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21 palomilla
(Sp. model spelled same [palomíja], diminutive of paloma 'dove' < Latin palumbem 'ringdove' or 'woodpigeon,' via Vulgar Latin palum-bam)Watts defines this as a "white or cream-colored horse with a white mane and tail." He indicates that in the nineteenth century it was sometimes confused with the palomino and paint horses. The DRAE references it as a very white horse, similar in color to a dove. -
22 pinto
(Sp. model spelled same [pinto] < pintar 'to paint' < Vulgar Latin * pinctare < * pinctum, perfective participle of the Latin pingere 'to paint; draw')1) Hendrickson: 1860. A spotted horse.Also called paint.2) Clark: 1910s. A spotted variety of kidney bean. The DRAE glosses pinto as an adjective that describes animals and things of diverse colors. Santamaría indicates that it generally refers to things that are black and white. He also references it as a certain kind of bean with yellow, red, and black spots. Such beans are common in northern Mexico. -
23 alze
( alce [álse] < imperative form of the Spanish verb alzar [alsár] 'to lift up' < Vulgar Latin * altiare 'to raise, lift up')In the game of monte, to expose the first card in a deck. According to the DRAE, the term means to cut the deck. Monte was a common diversion in the Old Southwest. Buckaroos, cattle rustlers, and hustlers played such card games in cantinas and in bunkhouses. -
24 amansador
(Sp. model spelled same [amansador] < Vulgar Latin mansum 'tame, gentle' plus Spanish agentive suffix - dor 'one who tames or domesticates')SW and California: 1950. In the Southwest, a horse-breaker, especially one who employs the "hackamore," or rope halter and lead rope. Spanish sources concur. Santamaría notes that this meaning of the term is particular to the Americas. Its use illustrates a process known as foregrounding. The Spanish word amansador refers principally to someone who breaks horses following methods and techniques introduced by the Spanish caballeros and Mexican vaqueros. As such, the Spanish term foregrounds or highlights the Hispanic way of taming horses. -
25 basto
(Sp. model spelled same [básto] < Vulgar Latin * bastum 'packsaddle')Mexico and California: 1881. According to the DARE, "the skirt of a saddle; also, the leather lining of a saddle." The DRAE notes the American usage of this term and defines it as the cushions that make up the saddle pads. Santamaría mentions that the term is usually plural, bastos, and that it refers to two pieces of leather that rest on the frame of a saddle and protect the backside of the horse. They can be made several ways and are generally lined with coarse woolen cloth or unshorn sheepskin. Cobos defines basto as a "saddle skirt made of sole leather lined with undressed lambskin."Alternate forms: bastas, bastos.Also sometimes referred to as sudadero. -
26 cabeza
(Sp. model spelled same [kaβésa] < Hispanic Vulgar Latin * capi-tia 'head')Northern California: 1868. This General Spanish term for 'head' is often used jocularly by cowboys and others. See below for an example.Alternate forms: cabase, kerbase. -
27 calzone
( calzón [kalsón]< calza 'stocking' < Vulgar Latin * calceam 'trousers'). Carlisle: 1912. Carlisle indicates that the Spanish model is calzones, referring to a particular style of pants. According to her, it means pants or trousers in the Southwest. A popular Mexican song "Allá en el rancho grande," recorded by Gene Autry as well as other country and western singers, includes the lines: Te voy a hacer los calzones como los usa el ranchero. Te los comienzo de lana y los acabo de cuero. (I'm going to make your calzones like the ones the ranchero wears. I'll start them off in wool and I'll finish them in leather.)Alternate form: calzon. -
28 capador
(Sp. model spelled same [kapaðór] < capar 'to castrate' < capón 'gelded animal' < Vulgar Latin * cappo 'capon' plus agentive suffix -dor; 'one who castrates')The cowboy who castrates male calves, making them steers. He is also responsible for marking each animal by nicking a piece off its ear. The capador keeps the ear pieces in his pocket so that they can be used later for counting purposes. The DRAE confirms that a capador is a man whose responsibility it is to castrate animals. -
29 chato
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫áto] < Vulgar Latin * plattus 'flat or flat-nosed')Glossed by Smith as "flat-nosed." Although this term refers to any person with a pushed-in or flat nose, Smith notes that in the Southwest it refers to Apache women whose noses were mutilated or cut off because they were unfaithful to their husbands. Referenced in the DRAE as a person with a flat nose, or the nose itself. Santamaría notes that in Mexico the term chata may be applied affectionately to any woman, regardless of the shape of her nose. For example, a family's most spoiled daughter may be called la chata. It is generally considered a compliment. No Spanish source references this term as applied to an Apache woman with a mutilated nose. -
30 corazon
( corazón [korasón] < Vulgar Latin * coraceum 'heart' plus the augmentative suffix -on. Corominas notes that the term perhaps originally referred to brave men and enamored women who were said to have large hearts)Carlisle: 1908. Glossed by Carlisle as either 'heart' or 'sweetheart.' The poem "A Border Affair," written by Badger Clark and later set to music and retitled "Spanish Is the Lovin' Tongue" by Bill Simon, an Arizona cowboy, contains the refrain: "(Adios) mi amor, mi corazon," '(Goodbye) my love, my sweetheart.' The Spanish sources consulted do not reference corazón as a term of endearment; however, it is heard commonly in many varieties of Spanish. -
31 estufa
(Sp. model spelled same [estufa] < estufar 'to heat a room or object' Vulgar Latin * extüfare 'to scald; heat with steam')1) Rocky Mountains: 1887. A stove or a room containing a stove, according to Watts.2) New Mexico: 1844. Among Pueblo Indians, an underground council chamber housing a sacred fire. Glossed in the DRAE as a fire enclosed in a metal or porcelain chamber that is placed in a room in order to provide heat. It also refers to a room or chamber that is closed-in, insulated, and heated artificially. The use of the term to describe a Pueblo Indian council chamber is an extension of the first meaning and is not referenced in Spanish sources. -
32 fiador
(Sp. model spelled same [fjadór] < fiar 'to guarantee' < Vulgar Latin fldere plus the agentive suffix -dor; 'guarantor')According to Watts, a cord made of rawhide, hair, or white cotton that attaches to a "hackamore" and fits around the neck of the animal, converting the hackamore into a strong halter. The DARE quotes Grant, who provides a more detailed description: "The fiador is a small doubled rope of either horsehair or sashcord that runs through the loops of the hackamore's brow band at the point just below and behind the ears. Then it goes around the neck, is knotted under the throat, and ends in another and lower knot, so tied that it will not slip over the heel button of the bosal." The DRAE gives several definitions for this term, one of them describing a leather strap worn by the outside front animal in a team from the harness to the cheek piece of the bit. As a general term in Spanish, fiador refers to any cord or other item that secures something and assures that it does not slip or fall out of place. Islas glosses the term as the part of the hackamore; a harness strap that secures the hackamore. It is passed around the nape of the animal's neck and tied behind the jawbone.Alternate forms: feador, fiadore, theodore (the latter is a folk-etymology). -
33 fusil
(Sp. model spelled same [fusil] < French fusil < Vulgar Latin * foclle 'flint' < focus 'fire.' In the Middle Ages, the French term meant 'flint' or 'piece of steel for starting a fire'; later, it referred to the flint that, when struck by the hammer, causes a firearm to discharge. The term finally came to refer to the firearm itself)According to Blevins, "a muzzle-loading musket; a trade musket." Blevins indicates that it refers to a firearm similar to those the Hudson's Bay Company and Northwest Fur Company traded to the Indians. He also notes that it was seldom a musket of fine quality. This term may have come into American English from Spanish or French. It is glossed in the DRAE as a portable firearm designated for use by infantry soldiers in place of a (h) arquebus or musket. It consists of an iron or steel barrel, generally from twenty-four to thirty-two inches long, a firing mechanism, and an encasement that holds the barrel and firing mechanism together. Modern versions of this firearm are of a lesser caliber than earlier models; they may be automatic or semiautomatic, and include a clip.Alternate forms: fuke, fusee, fuzee. -
34 mangana
(Sp. model spelled same [mangana] < manganilla 'trick, ruse' < Vulgar Latin * manganellam, plural diminutive form of manganum 'war machine')Texas: 1929. A rope throw used by a cowboy to catch an animal by its forefeet. The DRAE glosses it as a loop thrown at the front feet of a horse or bull while it is running with the intention of making it fall and catching it. -
35 manzana
(Sp. model spelled same [mansána] < mazana < Vulgar Latin [ malam] mattianam, the name of a popular type of apple, probably named for the agriculturist Caius Matius)Carlisle: 1846-47. Glossed by Carlisle as an apple, but in the Southwest it refers to the saddlehorn, which is shaped like an apple cut in half. Santamaría confirms that the term also has this meaning in Mexico. See also apple—apple-horn. -
36 matanza
(Sp. model spelled same [matánsa] < matar 'to kill; to slaughter,' probably from Vulgar Latin * mattare 'to strike, to knock down' < mattum 'stupid; brutalized')The slaughtering of cattle, or the slaughterhouse itself. Blevins indicates that in Spanish California this term referred especially to "the killing of cattle for hides and tallow." The DRAE defines it as the process of killing pigs, extracting the bacon, making use of the loin and other parts, and the making of blood sausage. It also refers in Spanish to the portion of livestock that is set apart for slaughtering. A Spanish synonym that shares the same root is matadero. -
37 Montana
( montaña [moņtaɲa] < Vulgar Latin * montanea, neuter plural form of adjective montaneum 'mountain')Clark: 1860s. The forty-first state of the union; its name comes from the Spanish montaña 'mountain.'Alternate form: Montany. -
38 Nevada
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39 novia
(Sp. model spelled same [nóßja] < Vulgar Latin noviam 'newly-wed woman' or 'woman being married')Bentley: 1929. A sweetheart or girlfriend. Bentley suggests that in Spanish this term is confined to a bride or a girl about to be married. However, the DRAE gives a broader definition, indicating that it may mean someone who engages in romantic relations with the expectation of someday being married. Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary gives 'girlfriend' and 'sweetheart' as two of the meanings of this term. See also dulce. -
40 overo
(Sp. model spelled same [oßero], from an earlier form hobero, of uncertain origin; it is possibly from Vulgar Latin falvus 'peach-colored,' but that does not explain the term's ending)Adams glosses this term as a borrowing from Argentine Spanish that refers to a pinto horse with white spots originating on the underside and extending upward. Such a horse is also characterized by multiple smaller dark spots. The DRAE glosses it as a peach-colored animal, especially a horse. In the Americas, it refers to a pinto or piebald horse. Santamaría references it as a pinto, or a horse or cow that is white with reddish-brown or black spots. He notes that the meaning of 'peach-colored horse,' as referenced in the DRAE, is not used in the Americas. Islas describes overo or overo colorado as a pale or light-colored horse with a white face and legs.
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