk about
    a. [au téléphone] I must hang up ou go now
    b. [dans une lettre] that's all for now, I'll leave you now
    3. [quitter définitivement] to leave, to abandon
    il a laissé femme et enfants he abandoned his wife and children, he walked out on his wife and children
    [après sa mort - famille] to leave
    4. [oublier] to leave, to forget
    5. [perdre - membre, personne, bien matériel] to lose
    6. [déposer - trace, marque] to leave
    il laisse un bon/un mauvais souvenir we have good/bad memories of him
    7. [négliger] to leave
    laisse ton livre et viens avec moi put down ou leave your book and come with me
    laissez la direction de Paris sur la gauche et tournez à droite go past ou leave the road to Paris on your left and turn right
    B.[DONNER, CÉDER]
    1. [accorder] to leave
    laisser quelque chose à quelqu'un to leave something for somebody, to leave somebody something
    laisse-lui le temps de le faire leave ou give her time to do it
    2. [confier] to leave
    laisser des consignes à quelqu'un to leave instructions with somebody, to leave somebody with instructions
    laissez les clés chez le gardien drop the keys off at the caretaker's, leave the keys with the caretaker
    laisser quelque chose à faire à quelqu'un to leave somebody to do something, to leave something for somebody to do
    3. [vendre] to let have
    4. [transmettre]
    après l'insurrection, il dut laisser le pouvoir à son fils after the rebellion, he had to hand over power to his son
    [après sa mort] to leave, to bequeath (soutenu)
    5. [réserver] to leave
    6. [suj: chose]
    laisser à penser que to make one think ou suppose that, to lead one to believe that
    elle n'est pas là, cela laisse à penser she's not here, it makes you wonder
    C.[DANS UN ÉTAT, UNE SITUATION]
    1. [faire demeurer] to leave, to keep
    laisse la fenêtre fermée/ouverte leave the window shut/open
    laisser un crime impuni to let a crime go unpunished, to leave a crime unpunished
    cela me laisse froid ou indifférent it leaves me cold ou unmoved
    laisser quelqu'un tranquille ou en repos ou en paix to leave somebody alone ou in peace
    laisser quelqu'un dans l'ignorance de quelque chose to let somebody remain ignorant of something, to leave somebody in the dark about something
    laissez le nom en blanc leave the name blank, do not write the name in
    laisser derrière soi (sens propre & figuré) to leave behind
    2. (en usage absolu) [s'abstenir d'intervenir]
    laisse, je vais le faire leave it, I'll do it myself
    laisse, je vais me débrouiller, ça va aller I'll be all right
    laissez, je vous en prie please don't bother (with that)
    laisse, c'est moi qui paie put your money away, I'll pay for this
    D.[SUIVI D'UN INFINITIF]
    1. [autoriser] to let, to allow, to permit
    laisser quelqu'un faire quelque chose to let somebody do something, to allow somebody to do something
    2. [ne pas empêcher de] to let, to allow
    laisser quelqu'un faire to let somebody do, to leave somebody to do, to allow somebody to do
    laisse-le dormir let him sleep, leave him to sleep
    laisse-moi le lui dire let me tell her/him (about it)
    laisser voir [montrer] to show, to reveal
    laisser sécher la colle to leave ou to allow the glue to dry
    ceci laisse supposer que... this implies that..., this makes one think that...
    laisser faire: on n'y peut rien, il faut laisser faire there's nothing we can do (about it), you just have to let things take their course
    laisse faire, ça n'est pas grave! don't worry, it doesn't matter!
    tu devrais laisser tomber, ça ne marchera jamais you should give up ou drop it ou forget it, it'll never work
    ————————
    se laisser verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    il se laisse boire, ton petit vin your little wine goes down nicely ou is very drinkable
    ————————
    se laisser verbe pronominal intransitif
    il s'est laissé mourir he let himself die, he just gave up living
    se laisser tomber sur une chaise/dans un fauteuil to collapse onto a chair/into an armchair
    a. [se négliger] to let oneself go
    b. [se détendre] to let oneself go, to relax
    se laisser faire: ne te laisse pas faire! stand up for yourself!, don't let yourself be taken advantage of!
    la proposition est tentante, je crois que je vais me laisser faire it's an attractive offer, I think I'll give in to temptation
    laisse-toi faire, ça nous fait plaisir de te l'offrir do take it ou come on, we'd love to give it to you
    se laisser vivre (familier) to live for the moment, to take life as it comes

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > laisser

  • 8 rebellio

    1.
    rĕbellĭo, ōnis, f. [id.], a renewal of war (by the conquered party), a revolt, rebellion (good prose; cf.:

    defectio, seditio): rebellio facta post deditionem,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 10; so,

    facere,

    id. ib. 4, 30;

    4, 38: parare,

    Tac. A. 1, 55:

    coeptare,

    id. ib. 3, 40:

    comprimere,

    id. H. 2, 11:

    ad rebellionem spectare,

    Liv. 2, 18:

    ad rebellionem compellere,

    id. 9, 41:

    nihil rebellionis timere,

    id. 2, 16:

    Germaniae,

    Suet. Calig. 51:

    trium principum,

    id. Vesp. 1.— In plur.: multis Carthaginiensium rebellionibus, * Cic. Scaur. 19, 42.
    2.
    rĕbellĭo, ōnis, m. [id.], one who revolts, an insurgent, rebel (late Lat.), Treb. Poll. Salon. 1; Faustina ap. Vulc. Gall. Avid. Cass. 9; Vop. Prob. 9; cf. rebellis.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rebellio

  • 9 offen

    I Adj.
    1. open; offenes Hemd open-necked shirt; bei offenem Fenster with the window open; mit offenem Mund dastehen stand open-mouthed ( oder gaping)
    2. (lose) Zucker etc.: loose; offener Wein wine by the glass; in einer Karaffe: carafe wine; vom Fass: wine on tap; einrennen, Feuer 1, Licht
    3. Haare: loose; mit offenen Haaren with one’s hair (hanging) loose
    4. Stelle: vacant; die Zahl der offenen Stellen hat im Vormonat um 8% zugenommen the number of vacancies went up by 8% last month
    5. (frei, unbehindert etc.): offenes Gelände (wide) open country; auf offener See on the open sea; auf offener Straße in the middle of the street; auf offener Strecke on the open road; EISENB. between stations
    6. (offenherzig, aufrichtig) open, sincere; (ehrlich) frank, candid; offener Blick open ( oder honest) face; offen und ehrlich Angebot etc.: open and above-board; ich will ganz offen mit dir sein I’ll be quite frank with you
    7. (aufgeschlossen) open(-minded); offen für (empfänglich) open to, receptive to
    8. (deutlich erkennbar, nicht geheim) open; offener Hass undisguised hatred; offene Feindschaft open hostility; offene Kampfansage open declaration of war; offener Aufruhr open rebellion; offene Abstimmung open vote; offene Anspielung broad allusion ( auf + Akk to); offener Brief open letter; ein offenes Geheimnis an open secret; im offenen Kampf in an open fight
    9. (noch nicht bezahlt) unpaid; offene Rechnung unpaid ( oder outstanding) invoice; dieser Posten ist noch offen this item has still not been paid for
    10. (noch nicht entschieden): offene Fragen open ( oder unsettled) questions; es ist noch alles offen nothing has been decided yet, it’s all up in the air still; die Meisterschaft war bis zum Saisonende offen (the result of) the championship was not decided ( oder settled) until the end of the season
    11. LING. open; eine offene Silbe an open syllable
    II Adv.
    1. openly; Wein offen ausschenken / verkaufen serve / sell wine on tap
    2. sie trägt ihre Haare offen she has her hair loose
    3. (offenherzig, aufrichtig) openly, sincerely; (ohne Umschweife) frankly; offen reden talk openly ( freiheraus: freely), speak frankly; ich sage offen was ich denke I just say what I think; ( jemandem) offen seine Meinung sagen oder aussprechen speak one’s mind (quite openly) (to s.o.), be perfectly open ( oder frank) (with s.o.); offen ( und ehrlich) gesagt quite honestly, to tell you the truth; offen zur Schau stellen display openly, make no secret of; offen zugeben auch admit (quite) frankly; offen gestanden to be frank, quite frankly; offen auf der Hand liegen be perfectly obvious; es liegt offen auf der Hand, dass... it is perfectly obvious that...
    4. LING.: einen Vokal / das o / eine Silbe offen aussprechen pronounce a vowel in the open position / the o as an open vowel / a syllable as though it is open
    5. mit Verben: offen bleiben stay open; Frage etc.: remain ( oder be left) open ( oder unsettled); offen halten (Tür etc.) hold open; (Geschäft etc., auch Augen) keep open; fig. (Termin, Auftrag etc.) keep open; (Ausweg, auch Entscheidung etc.) leave open; (Möglichkeit) leave ( oder keep) open, reserve; offen lassen auch fig. leave open; die Möglichkeit offen lassen fig. auch reserve the possibility (+ Gen of); offen legen fig. disclose; offen liegen zur Einsicht: be available for public scrutiny; offen stehen be (Tür: auch stand) open; Rechnung: be unpaid ( oder outstanding), remain unsettled; jemandem offen stehen fig. be open to s.o.; es steht ihm offen zu (+ Inf.) he’s free to (+ Inf.) offen stehend Tür etc.: open; Rechnung: outstanding, unsettled; mit offen stehendem Mund openmouthed
    * * *
    (freimütig) overt (Adj.); frank (Adj.); outspoken (Adj.); direct (Adj.); candid (Adj.); demonstrative (Adj.); forthright (Adj.); ingenuous (Adj.); straightforward (Adj.);
    (nicht entschieden) undecided (Adj.);
    (unbesetzt) vacant (Adj.);
    (unverschlossen) open (Adj.);
    (vorurteilslos) open-minded (Adj.)
    * * *
    ọf|fen ['ɔfn]
    1. adj
    1) open; Bein ulcerated; Flamme, Licht naked; Feuer open; Haare loose

    ein offener Brief — an open letter

    er geht mit offenem Hemd — he is wearing an open-neck shirt

    der Laden hat bis 10 Uhr offen — the shop (esp Brit) or store is or stays open until 10 o'clock

    offener Wein — wine by the carafe/glass

    auf offener Strecke (Straße) — on the open road; (Rail) between stations

    wir hielten auf offener Strecke — we stopped in the middle of nowhere

    auf offener Straße — in the middle of the street; (Landstraße) on the open road

    Beifall auf offener Szene — spontaneous applause, an outburst of applause

    überall offene Türen finden (fig) — to find a warm welcome everywhere

    mit offenen Augen or Sinnen durchs Leben gehen — to go through life with one's eyes open

    eine offene Hand haben (fig) — to be open-handed

    allem Neuen gegenüber offen sein — to be open or receptive to (all) new ideas

    See:
    2) (= frei) Stelle vacant

    "offene Stellen" — "vacancies", "situations vacant" (Brit)

    3) (= unerledigt, unentschieden) Frage, Ausgang, Partie open; Rechnung outstanding
    2. adv
    1) (= freimütig) candidly; kritisieren, zugeben, als Lügner bezeichnen, sich zu etw bekennen openly

    ein offen schwul lebender Mensch — a person living openly as a homosexual

    sich offen für/gegen etw aussprechen — to openly speak out for/against sth

    offen gestanden or gesagt — to tell you the truth, quite honestly, to be frank

    seine Meinung offen sagen — to speak one's mind, to say what one thinks

    sag mir ganz offen deine Meinung — tell me your honest opinion

    2) (= deutlich) clearly
    3)

    (= lose) die Haare offen tragen — to wear one's hair loose or down

    Wein offen verkaufen — to sell wine on draught (Brit) or draft (US); (glasweise) to sell wine by the glass

    4)

    (= unverstellt) endlich lag das Ziel offen vor ihnen (da) — at last their goal lay before them

    * * *
    1) ((of people) (sometimes unpleasantly) straightforward or frank in speech: She was very blunt, and said that she did not like him.) blunt
    2) (saying or showing openly what is in one's mind; honest: a frank person; a frank reply.) frank
    5) ((of a flame etc) uncovered or unprotected: Naked lights are dangerous.) naked
    6) (not shut, allowing entry or exit: an open box; The gate is wide open.) open
    7) (allowing the inside to be seen: an open book.) open
    8) (not kept secret: an open show of affection.) open
    9) (frank: He was very open with me about his work.) open
    10) (still being considered etc: Leave the matter open.) open
    11) (empty, with no trees, buildings etc: I like to be out in the open country; an open space.) open
    12) (frankly: She talked very openly about it.) openly
    * * *
    of·fen
    [ˈɔfn̩]
    I. adj
    1. inv (geöffnet) open; Hosenschlitz a. undone pred; Gefäß, Umschlag opened; Schranke up pred; Bein ulcerated
    er hatte die Augen \offen his eyes were open
    der Mund ist ihm vor Staunen \offen geblieben he was gaping in astonishment
    die Augen \offen halten (fig) to keep one's eyes open [or peeled] [or BRIT also skinned]
    mit \offenen Augen (a. fig) with one's eyes open a. fig
    mit [o bei] \offenem Fenster with the window open
    die Haare \offen tragen to wear one's hair loose
    am Hals \offen sein [o stehen] Hemd to be open at the neck
    mit \offenem Hemd/Kragen wearing an open-necked shirt
    mit \offenem Mund with one's mouth open, with open mouth
    mit \offenem Mund atmen to breathe through the mouth
    mit \offenen Sinnen (fig) with one's eyes open
    \offen sein, stehen to be open
    etw \offen stehen lassen to keep sth open
    einen Spaltbreit \offen sein [o stehen] to be ajar
    2. inv (unverschlossen) open; Tür, Fenster a. unlocked; Umschlag unsealed
    bei ihr ist immer alles \offen she never locks her doors
    sie hält ihr Lokal auch am Sonntag \offen her pub is open on Sunday as well
    meine Tür ist immer für dich \offen (fig) you are always/will always be welcome
    \offene Anstalt open prison
    \offen haben [o sein] Geschäft to be open
    ein \offenes Haus (fig) an open house
    ein \offenes Haus haben (fig) to keep open house
    jdm \offen sein (fig) to be open to sb
    3. inv (unbedeckt) open
    ein \offenes Grab an open grave
    \offenes Auto convertible
    \offene Kutsche open[-topped] carriage
    \offener Pferdewagen open carriage, esp AM also buckboard
    \offene Schuhe sandals
    4. (unversperrt) open; (eisfrei a.) clear
    das Auto war hinten \offen the back of the car was open
    \offener Ausblick unobstructed view; (klar) clear view
    \offenes Gelände open terrain
    das \offene Meer the open sea
    nach allen Seiten hin \offen sein (fig) to have no political convictions
    auf \offener Strecke on the open road; Zug between stations
    die Jagd [auf Niederwild] ist \offen JAGD it's open season [on small game]
    \offene Software accessible software
    ▪ für jdn \offen sein to be open to sb
    \offene Bauweise detached building development spec
    \offene Ortschaft non-built-up area
    8. inv (nicht in Flaschen)
    \offener Wein (Dienst) wine by the glass/carafe; (Getränk) a glass/carafe of wine
    9. inv DIAL (lose) loose
    Mehl/Salz \offen verkaufen to sell loose flour/salt
    10. (ungewiss) uncertain; (unbeantwortet) open; Problem unsettled, unresolved; Frage open [or unanswered], unsettled
    der Termin ist immer noch \offen the date has still to be decided
    ein \offener Punkt a moot point
    [noch] ganz \offen sein to be [still] wide open
    11. inv (unbezahlt) Zahlung outstanding; Rechnung a. unsettled, unpaid
    \offener Posten unpaid item, uncovered amount
    12. inv (unbesetzt) vacant; Formularfeld blank
    \offen gelassen vacant/blank
    etw \offen lassen to leave sth vacant/blank
    \offen stehen to be vacant/blank
    \offen stehend vacant/blank
    \offene Stelle vacancy, job opening
    13. (ehrlich) Blick, Meinung frank, candid; Person, Gespräch a. honest; Geständnis, Art a. open; Gesicht honest
    ▪ \offen [zu jdm] sein to be open [or frank] [or honest] [with sb]
    sei \offen mit mir! be honest [or straight] with me!
    14. (deutlich) open, overt
    15. (öffentlich) open
    \offene Gesellschaft ÖKON open partnership
    in \offenem Kampf in an open [or a fair] fight
    auf \offener Straße in [the middle of] the street
    17. LING Vokal, Silbe open
    18. TYPO (Falz)
    \offener Kopf open head
    \offene Seite open side
    19.
    ▶ \offen für etw akk [o gegenüber etw dat] sein to be open [or receptive] to sth
    ▶ \offen gegenüber jdm sein to be open with sb
    II. adv
    1. (ehrlich) openly, frankly, candidly
    \offen gestanden [o gesagt] to be [perfectly] honest [or frank
    2. (deutlich) clearly, obviously, patently
    \offen abstimmen to vote in an open ballot
    [ganz] \offen spielen to leave oneself [wide] open
    5. LING
    das „a“ wird \offen ausgesprochen the “a” is pronounced as an open vowel
    * * *
    1.
    1) open; unsealed < envelope>; ulcerated < legs>

    der Knopf/Schlitz ist offen — the button is/one's flies are undone

    ein offenes Hemd — a shirt with the collar unfastened

    sie trägt ihr Haar offen — she wears her hair loose

    offen haben od. sein — be open

    die Tür ist offen — (nicht abgeschlossen) the door is unlocked

    offen bleiben — remain or stay open

    jemandem offen stehen — (fig.) be open to somebody

    es steht dir offen, es zu tun — you are free to do it

    mit offenen Karten spielen — play with the cards face up on the table; (fig.) put one's cards on the table

    offenes Licht/Feuer — a naked light/an open fire

    das offene Meer, die offene See — the open sea

    offene Türen einrennen — (fig.) fight a battle that's/battles that are already won

    mit offenen Augen od. Sinnen durch die Welt od. durchs Leben gehen — go about/go through life with one's eyes open

    für neue Ideen od. gegenüber neuen Ideen offen sein — be receptive or open to new ideas

    2) (lose) loose <sugar, flour, oats, etc.>

    offener Wein — wine on tap or draught

    3) (frei) vacant <job, post>

    offene Stellen — vacancies; (als Rubrik) ‘Situations Vacant’

    4) (ungewiss, ungeklärt) open, unsettled < question>; uncertain < result>

    offen bleiben — < decision> be left open

    offen lassen, ob... — leave it open whether...

    5) (noch nicht bezahlt) outstanding < bill>
    6) (freimütig, aufrichtig) frank [and open] < person>; frank, candid <look, opinion, reply>; honest <character, face>

    offen zu jemandem sein — be open or frank with somebody

    7) nicht präd. (unverhohlen) open <threat, mutiny, hostility, opponent, etc.>
    8) (Sprachw.) open <vowel, syllable>
    2.
    2) (freimütig, aufrichtig) openly; frankly

    offen gesagt — frankly; to be frank or honest

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. open;
    offenes Hemd open-necked shirt;
    bei offenem Fenster with the window open;
    mit offenem Mund dastehen stand open-mouthed ( oder gaping)
    2. (lose) Zucker etc: loose;
    offener Wein wine by the glass; in einer Karaffe: carafe wine; vom Fass: wine on tap; → einrennen, Feuer 1, Licht
    3. Haare: loose;
    mit offenen Haaren with one’s hair (hanging) loose
    4. Stelle: vacant;
    die Zahl der offenen Stellen hat im Vormonat um 8% zugenommen the number of vacancies went up by 8% last month
    5. (frei, unbehindert etc):
    offenes Gelände (wide) open country;
    auf offener See on the open sea;
    auf offener Straße in the middle of the street;
    auf offener Strecke on the open road; BAHN between stations
    6. (offenherzig, aufrichtig) open, sincere; (ehrlich) frank, candid;
    offener Blick open ( oder honest) face;
    offen und ehrlich Angebot etc: open and above-board;
    ich will ganz offen mit dir sein I’ll be quite frank with you
    7. (aufgeschlossen) open(-minded);
    offen für (empfänglich) open to, receptive to
    8. (deutlich erkennbar, nicht geheim) open;
    offener Hass undisguised hatred;
    offene Feindschaft open hostility;
    offene Kampfansage open declaration of war;
    offener Aufruhr open rebellion;
    offene Abstimmung open vote;
    offene Anspielung broad allusion (
    auf +akk to);
    offener Brief open letter;
    ein offenes Geheimnis an open secret;
    im offenen Kampf in an open fight
    offene Rechnung unpaid ( oder outstanding) invoice;
    dieser Posten ist noch offen this item has still not been paid for
    10. (noch nicht entschieden):
    offene Fragen open ( oder unsettled) questions;
    es ist noch alles offen nothing has been decided yet, it’s all up in the air still;
    die Meisterschaft war bis zum Saisonende offen (the result of) the championship was not decided ( oder settled) until the end of the season
    11. LING open;
    eine offene Silbe an open syllable
    B. adv
    1. openly;
    Wein offen ausschenken/verkaufen serve/sell wine on tap
    2.
    sie trägt ihre Haare offen she has her hair loose
    3. (offenherzig, aufrichtig) openly, sincerely; (ohne Umschweife) frankly;
    offen reden talk openly ( freiheraus: freely), speak frankly;
    ich sage offen was ich denke I just say what I think;
    (jemandem) offen seine Meinung sagen oder
    aussprechen speak one’s mind (quite openly) (to sb), be perfectly open ( oder frank) (with sb);
    offen (und ehrlich) gesagt quite honestly, to tell you the truth;
    offen zur Schau stellen display openly, make no secret of;
    offen zugeben auch admit (quite) frankly;
    offen gestanden to be frank, quite frankly;
    offen auf der Hand liegen be perfectly obvious;
    es liegt offen auf der Hand, dass … it is perfectly obvious that …
    4. LING:
    einen Vokal/das o/eine Silbe offen aussprechen pronounce a vowel in the open position/the o as an open vowel/a syllable as though it is open
    offen bleiben stay open;
    offen halten (Tür etc) hold open; (Geschäft etc, auch Augen) keep open;
    offen lassen leave open;
    offen stehen be (Tür: auch stand) open;
    offen stehend Tür etc: open;
    * * *
    1.
    1) open; unsealed < envelope>; ulcerated < legs>

    der Knopf/Schlitz ist offen — the button is/one's flies are undone

    offen haben od. sein — be open

    die Tür ist offen — (nicht abgeschlossen) the door is unlocked

    offen bleiben — remain or stay open

    jemandem offen stehen — (fig.) be open to somebody

    es steht dir offen, es zu tun — you are free to do it

    mit offenen Karten spielen — play with the cards face up on the table; (fig.) put one's cards on the table

    offenes Licht/Feuer — a naked light/an open fire

    das offene Meer, die offene See — the open sea

    offene Türen einrennen — (fig.) fight a battle that's/battles that are already won

    mit offenen Augen od. Sinnen durch die Welt od. durchs Leben gehen — go about/go through life with one's eyes open

    für neue Ideen od. gegenüber neuen Ideen offen sein — be receptive or open to new ideas

    2) (lose) loose <sugar, flour, oats, etc.>

    offener Wein — wine on tap or draught

    3) (frei) vacant <job, post>

    offene Stellen — vacancies; (als Rubrik) ‘Situations Vacant’

    4) (ungewiss, ungeklärt) open, unsettled < question>; uncertain < result>

    offen bleiben — < decision> be left open

    offen lassen, ob... — leave it open whether...

    5) (noch nicht bezahlt) outstanding < bill>
    6) (freimütig, aufrichtig) frank [and open] < person>; frank, candid <look, opinion, reply>; honest <character, face>

    offen zu jemandem sein — be open or frank with somebody

    7) nicht präd. (unverhohlen) open <threat, mutiny, hostility, opponent, etc.>
    8) (Sprachw.) open <vowel, syllable>
    2.
    1) (frei zugänglich, sichtbar, unverhohlen) openly
    2) (freimütig, aufrichtig) openly; frankly

    offen gesagt — frankly; to be frank or honest

    * * *
    (Mathematik) adj.
    open adj. adj.
    blunt adj.
    candid adj.
    downright adj.
    exposed adj.
    forthright adj.
    frank adj.
    ingenuous adj.
    open (not concealed) adj.
    open adj.
    open-ended adj.
    overt adj. adv.
    candidly adv.
    forthrightly adv.
    frankly adv.
    ingenuously adv.
    openly adv.
    outspokenly adv.
    overtly adv.
    point-blank adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > offen

  • 10 incitar

    v.
    1 to incite (a la violencia).
    el hambre le incitó a robar hunger made him steal
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?
    María incitó a la multitud Mary incited the multitude
    2 to abet, to instigate.
    María incitó al policía Mary abetted the cop.
    * * *
    1 to incite (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    2) urge, encourage
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.
    Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
    Ex. This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex. This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex. As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex. For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    ----
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.

    Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

    Ex: This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex: This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex: As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex: For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

    * * *
    incitar [A1 ]
    vt
    incitar a algn A algo to incite sb TO sth
    incitaron al ejército a la rebelión they incited the army to rebellion o to rebel
    películas que incitan a la violencia films which encourage violence o which incite people to violence
    lo hizo incitado por sus compañeros his friends encouraged him to do it, his friends put him up to it ( colloq)
    incitar a algn CONTRA algn to incite sb AGAINST sb
    los incitaba contra sus superiores he was inciting them against their superiors
    * * *

    incitar ( conjugate incitar) verbo transitivo incitar a algn a algo to incite sb to sth;
    incitar a algn contra algn to incite sb against sb
    incitar verbo transitivo to incite, urge: sus discursos incitaron a la rebelión, his speeches incited them to rebellion
    ' incitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azuzar
    - desafiar
    - invitar
    - picar
    - tentar
    - empujar
    - empujón
    English:
    egg on
    - incite
    - put up to
    - spur
    - sting
    - tempt
    - egg
    - stir
    - whip
    * * *
    to incite;
    un discurso que incita a la violencia a speech inciting people to violence;
    el hambre lo incitó a robar hunger made him steal;
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?;
    incitar a alguien a la fuga/venganza to urge sb to flee/avenge himself
    * * *
    v/t incite
    * * *
    : to incite, to rouse

    Spanish-English dictionary > incitar

  • 11 tumultus

        tumultus ūs （gen. tumultī, T., S.), m    [1 TV-], an uproar, bustle, commotion, disturbance, disorder, tumult, panic: magno cum tumultu castris egressi, Cs.: sine tumultu evadere, L.: arx inter tumultum capta est, L.: num qui tumultus?: turbae ac tumultūs concitatores, L.: alteri apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere, S.: tumultus magis quam proelium fuit, Cu.: novos moveat fortuna tumultūs, H.—Of the forces of nature, an uproar, disturbance, storm, tempest: tremendo Iuppiter ipse ruens tumultu, H.: corpus tumultūs Non tulit aetherios, O.: (me) per Aegaeos tumultūs Aura feret, H.—In the body, a rumbling: stomacho tumultum Lenta feret pituita, H.— A national peril, social disturbance, general alarm, civil war, insurrection, rebellion: censeo tumultum decerni, a state of civil war: tumultūs Gallici causā, L.: factum nuper in Italiā, servili tumultu, Cs.: Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, Sistet, V.—Fig., of the mind, agitation, disquietude, tumult: Mentis, H.
    * * *
    commotion, confusion, uproar; rebellion, uprising, disturbance

    Latin-English dictionary > tumultus

  • 12 Generation of 1870

       A generation of Portuguese writers and intellectuals and a postregeneration phase of the country's intellectual history in the last third of the 19th century. Many of them graduates of Coimbra University, these writers, whose work challenged conventional wisdom of their day, included J. Oliveira Martins, economist and social scientist; Eça de Queirós, novelist; Antero de Quental, poet; Ramalho Ortigão, editor and essayist; Teófilo Braga, literary historian; and the geographer and diplomat abroad, Jaime Batalha Reis. Coming of political age at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, the French Commune, and the French Third Republic (1870-71), these Portuguese intellectuals believed that economically weak Portugal had a polity and society in the grip of a pervasive decadence and inertia. They called for reform and renewal.
       Critical of romanticism, they were realists and neorealists and espoused the ideas of Karl Marx, Pierre Proudhon, and Auguste Comte. They called for revolution through the establishment of republicanism and socialism, and they were convinced that Portugal's backwardness and poverty were due primarily to the ancient influences of a weakened monarchy and the Catholic Church. This group of like-minded but also distinctive thinkers had an important impact on Portuguese letters and elite culture, but only a minor effect on contemporary politics and government.
       Like so many other movements in modern Portugal, the Generation of 1870's initiatives began as essentially a protest by university students of Coimbra, who confronted the status quo and sought to change their world by means of change and innovation in action and ideas. In certain respects, Portugal's Generation of 1870 resembled neighboring Spain's Generation of 1898, which began its "rebellion" in ideas following a disastrous foreign war (the Spanish-American War, 1898).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Generation of 1870

  • 13 tumultus

    tŭmultus, ūs ( gen. tumulti, Enn., Att., Afran., Turp., and Pompon. ap. Non. 489, 29 sq.; Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 22; id. Poen. 1, 1, 79; Ter. And. 2, 2, 28; id. Hec. 3, 2, 21; Sall. C. 59, 5), m. [Sanscr. tumalas, tumulas, disturbing; cf. tumeo], an uproar, bustle, violent commotion, disturbance, tumult (freq. and class.; cf.: turba, perturbatio).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.: quid hoc hic clamoris, quid hoc hic tumulti est? Enn. ap. Non. 489, 29 (Trag. v. 204 Vahl.):

    quis sonitu ac tumultu tanto nomine nominat me atque pulsat aedes?

    Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 1:

    magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 11;

    so with strepitus,

    id. ib. 6, 7; Liv. 25, 23, 17:

    cum omnia terrore ac tumultu streperent,

    id. 25, 25, 9:

    arx inter tumultum capta est,

    id. 28, 19, 18:

    numquae trepidatio? numqui tumultus?

    Cic. Dejot. 7, 20;

    so with trepidatio,

    Liv. 25, 13, 10:

    urbi, sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu, satis esset praesidii,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26:

    turbae ac tumultūs concitatores,

    Liv. 25, 4, 10:

    repentino tumultu perterriti,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 47:

    tumultu armorum et cantuum truces,

    Tac. A. 4, 47:

    verborum,

    id. H. 1, 85:

    Acheron rapitur tumultu ingenti,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 714:

    urbis,

    Tib. 2, 3, 43.— Plur.:

    inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus,

    Ov. M. 5, 5:

    ille caecos instare tumultus Saepe monet,

    Verg. G. 1, 464:

    canunt ignes subitosque tumultus,

    Manil. 1, 894:

    novos moveat F ortuna tumultus,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 126.—
    2.
    Of thunder, storm, etc.:

    tremendo Juppiter ipse ruens tumultu,

    i. e. the roar of thunder, Hor. C. 1, 16, 12; cf. Ov. M. 3, 308:

    vides, quanto trepidet tumultu Pronus Orion,

    storm, tempest, Hor. C. 3, 27, 17:

    (me) per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret,

    id. ib. 3, 29, 63:

    pelagi caelique,

    Luc. 5, 592:

    maris,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 1091.—
    3.
    Of the body: stomacho tumultum Lenta feret pituita, i. e. a rumbling of the bowels, Hor. S. 2, 2, 75; Sen. Thyest. 999.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    In milit. lang., a sudden or impending war, civil war, insurrection, tumult, sedition, rebellion: potest enim esse bellum ut tumultus non sit, tumultus esse sine bello non potest. Quid est enim aliud tumultus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut major timor oriatur? unde etiam nomen ductum est tumultus. Itaque majores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat domesticus;

    tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea nullum nominabant. Gravius autem tumultum esse quam bellum hinc intellegi licet, quod bello vacationes valent, tumultu non valent,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 2 sq.:

    censeo tumultum decerni,

    that a state of civil war be proclaimed, id. ib. 5, 12, 31:

    Bojorum gentem ad rebellionem spectare: ob eas res tumultum esse decrevit senatus,

    Liv. 34, 56, 11; and:

    tumultūs Gallici causā,

    id. 7, 9, 6:

    factum nuper in Italiā, servili tumultu,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    sedato tandem Istrico tumultu,

    Liv. 41, 6, 1:

    in Sardiniā magnum tumultum esse cognitum est,

    id. 41, 6, 5:

    hostilis,

    Tac. A. 4, 29:

    remedium tumultūs fuit alius tumultus,

    id. H. 2, 68:

    repentino tumultu excitae,

    Just. 2, 4, 22; Flor. 3, 19, 2:

    tumultus magis quam proelium fuit,

    Curt. 6, 5, 12.—
    2.
    Excitement, anxiety:

    supremo die exquirens, an jam de se tumultus foris esset,

    Suet. Aug. 99:

    alteri apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere,

    Sall. J. 53, 7; cf.:

    cui lapis externus curae est, urbisque tumultus,

    Tib. 2, 3, 43.—
    II.
    Trop. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
    A.
    Disturbance, disquietude, agitation, tumult of the mind or feelings:

    tumultus Mentis,

    Hor. C. 2, 16, 10; Luc. 7, 183:

    pulsata tumultu pectora, Petr. poët. 123: sceleris tumultus,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 208.—
    B.
    Of speech, confusion, disorder:

    sermonis,

    Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 55:

    criminum,

    Quint. Decl. 1, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tumultus

  • 14 HEFJA

    enter on/upon
    * * *
    (hef; hóf, hófum; hafiðr and hafinn), v.
    1) to heave, raise, lift (hefja stein);
    hann hóf upp augu sin, he lifted up his eyes;
    hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap;
    hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defense);
    hefja höfuðs, to lift the head, be undaunted;
    hefja graut, to lift the porridge, eat it with a spoon;
    2) to exalt, raise in rank;
    hefja e-n til ríkis, to raise one to the throne;
    hefja mál sitt, to begin one’s speech;
    hefja ferð, to set out on a journey, to start;
    hefja flokk, to raise a party;
    hefja ákall, to raise a claim;
    impers., hefr e-t = hefr upp e-t, it begins (hér hefr Kristnisögu);
    refl., hefjast, to begin, originate (hvaðan af hefir hafizt skáldrskarpr?);
    4) impers. to be carried, drifted (by storm or tide);
    höf skipin öll saman (all the ships were drifted) inn at landinu;
    þeir létu hefja skipin ofan forstreymis, they let the ships drift down the stream;
    5) with preps.:
    hefja e-t af e-u, to take it off;
    impers., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc.), when she recovered from her swoon;
    þá hóf af mér vámur allar, all ailments left me;
    refl., hefjast af höndum e-m, to leave one;
    hefja á rás, to take to one’s feet (= hafa á rás);
    refl., láta hefjast fyrir, to retreat, withdraw;
    hefja munn sinn í sundr, to open one’s mouth;
    impers., Birkibeina (acc.) hefr undan, the B. drew back;
    hefja e-t upp, to lift up (hann hóf orminn upp á hendi sér);
    impers., hóf honum upp brýn (acc.), his face brightened;
    hefja e-t upp, to begin (= hefja 3);
    Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem;
    impers., hér hefr upp Konunga-bók, here begins the K.;
    refl., hefjast upp, to begin (hér hefjast upp landnám);
    hefjast upp til ófriðar (með ófriði), to begin warfare;
    láta hefjast við, to lay to (naut.).
    * * *
    pret. hóf, pl. hófu; part. hafinn, but also hafiðr (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. hæfi, with neg. suff. hóf-at, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A. S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O. H. G. hafan; Germ. heben; Dan. hæve; Swed. häfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.]
    A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg. 142; ok munu nú ekki meira hefja fjórir menn, 140; (hón) hóf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, Ýt. 9; hefja e-n til himins, Edda 61 (in a verse); hóf hann sér af herðum hver, Hym. 36; þá er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off), Gm. 42; hóf sér á höfuð upp hver Sifjar verr, Hým. 34; hón hófat augu af mér, she took not her eyes off me, Korm. 16; hann hóf upp augu sín, he lifted up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap, Nj. 144.
    2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 65, Ld. 262; h. höfuðs, to lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted; sá er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn í sundr, to open one’s mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, etc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food with a spoon, Fms. vi. 364; Rindill hóf (Ed. hafði wrongly) skyr ok mataðisk skjótt, Lv. 63.
    3. hefja út, to lift out a body, carry it from the house (út-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik út hefja, Am. 100; var konungr hafiðr dauðr ór hvílunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The ceremony of carrying the corpse out of the house is in Icel. still performed with solemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the 25th hymn of the Passíu-Sálmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a person has lived and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; cp. the Scot. to lift.
    β. hefja (barn) ór heiðnum dómi, to lift ( a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda undir skírn), Sighvat (in a verse); N. G. L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship—halda barni undir primsignan, önnur at hefja barn ór heiðnum dómi, þriðja at halda á barni er biskup fermir: to baptize, skal þat barn til kirkju færa ok hefja ór heiðnum dómi, 12; barn hvert er borit verðr eptir nótt ina helgu, þá skal haft vera ( baptized) at Páskum, id.
    4. to exalt, Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch. 10; hóf hann Jóseph til sæmðar, Sks. 454; hafðr til ríkis, 458; upp hafðr, 451; önd hennar var upp höfð yfir öll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaðisk mjök ok hóf sik of hátt af þeim auðæfum, Stj. 154; at hann hæfi upp ( exaltaret) Guðs orð með tungunni, Skálda 208; konungr hóf hann til mestu metorða, 625. 31: er hans ríki hóf, 28.
    II. impers.,
    1. to be heaved, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or the like; þá hóf upp knörr (acc.) undir Eyjafjöllum, a ship was upheaved by the gale, Bs. i. 30; hóf öll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) saman inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; þetta hóf ( drifted) fyrir straumi, iii. 94; þeir létu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253; Birkibeina hefr undan, the B. went back, ix. 528.
    2. medic., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc. when she awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; þá hóf af mér vámur allar (acc. all ailments left me), svá at ek kenni mér nú hvergi íllt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek sé at þú ert fölr mjök, ok má vera, at af þér hafi, I see thou art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hóf honum heldr upp brún (acc. his face brightened), Eg. 55.
    III. reflex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til ófriðar, to raise war, rebel, Eg. 264.
    β. to be raised; hefjask til ríkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask hátt, to be exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafði hafisk af sjálfum sér, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; féll Hákon en hófsk upp Magnúss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; Þórðr hófsk ( rose) af þessu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152.
    2. phrases, hefjask við, to lay to, a naut. term; lét þá jarl hefjask við ok beið svá sinna manna, Fms. viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af höndum e-m, to leave one; hefsk nú aldregi af höndum þeim, give them no rest, Fms. xi. 59.
    3. part., réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framanvert, Nj. 29.
    B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere:
    1. to raise; hefja flokk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms. viii. 273; h. rannsókn, to raise an enquiry, Grág. ii. 193; h. ákall, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brigð, to make a reclamation, Gþl. 295.
    2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gildi, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jóla-hald, to begin ( keep) Yule, Fms. i. 31; h. boðskap, ii. 44: of a book, þar hefjum vér sögu af hinum helga Jóni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. mál, to begin one’s speech, Ld. 2; h. ferð, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h. orrustu.
    β. with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hóf Helgi upp mál sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem, 427; hann heyrði messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp sálm, to begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hóf upp suðrgöngu sína, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp göngu sína, to start, Rb. 116.
    γ. hefja á rás, to take to one’s feet; síðan hefr hann á rás ok rann til bæjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku höfðu (thus weak vide hafa C. 2) á rás undan, Fms. iv. 120.
    δ. absol., hann hóf svá, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; þar hef ek upp, vii. 146; þar skal hefja upp við arftöku-mann, start from the a., Grág. i. 62.
    II. impers. to begin; hér hefr Þingfara-bólk (acc.), Gþl. 5; hér hefr upp Kristindóms-bólk, 39, 75, 378; hér hefr Landnáma-bók, Landn. 24; hér hefr upp landnám í Vestfirðinga fjórðungi, 64, 168 (v. l.), 237 (v. l.); hér hefr Kristni-Sögu, Bs. i. 3; nú hefr þat hversu Kristni kom á Ísland, id.; hér hefr sögu af Hrafni á Hrafnsevri, 639; hér hefr upp ok segir frá þeim tíðindum, er …, Fms. viii. 5; áðr en hefi sjálfa bókina, Gþl.; hér hefr sögu Gísla Súrs-sonar, Gísl. (begin.), v. l.: with upp, ok upp hefr Skáldskapar-mál ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 427; hér hefr upp Konunga-bók og hefr fyrst um þriðjunga-skipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann kom til Túnsbergs er upp hóf Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338.
    III. reflex. to begin; þar hefsk saga Harðar, Landn. 62; hvaðan hefir hafizk sú íþrótt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hér hefjask upp landnám, Landn. 275; hófsk ríki Haralds konungs, king H.’s reign began, Ld. 2; áðr Rómverja-ríki hófsk, Rb. 402; hófusk (höfðusk, Ed. wrongly) þá enn orrostur af nýju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig hafizk hefir þessi úhæfa, Al. 125; nú hefsk önnur tungl-öldin, Rb. 34; þá hefsk vetr, 70–78, 436.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HEFJA

  • 15 יוספוס פלביוס

    Josephus Flavius, (AD 37-100?, born as Joseph Ben Matthias) Jewish historian and military man who participated in the Jewish rebellion against Rome, author of "History of the Jewish War"

    Hebrew-English dictionary > יוספוס פלביוס

  • 16 EFLA

    * * *
    (-da, -dr), v.
    1) to strengthen structurally, to reinforce (efla veggi);
    létu þeir efla at nýju Danavirki, they restored the Danish wall;
    2) to found, raise (efla stað, kirkju);
    efla her (lið) á hendr e-m, to raise troops against one;
    efla e-n, to support, aid (efldi Dofri hann síðan til ríkis í Noregi);
    efla e-n til rangs máls, to help one in an unjust cause;
    efla heit, to make a vow;
    efla at brullaupi, to hold a wedding;
    4) to be able (sem vér eflum ok orkum);
    5) refl., eflast.
    * * *
    d, [afl and afli], to strengthen:
    I. act.,
    α. to make strong, build; efla veggi, to build walls, 655 xxv. i; létu þeir efla at nýju Danavirki, they restored the Danish wall, Fms. i. 121.
    β. to found, raise, endow; efla stað, kirkju, to endow or raise a church, bishopric, Barl. 65, Fms. iv. 110; e. bú, to set up one’s house, Band. (MS.) 3: milit., e. her, lið, to raise troops. Fms. v. 279; e. flokk, to raise a party, 140; e. ófrið, to raise a rebellion, make war, xi. 268: e. e-n, to aid, side with one, in a fight or lawsuit; efldi Dofri hann síðan til ríkis í Noregi, Bárð. 164; ok hét honum liðveizlu sinni at hann skyldi e. Steinar, Eg. 722: e. e-n til rangs máls, to help one in a wrong case, Js. 8; Danir höfðu þá herrana eflt upp á Svíaríki, Fms. x. 50; bað liðit e. sik, Fagrsk. ch. 179.
    γ. to perform solemnly; e. heit, to make a vow, Gísl. 90; e. blót, to perform a sacrifice, Nj. 158; e. at brullaupi, to hold a wedding, Fms. ix. 21: poët., e. dáð (dáð eflir, a hero); e. tafl, to play a game, Orkn. (in a verse), Lex. Poët.
    δ. neut. to be able; sem vér eflum ok orkum, Stj. 149; sem þú eflir ok orkar, id., 186, (rare.)
    II. reflex. to grow strong; hversu staðrinn hefir eflzk ok magnask. Bs. i. 59; hann fann at mótstüðumenn hans efldusk, grew strong; eflask at her, liði, to gather, raise troops, Gísl. 7, Fms. i. 199, vii. 23; síðan var efldr ( raised) flokkr í móti honum, iv. 140: eflask til ríkis, to win a kingdom, get a kingdom by force of arms, Bárð. 165: erlask við e-n (poët.) = mægjask, to marry into one’s family, Hdl. 15.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > EFLA

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