-
21 dužь
dužь Grammatical information: adj. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `strong'Page in Trubačev: V 167-168Russian:djúžij `sturdy, hefty, robust, healthy' [adj jo];dúžij (dial.) `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Old Russian:djúžij `strong' [adj jo]Belorussian:dúžy `strong, vigorous' [adj jo]Ukrainian:dúžyj `strong, healthy' [adj jo]Czech:duží (rare) `firm, strong' [adj jo]Slovak:dúži `strong, big, healthy' [adj jo]Polish:dużo `much, many, (16th-18th c.) very' [adv] \{1\}Lithuanian:daũg `much, many' [adv];daũgia (dial.) `much, many' [adv]Latvian:daũdz(i) `much, many' [adv]Comments: If the Polish forms are "Ruthenianisms", there is no objection against positing a root containing a nasal, cf. dęga, dęglъ(jь)i, nedǫgъ. On the other hand, the parallellism between Pl. dużo and Lith. daũgia is suggestive. Possibly, the roots *dǫg- and *dug- were confused (cf. Shevelov 1964: 321-322, ESSJa 25: 126). The latter root may reflect *dʰougʰ-, cf. Go. daug `is useful'.Notes:\{1\} According to Bańkowski (II: 312), duży `strong' and dużo (duże) `very', which are attested since the 16th century, originate from Ukrainian. Duży `big' is recorded sporadically from 1600 onwards and more frequently since the 18th century, while dużo `much, many' occurs only since the 18th century. -
22 ȅsenь
ȅsenь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `autumn'Page in Trubačev: VI 28-29Church Slavic:Russian:ósen' `autumn' [f i];jésen' (Rjaz.) `autumn' [f i]Ukrainian:ósin' `autumn' [f i]Slovak:jeseň `autumn' [f i]Polish:jesień `autumn' [f i]Serbo-Croatian:jȅsēn `autumn' [f i];Čak. jȅsēn (Vrgada) `autumn' [f i];Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `autumn' [f i];Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `autumn' [nd]Slovene:jesę́n `autumn' [f i]Bulgarian:jésen `autumn' [f i]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: es-eni-Old Prussian:assanis `autumn'IE meaning: summer, autumnCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 340Comments: If the root is indeed PIE *h₁s `to be', which would lead to a reconstruction *h₁os-en-, the e- of the Slavic forms as opposed to the *o- elsewhere (Old Prussian being inconclusive) may be an instance of ablaut or a result of "Rozwadowski's change".Other cognates:Notes:The e- of the Slavic forms as opposed to the *o- elsewhere (Old Prussian being unclear) may be an instance of ablaut or a result of "Rozwadowski's change", but it must be said that the etymology is unclear. The Greek forms may reflect *οσαρᾱ, which would point to an r/n-stem. -
23 gȏlsъ
gȏlsъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `voice'Page in Trubačev: VI 219-220Old Church Slavic:Russian:gólos `voice' [m o]Czech:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:glȃs `voice' [m o], glȃsa [Gens];Čak. glå̑s (Vrgada) `voice' [m o], glå̑sa [Gens];Čak. glȃs (Novi, Orbanići) `voice' [m o], glȃsa [Gens]Slovene:glȃs `voice, news, knowledge' [m o/u], glȃsa [Gens], glasȗ [Gens]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:Page in Pokorny: 350Comments: The root is probably best reconstructed with with "European" *a. Slavic * golsъ may reflect * gal-so-.Other cognates: -
24 kolě̀no
kolě̀no Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `knee'Page in Trubačev: X 132-134Old Church Slavic:kolěno `knee' [n o]Russian:koléno `knee' [n o]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:kòljeno `knee, joint' [n o];Čak. kolȉno (Vrgada) `knee, joint' [n o];Čak. kolȅno (Novi, Orbanići) `knee' [n o]Slovene:kolẹ́nọ `knee, generation, origin' [n o]Bulgarian:koljáno `knee, generation, origin' [n o]Lithuanian:kẽlis `knee' [m io]Latvian:Comments: As to the etymology of the root, there are two candidates, viz. *kelH- `rise, raise, lift' and *kʷel(H)- `turn, rotate'. I prefer the former option for semantic reasons. The connection with Gk. κω̃λον `limb', which cannot reflect an initial labiovelar, is hardly secure enough to serve as a formal argument. -
25 màkъ
màkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `poppy'Page in Trubačev: XVII 149-151Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:mák `poppy' [m o]Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:mȁk `poppy' [m o], mȁka [Gens], màka [Gens];Čak. mȁk (Vrgada) `poppy' [m o], makȁ [Gens]Slovene:màk `poppy' [m o], máka [Gens]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ?Lithuanian:aguonà `poppy' [f ā] 2;mãguonė (dial.) `poppy' [f ē] 1 \{1\}Latvian:Old Prussian:IE meaning: poppyCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 698Comments: The Germanic forms show grammatischer Wechsel as well as an alternation *ā: a. The vocalism, which could reflect PIE *eh₁: h₁, does not match the ā of the Greek and the Slavic forms, which leads us to assume that the vowel alternation arose when at a comparatively late stage the root māk- was borrowed into Germanic (cf. Kluge 1989, 484). The Lithuanian and Latvian forms are usually considered borrowings from Germanic, whereas OPr. moke may have been borrowed from Polish. The Estonian and Livonian forms must be borrowings from Baltic, probably Latvian. It is generally agreed upon that ultimately we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European (Mediterranean?) origin.Other cognates:Dor. μά̑κων `poppy' [f];Notes:\{1\} Besides, we find the variants maguona and magūna. The forms with m are restricted to the area around Klaipėda. \{2\} I have found the variants magùona2, magana, magane and magūne. \{3\} The initial m of the word for `poppy' was apparently lost in Lithuanian but not in Latvian. The Lithuanian dialect forms with m- may be due to the influence of the (Latvian) language of the fishermen of the Couronian Isthmus (cf. Būga RR III: 320). Sabaliauskas suggests dissimilatory loss of m, parallel to the loss of r in arotai: rarotai, akrūtas: rakrūtas, Latv. ruodere: uodere, ūk̨eris (1960, 71-72). \{4\} The first element means `sleep', cf. Nw. dial. vale `deep sleep', Sw. dial. valbjörn `Schlafdorn'. -
26 ȍlovo
ȍlovo Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `lead'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 76-77Old Church Slavic:ólovo (Supr.) `lead' [n o]Russian:ólovo `tin' [n o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:oɫów `lead' [m jo];oɫów (obs.) `lead' [m o];Serbo-Croatian:ȍlovo lead' [n o];Čak. ȍlovo (Vrgada) lead' [n o]Slovene:olǫ́v `lead' [m o]Bulgarian:élavo (dial.) `lead' [n o] \{1\}Lithuanian:álvas (DK, Bretk.) `tin' [m o] \{2\}Latvian:al̂va `tin' [f ā];al̂vas `tin' [m o]Old Prussian:alwis (EV) `lead'IE meaning: tin, leadCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: -Comments: Pokorny derives the Balto-Slavic word for `tin, lead' from *al(ǝ)- `white'. This more or less presupposes that the original meaning was `tin' (plumbum album) rather than `lead' (plumbum nigrum). In view of both the formal problems and the sphere to which this word belong it seems preferable to regard it as a borrowing from an unknown language.Notes:\{1\} Forms with *(j)e- are limited to Bulgarian, e.g. MBulg. jelovo, Bulg. (dial.) élavo. In Russian dialects, we find a form lov' (Voronež), which may reflect *olvь. The fact that we do not have *lavь < *olHvi-, as we might have expected on the basis of the Baltic forms, can be explained by assuming that the laryngeal was eliminated according to Meillet's law before the metathesis of liquids. \{2\} It's unclear to me on what grounds the LKŽ assigns AP 1 to this word. To my knowledge, the only accented form is áɫwu Isg. (DK), which points to AP 1 or 3. The Modern Lithuanian form ãlavas is a borrowing from Slavic. -
27 òlni
òlni Grammatical information: f. ī Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `doe'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 70-71Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:laň `doe' [f i/jā]Old Czech:laní `doe' [f iā]Slovak:laň `doe' [f i/jā]Old Polish:Serbo-Croatian:làne `doe' [f jā]Bulgarian:álne (dial.) `young chamois' [f jā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ol-Hn-Lithuanian:élnis (arch.) `deer' [m io];álnis (dial.) `deer' [m io] 1;élnias `deer' [m jo] 1/3;élnė `doe' [f ē] 1;álnė (dial.) `doe' [f ē] 1Latvian:al̂nis `elk' [m io]Old Prussian:alne (EV) `?deer'Indo-European reconstruction: h₁ol-Hn-iH-IE meaning: deerPage in Pokorny: 303-304Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Provided that this is the correct reading of mьnii. \{2\} Probably < *h₁el-n-bʰo-. Like the Armenian word mentioned below, this form does not contain the "Hoffmann-suffix". \{3\} According to Schrijver (1995: 79) < PIE *el-(H)n + t-iH or *el-en + t-iH. \{4\} MW elein, MoW elain may reflect PIE *(h₁)el-Hn- or *(h₁)el-n̥-i̯ (Schrijver 1995: 79). -
28 sětь
sětь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: a? Proto-Slavic meaning: `snare, net'Old Church Slavic:sětь `snare, trap' [f i]Russian:Czech:sít' `net' [f i]Slovak:Polish:sieć `net' [f i]Lithuanian:siẽtas `tie' [m o] 2;saĩtas `tie' [m o] 2/4 \{1\}Old Prussian:saytan `strap, belt'Indo-European reconstruction: s(H)oi-t-i-Comments: If one does not wish to posit PIE *seH- alongside *sei- (Insler 1971: 581 ff), Lith. siẽti, Latv. sìet `tie' must reflect *sHei- (Schrijver 1991: 519).Other cognates:Skt. sétu- (RV+) `band, fetter, dam';Notes:\{1\} AP (a) is also attested in Old Russian (Zaliznjak 1985: 132). -
29 sȏlь
sȏlь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `salt'Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:su̥l `salt' [f i]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:sȏ `salt' [f i], sȍli [Gens];Čak. sȏ (Vrgada) `salt' [f i], sȍli [Gens];Čak. sȏl (Novi, Hvar) `salt' [f i], sȍli [Gens];Čak. suȏl (Orbanići) `salt' [f i], sȍli [Gens]Slovene:sọ̑ɫ `salt' [f i], solȋ [Gens]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: sal-; sāl- \{1\}Latvian:sā̀ls `salt' [f i]Old Prussian:sal `salt'Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} According to Kortlandt (1985: 119), the root shape *sh2el- originates from the Asg. of a hysterodynamic paradigm. Latv. sāls would reflect a Nsg. *sēh₂l-s. -
30 solnъ
solnъ Grammatical information: adj. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `salt(y)'Old Church Slavic:Russian:sólonyj (dial.) `salt(y), salted' [adj o]Ukrainian:solónyj `salt(y)' [adj o]Czech:slaný `salt(y)' [adj o]Slovak:slaný `salt(y)' [adj o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:slȃnī `salt(y)' [adj o];slȃn `salt(y)' [adj o], slána [Nomsf];Čak. slå̃nī (Vrgada) `salt(y)' [adj o];Čak. slå̑n (Vrgada) `salt(y)' [adj o], slå̄nȁ [Nomsf]Slovene:slȃn `salt(y)' [adj o], slána [Nomsf]Indo-European reconstruction: sh₂el-Comments: According to Kortlandt (1985: 119), the root shape *sh2el- originates from the Asg. of a hysterodynamic paradigm. Latv. sāls would reflect a Nsg. *sēh₂-sOther cognates: -
31 sǫdì
sǫdì Grammatical information: m. ī Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `judge'Old Church Slavic:sǫdi (Zogr., Mar., Cloz., Sav., Supr., Ps. Sin.) `judge' [m iā];sǫdii (Zogr., Mar., Ass., Supr.) `judge' [m iā]Russian:sud'já `judge' [m iā]Ukrainian:suddjá `judge' [m iā]Polish:sędzia `judge' [m jā]Serbo-Croatian:sùdija `judge' [m iā]Slovene:sǫ́dij `judge' [m io];sǫ́dja `judge' [m iā]Bulgarian:sădijá `judge' [m iā]Indo-European reconstruction: som-dʰh₁-ih₁Comments: Forms such as Ru. sud'jà reflect *sǫdьjà < *sǫdь̀ja. The prefix was already in pretonic position before the operation of Dybo's law and is therefore reflected as a short vowel. -
32 zę̀tь
zę̀tь Grammatical information: m. i Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `son-in-law'Old Church Slavic:zętь `bridegroom' [m i]Russian:Czech:Old Czech:zět' `son-in-law' [m i]Slovak:Polish:zięć `son-in-law' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:zȅt `son-in-law, brother-in-law (sister's husband)' [m o], zȅta [Gens];Čak. zȅt (Vrgada, Hvar) `son-in-law, brother-in-law (sister's husband)' [m o], zȅta [Gens]Slovene:zèt `son-in-law' [m o], zę́ta [Gens]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: źénʔtis; źénʔtosLithuanian:žéntas `son-in-law' [m o] 1Indo-European reconstruction: ǵenh₁-ti-??Comments: Since Latv. znuõts `son-in-law, sister's husband, wife's brother' seems to reflect *ǵneh₃-to-, we might consider a reconstruction *ǵenh₃-ti-. -
33 želza
želza Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b? Proto-Slavic meaning: `gland'Church Slavic:žlěza `gland' [f ā]Russian:železá `gland' [f ā], žélezy [Nom p];žélezo `tumour (neck, throat, groin)' [n o];zélezy (dial.) `glands' [Nompf ā];zolozá (dial.) `gland, tumour on the neck' [f ā];zolóza `gland' [f ā]Belorussian:zalóza `gland' [f ā]Ukrainian:záloza `gland' [f ā]Czech:žláza `gland' [f ā]Old Czech:žléza `gland' [f ā];žláza `gland' [f ā]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:žlijèzda `gland' [f ā]Slovene:žlẹ́za `gland' [f ā]Bulgarian:žlezá `gland' [f ā]Lithuanian:Indo-European reconstruction: gʰelǵʰ-eh₂Comments: The Polish and Sorbian forms seem to reflect a zero grade.Other cognates:Arm. geɫjk` `glands'
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См. также в других словарях:
Reflect — Re*flect v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the like; to return rays or beams. [1913 Webster] 2. To be sent back; to rebound as from a surface; to revert; to return. [1913 Webster] Whose virtues will, I hope, Reflect on Rome, as Titan s rays… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
reflect — REFLÉCT, reflecte, s.n. (înv.) Reflex. – Din fr. reflet (după reflecta). Trimis de IoanSoleriu, 13.09.2007. Sursa: DEX 98 REFLÉCT s. v. oglindire, proiectare, răsfrân gere, reflectare, reflex. Trimis de siveco, 13.09.2007. Sursa: Sinonime … … Dicționar Român
Reflect — Re*flect (r?*fl?kt ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reflected}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reflecting}.] [L. reflectere, reflexum; pref. re re + flectere to bend or turn. See {Flexible}, and cf. {Reflex}, v.] 1. To bend back; to give a backwa?d turn to; to throw… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
reflect — [v1] give back cast, catch, copy, echo, emulate, flash, follow, give forth, imitate, match, mirror, rebound, repeat, repercuss, reply, reproduce, resonate, resound, return, reverberate, reverse, revert, shine, take after, throw back; concepts… … New thesaurus
reflect — ► VERB 1) throw back (heat, light, or sound) without absorbing it. 2) (of a mirror or shiny surface) show an image of. 3) represent in a faithful or appropriate way. 4) (reflect well/badly on) bring about a good or bad impression of. 5) (reflect… … English terms dictionary
reflect — [ri flekt′] vt. [ME reflecten < MFr reflecter < L reflectere < re , back + flectere, to bend] 1. to bend or throw back (light, heat, or sound) 2. to give back an image of; mirror or reproduce 3. to cast or bring back as a consequence:… … English World dictionary
reflect on something — reflect on (something) to think seriously about something. Her essay invites the reader to reflect on the importance of art in people s lives … New idioms dictionary
reflect on — (something) to think seriously about something. Her essay invites the reader to reflect on the importance of art in people s lives … New idioms dictionary
reflect — I (mirror) verb bounce back, cast back, copy, ditto, emulate, give back, give forth, imitate, ostendere, rebound, repeat, reproduce, send back, show an image, simulate, throw back II (ponder) verb analyze, brood over, cerebrate, cogitare,… … Law dictionary
reflect again — index reconsider Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
reflect discredit upon — index discommend, disgrace, dishonor (deprive of honor) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary