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ultima+ratio

Толкование Перевод

1 Ultima ratio

• Ultimate sanction

Latin Quotes (Latin to English) > Ultima ratio
2 Ultima ratio regum

• The final argument of kings

Latin Quotes (Latin to English) > Ultima ratio regum
3 Mors ultima ratio

• Death is the final accounting

Latin Quotes (Latin to English) > Mors ultima ratio
4 unus

ūnus (old forms OINOS and OENOS; cf. Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 9; C. I. L. 1, 32, 35), a, um (scanned gen. sing. unĭus, Lucr. 2, 379; Verg. A. 1, 41; Hor. S. 1, 6, 13 al.:
unīus,
Verg. A. 1, 251; Ov. M. 13, 181 al.; ante-class. collat. form of the gen. sing. uni, Titin. ap. Prisc. pp. 694 and 717 P.; dat. m. uno, Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 6; dat. f. unae, Cato, R. R. 19, 1; acc. OINO, C. I. L. l. l.; voc. une, Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 673 P.; Cat. 37, 17; cf. Varr. L. L. 8, § 63 Müll.; Aug. Conf. 1, 7), num. adj. [cf. Gr. oinê, oios; Goth. ains; Germ. eins; Engl. one].
I.
Prop.
A.
In gen., one, a single.
1.
Sing.:
dabitur tibi amphora una et una semita, Fons unus, unum aënum et octo dolia,
Plaut. Cas. 1, 33 sq.:
mulieres duas pejores esse quam unam,
id. Curc. 5, 1, 2:
pluris est oculatus testis unus, quam auriti decem,
id. Truc. 2, 6, 8:
unius esse negotium diei,
Caes. B. C. 3, 82:
mors Tiberii Gracchi... divisit populum unum in duas partes,
Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31:
cum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regem illum unum vocamus,
id. ib. 1, 26, 42:
qui uno et octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus,
id. Sen. 5, 13; cf. Plin. 29, 6, 39, § 141.—Corresponding to alter:
Helvetii continentur unā ex parte flumine Rheno, alterā ex parte monte Jurā,
Caes. B. G. 1, 2:
unum, alterum, tertium annum Sassia quiescebat,
Cic. Clu. 64, 178; id. Verr. 2, 4, 29, § 66; 2, 5, 29, § 76:
exercituum unus... alter,
Liv. 24, 44, 1:
ratio triplex: una de vitā et moribus, altera de naturā,
Cic. Ac. 1, 5, 19:
cum duas cerneret vias, unam Voluptatis, alteram Virtutis,
id. Off. 1, 32, 118:
unam Nicaeam, alteram Bucephalen vocavit,
Just. 12, 8, 8; and, connected with alter:
habetur una atque altera contio vehemens,
repeated, several, Cic. Clu. 28, 77:
neque in uno aut altero animadversum est, sed jam in pluribus,
one or two, id. Mur. 21, 43:
meae verecundiae sufficit unus aut alter, ac potius unus,
Plin. Ep. 2, 13. 3;
4, 3, 1: excepto patre tuo, praeterea uno aut altero,
id. Pan. 45:
unus atque alter et mox plures,
Suet. Claud. 12:
unus et alter assentiuntur,
Curt. 5, 7, 4:
sed postquam amans accessit... Unus et item alter,
Ter. And. 1, 1. 50:
amici, Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 16;
rarely unus post unum (= singuli deinceps): interiere,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 26, 41:
uno plus Tuscorum cecidisse in acie (sc. quam Romanorum),
Liv. 2, 7, 2; cf.:
legem unā plures tribus antiquarunt quam jusserunt,
id. 5, 30, 7.—
b.
With gen. part.: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres: quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
totam philosophiam tres in partes diviserunt... quarum cum una sit, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 4, 2, 5:
superiores tres erant, quarum est una sola defensa,
id. ib. 5, 7, 20:
orare ut trium harum rerum unam ab se impetrari sinerent,
Liv. 42, 23, 5.—
2.
Plur.:
ex unis geminas mihi conficies nuptias,
Ter. And. 4, 1, 50: molas asinarias unas, et trusatiles unas, Hispanienses unas. Cato, R. R. 10, 4; so,
molae,
id. ib. 13, 1:
quadrigae,
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 14:
similitudines, unae rerum, alterae verborum,
Auct. Her. 3, 20, 33:
adductus sum tuis unis et alteris litteris,
Cic. Att. 14, 18, 1:
decumae,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227:
tibi invideo, quod unis vestimentis tam diu lautus es,
id. Fl. 29, 70:
satis una superque Vidimus excidia,
Verg. A. 2, 642; Luc. 4, 548.—
b.
With gen. part.:
tria Graecorum genera sunt, quorum uni sunt Athenienses, etc.,
Cic. Fl. 27, 64.—
B.
Esp.
1.
Adverbial expressions.
a.
Ad unum, all together, unanimously, to a man, without exception:
amplius duūm milium numero ad unum terga vertebant, Auct. B. Afr. 70: consurrexit senatus cum clamore ad unum,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2:
Juppiter, si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,
Verg. A. 5, 687:
cui sunt adsensi ad unum (senatores),
Cic. Fam. 10, 16, 2:
ipsos ad unum caedere,
Curt. 7, 5, 32;
usu. with omnes,
Cic. Lael. 23, 86; Liv. 21, 42, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 27; cf. ad, C. 2.—
b.
In unum, into one, to one place, together:
Fibrenus divisus aequaliter in duas partes latera haec alluit, rapideque dilapsus cito in unum confluit,
Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6; cf. Sall. J. 51, 3; Liv. 30, 11, 4; 44, 7, 8; Verg. E. 7, 2; Ov. R. Am. 673.—
2.
Of that which is common to several persons or things, one and the same.
a.
Alone.
(α).
Sing.:
cum suo sibi gnato unam ad amicam de die Potare,
Plaut. As. 4, 2, 16:
uno exemplo ne omnes vitam viverent,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 132; cf. id. Capt. prol. 20:
unius aetatis clarissimi et sapientissimi nostrae civitatis viri,
Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:
illa cum uno tempore audīsset, etc.,
id. Clu. 9, 28:
atque uno etiam tempore accidit, ut, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
omnibus hic erit unus honos,
Verg. A. 5, 308:
omnes una manet nox,
Hor. C. 1, 28, 15:
unus utrique Error,
id. S. 2, 3, 51:
parentum injuriae Unius modi sunt ferme,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 31:
noli putare tolerabiles horum insanias nec unius modi fore,
Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5; so,
unius modi,
id. Univ. 7.—Esp., uno ore, with one voice, all together, unanimously:
ceteri amici omnes Uno ore auctores fuere, ut, etc.,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 20:
de cujus utilitate omnes uno ore consentiunt,
Cic. Lael. 23, 86:
unoque omnes eadem ore fremebant,
Verg. A. 11, 132.—
(β).
Plur.:
aderit una in unis aedibus,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 76:
unis moribus et nunquam mutatis legibus vivunt,
Cic. Fl. 26, 63.—
b.
Connected with idem:
exitus quidem omnium unus et idem fuit,
Cic. Div. 2, 47, 97:
in quā (sc. causā) omnes sentirent unum atque idem,
id. Cat. 4, 7, 14:
ferar unus et idem,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 200; Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 18.—
c.
Corresponding to idem:
non semper idem floribus est honor Vernis, neque uno Luna rubens nitet Vultu,
Hor. C. 2, 11, 10.—
3.
For solus, of that which is alone, by itself; one, alone, only, sole, single.
a.
Sing.
(α).
Alone:
hic unus, ut ego suspicor, servat fidem,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 4, 21:
unum hoc scio, hanc meritam esse, ut memor esses sui,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 46; cf.:
unum hoc definio, tantam esse necessitatem virtutis, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
cum mihi sit unum opus hoc a parentibus meis relictum,
id. ib. 1, 22, 35:
nunc vero eversis omnibus rebus, una ratio videtur,
id. Fam. 6, 21, 1:
itaque unum illud erat insitum priscis illis,
id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:
quove praesidio unus per tot gentes pervenisset?
Liv. 1, 18, 3:
erat omnino in Galliā ulteriore legio una,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7:
Pompejus plus potest unus, quam ceteri omnes,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3:
cui (sc. mihi) semper uni magis, quam universis, placere voluisti,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 16, § 46:
qui (sc. Demosthenes) unus eminet inter omnes in omni genere dicendi,
id. Or. 29, 104:
te unum in tanto exercitu mihi fuisse adsensorem,
id. Fam. 6, 21, 1.— Absol.:
de Antonio nihil dico praeter unum,
Cic. Sest. 3, 8.—
(β).
With ex:
cum te unum ex omnibus ad dicendum maxime natum aptumque cognōssem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 99: illc unus ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit, [p. 1934] Sall. J. 67, 3; 69, 4.—
(γ).
With gen.:
ille unus ordinis nostri discessu meo palam exsultavit,
Cic. Sest. 64, 133:
quod post Cannensem cladem unus Romanorum imperatorum prospere rem gessisset,
Liv. 23, 30, 19.—
(δ).
With sup.:
tu, quam ego unam vidi mulierem audacissumam,
Plaut. As. 3, 1, 16:
unus istic servos est sacerrumus,
id. Most. 4, 2, 67:
rem unam esse omnium difficillimam,
Cic. Brut. 6, 25:
urbem unam mihi amicissimam declinavi,
id. Planc. 41, 97:
quo ego uno equite Romano familiarissime utor,
id. Fam. 13, 43, 1:
virum unum totius Graeciae doctissimum Platonem accepimus,
id. Rab. Post. 9, 23.—
(ε).
With magis:
quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus unam Posthabitā coluisse Samo,
Verg. A. 1, 15.—
(ζ).
With comp.:
sagacius unus odoror,
Hor. Epod. 12, 4.—
(η).
Strengthened by solus:
unus est solus inventus, qui, etc.,
Cic. Sest. 62, 130; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 13:
ex uno oppido solo,
id. ib. 2, 2, 75, §
185: nil admirari prope res est una, Numici, Solaque, quae, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1:
te unum, solum suum depeculatorem, vexatorem... venisse senserunt,
Cic. Pis. 40, 96:
unus solusque censebat,
Plin. Pan. 76.—
(θ).
Strengthened by tantum (rare before the Aug. age; once in Cic.; cf. Halm ad Cic. Sull. 22, 62):
inter bina castra... unum flumen tantum intererat,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19:
excepit unum tantum, nihil amplius,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:
unius tantum criminis in vincla te duci jubeo,
Liv. 3, 56, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.:
unā tantum perforatā navi,
id. 21, 50, 6; 34, 9, 5; 44, 43, 6; Just. 8, 5, 5; Sen. Ep. 79, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120; 11, 37, 47, § 131; Cels. 5, 28, 14; cf. absol.:
unum defuisse tantum superbiae, quod, etc.,
Liv. 6, 16, 5.—
(ι).
Strengthened by modo (class.):
nam aliis unus modo, aliis plures, aliis omnes eidem videntur,
Cic. Or. 54, 180:
hi unum modo quale sit suspicantur,
id. ib. 9, 28:
hoc autem si ita sit, ut unum modo sensibus falsum videtur,
id. Ac. 2, 32, 101; id. Phil. 1, 6, 14; Sall. J. 89, 6; id. H. 3, 61, 12 Dietsch; Liv. 22, 45, 4; 23, 42, 5.—
(κ).
Unus for unus omnium maxime:
quae tibi una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3; so,
Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas Quem docuit,
Verg. A. 5, 704.—
(λ).
Emphat., with negatives, no one person or thing, not a single one, none whatever:
eum si reddis mihi, praeterea unum nummum ne duis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 81:
nemo de nobis unus excellat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 36, 105:
ut unum signum Byzantii ex maximo numero nullum haberent,
id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:
nullā re unā magis oratorem commendari, quam, etc.,
id. Brut. 59, 216:
haec adhortatio praetoris non modo quemquam unum elicuit ad suadendum, sed ne fremitum quidem movit (i. e. non modo non... sed),
Liv. 32, 20, 7:
quia nemo unus satis dignus regno visus est,
id. 2, 6, 3:
eo mortuo ad neminem unum summa imperii redit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 18:
Rhodiis ut nihil unum insigne, ita omnis generis dona dedit,
Liv. 41, 20, 7; cf. id. 3, 45, 4.—
b.
Plur.:
sequere me Tres unos passus,
three single steps, only three steps, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 34:
unae quinque minae,
id. Ps. 1, 1, 52:
ruri dum sum ego unos sex dies,
id. Trin. 1, 2, 129; id. Cist. 4, 2, 68:
sese unis Suebis concedere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 7:
Ubii, qui uni legatos miserant,
id. ib. 4, 16:
ut unis litteris totius aestatis res gestas ad senatum perscriberem,
Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 3:
abs te ipso, qui me accusas, unas mihi scito litteras redditas esse,
id. Att. 1, 5, 4.
II.
Transf., indef., a or an, one, some, some one.
A.
Without a pron.
1.
Absol.:
inter mulieres, Quae ibi aderant, forte unam aspicio adulescentulam, etc.,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 91:
ibi una aderit mulier lepida, etc.,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 38:
sicut unus paterfamilias his de rebus loquor,
Cic. de Or. 1, 29, 132; cf.:
me una haec res torquet, quod non Pompejum tanquam unus manipularis secutus sim,
id. Att. 9, 10, 2.—
2.
With ex:
ut me sic audiatis ut unum e togatis,
Cic. Rep. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
qui non fuit orator unus e multis: potius inter multos prope singularis fuit,
id. Brut. 79, 274:
ex principibus unus nomine Polyaenus,
Liv. 24, 22, 1:
unus ex ultimā turbā,
id. 24, 27, 1.—
3.
With de:
tenuis L. Verginius unusque de multis,
Cic. Fin. 2, 20, 66. —
4.
With gen. part. (not in Cic.):
eregione unius eorum pontium,
Caes. B. G. 7, 35:
Apollonides principum unus orationem habuit,
Liv. 24, 28, 1:
pastorum unus,
id. 10, 4, 8:
servus unus exulum initium fecit,
id. 25, 23, 6:
scortum transfugarum unius,
id. 26, 12, 16; 26, 33, 11; 30, 42, 30; 37, 23, 7;
40, 5, 10: unus turbae militaris,
id. 22, 42, 4; 6, 40, 6:
unus hostium Latinae linguae sciens,
Tac. A. 2, 13:
una Amazonum,
id. ib. 4, 56:
unum se civium (esse) respondit,
id. ib. 12, 5.—
5.
With sup.:
est huic unus servos violentissimus, Qui, etc.,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 39; cf.:
tanquam mihi cum M. Crasso contentio esset, non cum uno gladiatore nequissimo,
Cic. Phil. 2, 3, 7.—
B.
With,
1.
Aliquis:
ex quibus si unum aliquod in te cognoveris, etc.,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 9, 27; cf.:
ad unum aliquem confugere,
id. Off. 2, 12, 41:
unius alicujus,
id. Fin. 3, 19, 64; id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62; 2, 2, 3, § 9; id. Phil. 10, 1, 3.—In the order aliquis unus, Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48.—
2.
Quidam:
est enim eloquentia una quaedam de summis virtutibus,
Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 55:
unius cujusdam,
id. ib. 2, 10, 40.—
3.
Quivis:
si tu solus aut quivis unus, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 22, 62.—
4.
Quilibet:
queratur unus quilibet militis mei injuriam,
Liv. 42, 42, 3:
unus Quiritium quilibet,
id. 6, 40, 6:
quilibet unus ex iis, quos, etc.,
id. 9, 17, 15.—
5.
Quisque:
ponite ante oculos unum quemque regum,
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 11; so,
unus quisque (and sometimes in one word, unusquisque): unāquāque de re,
id. Font. 10, 21:
unum quodque,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 83:
unum quidque,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 132; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 29:
domini capitis unius cujusque,
Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48.—
6.
Quisquis:
sin unum quicquid singillatim et placide percontabere,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 39:
unum quicquid,
Lucr. 5, 1388.—
C.
Private, un official, a private person, a private citizen (post-class.):
dicentes publicam violationem fidei non debere unius lui sanguine,
Vell. 2, 1, 5:
pro uno homine jactura publica pacisceris,
Sen. Suas. 7, 3.— Adv.: ūnā (acc. to I. B. 1.), in one and the same place, at the same time, in company, together:
qui cum Amphitruone hinc una ieram in exercitum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 248:
hic Juppiter hodie ipse aget, Et ego una cum illo,
id. ib. prol. 95:
quod summi puerorum amores saepe una cum praetextā togā ponerentur,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
i mecum, obsecro, una simul,
Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 43:
mandata eri perierunt, una et Sosia,
id. Am. 1, 1, 182:
si mei consilii causam rationemque cognoverit, una et id quod facio probabit, et, etc.,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:
qui una venerant,
id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:
cum et ego essem una et pauci admodum familiares,
id. Lael. 1, 2:
si in Italiā consistat (Pompejus), erimus una,
id. Att. 7, 10; id. Fin. 2, 24, 79; id. Brut. 21, 81.— Poet., with dat.:
Pallas huic filius una, Una omnes juvenum primi pauperque senatus Tura dabant,
at the same time, along with him, Verg. A. 8, 104 sq.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > unus
5 lūx

lūx lūcis, f [LVC-], light, brightness: solis ac lychnorum: Stella facem ducens multā cum luce, V.: auctor Lucis (i. e. Sol), O.: siderea, heavenly, O.: donec lux occidat, till sunset, Iu.— The light of day, daylight, day: usque ad lucem vigilare, T.: lux ubi adventabat, S.: ante lucem: primā luce, at dawn, Cs.: luce sub ipsā, at the point of day, V.: Dormiet in lucem, till day is advanced, H.: luce reversā, Iu.: luce occidi, in open day: luci adgredi.— Plur, the heavenly bodies: Illae, quae fulgent luces.— A day: centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodi: longiore luce opus est, L.: anxia nocte, Anxia luce gemit, O.: Natali die mihi dulcior haec lux, Iu.: vocat lux ultima victos, i. e. death, V.: aestiva, summer, V.: brumalis, winter, O.— Life: me reducem in lucem facere, T.: corpora luce carentum, i. e. of the dead, V.: simul atque editi in lucem sumus: aeterna, O.— An eye, the eyesight: damnum lucis ademptae, O.— A light: O lux Dardaniae, i. e. Hector, V.: Luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto, O.—Fig., the sight of men, public view, the public, the world: in luce atque in oculis civium magnus: forensi luce carere: res occultissimas in lucem proferre. — Light, encouragement, help, succor: lux quaedam videbatur oblata, regno sublato: lucem adferre rei p.: Lucem redde patriae, H.— A light, ornament: urbs, lux orbis terrarum.— Light, illustration, elucidation: historia lux veritatis.— That which enlightens, source of illumination: ratio quasi quaedam lux vitae.
* * *

lucis N F

light, daylight, light of day; life; world; day

prima luce -- at daybreak

Latin-English dictionary > lūx
6 praesto

1.
praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:
bonorum officio praestus fui,
Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).
I.
Lit.:
ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:
quod adest praesto in primis placet,
Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:
sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,
id. 2, 16, 10;
more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,
Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:
togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,
id. Pis. 23, 55:
tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?
hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:
hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,
Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):
era, eccum praesto militem,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:
ipsum adeo praesto video,
Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—
II.
In partic: praesto esse or adire
A.
To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:
ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:
jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,
Cic. Mur. 9, 19:
praesto esse clientem tuum?
id. Att. 10, 8, 3:
saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:
ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,
id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;
also with videor,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:
pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,
will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—
B.
With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:
si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,
Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:
quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.
2.
prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.
I.
Neutr., to stand before or in front.
A.
Lit.:
dum primae praestant acies,
Luc. 4, 30.—
B.
Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):
cum virtute omnibus praestarent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:
quā re homines bestiis praestent,
id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:
hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,
id. Lael. 5, 19:
Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:
ceteris,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:
suos inter aequales longe praestitit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,
Sall. C. 1, 1:
praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,
Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:
quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,
Liv. 1, 57, 7:
cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,
id. 8, 7, 7:
quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!
id. 31, 7, 8:
genere militum praestare tironibus,
id. 42, 52, 10:
tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,
Quint. 1, 10, 14:
qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,
id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:
sacro, quod praestat, peracto,
Juv. 12, 86:
probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,
were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:
truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,
Tac. A. 2, 24:
cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?
Lucr. 1, 358.—
2.
Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:
nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,
it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:
mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,
it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:
praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,
it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:
motos praestat componere fluctus,
Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.
II.
Act.
A.
To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:
quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,
Liv. 5, 36, 4:
qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:
praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,
Liv. 3, 61, 7:
ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,
id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:
praestat ingenio alius alium,
Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;
7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,
Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:
imperatores prudentiā,
id. Hann. 1, 1:
eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,
id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—
B.
To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):
ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,
id. Att. 6, 3, 5:
quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,
Plin. Pan. 83:
communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:
impetus populi praestare nemo potest,
no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:
periculum judicii,
id. Mur. 2, 3:
damnum alicui,
id. Off. 3, 16:
invidiam,
id. Sest. 28, 61:
nihil,
to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:
cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,
what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:
ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,
Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:
quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,
Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:
quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:
(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?
id. Fl. 12, 28:
meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,
Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:
illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,
Juv. 6, 539.—
C.
In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:
arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,
Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:
ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,
id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:
suum munus,
id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:
hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:
ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,
I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:
quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,
I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:
fidem alicui,
Liv. 30, 15:
pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,
maintained, id. 40, 34:
tributa,
to pay, Juv. 3, 188:
annua,
id. 6, 480:
triplicem usuram,
id. 9, 7.— Pass.:
promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,
Liv. 43, 18, 11:
mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,
quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,
id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:
virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,
id. Div. 2, 37, 79:
ni praestaretur fides publica,
Liv. 2, 28, 7.—
2.
In partic.
a.
To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:
pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:
omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:
mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,
Lucr. 3, 214. —
b.
To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:
Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,
id. ib. 1, 9, 5:
virtutem,
Caes. B. G. 2, 27:
benevolentiam,
Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:
consilium suum fidemque,
id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:
se incolumem,
Lucr. 3, 220:
se invictum,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:
teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,
show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:
Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,
show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:
juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,
showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:
vel magnum praestet Achillem,
should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—
c.
To show, exhibit, manifest:
honorem debitum patri,
Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:
fratri pietatem,
id. Brut. 33, 126:
virtutem et diligentiam alicui,
id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:
frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:
obsequium,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:
sedulitatem alicui rei,
to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—
d.
To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:
alicui certam summam pecuniae,
Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:
caput fulminibus,
to expose, Luc. 5, 770:
Hiberus praestat nomen terris,
id. 4, 23:
anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,
Col. 8, 13:
cum senatui sententiam praestaret,
gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:
terga hosti,
to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:
voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,
to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:
pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,
was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:
corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,
Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.
A.
In gen. (class.).
1.
Of persons:
omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,
far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:
usu et sapientiā praestantes,
noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:
virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,
superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:
in illis artibus praestantissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:
praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:
o praestans animi juvenis,
distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:
belli,
Sil. 5, 92:
armorum,
Stat. Th. 1, 605:
praestantissimus sapientiae,
Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:
quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,
whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—
2.
Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:
praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Verg. A. 1, 71:
praestanti corpore tauri,
id. G. 4, 550:
formā,
id. A. 7, 483:
naturā excellens atque praestans,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:
qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
praestans prudentiā in omnibus,
Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:
quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?
id. Vatin. 3, 8.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Efficacious:
medicina,
Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:
usus praestantior,
id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:
calamus praestantior odore,
id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:
sucus sapore praestantissimus,
id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:
praestantissima auxilia,
id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—
2.
Sup.:
Praestantissimus,
a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:
praestantissime,
Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praesto
7 praestu

1.
praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:
bonorum officio praestus fui,
Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).
I.
Lit.:
ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:
quod adest praesto in primis placet,
Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:
sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,
id. 2, 16, 10;
more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,
Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:
togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,
id. Pis. 23, 55:
tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?
hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:
hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,
Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):
era, eccum praesto militem,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:
ipsum adeo praesto video,
Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—
II.
In partic: praesto esse or adire
A.
To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:
ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:
jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,
Cic. Mur. 9, 19:
praesto esse clientem tuum?
id. Att. 10, 8, 3:
saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:
ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,
id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;
also with videor,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:
pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,
will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—
B.
With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:
si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,
Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:
quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.
2.
prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.
I.
Neutr., to stand before or in front.
A.
Lit.:
dum primae praestant acies,
Luc. 4, 30.—
B.
Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):
cum virtute omnibus praestarent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:
quā re homines bestiis praestent,
id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:
hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,
id. Lael. 5, 19:
Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,
id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:
ceteris,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:
suos inter aequales longe praestitit,
id. Brut. 64, 230:
omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,
Sall. C. 1, 1:
praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,
Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:
quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,
Liv. 1, 57, 7:
cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,
id. 8, 7, 7:
quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!
id. 31, 7, 8:
genere militum praestare tironibus,
id. 42, 52, 10:
tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,
Quint. 1, 10, 14:
qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,
id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:
sacro, quod praestat, peracto,
Juv. 12, 86:
probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,
were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:
truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,
Tac. A. 2, 24:
cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?
Lucr. 1, 358.—
2.
Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:
nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,
it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:
mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,
it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:
praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,
it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:
motos praestat componere fluctus,
Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.
II.
Act.
A.
To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:
quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,
Liv. 5, 36, 4:
qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:
praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,
Liv. 3, 61, 7:
ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,
id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:
praestat ingenio alius alium,
Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;
7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,
Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:
imperatores prudentiā,
id. Hann. 1, 1:
eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,
id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—
B.
To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):
ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,
id. Att. 6, 3, 5:
quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,
Plin. Pan. 83:
communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:
impetus populi praestare nemo potest,
no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:
periculum judicii,
id. Mur. 2, 3:
damnum alicui,
id. Off. 3, 16:
invidiam,
id. Sest. 28, 61:
nihil,
to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:
cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,
what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:
ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,
Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:
quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,
Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:
quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:
(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?
id. Fl. 12, 28:
meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,
Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:
illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,
Juv. 6, 539.—
C.
In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:
arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,
Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:
ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,
id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:
suum munus,
id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:
hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:
ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,
I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:
quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,
I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:
fidem alicui,
Liv. 30, 15:
pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,
maintained, id. 40, 34:
tributa,
to pay, Juv. 3, 188:
annua,
id. 6, 480:
triplicem usuram,
id. 9, 7.— Pass.:
promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,
Liv. 43, 18, 11:
mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,
quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,
id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:
virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,
id. Div. 2, 37, 79:
ni praestaretur fides publica,
Liv. 2, 28, 7.—
2.
In partic.
a.
To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:
pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:
omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:
mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,
Lucr. 3, 214. —
b.
To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:
Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,
id. ib. 1, 9, 5:
virtutem,
Caes. B. G. 2, 27:
benevolentiam,
Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:
consilium suum fidemque,
id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:
se incolumem,
Lucr. 3, 220:
se invictum,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:
teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,
show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:
Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,
show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:
juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,
showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:
vel magnum praestet Achillem,
should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—
c.
To show, exhibit, manifest:
honorem debitum patri,
Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:
fratri pietatem,
id. Brut. 33, 126:
virtutem et diligentiam alicui,
id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:
frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:
obsequium,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:
sedulitatem alicui rei,
to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—
d.
To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:
alicui certam summam pecuniae,
Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:
caput fulminibus,
to expose, Luc. 5, 770:
Hiberus praestat nomen terris,
id. 4, 23:
anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,
Col. 8, 13:
cum senatui sententiam praestaret,
gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:
terga hosti,
to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:
voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,
to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:
pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,
was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:
corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,
Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.
A.
In gen. (class.).
1.
Of persons:
omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,
far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:
usu et sapientiā praestantes,
noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:
virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,
superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:
in illis artibus praestantissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:
praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:
o praestans animi juvenis,
distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:
belli,
Sil. 5, 92:
armorum,
Stat. Th. 1, 605:
praestantissimus sapientiae,
Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:
quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,
whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—
2.
Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:
praestanti corpore Nymphae,
Verg. A. 1, 71:
praestanti corpore tauri,
id. G. 4, 550:
formā,
id. A. 7, 483:
naturā excellens atque praestans,
Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:
qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:
praestans prudentiā in omnibus,
Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:
quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?
id. Vatin. 3, 8.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Efficacious:
medicina,
Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:
usus praestantior,
id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:
calamus praestantior odore,
id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:
sucus sapore praestantissimus,
id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:
praestantissima auxilia,
id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—
2.
Sup.:
Praestantissimus,
a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:
praestantissime,
Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praestu
8 repeto

rĕ-pĕto, īvi or ĭi, ītum, 3, v. a., to fall upon or attack again or anew, to strike again (syn. repercutio).
I.
Lit. (in gen. not till after the Aug. per.):
regem repetitum saepius cuspide ad terram affixit,
after he had repeatedly attacked him, Liv. 4, 19; cf.:
mulam calcibus et canem morsu,
Sen. Ira, 3, 27, 1:
repetita per ilia ferrum,
Ov. M. 4, 733; 6, 562.— Absol.:
bis cavere, bis repetere,
to attack twice, Quint. 5, 13, 54:
signum erat omnium, Repete!
strike again, Suet. Calig. 58:
ad Nolam armis repetendam,
Liv. 9, 28:
repetitus toxico,
id. Claud. 44. —
B.
In partic.
1.
To prosecute again:
condicione propositā, ut, si quem quis repetere vellet, par periculum poenae subiret,
Suet. Aug. 32; id. Dom. 8 and 9; Dig. 48, 2, 3; 48, 16, 10; 15.—
2.
To seek again; to go back to, return to, revisit a person or thing.
(α).
With acc.:
fratresque virumque,
Ov. H. 3, 143:
Nearchum,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 6:
Penates, ab orā Hispanā,
id. ib. 3, 14, 3:
viam, quā venisset,
to retrace, Liv. 35, 28; cf. id. 9, 2, 8:
castra,
id. 31, 21; Suet. Tib. 12:
domum,
Hor. C. 1, 15, 6; Ov. P. 4, 4, 41; id. M. 3, 204:
patriam,
id. H. 18, 123; Just. 32, 3, 7:
Africam,
Liv. 25. 27:
locum,
id. 3, 63:
retro Apuliam,
id. 22, 18; cf. id. 31, 45 fin.; 40, 58 fin.:
rursus Bithyniam,
Suet. Caes. 2:
urbem atque ordinem senatorium,
id. Vit. 1:
paludes,
Hor. C. 3, 27, 9:
cavum,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 33:
praesepia,
Verg. E. 7, 39:
urbem,
id. A. 2, 749:
Macedoniam,
Nep. Eum. 6, 1:
pugnam (shortly before, redire in pugnam),
Liv. 37, 43:
expeditionem,
Suet. Claud. 1.—
(β).
With prep.:
onerarias retro in Africam repetere,
Liv. 25, 25 fin. Drak.:
ad vada,
Verg. Cul. 104:
ad prima vestigia,
Grat. Cyn. 245.—
(γ).
Absol.:
quid enim repetiimus (sc. patriam)?
Liv. 5, 51.—Freq. in medic. lang., to return, recur:
morbi repetunt,
Cels. 2, 1; 3, 22; 4, 4; 14 al. —
II.
Transf. (class.).
A.
To fetch, bring, or take back (cf. revoco).
1.
Lit.:
filium istinc repetere,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 72:
repudiatus repetor,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 14:
Lysias est Atticus, quamquam Timaeus eum quasi Liciniā et Muciā lege repetit Syracusas,
Cic. Brut. 16, 63:
qui maxime me repetistis atque revocastis,
id. Dom. 57, 144:
navigo in Ephesum, ut aurum repetam ab Theotimo domum,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 7:
ad haec (impedimenta) repetenda,
Caes. B. C. 3, 76:
aliquid ab Urbe,
Suet. Calig. 39; cf.:
thoracem Magni Alexandri e conditorio ejus,
id. ib. 52 fin.:
partem reliquam copiarum continenti,
id. Aug. 16:
alii (elephanti) deinde repetiti ac trajecti sunt,
others were then brought and passed over, Liv. 21, 28:
ut alium repetat in eundem rogum,
Sen. Oedip. 61. —
2.
Trop., in partic.
a.
To take hold of or undertake again; to enter upon again; to recommence, resume, renew, repeat an action, a speech, etc. (cf.:
renovo, restauro): praetermissa repetimus, incohata persequimur,
Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 51:
longo intervallo haec studia repetentem,
id. Fat. 2, 4; id. Att. 15, 11, 1:
oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) necesse est multa repetat, multa transeat,
Quint. 7, prooem. §
3: ad verbum repetita reddantur,
id. 11, 2, 39 et saep.:
eadem vetera consilia,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:
hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postremus omittas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 48:
susurri Compositā repetantur horā,
id. C. 1, 9, 20:
relicta,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 97:
verba,
Ov. H. 20, 9:
audita,
id. ib. 20, 193:
repetitum Mulciber aevum Poscit,
id. M. 9, 422:
auspicia de integro,
Liv. 5, 17:
pugnam,
id. 10, 36 acrius bellum, Just. 12, 2, 13:
iter,
Ov. A. A. 3, 747:
sollemnia,
Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:
spectacula ex antiquitate,
to restore, Suet. Claud. 21; cf.:
genera ignominiarum ex antiquitate,
id. Tib. 19:
legatum,
Dig. 30, 1, 32:
usum fructum,
ib. 7, 4, 3.— With de:
de mutatione litterarum nihil repetere hic necesse est,
Quint. 1, 7, 13.— With object-clause:
repetam necesse est, infinitas esse species,
Quint. 6, 3, 101; 46: ut repetam coeptum pertexere dictis, Lucr. 1, 418; cf.:
commemorare res,
id. 6, 936.— Poet.: rĕpĕtītus, a, um, as an adv., repeatedly, anew, again:
repetita suis percussit pectora palmis,
Ov. M. 5, 473; 12, 287:
robora caedit,
id. ib. 8, 769:
vellera mollibat longo tractu,
by drawing out repeatedly, id. ib. 6, 20; cf.:
haec decies repetita placebit,
Hor. A. P. 365. —
b.
In discourse, to draw, deduce, derive from anywhere; to go back to, begin from anywhere (cf. deduco):
populum a stirpe,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:
repetere populi originem,
id. ib. 2, 1, 3:
ipsius juris ortum a fonte... stirpem juris a naturā,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 20:
usque a Corace nescio quo et Tisiā,
id. de Or. 1, 20, 91; 2, 2, 6:
ab ultimā antiquitate,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:
brevis erit narratio, si non ab ultimo repetetur,
id. Inv. 1, 20, 28; Quint. 5, 10, 83:
aliquid a Platonis auctoritate,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 34:
ingressio non ex oratoriis disputationibus ducta sed e mediā philosophiā repetita,
id. Or. 3, 11:
res remotas ex litterarum monumentis,
id. Inv. 1, 1, 1: initia amicitiae ex parentibus nostris, Bithyn. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 16 init.:
verba ex ultimis tenebris, ex vetustate,
Quint. 8, 3, 25; 11, 1, 49; 1, 4, 4:
alte vero et, ut oportet, a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18:
tam longa et tam alte repetita oratio,
id. de Or. 3, 24, 91; id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:
repetam paulo altius, etc.,
id. Clu. 24, 66:
altius omnem Expediam primā repetens ab origine famam,
Verg. G. 4, 286; so,
altius,
Quint. 5, 7, 27; 6, 2, 2; 11, 1, 62; Suet. Ner. 2:
transilire ante pedes posita et alia longe repetita sumere,
Cic. de Or. 3, 40, 160; so,
longe,
id. Fam. 13, 29, 2; id. Div. 2, 58, 119:
longius,
id. Inv. 1, 49, 91; Quint. 5, 7, 17; 5, 11, 23:
repetitis atque enumeratis diebus,
reckoned backwards, Caes. B. C. 3, 105; so,
repetitis diebus ex die vulneris,
Dig. 9, 2, 51, § 2:
repetitā die,
ib. 10, 4, 9, § 6; 39, 2, 15, § 31; 43, 19, 1, § 10; 22, 4, 3.—
c.
Repetere aliquid memoriā, memoriam rei, or (rarely without memoriā) aliquid, to call up again in the mind; to call to mind, recall, recollect (cf.:
revoco, recordor): cogitanti mihi saepenumero et memoriā vetera repetenti,
Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Fam. 11, 27, 2; id. Rep. 1, 8, 13; Verg. A. 1, 372:
repete memoriā tecum, quando, etc.,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 3, 3; cf. with object-clause: memoriā repeto, diem esse hodiernum, quo, etc., Scipio Afric. ap. Gell. 4, 18, 3; Quint. 1, 6, 10:
repete temporis illius memoriam,
Cic. Deiot. 7, 20; id. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:
memoriam ex annalibus,
Liv. 8, 18:
veteris cujusdam memoriae recordationem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 4.—Without memoriā:
reminisci quom ea, quae tenuit mens ac memoria, cogitando repetuntur,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 44 Müll.:
si omnium mearum praecepta litterarum repetes, intelleges, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7:
supra repetere et paucis instituta majorum disserere,
Sall. C. 5, 9:
unde tuos primum repetam, mea Cynthia, fastus,
Prop. 1, 18, 5:
cum repeto noctem, quā, etc.,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 3:
te animo repetentem exempla tuorum,
Verg. A. 12, 439.— With object-clause:
repeto, me correptum ab eo, cur ambularem,
Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 16; 7, 6, 7; 13; Suet. Gram. 4:
multum ante repetito, concordem sibi conjugem, etc.,
Tac. A. 3, 33.— Absol.:
inde usque repetens, hoc video,
Cic. Arch. 1, 1:
genitor mihi talia (namque Nunc repeto) Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit,
Verg. A. 7, 123; 3, 184.—
B.
To ask, demand, or take again or back; to demand or claim what is due (syn. reposco).
1.
In gen.
a.
Lit.:
si quis mutuom quid dederit, fit pro proprio perditum, quom repetas,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 45; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 7:
suom,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 63:
neque repeto pro illā quidquam abs te pretii,
Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 11:
bona sua,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 13, § 32:
abs te sestertium miliens ex lege,
id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 19:
ereptas pecunias,
id. ib. 5, 18; cf.:
quae erepta sunt,
id. Sull. 32, 89:
mea promissa,
id. Planc. 42, 101:
obsides,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
urbes bello superatas in antiquum jus,
Liv. 35, 16, 6:
Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt,
Cic. Arch. 8, 19:
Cicero Gallum a Verticone repetit, qui litteras ad Caesarem referat,
applied again for, Caes. B. G. 5, 49:
si forte suas repetitum venerit plumas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 18:
nec repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem,
Verg. G. 1, 39:
Politorium rursus bello,
to retake, Liv. 1, 33, 3.—
b.
Trop.: qui repetit eam, quam ego patri suo quondam spoponderim, dignitatem, Cic. Fl. 42, 106; cf.:
pro eo (beneficio) gratiam repetere,
Liv. 1, 47:
civitatem in libertatem,
id. 34, 22, 11:
parentum poenas a consceleratissimis filiis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:
ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse, aliquo,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 63, § 163:
ut ne mors quidem sit in repetendā libertate fugiendā,
in the effort to recover, id. Phil. 10, 10, 20:
libertatem per occasionem,
Liv. 3, 49; cf.:
dies ille libertatis improspere repetitae,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
beneficia ab aliquo,
Sall. J. 96, 2:
honores quasi debitos ab aliquo,
id. ib. 85, 37:
repete a me rempublicam,
take back from me, Suet. Caes. 78: repetitumque, duobus uti mandaretur consulum nomen imperiumque, it was demanded again, that, etc., Liv. 3, 33: se repetere, to recover one ' s self, Sen. Ep. 104, 6.—
2.
In partic., publicists' and jurid. t. t.
a.
Of the fetiales: repetere res, to demand back from the enemy things which they had taken as booty; hence, in gen., to demand satisfaction:
(fetiales) mittebantur antequam conciperetur (bellum), qui res repeterent,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 86 Müll.; Liv. 1, 32; 4, 30; 7, 6; 32; Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36:
jure gentium res repeto,
Sall. H. 3, 61, 17 Dietsch:
amissa bello repetere,
Just. 6, 6, 7; cf. clarigatio and clarigo. —
b.
In jurid. lang.: res repetere, to demand back or reclaim one ' s property before a court:
in iis rebus repetendis, quae mancipi sunt,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3.— Hence, transf., in gen., to seek to obtain, to reclaim: non ex jure manum consertum, sed magi' ferro Rem repetunt, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 277 Vahl.).—
c.
Pecuniae repetundae, or simply repetundae, money or other things extorted by a provincial governor, and that are to be restored (at a later period, referring to any bribed officer):
L. Piso legem de pecuniis repetundis primus tulit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 195; 2, 4, 25, § 56; id. Brut. 27, 106; id. Off. 2, 21, 75:
quorum causā judicium de pecuniis repetundis est constitutum,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11:
clames te lege pecuniarum repetundarum non teneri,
id. Clu. 53, 148:
pecuniarum repetundarum reus,
Sall. C. 18, 3:
oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum,
id. ib. 49, 2:
quā lege a senatore ratio repeti solet de pecuniis repetundis,
Cic. Clu. 37, 104:
accusare de pecuniis repetundis,
id. Rab. Post. 4, 9; id. Clu. 41, 114:
cum de pecuniis repetundis nomen cujuspiam deferatur,
id. Div. in Caecil. 3, 10:
de pecuniis repetundis ad recuperatores itum est,
Tac. A. 1, 74 fin. —With ellipsis of pecuniis:
repetundarum causae, crimen, lex,
Quint. 4, 2, 85; 5, 7, 5; 4, 2, 15; Tac. A. 4, 19; 13, 43; 12, 22; 13, 33; id. H. 1, 77; 4, 45; Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 3:
repetundarum reus,
Val. Max. 9, 12, 7:
repetundarum argui,
Tac. A. 3, 33:
accusare,
Suet. Dom. 8:
postulari,
Tac. A. 3, 66; Suet. Caes. 4:
absolvi,
Tac. A. 13, 30:
convinci,
Suet. Caes. 43:
damnari,
Tac. A. 3, 70; 14, 28:
teneri,
id. ib. 11, 7: Pilius de repetundis eum postulavit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2 (for which, §
3, de pecuniis repetundis): neque absolutus neque damnatus Servilius de repetundis,
id. ib. §
3: damnatum repetundis consularem virum,
Suet. Oth. 2 fin.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > repeto
9 serus

sērus, a, um, adj. [cf. series; Sanscr. sărat, thread; that which is long drawn out], late (freq. and class.; cf.: tardus, lentus): nescis quid vesper serus vehat (the title of a work by Varro), Varr. ap. Gell. 1, 22, 4; 13, 11, 1:
sero a vespere,
Ov. M. 4, 415:
serā nocte,
Liv. 1, 57, 9; Col. 1 praef.; Prop. 1, 3, 10; Val. Fl. 7, 400:
crepuscula,
Ov. M. 1, 219:
lux,
id. ib. 15, 651:
dies,
Tac. H. 3, 82 (cf. infra, B.):
hiems,
Liv. 32, 28, 6:
anni,
i. e. ripe years, age, Ov. M. 6, 29; 9, 434; id. F. 5, 63; cf.
aetas,
id. A. A. 1, 65; Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 4:
gratulatio,
Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1:
portenta deūm Tarda et sera nimis, id. poët. Div. 2, 30, 64: nepotes,
Ov. M. 6, 138:
posteritas,
id. P. 1, 4, 24: sera eruditio, quam Graeci opsimathian appellant, Gell. 11, 7, 3; cf. poet., of persons, with gen.: o seri studiorum! ye late-learned, opsimatheis (i. e. backward, ignorant), Hor. S. 1, 10, 21 (v. infra, b. a): ulmus, late - or slowly-growing (acc. to others, old), Verg. G. 4, 144; so,
ficus,
late in bearing, Col. 5, 10, 10; cf. serotinus, and v. the foll. under sup.—Comp. (rare; not in Cic. or Cæs.; cf. adv. infra fin.):
serior mors (opp. maturior),
Cels. 2, 6 med.:
senectus,
Mart. 5, 6, 3:
spe omnium serius bellum,
Liv. 2, 3, 1:
serior putatio,
Col. 4, 23, 1; 2, 10, 15.— Poet., for posterior:
serior aetas,
Ov. Tr. 5, 9, 7; Tib. 1, 4, 33:
hora,
Ov. H. 19, 14.— Sup.:
successores quam serissimi,
Vell. 2, 131, 2:
serissima omnium (pirorum) Amerina, etc.,
ripening the latest, Plin. 15, 15, 16, § 55; cf. supra.—
b.
Poet.
(α).
For the adv. sero, of one who does any thing late:
serus in caelum redeas,
Hor. C. 1, 2, 45:
serus Graecis admovit acumina chartis,
id. Ep. 2, 1, 161:
jusserit ad se Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire Convivam,
late in the day, id. S. 2, 7, 33:
nec nisi serus abi,
Ov. A. A. 2, 224:
poena tamen tacitis sera venit pedibus,
Tib. 1, 10, 3:
(me) Arguit incepto serum accessisse labori,
Ov. M. 13, 297.—So with things as subjects:
sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper,
Verg. G. 1, 251:
imposita est sero tandem manus ultima bello,
Ov. M. 13, 403:
seros pedes assumere,
id. ib. 15, 384:
Cantaber serā domitus catenā,
Hor. C. 3, 8, 22:
serum ut veniamus ad amnem Phasidos,
Val. Fl. 4, 708.—With gen.:
o seri studiorum!
Hor. S. 1, 10, 21 (v. supra); so,
belli serus,
Sil. 3, 255.—With inf.:
cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes?
Prop. 3, 5 (4, 4), 35.—
(β).
For adverb. use of sera and serum, v. adv. infra.—
B.
Substt. ‡
1.
sēra, ae, f. (sc. hora), a late hour, the evening hour, hespera, sera, vespra, crepusculum, Gloss. Vet.—
2.
sērum, i, n., late time, late hour (of the day or night; first in Liv.;
esp. in the historians): serum erat diei,
Liv. 7, 8, 4:
quia serum diei fuerit,
id. 26, 3, 1:
jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem,
Tac. A. 2, 21 fin.:
extrahebatur in quam maxime serum diei certamen,
Liv. 10, 28, 2 Drak. N. cr.:
in serum noctis convivium productum,
id. 33, 48; cf.: ad serum [p. 1682] usque diem, Tac. H. 3, 82.— Absol., in Sueton., of a late hour of the day:
in serum dimicatione protractā,
Suet. Aug. 17; id. Ner. 22:
in serum usque patente cubiculo,
id. Oth. 11.—
II.
Pregn., too late (class.):
ut magis exoptatae Kalendae Januariae quam serae esse videantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 1:
neque rectae voluntati serum est tempus ullum, etc.,
Quint. 12, 1, 31:
tempus cavendi,
Sen. Thyest. 487: bellum, Sall. Fragm. ap. Philarg. Verg. G. 4, 144:
Antiates serum auxilium post proelium venerant,
Liv. 3, 5 fin.; 31, 24:
auxilia,
Val. Fl. 3, 562:
improbum consilium serum, ut debuit, fuit: et jam profectus Virginius erat, etc.,
Liv. 3, 46 fin.:
redit Alcidae jam sera cupido,
Val. Fl. 4, 247:
seras conditiones pacis tentare,
Suet. Aug. 17:
cum tandem ex somno surrexissent, in quod serum erat, aliquot horas remis in naves collocandis absumpserunt,
which was too late, Liv. 33, 48, 8:
hoc serum est,
Mart. 8, 44, 1; and with a subj.-clause:
dum deliberamus, quando incipiendum sit, incipere jam serum est,
Quint. 12, 6, 3; so,
serum est, advocare iis rebus affectum, etc.,
id. 4, 2, 115.—
b.
Poet. for the adverb (cf. supra, I. b. a):
tum decuit metuisse tuis: nunc sera querelis Haud justis assurgis,
too late, Verg. A. 10, 94:
ad possessa venis praeceptaque gaudia serus,
Ov. H. 17, 107:
Herculeas jam serus opes spretique vocabis Arma viri,
Val. Fl. 3, 713:
serā ope vincere fata Nititur,
Ov. M. 2, 617:
auxilia ciere,
Val. Fl. 3, 562.—Hence, adv., in three forms.
1.
sēră, late ( poet. and very rare):
sera comans Narcissus,
late in flowering, Verg. G. 4, 122.—
2.
sērum, late at night ( poet. and very rare):
quae nocte sedens serum canit,
Verg. A. 12, 864.—
3.
sērō̆.
A.
(Acc. to I.) Late.
a.
Late, at a late hour of the day or night (rare but class.):
eo die Lentulus venit sero,
Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1 (cf. infra, B.):
domum sero redire,
id. Fam. 7, 22.—
b.
Late, at a late period of time, in gen. (freq. and class.):
res rustica sic est: si unam rem sero feceris omnia opera sero facies,
Cato, R. R. 5, 7; Cic. Brut. 10, 39; Quint. 6, 3, 103:
doctores artis sero repertos,
id. 2, 17, 7; 2, 5, 3.— Comp.:
modo surgis Eoo Temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,
Ov. M. 4, 198; Liv. 31, 11, 10:
serius, quam ratio postulat,
Quint. 2, 1, 1:
scripsi ad Pompeium serius quam oportuit,
Cic. Fam. 14, 10; 15, 1, 4; id. Sest. 31, 67; Liv. 37, 45, 18; 42, 28, 1:
itaque serius aliquanto notatus et cognitus (numerus),
Cic. Or. 56, 186:
serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto Pulvere,
Ov. M. 4, 105:
ipse salutabo decimā vel serius horā,
Mart. 1, 109, 9: omnium Versatur urna serius ocius Sors exitura, later or earlier (or, as we say, inverting the order, sooner or later), Hor. C. 2, 3, 26; so,
serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam,
Ov. M. 10, 33:
serius ei triumphandi causa fuit, ne, etc.,
Liv. 39, 6, 4; 38, 27, 4:
in acutis morbis serius aeger alendus est,
Cels. 3, 2.— Sup.:
ut quam serissime ejus profectio cognosceretur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 75 (Scaliger ex conj.); so,
legi pira Tarentina,
Plin. 15, 17, 18, § 61 (al. serissima).—
B.
(Acc to II.) Too late (freq. and class.):
abi stultus, sero post tempus venis,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 90:
idem, quando illaec occasio periit, post sero cupit,
id. Aul. 2, 2, 71; id. Am. 2, 2, 34; id. Men. 5, 6, 31; id. Pers. 5, 1, 16 (Opp. temperi); id. Trin. 2, 4, 14; 2, 4, 167; 4, 2, 147; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103; id. Ad. 2, 4, 8. (Scipio) factus est consul bis:
primum ante tempus: iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sero,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9:
sero resistimus ei, quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,
id. Att. 7, 5, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 63, § 164 et saep.:
ne nimis sero ad extrema veniamus,
far too late, id. Phil. 2, 19, 47; Liv. 21, 3, 5.—Hence, in a double sense, alluding to the signif. A. a.:
cum interrogaret (accusator), quo tempore Clodius occisus esset? respondit (Milo), Sero,
Quint. 6, 3, 49.—Prov.: sero sapiunt Phryges, are wise too late, are troubled with after-wit; v. sapio.— Comp., in the same sense:
possumus audire aliquid, an serius venimus?
Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 20:
ad quae (mysteria) biduo serius veneram,
id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:
doleo me in vitam paulo serius tamquam in viam ingressum,
id. Brut. 96, 330: erit verendum mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat, id. Cat. 1, 2, 5:
serius a terrā provectae naves,
Caes. B. C. 3, 8; Suet. Tib. 52.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > serus
10 sors

sors, tis (nom. sortis, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 28; abl. sorti. C. I. L. 198, 54; 200, 16; Plaut. Cas. 2, 7, 5; Liv. 4, 37, 6; 28, 45, 11; 29, 20, 4; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 241; but sorti is dat., Verg. G. 4, 165 Forbig. ad loc.; Sil. 7, 3, 65), f. [2. sero; cf.: fors, fero], any thing used to determine chances.
I.
Lit., a lot:
aut populna sors aut abiegna,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 32:
coniciam sortes in sitellam,
id. ib. 2, 5, 34 sq.:
tot in hydriam sortes conicerentur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 127:
ponere in sitellam,
Liv. 41, 18, 8;
and simply conicere,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 34 sq.; Cic. Lig. 7, 21:
deicere,
Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.; Verg. A. 5, 490; cf.:
cum dejecta in id sors esset,
lots were cast for it, Liv. 21, 42:
miscere,
Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86:
ducere,
id. ib. 2, 41, 86; id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:
cum de consularibus mea prima sors exisset,
id. Att. 1, 19, 3:
ut cujusque sors exciderat,
Liv. 21, 42, 3:
sortem in sitellam latam,
id. 41, 18, 8 Weissenb.:
et Caere sortes extenuatas (creditum est), as an omen of ill,
id. 21, 62, 5 and 8:
sortes suā sponte adtenuatas,
id. 22, 1, 11.—Of chances or tickets in a lottery, Suet. Aug. 75 fin.; Lampr. Heliog. 21 fin. —
II.
Transf.
A.
Abstr., a casting or drawing of lots, decision by lot, lot:
quaestor quem sors dedit,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3, § 11:
res revocatur ad sortem,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 127:
sorti sum victus,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 7, 5:
ei sorte provincia Sicilia obvenit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17; cf.:
cui Sicilia provincia sorte evenisset,
Liv. 29, 20;
for which: cui ea provincia sorti evenit,
id. 4, 37, 6:
Q. Caecilio sorte evenit, ut in Bruttiis adversum Hannibalem bellum gereret,
id. 28, 45, 11:
sorte ductus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 51; Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 2, 201:
sorte ducti e primoribus civitatis unus et viginti,
Tac. A. 1, 54; 13, 29: sorte in provinciam proficisci, S. C. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 8:
sorte agros legionibus assignare, Brut. ib., 11, 20, 3 et saep.: de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53 fin.:
jubet extra sortem Theomnastum renuntiari,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 127:
extra sortem agrum Campanum dividere,
Suet. Caes. 20. —
B.
A lot, share, the duty assigned by lot, esp. of the prætors, who divided by lot the duties of their office:
praetores, Q. Fulvius Flaccus urbanam, M. Valerius Laevinus peregrinam sortem in juris dictione habuit,
Liv. 23, 30, 18; 22, 35, 5; cf.:
urbana, peregrina (sc. sors),
id. 27, 36, 10; 28, 10, 9 al.:
urbana et peregrina (provinciae), quae duorum ante sors fuerat,
id. 25, 3, 2; 24, 44, 2; [p. 1733] cf. id. 35, 41, 6:
comitia suae sortis esse,
i.e. had by lot been assigned to him, id. 35, 6, 2;
hence, numquam ex urbe afuit nisi sorte,
i.e. on official duty, Cic. Planc. 27, 67.—
C.
In gen., an oracular response (which was often written on a little tablet or lot), a prophecy (cf. responsum):
cum (Spartiatae) oraculum ab Jove Dodonaeo petivissent legatique illud, in quo inerant sortes, collocavissent: simia et sortis ipsas et cetera quae erant ad sortem parata, disturbavit,
Cic. Div. 1, 34, 76:
ut interpres egeat interprete et sors ipsa ad sortis referenda sit,
id. ib. 2, 56, 115:
Italiam Lyciae jussere capessere sortes,
i.e. the oracles of the Lycian Apollo, Verg. A. 4, 346; 4, 377; so,
Phoebeae,
Ov. M. 3, 130:
faticinae,
id. ib. 15, 436:
sacrae,
id. ib. 1, 368;
11, 412: edita oraculo,
Curt. 3, 1, 16; 5, 4, 11; 6, 9, 18; Val. Max. 1, 6, 3:
neque responsa sortium ulli alii committere ausus,
Liv. 1, 56: conjecturam postulat, ut se edoceret, Quo sese vertant tantae sortes somniūm, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. v. 64 Vahl.).—
2.
In partic., oracular sayings, verses, or sentences at the opening of a book, selected for the purpose:
sortes Vergilii or Vergilianae,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 14, 5; Spart. Had. 2, 8:
sacrae,
Tib. 1, 3, 11:
sanctorum,
Isid. Orig. 8, 9, 28:
sortes tollere,
Tib. 1. 1.:
ducere,
Juv. 6, 583:
de paginis poëtae cujusdam sortem consulere,
Aug. Conf. 4, 3:
de paginis evangelicis sortes legere,
id. Ep. 119.—
D.
In gen., like the Engl. lot, for fate, destiny, chance, fortune, condition, share, part (esp. freq. after the Aug. per.; cf.
fors, casus, fortuna): nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae,
Verg. A. 10, 501:
ferrea sors vitae,
Ov. Tr. 5, 3, 28:
vires ultra sortemque senectae,
Verg. A. 6, 114:
iniqua,
id. ib. 6, 332; Liv. 38, 23:
qui fit, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit seu fors objecerit, illa Contentus vivat,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 1:
sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem,
id. C. 2, 10, 14:
sors mea fuit irrequieta,
Ov. M. 2, 386:
sors querenda, Non celanda foret,
id. ib. 3, 551:
aliena,
Liv. 21, 43, 2:
sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,
to whose lot, Verg. G. 4, 165; Sil. 7, 368:
homines ultimae sortis,
Suet. Aug. 19; cf.: non tuae sortis juvenem, of your rank or condition, Hor. C. 4, 11, 22:
sors tua mortalis,
Ov. M. 2, 56:
nec cedit nisi sorte mihi,
id. ib. 5, 529:
dilectos inter sors prima sodales,
id. Tr. 4, 5, 1:
huic sortem concede priorem,
id. A. A. 1, 581:
quattuor ille quidem juvenes totidemque crearat Femineae sortis,
i. e. of the female sex, id. M. 6, 680; so,
feminea,
id. ib. 13, 651:
altera,
id. ib. 9, 676; cf. id. ib. 3, 329:
Saturni sors ego prima fui,
i. e. the first child, id. F. 6, 30:
suae sortis oblitus,
Curt. 3, 2, 11:
ultima,
id. 9, 2, 6:
nec pars nec sors in sermone isto,
Vulg. Act. 8, 21.—With gen.:
cujus mali sors incidit Remis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12, 3:
incommodi,
id. ib. 8, 1 fin.:
nobis quoniam prima animi ingenique negata sors est, secundam ac mediam teneamus,
Liv. 22, 29, 9:
puer post avi mortem in nullam sortem bonorum natus (opp. omnium heredi bonorum),
to no share of the property, id. 1, 34, 3:
praedae mala sors,
Ov. M. 13, 485:
utrius vitae sortem legant,
Just. 1, 6, 6:
servitutis,
id. 6, 5, 1.—
2.
In partic., in mercant. lang. (prop. fortune, money; hence), capital bearing interest, principal:
et sors et fenus,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 122; 5, 2, 38; 3, 1, 34; 3, 1, 64; 3, 1, 70; 3, 1, 84; Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 35; Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3; Liv. 6, 14; 6, 15; Plin. praef. § 23; Mart. 5, 42, 3; Dig. 33, 2, 24; Inscr. Orell. 4405; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 65, and id. ib. 5, § 183 Müll.—
E.
A rank, class, order (late Lat.):
ex turbā imae sortis,
Amm. 14, 6, 25.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sors
11 summum

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > summum
12 Superi

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Superi
13 superus

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > superus
14 suprema

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > suprema
15 supremum

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > supremum
16 supremus

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:
super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:
totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
I.
Posit.
A.
Adj.
1.
In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:
at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:
omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:
ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:
limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:
portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):
carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:
di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:
spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:
omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:
supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:
domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;
so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:
de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,
ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
2.
In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):
supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:
superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:
superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:
aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:
orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:
limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—
B.
Substt.
1.
Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
(α).
They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:
multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:
(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:
ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:
epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
(β).
(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:
quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:
aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:
o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;
pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:
terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:
illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:
exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,
Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:
postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:
scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:
superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:
flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:
te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
2.
sŭpĕra, orum, n.
(α).
The heavenly bodies:
Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:
cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
(β).
Higher places (sc. loca):
supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:
(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
II.
Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
A.
Lit., of place, higher, upper:
inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:
dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:
in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:
tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:
superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:
de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:
agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;
and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:
sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,
ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:
loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;
3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:
qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:
ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:
posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:
superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:
quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:
refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:
superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:
superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:
tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:
annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:
anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:
superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:
in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:
testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:
superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:
superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:
superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:
nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:
vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
b.
Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:
omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:
aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:
superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:
Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:
quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
2.
Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:
Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:
numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:
hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:
se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:
semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:
si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:
ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:
multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:
superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
3.
Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
(α).
With abl. respect.:
pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:
loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:
habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:
facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
(β).
Absol.:
ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:
ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:
invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:
premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:
cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.
III.
Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
A.
‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
B.
sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
1.
Lit. (only poet.; cf.
summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,
montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:
rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:
arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:
supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
(α).
In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;
sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:
quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:
jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:
quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—
(β).
In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:
supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:
dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:
hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:
tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:
incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:
finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:
iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:
lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,
ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:
haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:
Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;
supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:
suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:
spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:
funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:
oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:
tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:
ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:
ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:
officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,
tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:
tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:
Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:
dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:
animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:
anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
1.
sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):
ventum ad supremum est,
Verg. A. 12, 803.—
2.
suprēma, orum, n.
(α).
The last moments, the close of life, death:
ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:
statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:
circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
(β).
The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:
supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:
suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
(γ).
A last will, testament:
nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:
miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
(δ).
The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
b.
Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:
multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:
macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:
Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:
med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
C.
summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
1.
Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):
summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):
summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:
summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:
feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:
locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:
in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:
quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:
Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:
ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:
in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:
apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:
per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:
mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:
prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:
summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:
amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:
summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:
summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:
standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,
a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
b.
summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:
ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:
qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:
leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:
igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:
puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:
nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:
summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
2.
Transf., of the voice:
jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:
citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:
vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:
summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:
summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:
exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:
bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:
triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
2.
Trop.
a.
Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):
haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,
venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:
ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:
cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:
in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:
summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:
eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;
quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:
nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —
b.
Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):
summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:
spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:
fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:
qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:
non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:
tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:
qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:
concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:
quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:
turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:
summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:
hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:
cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:
ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:
summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:
summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:
optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:
summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:
ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:
miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:
amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:
nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:
summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:
summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:
summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,
res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:
ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:
quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:
non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;
ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:
quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:
cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:
contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:
diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:
admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:
summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:
officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:
summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:
summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:
mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > supremus
17 tunc

tunc, adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Caes. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.
I.
Absol.
A.
Referring an event to a time before mentioned.
1.
To definite past time.
(α).
To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.):
tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus,
Tib. 1, 10, 19:
nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,
Val. Max. 2, 1, 5:
sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificanda patria plurimum periculi sustinebat,
id. 3, 2, 6:
nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant qua tunc consul non erubuit,
id. 4, 3, 7:
quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,
id. 6, 5, 6:
si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,
Curt. 4, 16, 33:
sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,
Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—
(β).
Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani [p. 1914] tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.):
(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,
Cic. Arch. 10, 25:
neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,
id. Sull. 3, 9:
his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his... liberaliter responderunt,
Caes. B. C. 3, 104:
tunc duces Nerviorum... colloqui sese velle dicunt,
at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41:
quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,
id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.:
Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,
Liv. 22, 24, 1:
itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentia tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,
id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10;
44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,
Ov. M. 2, 679:
tunc ego nec cithara poteram gaudere sonora, nec, etc.,
Tib. 3, 4, 69:
tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,
Vell. 2, 88, 2:
forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,
Val. Max. 2, 6, 8:
qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,
id. 5, 2, 10:
Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,
id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.;
8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,
Curt. 4, 2, 10:
et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,
id. 3, 5, 1:
perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,
Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5:
tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,
Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:
quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,
Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3:
ardente tunc in Africa bello,
Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21:
Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,
Gell. 17, 9, 20:
hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,
id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora:
tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,
Tib. 2, 1, 43:
tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus... occurrebant,
Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively:
regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,
Just. 6, 2, 4.—
(γ).
Referring to a state no longer in existence:
silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,
Liv. 21, 25, 8:
urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,
id. 45, 28, 2:
hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republica, mox... pro Caesare stetit,
Vell. 2, 48, 3:
certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,
Val. Max. 7, 3, 9:
docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,
Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—
(δ).
Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423;
ea lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,
Cic. Clu. 56, 154:
cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:
cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?
Liv. 34, 6, 18:
munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),
id. 36, 17, 4:
parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,
id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5:
Macedones milites ea tunc erant fama qua nunc Romani feruntur,
Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas;
tunc tibi inferias dedi,
Sen. Phoen. 172:
nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,
Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9:
hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?
Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.;
tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis;
ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,
Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versa).—
(ε).
Opposed to a previous or a later time:
quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:
raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,
Liv. 3, 69, 1:
(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,
id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10:
non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,
Vell. 2, 80, 3:
et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,
Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2:
praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,
Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18:
Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,
Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58:
ob res et tunc in Africa, et olim in Germania gestas,
Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4:
idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,
Flor. 1, 5, 8.—
(ζ).
In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs:
mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coeant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,
Tac. A. 12, 47:
legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,
Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood:
aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,
Liv. 4, 51, 6.—
(η).
Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion:
quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:
tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,
Liv. 39, 36, 7:
jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc... clamore adjuvant militem suum,
while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17:
sed neque... nubes Tunc habuit, nec... imbres,
Ov. M. 2, 310:
quid mihi tunc animi fuit?
id. ib. 7, 582:
quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?
id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31:
quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepidatio... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,
Vell. 2, 124, 1:
non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,
Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1;
9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,
Sen. Ep. 63, 15:
non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,
Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5:
tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,
Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaethontis) credunt... Tum facta'st Libya... arida;
tum, etc.,
Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc... sorores Debuerant, etc.;
Tum potui Medea mori bene,
id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time:
nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,
if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—
(θ).
Redundant (post-class.):
id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,
Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—
2.
= nunc, in oblique discourse (rare):
quod si consulatus tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribunicia potestate esse,
Liv. 2, 54, 5:
ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,
Just. 14, 5, 7.—
3.
Referring to indefinite time.
(α).
Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season:
tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,
Varr. R. R. 1, 27:
ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,
id. ib. 2, 5:
omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7:
tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate prima),
id. ib. 4, 2, 21:
et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,
id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—
(β).
With the force of an indefinite temporal clause:
tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vana trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2:
adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,
id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—
(γ).
With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum):
dominae mentem convertite... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,
Prop. 1, 1, 23:
itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),
Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22:
cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,
Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt;
tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc... tunc... denique, etc.,
id. ib. 10, 2;
7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!
Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:
propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,
Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a femina manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atilia petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—
4.
Referring to future time.
(α).
In gen.: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur;
tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86:
tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,
Liv. 3, 53, 10:
senatus consultum adjectum est ut... praetor qui tunc esset... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur... jusjurandum daret, etc.,
id. 41, 9, 11:
nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, etc.,
Tib. 2, 5, 95:
tunc interea tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis,
Gell. 3, 7, 7.—
(β).
With the force of a conditional clause:
tunc me biremis Tutum... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),
Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:
vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),
id. Epod. 17, 74:
tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),
id. A. P. 103:
tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina... Tunc ego... Efficiam, etc.,
Ov. H. 15 (16), 319:
tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,
id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—
B.
Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.
1.
Simple sequence in time.
(α).
Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.;
in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Roma reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:
veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:
dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8:
tandem curia excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,
id. 45, 25, 1:
equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,
id. 7, 8, 1:
iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se... minatus est,
Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1:
Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,
Curt. 3, 8, 24:
contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,
Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; [p. 1915] Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—
(β).
Before an abl. absol. (postclass.):
statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,
Tac. A. 1, 48:
tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,
Suet. Aug. 98:
tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,
Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—
(γ).
Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly:
caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides;
quid dubitas, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 34:
animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 85:
omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,
Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10:
Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,
Tib. 1, 3, 71:
apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,
Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero:
donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,
Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum:
multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,
Liv. 9, 39, 10. —
2.
In enumerations with tum... deinde... postea, etc.
(α).
In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.;
tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia... tenerentur,
Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so,
tunc... deinde... tunc, etc.,
Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13:
tunc... tunc... deinde... tunc,
id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris;
tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—
(β).
Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare):
tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,
Liv. 2, 12, 15:
apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,
Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum:
tunc poeta... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,
Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—
C.
In co-ordination (very rare).
1.
= praeterea, and then:
(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magna cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.:
praeter has, frugalitas et continentia... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentia cum elegantia quantum decoris illi adderent!
Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—
2.
In the connection cum... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.):
vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,
Juv. 9, 118 ( poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—
3.
Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. b.
II.
As correlative of dependent clauses.
A.
Of temporal clauses with cum.
1.
Referring to definite past time.
a.
Tunc as antecedent of the clause:
set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108:
etiamne in ara tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?
id. Rud. 3, 6, 8:
quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22:
etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,
id. ib. 2, 5, 43, §
111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,
id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetenda patria, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9:
et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italia haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?
id. 31, 7, 5:
infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,
Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.):
prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 10:
quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,
Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—
b.
Introducing the apodosis.
(α).
Of coincident actions:
cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset... tunc injecta trepidatio,
Liv. 44, 28, 10.—
(β).
= deinde:
adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegrata ira, virgas et secures expediri jussit,
Liv. 8, 32, 10:
divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt... noluerunt imperio parere,
Vitr. 2, 9, 15:
cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,
Just. 2, 11, 5.—
2.
Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—
3.
Referring to indefinite time.
a.
As antecedent:
arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,
Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19):
tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,
id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; id. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only... when, never... unless (= tote dê), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Mull. tum):
deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,
Quint. 10, 7, 14:
tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,
id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3:
voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38:
in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,
Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—
b.
Introducing the apodosis:
cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa... collocentur,
Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2;
3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—
4.
Referring to future time:
ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,
Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3:
poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae... peregissem,
Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. b.—
B.
With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).
1.
Of definite past time:
ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,
Liv. 4, 55, 2:
haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,
id. 25, 8, 9.—
2.
Of indefinite time.
a.
As antecedent:
tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,
Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—
b.
In apodosis:
stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,
Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—
C.
With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.
1.
Of definite past time:
posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,
Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—
2.
Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—
D.
With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare):
ut vero... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus... audiebantur,
Just. 19, 2, 11.—
E.
With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).
1.
As antecedent:
tunc quando abiero,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—
2.
In apodosis:
quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,
Cic. Univ. 9.—
F.
With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare):
tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,
Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—
G.
With conditional clauses.
1.
In gen.
(α).
As antecedent:
consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:
sin autem ventus interpellaverit et... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,
Vitr. 8, 5, 2:
tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,
Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—
(β).
In apodosis:
si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:
quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 15:
quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,
Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9:
si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,
Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—
2.
With a supposition contrary to fact:
audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,
Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—
H.
After abl. absol. (rare):
legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,
Liv. 44, 21, 1:
his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,
Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.
III.
Particular connections.
A.
With other particles of time.
1.
Jam tunc (rare):
nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53:
At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,
Vell. 2, 12, 1:
Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poematis clarum et nobilem,
Gell. 17, 21, 8:
palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,
Just. 13, 5, 5. —
2.
With demum and denique, not until then, then only, then at last.
a.
Tunc demum.
(α).
Absol.:
tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,
Liv. 41, 3, 5:
tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,
Ov. H. 11, 91:
tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,
Curt. 4, 13, 20:
tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6:
(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,
Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14:
tunc demum... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,
Suet. Calig. 9:
tunc demum ad otium concessit,
id. Claud. 5.—
(β).
With cum clause:
postero die cum circumsessi aqua arceremur, nec ulla... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,
Liv. 21, 59, 6:
et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,
id. 44, 44, 3:
cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,
Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—
b.
Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore mathêmatikoi. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur phusikoi, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—
3.
Tunc primum:
quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,
Sall. J. 5, 2:
tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,
Liv. 1, 35, 8:
eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,
id. 4, 54, 2:
tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,
id. 5, 7, 13:
lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romana facto,
id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—
4.
With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).
(α).
Deinde tunc:
roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,
Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—
(β).
Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera [p. 1916] exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—
5.
Tunc tandem:
simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4.—
B.
With emphatic particles.
1.
Tunc vero (or enimvero):
in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,
Liv. 40, 40, 10:
cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,
id. 2, 36, 6:
tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,
Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba;
tunc vero nitenti, etc.,
Tac. A. 1, 11.—
2.
Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit;
postero die, etc.,
Liv. 42, 57, 9:
tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,
Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—
3.
Ne tunc quidem:
quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,
Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9:
ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,
Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—
4.
Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).
(α).
Chiefly at that time, especially then:
Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—
(β).
Just then:
hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,
Curt. 3, 2, 17:
non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,
id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—
5.
Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. a.—
6.
Etiam tunc.
(α).
Even then:
experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,
Gell. 15, 16, 3.—
(β).
Still:
quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,
Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—
7.
Tunc etiam.
(α).
Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore:
in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,
Liv. 6, 5, 6.—
(β).
Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel:
ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,
Ov. M. 2, 68.—
8.
Tunc quoque.
(α).
Also then:
irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,
Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores;
et tunc quoque forte legebat,
Ov. M. 4, 315:
quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aera spiritus prosilit,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 18:
cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,
Suet. Claud. 21:
tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,
Just. 38, 9, 9.—
(β).
Even then:
tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7:
faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum:
tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit... an ex magna parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,
Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—
(γ).
= sic quoque, even as it was:
quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,
Liv. 21, 34, 8.—
C.
Tunc temporis (postclass.;
v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,
Just. 1, 4, 4:
parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,
id. 3, 6, 6:
ad abolendam invidiae famam qua insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,
id. 8, 3, 7:
erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,
id. 12, 2, 7.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tunc

См. также в других словарях:

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ultima ratio — /lat. ˈultima ratˈtsjo/ [loc. lat., letteralmente «ultimo (ultima) argomento (ratio)»] loc. sost. f. inv. l ultima soluzione, l estrema possibilità, l ultimo tentativo … Sinonimi e Contrari. Terza edizione
Ultima ratio — Ultima Ul ti*ma, a. [L., fem. ultimus last.] Most remote; furthest; final; last. [1913 Webster] {Ultima ratio} [L.], the last reason or argument; the last resort. {Ultima Thule}. [L.] See {Thule}. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Ultima ratio — (лат.) последний довод. В ср. век. сборниках судебных документов «последнее слово» подсудимого. Философский энциклопедический словарь. М.: Советская энциклопедия. Гл. редакция: Л. Ф. Ильичёв, П. Н. Федосеев, С. М. Ковалёв, В. Г. Панов.… … Философская энциклопедия
ultima ratio — лат. (ультима рацио) последний, решительный довод. Толковый словарь иностранных слов Л. П. Крысина. М: Русский язык, 1998 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка
Ultima Ratio — letztes Mittel * * * Ụl|ti|ma Ra|tio 〈[ tsjo] f.; ; unz.〉 letztes Mittel, letzter Ausweg [<lat. ultima „die letzte“ + ratio „Berechnung; Erwägung; Vernunft“] Siehe auch Info Eintrag … Universal-Lexikon

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с латинского на английский

ultima+ratio

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с латинского на английский

ultima+ratio

См. также в других словарях:

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