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41 dire
1. v/t say( raccontare) telldire qualcosa a qualcuno tell someone somethingvale a dire that is, in other wordsa dire il vero to tell the truthcome si dice... in inglese? what's the English for... ?voler dire mean2. v/i dire bene di qualcuno speak highly of someonedico sul serio I'm serious3. m: per sentito dire by hearsayhai un bel dire say what you like* * *dire v.tr.1 ( nel senso di enunciare, affermare e quando introduce un discorso diretto) to say*; ( nel senso di raccontare, riferire, informare, se è indicata la persona cui si parla) to tell*: ''Aspettatemi'', ci disse, ''Wait for me'', he said to us; come si dice in francese?, how do you say that in French?; di' alla mamma che egli è qui, tell your mother he is here; dice che ha fame, di aver fame, he says he is hungry; dimmi!, tell me!; diteci il vostro nome!, tell us your name!; ho detto quel che dovevo, I had my say (o I said my piece); le dissero che era ora di partire, she was told it was time to leave; la mamma ci dice sempre: ''Siate prudenti'', our mother always says to us: ''Be careful''; me lo disse tuo padre, your father told me (so); non ho compreso ciò che hai detto, I didn't understand what you said; ti dirò qlco. di interessante, I'll tell you sthg. interesting; ti dirò quel che ho visto, I'll tell you what I saw; ditegli di entrare!, tell him to come in!; fate come vi ho detto!, do as you are told! (o as I say); mi disse di informarla subito, he told me to let her know at once // mi si dice, mi dicono che..., I am told that...; si dice che..., (corre voce che...) it is said (o there is a rumour) that...: si dice che io sia severo, I am said to be strict (o they say I am strict); si direbbe che..., si sarebbe detto che..., one would say that..., one would have said that...; si direbbe ( che sia) un acquerello, you would say it is a watercolour; si direbbe che sia piovuto, you would say that it has been raining; si direbbe che stia per piovere, one would say that it's going to rain (o it looks like rain); che avete detto?, ( per chiedere di ripetere) I beg your pardon?; che cosa dirà la gente?, what will people say?; come si suol dire, as they say // così dicendo..., with these words... // lasciate dire una parola anche a me, let me get a word in; non ha detto una parola, he didn't say a word // dire bugie, la verità, to tell lies, the truth // dire buongiorno, buonanotte, arrivederci a qlcu., to say good morning, goodnight, goodbye to s.o. (o to bid s.o. good morning, goodnight, goodbye) // dire di no, dire di sì, to say no, to say yes // dire male di qlcu., to speak badly (o ill) of s.o. // dire Messa, to say Mass // dire le preghiere, to say one's prayers; dire il rosario, to tell one's beads2 ( pensare) to think*: che cosa ne dici di quel quadro?, what do you think of that picture?; che cosa ne diresti di una bella passeggiata?, what would you say to a nice walk?; e dire che non ha che vent'anni!, and to think that he is only twenty!3 ( significare) to mean*; ( esprimere) to express; ( dimostrare) to show*: quel viso non dice nulla, that face has no expression; questa musica non mi dice niente, this music doesn't appeal to me; questo nome non mi dice niente, that name means nothing to me; questo ti dice quanto ti voglia bene, that shows you how much I love you // voler dire, to mean: che vuoi dire con ciò?, what do you mean by that?◘ dirsi v.rifl. ( professarsi) to profess: il giovane si diceva figlio del re, the young man said he was the king's son; si dicevano nostri amici, they professed to be friends of ours.dire s.m. ( parole, discorso) words (pl.); talk; remarks (pl.); speech; ( affermazione) assertion, statement: a dire di tutti, according to what everyone says (o by all accounts); secondo il suo dire, according to him // arte del dire, rhetoric // oltre ogni dire, beyond all description (o indescribably) // hai un bel dire, non mi convinci!, talk as much as you like (o you can say what you like), you won't convince me! // fra il dire e il fare c'è di mezzo il mare, (prov.) (it's) easier said than done.* * *['dire]1. vt irreg1) (gen) to saydire qc a qn — to say sth to sb, tell sb sth
dicono o si dice che... — (impersonale) they say that..., it is said that...
dicono o si dice che siano ricchissimi — they are said to be very rich, people say they are very rich
dicono gli inglesi — as the English saysi dice in inglese? — how do you say it in English?si dice 'penna' in inglese? — what is the English for 'penna'?dire — (esprimersi) let him have his say, (ignoralo) just ignore him, don't take any notice of himnon disse una parola — he didn't say o utter a word
sa
quello che dice — he knows what he's talking aboutRoberta... — sì, dimmi — Roberta... — yes, what is it?
dire di sì/no — to say yes/no
"non ci vado" - disse — "I'm not going" - he said
dica? — (in negozio) what can I do for you?
2) (raccontare, riferire, indicare) to telldire a qn qc — to tell sb sth
dire a qn di fare qc — to tell sb to do sth
mi
si dice che... — I am told that...dirmi da che parte devo andare? — can you tell me which way to go?3) (significare) to mean4) (recitare) to say, recite5) (pensare) to thinkl'avrebbe mai detto! — who would have thought it!cosa o che ne dici di questa musica? — what do you think of this music?
che ne diresti di andarcene? — let's make a move, shall we?
si
direbbe che non menta — (impersonale) you would think he was telling the truth6) (ammettere) to say, admitdire che ha ragione — you must admit that he's right7)dire qc a qn — to make sb say sthgliel' ho fatto dire dalla segretaria — I had his secretary tell him about it, I got his secretary to tell him about it
a dire qc a qn — (riferire) to let sb know sth8)dirsi — to say to o.s., (definirsi) to call o.s., claim to be, (uso reciproco) to say to each other
"coraggio" - si disse — "come on" - he said to himself
si
dicono esperti — they claim to be expertssi
dissero addio — they said goodbye (to each other)si
son detti qualcosa all'orecchio — they whispered something to one another9)per così dire — so to speaksono stanco — e a me lo dici?! — I'm tired — me too!
e chi mi dice che è vero? — and who's to say that's true?
dimmi con chi vai e ti dirò chi sei — (Proverbio) you can tell what somebody is like by the company they keep
trovare da dire su qc/qn — to find fault with sth/sb
l'idea mi stuzzica, non dico di no — the idea is tempting, I don't deny it
ti dico la scena! — you can't imagine the scene!dire — so to speaklo conosco per sentito dire — I've heard about him
2. smtra il dire e il fare c'è di mezzo il mare — (Proverbio) it's easier said than done
* * *I 1. ['dire]verbo transitivo1) (proferire, pronunciare) to say*dire (di) sì, (di) no — to say yes, no
"entrate" disse — "come in" he said
come dice? — (per fare ripetere) excuse me? pardon? sorry?
2) (parlare)dica pure! — tell me! (a un cliente) can I help you?
ehi, dico a te! — hey, you! I say!
dir bene, male di qcn. — to speak well, ill of sb
3) (recitare) to say* [ preghiera]; to recite [poesia, lezione]4) (far sapere) to say*; (indicando a chi si parla) to tell*dire qcs. a qcn. — to tell sb. sth., to tell sth. to sb.
dire a qcn. che — to tell sb. (that)
lasciatelo dire, lascia che te lo dica... — let me tell you...
ti dico che è vero! — it's true, I tell you!
5) (raccontare) to tell* [bugie, verità]6) (affermare, sostenere) to say*c'è da dire che — one should say that, it should be said that
la radio, il regolamento dice che — it says on the radio, in the rules that
7) (ammettere)bisogna dirlo o diciamolo pure, la situazione è difficile — one must admit, the situation is difficult
8) (dimostrare)9) (esprimere)10) (formulare)era scontento, per non dire furioso — he was displeased, not to say furious
11) (significare)12) (esortare, ordinare, chiedere)dire a qcn. di fare — to tell sb. to do
13) (obiettare, criticare)trovare da dire — to find fault (su with)
non c'è che dire, è bella — you have to admit, she's beautiful
14) (pensare, giudicare)che ne diresti di fare quattro passi? — how about a little walk? what would you say to a little walk?
e dire che... — and to think that
15) colloq. (per richiamare l'attenzione di qcn.)di' un po', mi credi? — tell me o what do you think, do you believe me?
2.di' un po', dove credi di essere? — hey, where do you think you are?
verbo pronominale dirsi1) (fra sé e sé) to tell* oneself, to say* to oneself3) (ritenersi)possiamo dirci fortunati se arriveremo in tempo — we'll be doing well if we get there on time; (definirsi, spacciarsi)
si diceva mio amico, medico — he claimed to be my friend, a doctor
si è detto pronto a prendere parte alla conferenza — he said that he was prepared to take part in the conference
5) (designare, formulare in una lingua)come si dice "cane" in spagnolo? — how do you say "dog" in Spanish?
••questo la dice lunga — it says a lot o it speaks volumes (su about)
avere a che dire con qcn. — = to quarrel with sb.
dire le cose come stanno — = to speak plainly
te lo dico io — (ti assicuro) I can tell you
andare a dire qcs. in giro — to tell the world about sth.
II ['dire]così o tanto per dire let's just say; per così dire so to say; come si suol dire as they say; a dire il vero actually; è presto detto that's easier said than done; (sembra facile) it's easy for you to say; non è detto I'm not that sure; non è detto che costi carissimo it needn't cost a fortune; e chi lo dice? says who! who says? e chi mi, ti dice che... how do I, you know...; (ma) dico (io)! well, I must say! (ma) non mi dire! you don't tell o say! non mi dire che piove di nuovo! don't tell me o say it's raining again! non si può mai dire you never can tell; non dico di no (non lo nego) I won't deny it; (accetto) I wouldn't say no; a chi lo dici! you tell me! don't I know it! ho avuto una paura che non ti dico o da non -rsi I was frightened to death; i piedi mi fanno un male che non ti dico — my feet are killing me
sostantivo maschilea dire di tutti — by o from all accounts
••tra il dire e il fare c'è di mezzo il mare — prov. there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip
* * *dire1/'dire/ [37]1 (proferire, pronunciare) to say*; dire (di) sì, (di) no to say yes, no; "entrate" disse "come in" he said; dire che to say (that); dice di essere malata she says she's ill; come dice? (per fare ripetere) excuse me? pardon? sorry? come hai detto? what did you say? dire sciocchezze to talk nonsense2 (parlare) dica pure! tell me! (a un cliente) can I help you? ehi, dico a te! hey, you! I say! dir bene, male di qcn. to speak well, ill of sb.3 (recitare) to say* [ preghiera]; to recite [poesia, lezione]4 (far sapere) to say*; (indicando a chi si parla) to tell*; dire qcs. a qcn. to tell sb. sth., to tell sth. to sb.; dire a qcn. che to tell sb. (that); così mi è stato detto so I've been told; lasciatelo dire, lascia che te lo dica... let me tell you...; ti dico che è vero! it's true, I tell you! qualcosa mi dice che non verrà something tells me he won't come5 (raccontare) to tell* [bugie, verità]6 (affermare, sostenere) to say*; se così si può dire if one might say so; c'è da dire che one should say that, it should be said that; non dico di essere un esperto I don't claim to be an expert; ho sentito dire che I heard that; so quel che dico I know what I'm talking about; la radio, il regolamento dice che it says on the radio, in the rules that; stando a quel che dicono i giornali from what the newspapers tell us7 (ammettere) bisogna dirlo o diciamolo pure, la situazione è difficile one must admit, the situation is difficult8 (dimostrare) questo ti dice quanto ti vuole bene this tells you how much he loves you9 (esprimere) questa musica non mi dice nulla this music doesn't say anything to me10 (formulare) ben detto! well said! come (posso) dire? how shall I put it? era scontento, per non dire furioso he was displeased, not to say furious12 (esortare, ordinare, chiedere) dire a qcn. di fare to tell sb. to do; fa' ciò che ti si dice! do as you're told!13 (obiettare, criticare) avrà certamente qualcosa da dire al riguardo! she'll certainly have something to say about that! trovare da dire to find fault (su with); non c'è che dire, è bella you have to admit, she's beautiful14 (pensare, giudicare) che cosa ne dite? what do you think of it? che ne diresti di fare quattro passi? how about a little walk? what would you say to a little walk? e dire che... and to think that...15 colloq. (per richiamare l'attenzione di qcn.) di' un po', mi credi? tell me o what do you think, do you believe me? di' un po', dove credi di essere? hey, where do you think you are?16 (in costruzioni impersonali) dicono o si dice sia sposato they say he is marriedII dirsi verbo pronominale1 (fra sé e sé) to tell* oneself, to say* to oneself2 (l'un l'altro) - rsi tutto to tell each other everything; - rsi addio to say goodbye (to each other)3 (ritenersi) possiamo dirci fortunati se arriveremo in tempo we'll be doing well if we get there on time; (definirsi, spacciarsi) si diceva mio amico, medico he claimed to be my friend, a doctor4 (dichiararsi) si è detto pronto a prendere parte alla conferenza he said that he was prepared to take part in the conference5 (designare, formulare in una lingua) come si dice "cane" in spagnolo? how do you say "dog" in Spanish?questo la dice lunga it says a lot o it speaks volumes (su about); non se l'è fatto dire due volte! he didn't need telling twice! he didn't need to be told twice! non me l'ha mandato a dire and he told me in no uncertain terms; avere a che dire con qcn. = to quarrel with sb.; dire la propria to say one's piece; dire le cose come stanno = to speak plainly; l'avevo detto io! I told you so! te lo dico io (ti assicuro) I can tell you; (e) direi! of course! you bet(cha)! puoi dirlo forte! you can say that again! l'hai detto! you said it! si fa per dire it's only in a manner of speaking; andare a dire qcs. in giro to tell the world about sth.; volevo ben dire! I thought so! I guessed as much! come non detto! (let's) forget (about) it! detto fra noi between you and me; per sentito dire by hearsay; così o tanto per dire let's just say; per così dire so to say; come si suol dire as they say; a dire il vero actually; è presto detto that's easier said than done; (sembra facile) it's easy for you to say; non è detto I'm not that sure; non è detto che costi carissimo it needn't cost a fortune; e chi lo dice? says who! who says? e chi mi, ti dice che... how do I, you know...; (ma) dico (io)! well, I must say! (ma) non mi dire! you don't tell o say! non mi dire che piove di nuovo! don't tell me o say it's raining again! non si può mai dire you never can tell; non dico di no (non lo nego) I won't deny it; (accetto) I wouldn't say no; a chi lo dici! you tell me! don't I know it! ho avuto una paura che non ti dico o da non -rsi I was frightened to death; i piedi mi fanno un male che non ti dico my feet are killing me.\See also notes... (dire.pdf)————————dire2/'dire/sostantivo m.a dire di tutti by o from all accounts; a suo dire according to him; hai un bel dire! that's easy for you to say!\tra il dire e il fare c'è di mezzo il mare prov. there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip. -
42 uno
1. art aun uovo an egg2. adj a, one3. m oneuno e mezzo one and a half4. pron onea uno a uno one by onel'uno dopo l'altro one after the otherl'un l'altro each other, one another* * *uno agg.num.card. e s.m. one: uno contro cinque, one against five; un giorno o due, one or two days; uno per cento, one per cent; un terzo, one third; un uomo su mille, one man in a thousand; nemmeno uno, not a single one; il numero uno, the number one (anche fig.); un asino numero uno, (fam.) a first-class fool; ci volle una settimana esatta, it took just one week; ho solamente un libro, I have only one book; scrivi uno, write one; scrivere uno e riportare cinque, to write down one and carry five; inviteremo uno o due amici, we'll invite one or two friends; una o due righe più sotto, one or two lines further down; le mille e una notte, the thousand and one nights; l'articolo uno della Costituzione, article one of the constitution; tutti per uno, uno per tutti, all for one and one for all; partire o non partire per me è tutt'uno, its' all the same to me whether we leave or not; delle due una, o è partito o è a casa, there are two possibilities, either he has left or he is at home; a uno a uno, one by one; entrare uno a uno, go in one by one◆ s.m. (fil.) One; God.uno, un, una art.indet.1 a, an: un artista, an artist; una donna, a woman; un europeo, a European; un onore, an honour; un'ora lieta, a happy hour; un bel palazzo, a beautiful building; una grande città, a big city; un lavoro interessante, an interesting job // non ha un amico, he hasn't a single friend // ho una fame che non ti dico!, I'm starving! // ha una casa!, you should see her house! // un tale bugiardo!, he's such a liar!2 (seguito da agg. poss.) one (of): un suo amico, one of his friends (o a friend of his); un vostro rappresentante, one of your agents3 ( in espressoni numeriche o di quantità) a, one: un centinaio, un milione, a (o one) hundred, a (o one) million; un quarto, un quinto, a quarter (o a fourth), a fifth; una gran quantità, a large quantity // una buona dose di coraggio, a lot of courage4 ( per indicare approssimazione) some, about: una cinquantina di persone, some (o about) fifty people; un cinque o sei giorni, some (o about) five or six days; disterà una ventina di chilometri, it's about twenty kilometres away.1 ( qualcuno) someone; ( un tale) a fellow, a man; ( una tale) a woman; ( con partitivo) one: c'era uno che voleva parlarti, there was someone (o a fellow o a man) who wanted to speak to you; ho parlato con uno che ti conosce, I've been speaking to someone who knows you; ha telefonato una tale, a woman phoned; uno di noi, di voi, one of us, of you; ho parlato con uno dei tuoi assistenti, I spoke to one of your assistants; è una delle migliori attrici italiane, she is one of Italy's best actresses // è uno dei tanti, uno qualsiasi, he is one of the many // una di quelle, a tart (o one of them)2 (con valore impers.) one, you: uno non può dire se sia vero o no, one (o you) can't say whether it's true or not // se uno vuole può farlo, if you want to, you can (o prov. where there's a will there's a way)3 ( ciascuno) each: li ho pagati mille euro l'uno, I paid one thousand euros each for them; ce ne daranno due per uno, we'll be given two each // facciamo un po' per uno, let's share it // paghiamo metà per uno, let's go fifty fifty4 ( riferito a cosa) one ( anche con partitivo): questo abito non mi sta bene, ne vorrei uno più scuro, this dress doesn't suit me, I'd like a darker one; ''Mi occorre una penna'' ''Prendine una dal mio tavolo'', ''I need a pen'' ''Take one from my desk'' // ne ha combinata una delle sue, he's been up to his tricks again // ne ha fatta una grossa!, he's really done it this time! // vuoi sentirne una?, do you want to know the latest? // non gliene va mai bene una, he never does anything right5 (in corr. con altro) (l')uno..., l'altro..., one... the other...: ha due figli, uno lavora, l'altro studia, he has two sons; one is working and the other's a student // uno..., un altro..., one..., another...: c'erano molti stranieri, uno veniva dal Cile, un altro dall'Olanda, un altro ancora dalle Filippine, there were a lot of foreigners: one came from Chile, another from Holland and (yet) another from the Philippines // l'uno e l'altro, ( entrambi) both: l'uno e l'altro ( fratello) negarono, both (brothers) denied it; l'una e l'altra ( città) furono distrutte, both (cities) were destroyed // né l'uno né l'altro, neither; ( in presenza di altra negazione) either: non voglio né l'uno né l'altro, I want neither (o I don't want either); né l'uno né l'altro rispose, non risposero né l'uno né l'altro, neither of them replied // l'un l'altro, ( reciprocamente) one another; (spec. fra due) each other: si aiutano l'un l'altro, they help one another (o each other) // gli uni..., gli altri..., some..., some... (o some..., others) // gli uni e gli altri, they all (o all of them); compl. them all (o all of them): sono partiti gli uni e gli altri, they all left; scrissi agli uni e agli altri, I wrote to them all.* * *['uno] uno (-a) davanti a sm un + consonante, vocale, uno + s impura, gn, pn, ps, x, z; davanti a sf un' + vocale, una + consonante1. aggnon ha una lira — he hasn't a penny, he's penniless
ho comprato una mela e due pere — I bought one apple and two pears
ho passato un mese in Italia — I spent one month in Italy
2. art indet1) a, an (+ vocale)2)una noia! — such a bore!ma questo è un porcile! — it's an absolute pigsty in here!
3)disterà un 10 km — it's round about 10 km away3. pron1) onea
uno a uno — one by oneuno di noi — one of us
facciamo metà per uno — let's go halves
2) (un tale) somebody, someone3) (in costruzione impersonale) one, youse
uno vuole — if one wants, if you wantse
uno ha i soldi — if one has the money4)l'uno — onenon confondere gli uni con gli altri — don't confuse one lot with the other
abbiamo visto l'uno e l'altro — we've seen both of them
sono entrati l'uno dopo l'altro — they came in one after the other
si amano l'un l'altro — they love each other
5)non me ne va mai bene una — nothing ever goes right for me
4. sm5. sf(ora) one o'clockche ore sono? — è l'una — what time is it? — it's one (o'clock)
* * *['uno] 1.articolo indeterminativo (un, una, un'; in the masculine, un is used before a vowel and a consonant; uno is used before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; una is used in the feminine, but the form un' is used before a vowel) a, anEx:un cane, un albero — a dog, a treeuna mela, un'aquila — an apple, an eagle II uno, f. una, m.pl. uni, f.pl. une pronome indefinito/Ex:1) onel'uno o l'altro — either, one or the other
l'un l'altro — each other, one another
dipendiamo gli uni dagli altri — we depend on each other o on one another
non o neanche uno ha detto grazie nobody o not one person said thank you; non sono uno che dimentica i compleanni I'm not the kind of person who forgets birthdays; ne ha combinata una delle sue he's been up to his tricks again; non gliene va bene una nothing seems to go right for him; per dirne una — just to mention one thing
2) (un tale) someone, somebodyho parlato con uno, una che ti ha visto — I spoke to a man, a woman who saw you
3) (con valore impersonale) one, you4) (ciascuno) each2.aggettivo (numerale) oneuna persona su tre — one person in o out of three
3.pagina, numero uno — page, number one
sostantivo maschile invariabile1) (numero) one2) (giorno del mese) first4.l'una — (di notte) one am; (di pomeriggio) one pm
* * *uno/'uno/ ⇒ 26, 5, 8, 13(un, una, un'; in the masculine, un is used before a vowel and a consonant; uno is used before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; una is used in the feminine, but the form un' is used before a vowel) a, an; un cane, un albero a dog, a tree; una mela, un'aquila an apple, an eagle II uno, f. una, m.pl. uni, f.pl. unepron.indef.1 one; l'uno e l'altro both; l'uno o l'altro either, one or the other; l'un l'altro each other, one another; uno di noi one of us; ne rimane solo uno there's only one left; a uno a uno one by one; dipendiamo gli uni dagli altri we depend on each other o on one another; non o neanche uno ha detto grazie nobody o not one person said thank you; non sono uno che dimentica i compleanni I'm not the kind of person who forgets birthdays; ne ha combinata una delle sue he's been up to his tricks again; non gliene va bene una nothing seems to go right for him; per dirne una just to mention one thing2 (un tale) someone, somebody; ho parlato con uno, una che ti ha visto I spoke to a man, a woman who saw you3 (con valore impersonale) one, you; se uno ci pensa if you (come to) think of it4 (ciascuno) each; sei euro l'uno six euros each; ne abbiamo presi due per uno we took two (of them) eachIII aggettivo(numerale) one; ci sono rimasto un giorno I stayed there one day; una persona su tre one person in o out of three; non ha detto una parola he didn't utter a (single) word; pagina, numero uno page, number oneIV m.inv.1 (numero) one2 (giorno del mese) firstV una sostantivo femminile -
43 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
44 поднимать на ноги
I• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поднимать на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]⇒ to cure s.o.:- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).2. поднимать на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;- X helped Y find Y's feet.♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).3. поднимать на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):- X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).II• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поднимать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:- X roused Ys;- X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).2. поднимать на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:- [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).3. поднимать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):- X stirred Ys up.♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поднимать на ноги
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45 поднять на ноги
I• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поднять на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]⇒ to cure s.o.:- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).2. поднять на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;- X helped Y find Y's feet.♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).3. поднять на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):- X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).II• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поднять на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:- X roused Ys;- X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).2. поднять на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:- [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).3. поднять на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):- X stirred Ys up.♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поднять на ноги
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46 подымать на ноги
I• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. подымать на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]⇒ to cure s.o.:- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).2. подымать на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;- X helped Y find Y's feet.♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).3. подымать на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):- X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).II• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:- X roused Ys;- X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).2. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:- [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).3. подымать на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):- X stirred Ys up.♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > подымать на ноги
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47 поставить на ноги
I• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поставить на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]⇒ to cure s.o.:- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).2. поставить на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;- X helped Y find Y's feet.♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).3. поставить на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):- X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).II• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:- X roused Ys;- X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).2. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:- [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).3. поставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):- X stirred Ys up.♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > поставить на ноги
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48 ставить на ноги
I• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. ставить на ноги кого [subj: human or nouns denoting a substance with a therapeutic effect]⇒ to cure s.o.:- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <got, set> Y back on Y's feet.♦ Мои приятели были воплощением здоровья, но материнский глаз нашёл в них какую-то перемену к худшему; обо мне же и говорить не приходится; меня сразу объявили заморышем, которого необходимо как можно скорее поставить на ноги (Лившиц 1). My friends were the picture of health, but the maternal eye saw a change for the worse in them; not to mention me - I was declared immediately to be a weakling who had to be put back on his feet as soon as possible (1a).2. ставить на ноги кого [subj: human; more often last van]⇒ to help s.o. become self-sufficient in life (usu. in refer, to rearing one's child):- X поставил Y-а на ноги≈ X put <set, got> Y on Y's feet;- X helped Y find Y's feet.♦ [Ксения:] Ты - старый наш слуга, тебя батюшка мой на ноги поставил, ты обо мне подумай... (Горький 2). [К.:] Youyou're an old servant of ours, my father put you on your feet - think about me... (2b).♦ Много горьких жалоб услыхала тесная комната на седьмом этаже... То не хватало денег на ведёрко угля, и дети мёрзли, то протирались штанишки Жано, то надо было купить задачник Аннет. Она всё же поставила детей на ноги (Эренбург 4). Many bitter complaints were heard in the poky little room on the sixth storey.... At times there was not enough money for a bucket of coal and the children froze; or else Jeannot's trousers were worn out or an exercise-book had to be bought for Annette. But she managed to set the children on their feet (4a).♦ Он станет теперь совсем одинок. А у него теперь шестеро детей. И лавка на руках, и поднимай на ноги всю ораву (Булгаков 5). [context transl] Now he would be altogether alone. And he had six children. And the shop was on his hands, and the upbringing of all the children (5a).3. ставить на ноги что [subj: human or collect; obj: collect]⇒ to strengthen sth., make sth. more solid, independent, capable of functioning productively (again):- X поставил Y на ноги≈ X put (got, set) Y (back) on Y's feet (again).♦ " Это [генерал Корнилов] кристальной честности человек, и только он один в состоянии поставить Россию на ноги" (Шолохов 3). " Не [General Kornilov] is a man of perfect integrity and he alone is capable of putting Russia on her feet again" (3a).II• ПОДНИМАТЬ < ПОДЫМАТЬ>/ПОДНЯТЬ <СТАВИТЬ/ПОСТАВИТЬ> НА НОГИ[VP]=====1. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or a noun denoting a sound (variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять only)]⇒ to awaken some person or group of people:- X roused Ys;- X got Ys out of bed (out of their beds).♦ "Заявляетесь ночью в пьяном виде, поднимаете на ноги весь дом, и у вас ещё хватает совести повышать на меня голос..." (Максимов 1). "You roll up drunk in the middle of the night, you wake up the whole house, and still you have the gall to raise your voice to me" (1a).♦ Собаки залаяли. Значит, жена тревожит, поднимает боранлинцев на ноги (Айтматов 2). The dogs were barking...so evidently his wife was busy spreading the news and getting the people of Boranly out of their beds (2a).2. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv fut]⇒ to make s.o. act energetically:- [in limited contexts] X had Y (out) doing sth.♦ "Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину..." - "Может, все-таки останешься?" - "Нет, что ты! Она подымет на ноги всю московскую милицию!" (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, its twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper...." "You don't think you could stay?" "No, its out of the question! She'd have the whole Moscow police force out looking for me!" (3a).3. ставить на ноги кого-что [subj: human or abstr; obj: human pl or collect; more often variants поднимать (подымать)/поднять; usu. pfv]⇒ to agitate, disturb, arouse s.o. (usu. a group of people):- X stirred Ys up.♦ Слух о мобилизации поднял всех на ноги. The rumor about mobilization stirred everyone up.♦ Одиннадцатого октября, в тот самый день, когда в главной квартире всё было поднято на ноги известием о поражении Мака, в штабе эскадрона походная жизнь спокойно шла по-старому (Толстой 4). [context transl] On the eighth of October, the day when at headquarters all was in a turmoil over the news of Mack's defeat, the camp life of the officers in this squadron was quietly proceeding as usual (4a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ставить на ноги
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49 fahren
das Fahrendriving* * *fah|ren ['faːrən] pret fuhr [fuːɐ] ptp gefahren [gə'faːrən]1. INTRANSITIVES VERB1) = sich fortbewegen (aux sein) (Fahrzeug, Fahrgast) to go; (Autofahrer) to drive; (Zweiradfahrer) to ride; (Schiff) to sail; (Kran, Kamera, Rolltreppe etc) to movemit dem Rad fahren — to cycle, to go by bike
mit dem Motorrad/Taxi fahren — to go by motorbike/taxi
mit dem Bus fahren — to go by bus, to ride the bus (US)
mit dem Aufzug fahren — to take the lift, to ride or take the elevator (US)
ich fuhr mit dem Fahrrad/Auto in die Stadt — I cycled/drove into town, I went into town on my bike/in the car
möchtest du lieber mit dem Fahrrad oder mit dem Auto fahren? — would you rather go by bike or by car?
wir sind mit dem Auto gekommen, und meine Frau ist gefahren — we came by car and my wife drove
links/rechts fahren — to drive on the left/right
wie lange fährt man von hier nach Basel? — how long does it take to get to Basle from here?
ich fahre mit dem Auto nach Schweden — I'm taking the car to Sweden, I'm going to Sweden by car
mein Chor fährt nächstes Jahr wieder nach Schottland — next year my choir is going to Scotland again
wie fährt man von hier zum Bahnhof? — how do you get to the station from here?
wie fährt man am schnellsten zum Bahnhof? — what is the quickest way to the station?
über den See fahren — to cross the lake
die Lok fährt elektrisch/mit Dampf — the engine is powered by electricity/is steam-driven
der Wagen fährt sehr ruhig — the car is very quiet
fahr zur Hölle or zum Teufel! (old) — the devil take you! (old)
2) = losfahren (aux sein) (Verkehrsmittel, Fahrer, Mitfahrer) to go, to leavewann fährt der nächste Bus nach Bamberg? — when does the next bus to Bamberg go or leave?
wann fährst du morgen nach Glasgow? fährst du früh? — when are you leaving for Glasgow tomorrow? are you leaving early in the morning?
einen fahren lassen (inf) — to let off (inf)
3)= verkehren (
aux sein) es fahren täglich zwei Fähren — there are two ferries a dayfahren Sie bis Walterplatz? — do you go as far as Walterplatz?
der Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten — there's a bus every five minutes
4)= rasen, schießen (
aux sein) es fuhr ihm durch den Kopf, dass... — the thought flashed through his mind that...die Katze fuhr ihm ins Gesicht — the cat leapt or sprang at his face
der Hexenschuss fuhr ihm durch den Rücken — a twinge of lumbago shot up his back
5)mit etw gut fahren — to be OK with sth (inf)
mit ihm sind wir gut/schlecht gefahren — we made a good/bad choice when we picked him
mit diesem teuren Modell fahren Sie immer gut — you'll always be OK with this expensive model (inf)
mit der Billigreise nach Tunesien sind wir schlecht gefahren — the cheap trip to Tunisia turned out badly
(bei etw) gut/schlecht fahren — to do well/badly (with sth)
6)= streichen (
aux sein or haben) er fuhr mit der Hand/einem Tuch über den Tisch — he ran his hand/a cloth over the tableihre Hand fuhr sanft über sein Haar — she gently ran her hand over his hair
jdm/sich durchs Haar fahren — to run one's fingers through sb's/one's hair
mit der Hand über die Stirn fahren — to pass one's hand over one's brow
2. TRANSITIVES VERB1) = lenken (aux haben) Auto, Bus, Zug etc to drive; Fahrrad, Motorrad to rideschrottreif or zu Schrott fahren (durch Unfall) — to write off; (durch Verschleiß) to drive into the ground
2) = benutzen: Straße, Strecke etc (aux sein) to takewelche Strecke fährt die Linie 59? — which way does the number 59 go?
einen Umweg fahren — to go a long way round, to go out of one's way
wir sind die Umleitung gefahren — we followed the diversion or detour
ich fahre lieber Autobahn — I prefer (driving on) motorways (Brit) or freeways (US)
diesen steilen Berg musst du im ersten Gang fahren — you have to go up or take this steep hill in first gear
eine so gebirgige Strecke darfst du im Winter nicht ohne Schneeketten fahren — you shouldn't drive such a mountainous route in winter without snow chains
3) = benutzen: Kraftstoff etc (aux haben) to use; Reifen to drive onjemanden ins Krankenhaus fahren — to take sb to hospital
die Spedition fährt Fisch von der Nordsee nach Nürnberg — the haulage firm transports or takes fish from the North Sea to Nuremberg
jdn in den Tod fahren (geh) — to kill sb
5) Geschwindigkeit (aux sein) to doer fuhr über 80 km/h — he did over 80 km/h, he drove at over 80 km/h
in der Stadt darf man nur Tempo 50 fahren — in town the speed limit is 50 km/h
7) TECH (aux haben) (= steuern, betreiben) to run; (= senden) to broadcast; (= durchführen) Überstunden to do, to work; Angriff to launchein Experiment fahren — to run an experiment
eine Sonderschicht fahren — to put on an extra shift
3. REFLEXIVES VERBdiams; sich gut fahren
mit diesem Wagen fährt es sich gut — it's good driving this carbei solchem Wetter/auf dieser Straße fährt es sich gut — it's good driving in that kind of weather/on this road
der neue Wagen fährt sich gut —
mit dem neuen Belag fährt sich die Straße gut — the road is good to drive on since it's been resurfaced
* * *1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) drive2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) drive3) (to travel by car: We motored down to my mother's house at the weekend.) motor4) (to sail in a particular direction: We put out to sea; The ship put into harbour for repairs.) put5) (to travel in a car etc: We were rolling along merrily when a tyre burst.) roll6) (to travel or be carried (in a car, train etc or on a bicycle, horse etc): He rides to work every day on an old bicycle; The horsemen rode past.) ride7) (to (be able to) ride on and control (a horse, bicycle etc): Can you ride a bicycle?) ride8) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) run9) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) run10) (to go from place to place; to journey: I travelled to Scotland by train; He has to travel a long way to school.) travel* * *fah·ren[ˈfa:rən]1.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>mit dem Bus/der Straßenbahn/dem Taxi/dem Zug \fahren to go by bus/tram/taxi/trainerster/zweiter Klasse \fahren to travel [or go] first/second class; (als Fahrer) to drivezur Arbeit \fahren to drive to work; (mit dem Fahrrad) to cycle to workmit dem Auto \fahren to drive, to go by carmit dem [Fahr]rad/Motorrad fahren to cycle/motorcycle, to go by bike/motorcyclelinks/rechts \fahren to drive on the left/rightgegen einen Baum/eine Wand \fahren to drive [or go] into a tree/wallwie fährt man von hier am besten zum Bahnhof? what's the best way to the station from here?wer fährt? who's driving?\fahren Sie nach Heidelberg/zum Flughafen? are you going to Heidelberg/to the airport?\fahren wir oder laufen wir? shall we go by car/bus etc. or walk?wie lange fährt man von hier nach München? how long does it take to get to Munich from here?; (auf Karussell, Achterbahn)ich will nochmal \fahren! I want to have another ride!fahr doch bitte langsamer! please slow down!sie fährt gut she's a good driverich fahre lieber auf der Autobahn I prefer to drive on the motorwaymein Auto fährt nicht my car won't goheutzutage \fahren alle Bahnen elektrisch all railways are electrified these daysdie Rolltreppe fährt bis in den obersten Stock the escalator goes up to the top floor; s.a. Teufel2.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (losfahren) to go, to leavewir \fahren in 5 Minuten we'll be going [or leaving] in 5 minuteswann fährst du morgen früh? when are you leaving tomorrow morning?3.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (verkehren) to runwann fährt der nächste Zug nach Berlin? when is the next train to Berlin?der nächste Bus fährt [erst] in 20 Minuten the next bus [only] leaves in twenty minutesdie Bahn fährt alle 20 Minuten the train runs [or goes] every 20 minutesvon Lübeck nach Travemünde \fahren täglich drei Busse there are three busses a day from Lübeck to Travemündediese Fähre fährt zwischen Ostende und Dover this ferry runs between Ostend and Doverauf der Strecke Berlin-Bremen fährt ein ICE a high speed train runs between Berlin and Bremendieser Bus fährt nur bis Hegelplatz this bus only goes as far as Hegelplatzder Intercity 501 fährt heute nur bis Köln the intercity 501 will only run as far as Cologne today4.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (reisen)in [den] Urlaub \fahren to go on holidayins Wochenende \fahren to leave for the weekend; (tatsächlich wegfahren) to go away for the weekendfährst du mit dem Auto nach Italien? are you taking the car to Italy?, are you going to Italy by car?fahrt ihr nächstes Jahr wieder nach Norwegen? are you going to Norway again next year?5.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (bestimmtes Fahrverhalten haben)dieser Wagen fährt sehr schnell this car can go very fast, this car is a real goer famdas Auto hier fährt sehr ruhig this car is a very quiet runner6.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (blitzschnell bewegen)aus dem Bett \fahren to leap out of bedin die Höhe \fahren to jump up with a startjdm an die Kehle fahren Hund to leap at sb's throatin die Kleider \fahren to dress hastilyaus dem Schlaf \fahren to wake with a startblitzartig fuhr es ihm durch den Kopf, dass... the thought suddenly flashed through his mind that...diese Idee fuhr mir durch den Kopf, als ich die Bilder sah that idea came to me when I saw the picturesder Schreck fuhr ihr durch alle Glieder the shock made her tremble all overwas ist denn in dich gefahren? what's got into you?es fuhr mir in den Rücken suddenly I felt a stabbing pain in my back7.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>sie fuhr mit dem Tuch über den Tisch she ran the cloth over the tablesie fuhr sich mit der Hand durchs Haar she run her fingers through her hair8.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (zurechtkommen)mit dieser Methode sind wir immer gut gefahren this method has always worked well for usmit jdm gut \fahren to get on all right with sb, to fare well with sbmit jdm schlecht \fahren to not fare [or get on] very well with sbmit ihr sind wir ganz schlecht gefahren she was a total loserII. TRANSITIVES VERB1.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben (lenken)▪ etw \fahren to drive sthein Auto \fahren to drive a carein Fahrrad/Motorrad \fahren to ride a bicycle/motorbikewer von Ihnen hat das Auto gefahren? who drove?sie fährt einen roten Jaguar she drives a red Jaguar2.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (sich mit etw fortbewegen)▪ etw \fahren to drive sthAuto \fahren to drive [a car]Bus \fahren to ride on a busFahrrad/Motorrad \fahren to ride a bicycle/motorbikeSchlitten \fahren to go tobogganingSchlittschuh fahren to skateSki \fahren to skiZug \fahren to go on a train3.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben (verwenden)ich fahre nur Diesel I only use dieselfährst du noch immer Sommerreifen? are you still using [or driving on] normal tyres4.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben (befördern, mitnehmen)▪ jdn \fahren to take [or drive] sbjdn ins Krankenhaus \fahren to take sb to hospitalich fahre noch schnell die Kinder in die Schule I'll just take the kids to schoolich fahr' dich nach Hause I'll take [or drive] you home, I'll give you a lift home▪ etw \fahren Sand, Mist, Waren to take [or transport] sth5.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (eine Strecke zurücklegen)eine Umleitung \fahren to follow a diversioneinen Umweg \fahren to make a detourder 84er fährt jetzt eine andere Strecke the 84 takes a different route nowdiese Strecke darf man nur mit Schneeketten \fahren you need snow chains to drive on this route6.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein (mit bestimmter Geschwindigkeit)90 km/h \fahren to be doing 90 km/hhier darf man nur 30 km/h \fahren the speed limit here is 30 km/hdieser Wagen hier fährt 240 km/h this car will do 240 km/hwas/wie viel fährt der Wagen denn Spitze? what's the car's top speed?7.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: sein o haben SPORTein Rennen \fahren to take part in a racedie beste Zeit \fahren to do [or clock] the best timemit nur 4 Stunden fuhr er Bestzeit his time of only four hours was the bestdie Rennfahrerin fuhr einen neuen Weltrekord the racing driver set a new world recorddie Wagen \fahren jetzt die achte Runde the cars are now on the eighth lap8.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben TECH▪ etw \fahren to operate stheinen Hochofen \fahren to control a blast furnace9.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>ein Angebot/Sortiment nach oben/unten \fahren to increase/reduce an offer/a product rangedie Produktion mit 50 % \fahren to run production at 50%die Produktion nach oben/unten \fahren to step up/cut down productionein neues Programm \fahren to start [or launch] a new programme [or AM -gram10.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>eine Sonderschicht in der Fabrik \fahren to put on an extra shift at the factoryÜberstunden \fahren to do overtime11.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben RADIO▪ etw \fahren to broadcast sth12.<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: haben (kaputt machen)13.▶ einen harten Kurs \fahren to take a hard lineIII. REFLEXIVES VERB<fährt, fuhr, gefahren>Hilfsverb: habendieser Wagen/dieses Fahrrad fährt sich gut [o mit diesem Wagen/Fahrrad fährt es sich gut] it's nice to drive this car/to ride this bicyclebei solch einem Wetter fährt es sich herrlich it's wonderful to drive in that kind of weathermit einer Servolenkung fährt es sich viel leichter it's much easier to drive with power steering* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (als Fahrzeuglenker) drive; (mit dem Fahrrad, Motorrad usw.) ridemit dem Auto fahren — drive; (herfahren auch) come by car; (hinfahren auch) go by car
mit dem Fahrrad/Motorrad fahren — cycle/motorcycle; come/go by bicycle/motorcycle
mit 80 km/h fahren — drive/ride at 80 k.p.h.
links/rechts fahren — drive on the left/right; (abbiegen) bear or turn left/right
langsam fahren — drive/ride slowly
2) (mit dem Auto usw. als Mitfahrer; mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln usw./als Fahrgast) go ( mit by); (mit dem Aufzug/der Rolltreppe/der Seilbahn/dem Skilift) take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/escalator/cable-car/ski lift; (mit der Achterbahn, dem Karussell usw.) ride (auf + Dat. on); (per Anhalter) hitch-hikeerster/zweiter Klasse/zum halben Preis fahren — travel or go first/second class/at half-price
ich fahre nicht gern [im] Auto/Bus — I don't like travelling in cars/buses
3) (reisen) go4) (losfahren) go; leaveder Aufzug fährt heute nicht — the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is out of service today
6) (verkehren) runder Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten/bis Goetheplatz — the bus runs or goes every five minutes/goes to Goetheplatz
von München nach Passau fährt ein D-Zug — there's a fast train from Munich to Passau
7) (betrieben werden)mit Diesel/Benzin fahren — run on diesel/petrol (Brit.) or (Amer.) gasoline
mit Dampf/Atomkraft fahren — be steam-powered/atomicpowered
8) (schnelle Bewegungen ausführen)in die Höhe fahren — jump up [with a start]
sich (Dat.) mit der Hand durchs Haar fahren — run one's fingers through one's hair
was ist denn in dich gefahren? — (fig.) what's got into you?
der Schreck fuhr ihm in die Glieder — (fig.) the shock went right through him
jemandem über den Mund fahren — (fig.) shut somebody up
aus der Haut fahren — (ugs.) blow one's top (coll.)
etwas fahren lassen — (loslassen) let something go; (fig.): (aufgeben) abandon something
2.gut/schlecht mit jemandem/einer Sache fahren — get on well/badly with somebody/something
unregelmäßiges transitives VerbAuto/Motorrad/Roller fahren — drive [a car]/ride a motorcycle/scooter
Bahn/Bus usw. fahren: go by train/bus — etc.
Kahn od. Boot/Kanu fahren — go boating/canoeing
Rollschuh fahren — [roller-]skate
Schlittschuh fahren — [ice-]skate
Aufzug/Rolltreppe fahren — take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/use the escalator
Sessellift fahren — ride in a/the chairlift
U-Bahn fahren — ride on the underground (Brit.) or (Amer.) subway
2) mit sein ([als Strecke] zurücklegen) drive; (mit dem Motorrad, Fahrrad) ride; take < curve>einen Umweg/eine Umleitung fahren — make a detour/follow a diversion
3) (befördern) drive, take < person>; take < thing>; < vehicle> take; <ship, lorry, etc.> carry < goods>; (zum Sprecher) drive, bring < person>; bring < thing>; < vehicle> bring4) mit sein80 km/h fahren — do 80 k.p.h.
hier muss man 50 km/h fahren — you've got to keep to 50 k.p.h. here
1:23:45/eine gute Zeit fahren — do or clock 1.23.45/a good time
7)ein Auto schrottreif fahren — write off a car; (durch lange Beanspruchung) run or drive a car into the ground
8) (als Treibstoff benutzen) use < diesel, regular>3.1)sich gut fahren — < car> handle well, be easy to drive
2) unpersin dem Wagen/mit dem Zug fährt es sich bequem — the car gives a comfortable ride/it is comfortable travelling by train
* * *fahren; fährt, fuhr, gefahrenA. v/i (ist)1. Person: (auch reisen) go (mit dem Aufzug/Bus etcich fahre öffentlich (mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln) I use ( oder go by) public transport (US transportation);an den Straßenrand fahren pull over to the side of the road;nach Köln fährt man sieben Stunden mit dem Auto: it’s a seven-hour drive to Cologne; mit dem Zug: it’s a seven-hour train journey to Cologne, it’s seven hours on the train to Cologne;langsamer/schneller fahren slow down/accelerate;über einen Fluss/Platz etcfahren cross a river/square etc;ich will noch mal fahren auf Karussell etc: I want another ride2. (abfahren) leave, go;wir fahren in fünf Minuten we’re leaving in five minutessie fährt gut/schlecht she’s a good/bad driver5. (verkehren) run;das Boot/der Zug fährt zweimal am Tag the boat/train goes twice a day, there are two sailings/two trains a daydas Auto fährt ruhig the car is quiet(-running);mit Benzin/Diesel fahren Fahrzeug: run on petrol (US gas)/diesel; Person: have a petrol-(US gas)/diesel-engine car;mit Strom fahren be driven by electric power;mit Dampf fahren be steam-driven7.mit der Hand etcdurch/über etwas (akk)fahren run one’s hand etc through/over sth8.in etwas (akk)in die Kleider fahren slip into ( oder slip on) one’s clothes;9.etwas fahren lassen (loslassen) let go of sth;alle Hoffnung etc10. BERGB:in die Grube/aus der Grube fahren go down the pit/coe up out of the pit11. fig:gut/schlecht mit oderbei etwas fahren do well/badly out of sth;er ist sehr gut/schlecht damit gefahren he did very well/badly out of it;was ist nur in ihn gefahren? what’s got into him?;mir fuhr der Gedanke durch den Kopf, dass … it suddenly occurred to me that …;B. v/ter hat das Auto gegen den Zaun gefahren he drove the car into the fence;ein Auto zu Schrott fahren drive a car into the ground; bei einem Unfall: write a car off, US total a car;ein Schiff auf Grund fahren run a ship aground;jemanden über den Haufen fahren umg knock sb down, run sb over3. (ist) (Aufzug, Skilift) ride in; (Karussell, U-Bahn etc) ride on; (Segelboot) sail; (Ruderboot) row;Boot fahren go boating;Rad fahren cycle;Roller fahren scooter; (Motorroller) ride a scooter;Rollschuh fahren roller-skate;Schlittschuh fahren skate;Ski fahren ski4. (hat oder ist) (Strecke) cover, travel; (Kurve, anderen Weg etc) take; (Umleitung) follow; (Rennen) take part in;einen Umweg fahren make a detour;sie fuhren eine andere Strecke they took a different route;Kurven fahren weave about (US back and forth);Slalom fahren do a slalomwir fuhren gerade 100 km/h, als … we were doing 62 mph when …;8. (Sonderschicht) workC. v/r (hat):auf dieser Straße fährt es sich gut this is a good road to drive on* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (als Fahrzeuglenker) drive; (mit dem Fahrrad, Motorrad usw.) ridemit dem Auto fahren — drive; (herfahren auch) come by car; (hinfahren auch) go by car
mit dem Fahrrad/Motorrad fahren — cycle/motorcycle; come/go by bicycle/motorcycle
mit 80 km/h fahren — drive/ride at 80 k.p.h.
links/rechts fahren — drive on the left/right; (abbiegen) bear or turn left/right
langsam fahren — drive/ride slowly
2) (mit dem Auto usw. als Mitfahrer; mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln usw./als Fahrgast) go ( mit by); (mit dem Aufzug/der Rolltreppe/der Seilbahn/dem Skilift) take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/escalator/cable-car/ski lift; (mit der Achterbahn, dem Karussell usw.) ride (auf + Dat. on); (per Anhalter) hitch-hikeerster/zweiter Klasse/zum halben Preis fahren — travel or go first/second class/at half-price
ich fahre nicht gern [im] Auto/Bus — I don't like travelling in cars/buses
3) (reisen) go4) (losfahren) go; leave5) <motor vehicle, train, lift, cable-car> go; < ship> sailder Aufzug fährt heute nicht — the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is out of service today
6) (verkehren) runder Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten/bis Goetheplatz — the bus runs or goes every five minutes/goes to Goetheplatz
mit Diesel/Benzin fahren — run on diesel/petrol (Brit.) or (Amer.) gasoline
mit Dampf/Atomkraft fahren — be steam-powered/atomicpowered
in die Höhe fahren — jump up [with a start]
sich (Dat.) mit der Hand durchs Haar fahren — run one's fingers through one's hair
was ist denn in dich gefahren? — (fig.) what's got into you?
der Schreck fuhr ihm in die Glieder — (fig.) the shock went right through him
jemandem über den Mund fahren — (fig.) shut somebody up
aus der Haut fahren — (ugs.) blow one's top (coll.)
etwas fahren lassen — (loslassen) let something go; (fig.): (aufgeben) abandon something
2.gut/schlecht mit jemandem/einer Sache fahren — get on well/badly with somebody/something
unregelmäßiges transitives VerbAuto/Motorrad/Roller fahren — drive [a car]/ride a motorcycle/scooter
Bahn/Bus usw. fahren: go by train/bus — etc.
Kahn od. Boot/Kanu fahren — go boating/canoeing
Rollschuh fahren — [roller-]skate
Schlittschuh fahren — [ice-]skate
Aufzug/Rolltreppe fahren — take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/use the escalator
Sessellift fahren — ride in a/the chairlift
U-Bahn fahren — ride on the underground (Brit.) or (Amer.) subway
2) mit sein ([als Strecke] zurücklegen) drive; (mit dem Motorrad, Fahrrad) ride; take < curve>einen Umweg/eine Umleitung fahren — make a detour/follow a diversion
3) (befördern) drive, take < person>; take < thing>; < vehicle> take; <ship, lorry, etc.> carry < goods>; (zum Sprecher) drive, bring < person>; bring < thing>; < vehicle> bring4) mit sein80 km/h fahren — do 80 k.p.h.
hier muss man 50 km/h fahren — you've got to keep to 50 k.p.h. here
1:23:45/eine gute Zeit fahren — do or clock 1.23.45/a good time
7)ein Auto schrottreif fahren — write off a car; (durch lange Beanspruchung) run or drive a car into the ground
8) (als Treibstoff benutzen) use <diesel, regular>3.1)sich gut fahren — < car> handle well, be easy to drive
2) unpersin dem Wagen/mit dem Zug fährt es sich bequem — the car gives a comfortable ride/it is comfortable travelling by train
* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: fuhr, ist/hat gefahren)= to drive v.(§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven)to navigate v.to ply between expr.to ride v.(§ p.,p.p.: rode, ridden) -
50 apostar
v.1 to bet.te apuesto una cena a que gana el Madrid I bet you the price of a dinner that Madrid will winapuesto a que no viene I bet he doesn't comeRicardo apuesta y nunca gana Richard bets but never wins.Ricardo apostó sus ahorros Richard bet his savings.2 to post.El general apostó soldados aquí The general posted soldiers here.3 to bet to, to allege to.Ricardo apostó alcanzar la rama Richard bet to reach the tree limb.* * *1 (situar) to post, station————————1 to bet ( por, on)1 to bet ( por, on)1 to bet* * *verb1) to bet, gamble2) station* * *1.VT (Mil) to station, positionhabía soldados apostados en todas las esquinas — there were soldiers stationed o positioned at every corner
2.See:* * *I 1.verbo transitivo to bet2.apostar algo por algo/alguien — to bet something on something/somebody
apostar vi1) to betapostar a or en las carreras — to bet on the horses
2) (period) ( por una opción)3.apostar por algo: los delegados apostaron por la renovación del partido the delegates pledged their commitment to the modernization of the party; diseñadores que apuestan por una línea romántica — designers who are going for the romantic look
apostarse v prona) (recípr)b) (enf) to betII 1.¿qué te apuestas (a) que llega tarde? — I'll bet (you) he arrives late
verbo transitivo <soldados/centinela> to station2.apostarse v pron policía/soldado to position oneself, take up position* * *= bet, place + a wager, make + a wager, wager.Ex. Whoever cataloged it at LC, and I'm willing to bet it happened elsewhere too, probably didn't get much beyond the dust jacket where there was a big clue about something special to the book.Ex. The game of roulette is very easy to play -- all that is required is to place a wager and wait for the result.Ex. If a wager is made after the race has begun, it will not be accepted.Ex. The win price is the result of dividing the amount of money wagered on the winner into the total win pool, less lawful deductions.----* apostar por = place + bid under + Nombre, back into, hang + Posesivo + hat on, commit + Reflexivo + to.* apostarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse el cuello = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la camisa = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la vida = bet + Posesivo + life.* * *I 1.verbo transitivo to bet2.apostar algo por algo/alguien — to bet something on something/somebody
apostar vi1) to betapostar a or en las carreras — to bet on the horses
2) (period) ( por una opción)3.apostar por algo: los delegados apostaron por la renovación del partido the delegates pledged their commitment to the modernization of the party; diseñadores que apuestan por una línea romántica — designers who are going for the romantic look
apostarse v prona) (recípr)b) (enf) to betII 1.¿qué te apuestas (a) que llega tarde? — I'll bet (you) he arrives late
verbo transitivo <soldados/centinela> to station2.apostarse v pron policía/soldado to position oneself, take up position* * *= bet, place + a wager, make + a wager, wager.Ex: Whoever cataloged it at LC, and I'm willing to bet it happened elsewhere too, probably didn't get much beyond the dust jacket where there was a big clue about something special to the book.
Ex: The game of roulette is very easy to play -- all that is required is to place a wager and wait for the result.Ex: If a wager is made after the race has begun, it will not be accepted.Ex: The win price is the result of dividing the amount of money wagered on the winner into the total win pool, less lawful deductions.* apostar por = place + bid under + Nombre, back into, hang + Posesivo + hat on, commit + Reflexivo + to.* apostarse cualquier cosa = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse el cuello = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la cabeza = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la camisa = bet + Posesivo + life.* apostarse la vida = bet + Posesivo + life.* * *vtto bet apostar algo POR algo/algn to bet sth ON sth/sbapostó un dineral por Rayo or le apostó un dineral a Rayo he bet o put a fortune on Rayoseguro que gana, te apuesto una cerveza I bet you a beer he winsapostar algo ( A) QUE:te apuesto lo que quieras (a) que no viene I bet o I'll bet you anything you like he won't comeapostaría cualquier cosa (a) que se ha vuelto a olvidar I bet you anything she's forgotten again■ apostarviA to betle gusta apostar a or en las carreras he likes to bet on the horsesapostar ( A) QUE + INDIC:te apuesto (a) que le dan el premio I bet you they give him the prizeB ( period) (por una opción) apostar POR algo:ha apostado por una solución negociada he has committed himself to a negotiated settlementlos delegados apostaron decididamente por la renovación del partido the delegates pledged their firm commitment to the modernization of the partydiseños que apuestan por la comodidad designs with an emphasis on comfortlos diseñadores que apuestan por una línea romántica the designers who are going for the romantic look1 ( recípr):nos apostamos una comida we bet a meal on it2 ( enf) to bet¡a que vuelve a llegar tarde! ¿qué te apuestas? what do you bet he turns up late again?apostarse algo ( A) QUE + INDIC:¿qué te apuestas (a) que no vuelve a aparecer por aquí? I'll bet you o I wouldn't mind betting he doesn't show his face around here againvt‹soldados/centinela› to station, post ( BrE)(colocarse) «policía/soldado» to position oneself, take up positioncon dos policías apostados a la salida with two policemen positioned at the exit* * *
apostar ( conjugate apostar) verbo transitivo
to bet;
apostar algo por algo/algn to bet sth on sth/sb
verbo intransitivo
to bet;
apostar a las carreras to bet on the horses;
te apuesto (a) que gana I bet (you) he wins
apostarse verbo pronominala) ( recípr):
apostar 1
I verbo transitivo to bet: te apuesto un café a que llega tarde, I bet you a coffee that he'll be late
II verbo intransitivo to bet [por, on]
apostar a las carreras, to bet on horses
apostar 2 vtr (situar) to post, station
' apostar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ir
- jugador
- jugadora
- jugar
- jugarse
- apuesta
English:
back
- bet
- gamble
- play
- stake
- station
- wager
- post
- put
* * *♦ vt[jugar] to bet;te apuesto una cena a que gana el Madrid I bet you (the price of) a dinner that Madrid will win;te apuesto lo que quieras a que tengo razón I bet you anything you like I'm right♦ vi1.apostar por: ¿quién crees que ganará? – yo apuesto por Rodriguez who do you think will win? – my money is on Rodriguez;la empresa apostó fuerte por Internet the company has committed itself to the Internet in a big way;el electorado ha apostado por el cambio the electorate has opted for change;apostó por su vicepresidente para llevar a cabo la reforma he entrusted the implementation of the reform to the vice-president♦ vt[colocar] to post* * *I v/t bet ( por on);apostar doble contra sencillo bet double or quits;¿qué apostamos? do you want to bet?II v/i1 bet2:apostar por algo opt for sth;apostar fuerte por be firmly in favor of* * *apostar {19} v: to bet, to wagerapuesto que no viene: I bet he's not coming* * * -
51 como
adv.1 as.lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be doneme encanta como bailas I love the way you dancelo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems2 as.como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…3 as.trabaja como bombero he works as a firemandieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance4 about (aproximadamente).me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos leftestamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way theretiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange5 like, as, such as, qua.6 how, in which way.7 some.Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.conj.1 as, since (ya que).como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble3 that (que).después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to youprep.1 like, as, just like, such as.Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.2 as to.3 how to.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.* * *► adverbio1 (modo) how2 (comparación) as, like3 (en calidad de) as4 (según) as5 familiar (aproximadamente) about1 (así que) as2 (si) if■ como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...3 (porque) as, since\como no sea que unlesscomo sea whatever happens, no matter whatcomo si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly wellcomo si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happenedhacer como quien to pretend to +infhacer como si to pretend to +inftanto como eso no familiar not as much as that* * *1. conj.1) as2) like3) if4) since, given that2. prep.as, like* * *1. ADV1) [indicando semejanza] likejuega como yo — he plays like me o like I do
tuvo resultados como no se habían conocido antes — it had results such as had never been known before
2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such ashay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon
tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability
3) [indicando modo]a) + indichazlo como te dijo ella — do it like * o the way she told you
toca como canta — she plays like * o the same way as she sings
no es como me lo imaginaba — it isn't as o like * I imagined it
•
tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned itb) + subjunhazlo como quieras — do it however you want o like
hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can
está decidido a salvar como sea la vida del niño — he's determined to do whatever it takes to save the child's life
4) (=en calidad de) as5) (=más o menos) about, aroundhabía como cincuenta — there were about o around fifty
vino como a las dos — he came at about o around two
sentía como tristeza — she felt a sort o kind of sadness
6) [con valor causal]2. CONJ1) + indic (=ya que) as, sincecomo no tenía dinero — as o since I had no money
2) + indic (=según) as•
tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things standtal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...
3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as4) + indic(=que)verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see
•
de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurtde tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most
5) + subjun (=si) ifcomo vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat
como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!
¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!
•
como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema
6)¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!
¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!
7)• como si — as if, as though
siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard
sentí como si fuera a caerme — I felt as if o as though I was about to fall
como si no hubiera pasado nada — as if o as though nothing had happened
se comporta como si me odiara — he behaves as if o as though he hated me
como si fuera a llover — as if o as though it was going to rain
8)• como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!
9) CAm, Méxasí 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost
* * *I1)a) ( en calidad de) asel director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...
b) ( con el nombre de) asse la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'
c) ( por ejemplo) likeen algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London
2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) likefue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before
como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him
3) (en locs)así como — (frml) as well as
IIcomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
1) ( de la manera que) as(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)
hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can
no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like
la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called
2) ( puesto que) as, sincecomo era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk
3) (si) (+ subj) ifcomo te pille... — if I catch you...
4) ( en oraciones concesivas)cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me
5) ( que)IIIvas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
1) ( expresando aproximación) about2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...
* * *= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.----* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.* algo así como = something like.* añádase cómo = expand like.* así como = as, as well as.* así como así = just like that.* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....* así es como = this is how.* así es como es = that's how it is.* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.* como aclaración = in parenthesis.* como algo natural = as a matter of course.* como algo normal = as a matter of course.* como algo opuesto a = as against.* como algo residual = residually.* como alternativa = as an alternative.* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.* como antes = as before.* como apoyo a = in support of.* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).* como base para = as a basis for.* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.* como cabía esperar = as expected.* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).* cómo conseguir = obtainability.* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.* como contrapartida = in return.* como cooperativa = collegially.* como corresponde = fittingly.* como corresponde a = as befits.* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.* cómo demonios = how on earth.* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como diferente a = as distinct from.* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.* como el cuero = leathery.* como el desierto = desert-like.* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como el fuego = like wildfire.* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.* como en casa = like home (away) from home.* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.* como era de esperar = as expected.* como es debido = fittingly.* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.* como es habitual = as always.* como es natural = not unnaturally.* como es normal = as always.* como esto = like this.* como fecha final = at the very latest.* como forma de vida = as a way of life.* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.* como grupo = collectively.* como guía = for guidance.* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.* como las empresas = business-like.* como loca = like a madwoman.* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como muy tarde = at the latest.* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.* como parásito = parasitically.* como persona que = as one who.* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.* como por encanto = magically.* como poseído = as one possessed.* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.* como primera elección = as a first preference.* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* cómo + ser = what + be like.* como si = as though.* como si dijéramos = as it were.* como siempre = as always.* como si fuese = as it were.* como siga así = at this rate.* como sigue = as follows.* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como sustituto de = in place of.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* como término medio = on average.* como todo un caballero = sportingly.* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.* como una cebolla = onion-like.* como una condenada = like a madwoman.* como una descosida = like a madwoman.* como una forma de = as a means of.* como una metralladora = quick-fire.* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.* como un bobo = stupidly.* como un bólido = like the clappers.* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.* como un estúpido = stupidly.* como un experto = expertly.* como un glaciar = glacially.* como unidad global = as a whole.* como un idiota = stupidly.* como un loca = like a madwoman.* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.* como un método para = as a means of.* como un modo de = as a way of.* como un necio = stupidly.* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.* como un platillo = saucer-like.* como un poseído = as one possessed.* como un rayo = in a flash.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.* como un televisor = television-type.* como un todo = as a whole.* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.* como un torpe = foolishly.* como un zombi = zombielike.* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.* como y cuando = as and when.* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....* conocerse como = be known as.* dar como resultado = result (in).* de cómo = as to how.* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.* el modo como = the way in which.* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.* mantenerse como válido = hold up.* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.* para colmo = on top of everything else.* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.* proponer como principio = posit.* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.* seleccionar como relevante = hit.* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.* tomar como ejemplo = take.* un poco como = kind of like.* * *I1)a) ( en calidad de) asel director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...
b) ( con el nombre de) asse la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'
c) ( por ejemplo) likeen algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London
2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) likefue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before
como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him
3) (en locs)así como — (frml) as well as
IIcomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
1) ( de la manera que) as(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)
hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can
no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like
la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called
2) ( puesto que) as, sincecomo era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk
3) (si) (+ subj) ifcomo te pille... — if I catch you...
4) ( en oraciones concesivas)cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me
5) ( que)IIIvas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
1) ( expresando aproximación) about2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...
* * *= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.* algo así como = something like.* añádase cómo = expand like.* así como = as, as well as.* así como así = just like that.* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....* así es como = this is how.* así es como es = that's how it is.* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.* como aclaración = in parenthesis.* como algo natural = as a matter of course.* como algo normal = as a matter of course.* como algo opuesto a = as against.* como algo residual = residually.* como alternativa = as an alternative.* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.* como antes = as before.* como apoyo a = in support of.* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).* como base para = as a basis for.* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.* como cabía esperar = as expected.* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).* cómo conseguir = obtainability.* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.* como contrapartida = in return.* como cooperativa = collegially.* como corresponde = fittingly.* como corresponde a = as befits.* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.* cómo demonios = how on earth.* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.* como diferente a = as distinct from.* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.* como el cuero = leathery.* como el desierto = desert-like.* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como el fuego = like wildfire.* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.* como en casa = like home (away) from home.* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.* como era de esperar = as expected.* como es debido = fittingly.* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.* como es habitual = as always.* como es natural = not unnaturally.* como es normal = as always.* como esto = like this.* como fecha final = at the very latest.* como forma de vida = as a way of life.* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.* como grupo = collectively.* como guía = for guidance.* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.* como la pólvora = like wildfire.* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.* como las empresas = business-like.* como loca = like a madwoman.* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como muy tarde = at the latest.* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.* como parásito = parasitically.* como persona que = as one who.* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.* como por encanto = magically.* como poseído = as one possessed.* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.* como primera elección = as a first preference.* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.* cómo + ser = what + be like.* como si = as though.* como si dijéramos = as it were.* como siempre = as always.* como si fuese = as it were.* como siga así = at this rate.* como sigue = as follows.* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como sustituto de = in place of.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* como término medio = on average.* como todo un caballero = sportingly.* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.* como una cebolla = onion-like.* como una condenada = like a madwoman.* como una descosida = like a madwoman.* como una forma de = as a means of.* como una metralladora = quick-fire.* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.* como un bobo = stupidly.* como un bólido = like the clappers.* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.* como un estúpido = stupidly.* como un experto = expertly.* como un glaciar = glacially.* como unidad global = as a whole.* como un idiota = stupidly.* como un loca = like a madwoman.* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.* como un método para = as a means of.* como un modo de = as a way of.* como un necio = stupidly.* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.* como un platillo = saucer-like.* como un poseído = as one possessed.* como un rayo = in a flash.* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.* como un televisor = television-type.* como un todo = as a whole.* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.* como un torpe = foolishly.* como un zombi = zombielike.* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.* como y cuando = as and when.* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....* conocerse como = be known as.* dar como resultado = result (in).* de cómo = as to how.* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.* el modo como = the way in which.* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.* mantenerse como válido = hold up.* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.* para colmo = on top of everything else.* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.* proponer como principio = posit.* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.* seleccionar como relevante = hit.* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.* tomar como ejemplo = take.* un poco como = kind of like.* * *como1A1 (en calidad de) asusando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stickquiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyerel director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the bestlo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband2 (con el nombre de) asla flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'3 (por ejemplo) likeen algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like Londonnecesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like youtengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?B (en comparaciones, contrastes) likequiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yourspienso como tú I agree with youfue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatrizse portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentlemanla quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughterbailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced beforeme trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiotse llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpetcomo PARA + INF:es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cryC ( en locs):por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasonssus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importancecomo él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!como mucho at (the) most, at the outsidecomo poco at leastcomo nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like hercomo que …: conduce muy bien — como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after allle voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see ity no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!como ser (CS); such as, for example, likecomo si (+ subj) as if, as thoughactuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't careella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelidcomo2A (de la manera que) asno me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said itllegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promisedganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expectedasí en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heavencomo dice el refrán as the saying goes(tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are(+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you likeno voy — como quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you likeme dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I couldla buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's calledcomo quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cupB (puesto que) as, sincecomo todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walkC (+ subj) (si) ifcomo te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here againD(en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help mejoven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than youE(que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a vanvas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll seecomo3A (expresando aproximación) aboutcomo a la mitad del camino about half way thereestá como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers awayvino como a las seis she came at around o about sixtiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almondsun ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engineB (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …* * *
Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)
como es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
Multiple Entries:
algo como
comer
como
cómo
comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo
este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;
( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
verbo transitivo
◊ ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;
no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
comerse verbo pronominal
1
‹línea/párrafo› to miss out
‹ palabra› to swallow
2 ( enf) ‹ comida› to eat;
cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
[polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
como preposición
◊ se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'
¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cryd) ( en locs)◊ así como (frml) as well as;
como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
como ser (CS) such as, for example;
como si (+ subj) as if, as though
■ conjunción
cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
(tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
no voy — cómo quieras I'm not going — please yourself
◊ cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walkc) (si) (+ subj) if;◊ cómo te pille … if I catch you …
■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;
un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
cómo adverbio
◊ ¿cómo estás? how are you?;
¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
◊ ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?
◊ ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?d) ( en exclamaciones):◊ ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;
¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?e) ( en locs)◊ ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;
¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
¡cómo no! of course!;
¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't here — what do you mean it isn't there?
comer
I verbo transitivo
1 to eat
2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
como
I adverbio
1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
4 (aproximadamente) about
como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
como unos treinta, about thirty
II conj
1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
2 (porque) as, since
como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
3 como si, as if
como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
¿As, like o how?
As se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
cómo adverbio
1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
¿cómo estás?, how are you?
¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
5 (exclamativo) how
¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
' cómo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aburrirse
- acabada
- acabado
- acondicionar
- acreditar
- actuar
- adiós
- alma
- alquilar
- alta
- alto
- amable
- andar
- apear
- apenas
- aprendizaje
- arreglarse
- arte
- así
- atizar
- atonía
- baja
- bajo
- bala
- balsa
- bañera
- bastante
- beber
- bestia
- borrega
- borrego
- botija
- buenamente
- cabra
- cada
- caracterización
- casa
- cencerro
- cerrarse
- cesar
- chinche
- cielo
- coco
- coletilla
- colorada
- colorado
- comer
- como
- como quiera
- comoquiera
English:
ablaze
- above
- abroad
- acclaim
- accordingly
- act
- address
- alternatively
- always
- arouse
- as
- ashen
- attractive
- awaken
- away
- back
- barrage
- bash out
- be
- beaver away
- best
- bicker
- big
- black
- blind
- bolt
- bombshell
- bone
- border
- bored
- both
- break
- breed
- brownout
- by-product
- cake
- calculate
- care
- chalk
- champagne
- change
- charm
- cheer
- churn out
- class
- climax
- clown around
- coin
- colour
- come about
* * *Como nmel lago Como Lake Como* * *I adv1 as;como amigo as a friend2 ( aproximadamente):había como cincuenta there were about fifty;hace como una hora about an hour ago3:así como as well asII conj1 if;como si as if;como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick2 expresando causa as, since;como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself3:me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;como quiera any way you want* * *cómo adv: how¿cómo estás?: how are you?¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!como adv1) : around, aboutcuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos2) : kind of, liketengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzycomo conj1) : how, ashazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would2) : since, given thatcomo estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out3) : ifcomo lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested4)como quiera : in any waycomo prep1) : like, asligero como una pluma: light as a feather2)así como : as well as* * *como1 adv1. (manera) how2. (comparaciones) as / like3. (según) as4. (ejemplo) likealgunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly5. (aproximadamente) about6. (en calidad de) ascomo sea at all costs / no matter whatcomo si as if / as thoughcomo2 conj1. (causa) ascomo hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach2. (condición) ifcomo llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake -
52 פרק
פָּרַק(b. h.) to break, separate; to untie, loosen; to unload. Sabb.138a וילין … ומותר לפוֹרְקוֹ it is permitted (on the Sabbath) to stretch a curtain and also to untie (remove) it. Ib. b top. Y.Shebi.III, beg.34c לא יִפְרוֹקוכ׳, v. מִשְׁפֶּלֶת (Ib. לא יַפְרִיק Hif., v. infra. Cant. R. to I, 5 טוענת ופוִרֶקֶת she loads (becomes pregnant) and unloads (delivers); a. fr.Trnsf. to redeem, deliver. Gen. R. s. 44 אני פוֹרְקָן I shall redeem them; a. e.פ׳ עול to untie the yoke, cast off an obligation. Ab. III, 5, v. עוֹל. Tosef.Sot.XIV, 4 פָּרְקוּ מהם עולוכ׳ they cast off the heavenly yoke, and made flesh and blood rule over them; a. fr.Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 25 אינן פּוֹרְקִין יראה they do not cast off the fear (of having lost the divine grace through their sins); Yalk. Num. 765 אין פורקין יראה מהם; Num. R. s. 19 אין פּוֹרְקִים ביראה (corr. acc.).Part. pass. פָּרוּק; f. פְּרוּקָה; pl. פְּרוּקִים, פְּרוּקִין, פְּרוּקוֹת. Y.B. Kam.III, 3d אחד פ׳ ואחד טעוןוכ׳ if (on meeting on the road) one animal is without a load, and the other is laden, the unladen must make room for the laden; היו שניהן … פ׳ if both are laden or both unladen. Ib. שתיהן פ׳ if both wagons are without a load; a. fr.Esp. to help to unload an animal broken down under its burden (Ex. 23:5). B. Mets. II, 10 מצוה … לִפְרוֹק, v. טָעַן II. Ib. אם רצונך לפרוק פְּרוֹק if thou desirest to unload, do so (without my assistance); a. fr. Pi. פֵּירֵק to sever, strip; to take off, release; to take apart. Shebi. II, 2 מְפָרְקִין you may release (trees in the Sabbatical year); Y. ib. 33d top מפ׳ בעלין ‘release refers to (a too luxuriant growth of) leaves. Ukts. II, 5 התחיל לְפָרֵק when he has begun to strip (vegetables). Tosef. ib. II, 13 התחיל לפרק באגוזים when he has begun to strip nuts (of their burrs). Sabb.88a ירדו … ופֵירְקוּם one hundred and twenty myriads of angels of destruction came down and took them (the crowns) off their heads. Ib. בחורב … פֵּרְקוּ (Rashi פירקו) at Horeb they loaded (angels put crowns on their heads), and at Horeb they unloaded (angels took their crowns off). Men.8a; 9b עד שלא פֵרְקָהּ before he took it (the pile of the show bread) apart Y.Yoma I, 38c top מעמירו ומְפָרְקוֹ put it (the Tabernacle) up and broke it up again; העמידו ולא פירקו put it up and did not break it up again; Num. R. s. 13, beg.; Sifra Tsav, Milluim, Par. 1 end.Y.M. Kat. I, 80b bot. מְפָרְקִין את המנעולוכ׳ you may take the shoe off the block. Y.Ab. Zar. III, 43b, v. פַּצִּים; a. fr.Sabb.95a חולב חייב משום מפרק one milking (on the Sabbath) is guilty of an act resembling unloading; Keth.60a יונק מפרק כלאחר יד releasing the cow by sucking is unloading in an unusual way (v. אַחַר). Lev. R. s. 13 עמד ופֵרְקוּם לישראל he rose and took them off the back of the gentiles, and put them on Israel.Sabb.156a לְפָרֵק to take food from before one animal and place it before another, Rashi; (Tosaf.: to empty from vessel to vessel in order to procure a thorough mixture; other defin., v. Ar. s. v..Part. pass. מְפוֹרָק a) unloaded. B. Mets.33a (ref. to Ex. l. c.) ‘under its burden, ולא מפ׳ but not when it is unloaded (and the owner requires assistance to load it again). Ib. לא מפ׳ בחנם when it is unloaded, one need not assist in loading without remuneration.b) taken apart, broken up. Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 והיה מונח ומפ׳וכ׳ and it (the Tabernacle) lay in parts (uncombined) during Hithpa. הִתְפָּרֵק, Nithpa. נִתְפָּרֵק 1) to be taken apart, broken up. Y. Yoma l. c. Sabb.XVII, 1 אע״פ שנִתְפָּרְקוּ although the doors are detached (when the piece of furniture is moved). Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. III, 2 נִתְפָּרְקָה זווכ׳ ed. Zuck. (missing in eds.) if the blades of scissors are separated, each may become unclean for itself; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 36 (ref. to Gen. 9:24) נתפ׳ יינו מעליו the load of his wine was taken from him (he became sober). 2) to be loose, movable like a link or joint (v. פֶּרֶק). Yoma 72a מִתְפָּרְקִין ואיןוכ׳ they (the bars in the ring) were movable but could not slip off. Nidd.9a (of a woman after confinement) איבריה מתפרקיןוכ׳ her limbs are loose (shaky), and her full strength does not return to her before ; Bekh.6b איבריה מתפרקין הימנה she feels as tho her limbs were dropping off. Yalk. Num. 708 תהא מִתְפָּרֶקֶת איברים איברים she shall lose limb after limb; Num. R. s. 9 מתרפקת (corr. acc.); a. e.(Yalk. Cant. 986 מתפרקות some ed., read: מתרפקות, v. רָפַק. Nif. נִפְרָק (denom. of פֶּרֶק) 1) to be out of joint, dislocated, sprained. Sabb.XXII, 6 מי שנִפְרְקָה ידווכ׳ he who sprained his arm or foot. 2) to be removed. Tosef. ib. XIII (XIV), 5 שיִפָּרְקוּ ed. Zuck. (Var. שימחו) that they be removed (cut out).(Hif. הִפְרִיק as Kal and Pi. Tosef.Ber.II, 7 שיַפְרִיק ed. Zuck. (Var. שיְפָרֵק). Y.Shebi.III, beg.34c, v. supra; prob. to be read: יְפָרֵיק. -
53 פָּרַק
פָּרַק(b. h.) to break, separate; to untie, loosen; to unload. Sabb.138a וילין … ומותר לפוֹרְקוֹ it is permitted (on the Sabbath) to stretch a curtain and also to untie (remove) it. Ib. b top. Y.Shebi.III, beg.34c לא יִפְרוֹקוכ׳, v. מִשְׁפֶּלֶת (Ib. לא יַפְרִיק Hif., v. infra. Cant. R. to I, 5 טוענת ופוִרֶקֶת she loads (becomes pregnant) and unloads (delivers); a. fr.Trnsf. to redeem, deliver. Gen. R. s. 44 אני פוֹרְקָן I shall redeem them; a. e.פ׳ עול to untie the yoke, cast off an obligation. Ab. III, 5, v. עוֹל. Tosef.Sot.XIV, 4 פָּרְקוּ מהם עולוכ׳ they cast off the heavenly yoke, and made flesh and blood rule over them; a. fr.Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 25 אינן פּוֹרְקִין יראה they do not cast off the fear (of having lost the divine grace through their sins); Yalk. Num. 765 אין פורקין יראה מהם; Num. R. s. 19 אין פּוֹרְקִים ביראה (corr. acc.).Part. pass. פָּרוּק; f. פְּרוּקָה; pl. פְּרוּקִים, פְּרוּקִין, פְּרוּקוֹת. Y.B. Kam.III, 3d אחד פ׳ ואחד טעוןוכ׳ if (on meeting on the road) one animal is without a load, and the other is laden, the unladen must make room for the laden; היו שניהן … פ׳ if both are laden or both unladen. Ib. שתיהן פ׳ if both wagons are without a load; a. fr.Esp. to help to unload an animal broken down under its burden (Ex. 23:5). B. Mets. II, 10 מצוה … לִפְרוֹק, v. טָעַן II. Ib. אם רצונך לפרוק פְּרוֹק if thou desirest to unload, do so (without my assistance); a. fr. Pi. פֵּירֵק to sever, strip; to take off, release; to take apart. Shebi. II, 2 מְפָרְקִין you may release (trees in the Sabbatical year); Y. ib. 33d top מפ׳ בעלין ‘release refers to (a too luxuriant growth of) leaves. Ukts. II, 5 התחיל לְפָרֵק when he has begun to strip (vegetables). Tosef. ib. II, 13 התחיל לפרק באגוזים when he has begun to strip nuts (of their burrs). Sabb.88a ירדו … ופֵירְקוּם one hundred and twenty myriads of angels of destruction came down and took them (the crowns) off their heads. Ib. בחורב … פֵּרְקוּ (Rashi פירקו) at Horeb they loaded (angels put crowns on their heads), and at Horeb they unloaded (angels took their crowns off). Men.8a; 9b עד שלא פֵרְקָהּ before he took it (the pile of the show bread) apart Y.Yoma I, 38c top מעמירו ומְפָרְקוֹ put it (the Tabernacle) up and broke it up again; העמידו ולא פירקו put it up and did not break it up again; Num. R. s. 13, beg.; Sifra Tsav, Milluim, Par. 1 end.Y.M. Kat. I, 80b bot. מְפָרְקִין את המנעולוכ׳ you may take the shoe off the block. Y.Ab. Zar. III, 43b, v. פַּצִּים; a. fr.Sabb.95a חולב חייב משום מפרק one milking (on the Sabbath) is guilty of an act resembling unloading; Keth.60a יונק מפרק כלאחר יד releasing the cow by sucking is unloading in an unusual way (v. אַחַר). Lev. R. s. 13 עמד ופֵרְקוּם לישראל he rose and took them off the back of the gentiles, and put them on Israel.Sabb.156a לְפָרֵק to take food from before one animal and place it before another, Rashi; (Tosaf.: to empty from vessel to vessel in order to procure a thorough mixture; other defin., v. Ar. s. v..Part. pass. מְפוֹרָק a) unloaded. B. Mets.33a (ref. to Ex. l. c.) ‘under its burden, ולא מפ׳ but not when it is unloaded (and the owner requires assistance to load it again). Ib. לא מפ׳ בחנם when it is unloaded, one need not assist in loading without remuneration.b) taken apart, broken up. Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 והיה מונח ומפ׳וכ׳ and it (the Tabernacle) lay in parts (uncombined) during Hithpa. הִתְפָּרֵק, Nithpa. נִתְפָּרֵק 1) to be taken apart, broken up. Y. Yoma l. c. Sabb.XVII, 1 אע״פ שנִתְפָּרְקוּ although the doors are detached (when the piece of furniture is moved). Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. III, 2 נִתְפָּרְקָה זווכ׳ ed. Zuck. (missing in eds.) if the blades of scissors are separated, each may become unclean for itself; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 36 (ref. to Gen. 9:24) נתפ׳ יינו מעליו the load of his wine was taken from him (he became sober). 2) to be loose, movable like a link or joint (v. פֶּרֶק). Yoma 72a מִתְפָּרְקִין ואיןוכ׳ they (the bars in the ring) were movable but could not slip off. Nidd.9a (of a woman after confinement) איבריה מתפרקיןוכ׳ her limbs are loose (shaky), and her full strength does not return to her before ; Bekh.6b איבריה מתפרקין הימנה she feels as tho her limbs were dropping off. Yalk. Num. 708 תהא מִתְפָּרֶקֶת איברים איברים she shall lose limb after limb; Num. R. s. 9 מתרפקת (corr. acc.); a. e.(Yalk. Cant. 986 מתפרקות some ed., read: מתרפקות, v. רָפַק. Nif. נִפְרָק (denom. of פֶּרֶק) 1) to be out of joint, dislocated, sprained. Sabb.XXII, 6 מי שנִפְרְקָה ידווכ׳ he who sprained his arm or foot. 2) to be removed. Tosef. ib. XIII (XIV), 5 שיִפָּרְקוּ ed. Zuck. (Var. שימחו) that they be removed (cut out).(Hif. הִפְרִיק as Kal and Pi. Tosef.Ber.II, 7 שיַפְרִיק ed. Zuck. (Var. שיְפָרֵק). Y.Shebi.III, beg.34c, v. supra; prob. to be read: יְפָרֵיק. -
54 У-92
СХОДИТЬ/СОЙТИ С УМА VP subj: human1. to become insaneX сошёл с ума - X went (was) mad (crazy, insane, out of his mind, out of his head)X lost his mind X went (a)round the bend.Чтобы не сойти с ума, надо было действовать решительно и скорее (Пастернак 1). If they were not to go insane they must act quickly and firmly (1a).«У него всё теперь, всё на земле совокупилось в Илюше, и умри Илюша, он или с ума сойдёт с горя, или лишит себя жизни» (Достоевский 1). "For him, now, everything on earth has come together in Ilyusha, and if Ilyusha dies, he will either go out of his mind from grief or take his own life" (1a).2. Also: ПОСХОДИТЬ С УМА coll ( var. with посходить is used with pl subj) to say or do stupid, nonsensical things, act as if one has gone insaneX с ума сошёл - X has gone (quite) crazy (mad etc)X has gone berserk (nuts etc) X must be crazy (mad, out of his mind etc) X has taken leave of his senses.«Они там все вместе с Шутиковым с ума посходили. О трубах только и говорят» (Дудинцев 1). "Shutikov and all the others have gone quite crazy, all they talk about is pipes" (1a).Что творится во время приёма! Сегодня было 82 звонка. Телефон выключен. Бездетные дамы с ума сошли и идут... (Булгаков 11). The things that go on during visiting hours! The bell rang eighty-two times today. The telephone was disconnected. Childless ladies have gone berserk and are coming in droves... (1 la).Нина:) Давайте, давайте, оправдывайте его (Васеньку), защищайте. Если хотите, чтобы он совсем рехнулся... (Васенька:) Я с ума хочу сходить, понятно тебе? Сходить с ума и ни о чём не думать! И оставь меня в покое! (Уходит в другую комнату) (Вампилов 4). (N.:) Go ahead, go ahead and agree with him (Vasenka), defend him. If you want him to go completely crazy.... ( V.:) I want to go nuts, understand? Go nuts and not think about anything! So leave me alone! (He goes into the other room) (4b).«Я вам уже сказал раз! Не приставайте, иначе я прикажу свести вас на берег! Вы с ума сошли!»(Шолохов 5). "I've told you already! Stop accosting me like this, or I'll have you put ashore! You must be mad!" (5a).Люди совсем посходили с ума, - покачал головой Соломон Евсеевич. - Мне уже двадцать человек звонили про эти шапки» (Войнович 6). "People have completely taken leave of their senses," said Fishkin, shaking his head. "Twenty phone calls I've had already about these hats" (6a).3. coll (pfv past only2nd or 3rd pers only) used to express the speaker's reaction to s.o. 's irrational actions, thoughtless statements etc: ты с ума сошёл! = you're (you must be) out of your mind (off your head etc)! are you crazy! you're nuts (crazy etc)!«Итак, друзья мои, мы, по всей вероятности, будем сматываться отсюда», - сказал Дима... «На родину предков?» - спросил Антон. «Ты с ума сошёл, - возмутился Дима. - В Канаду или США. На худой конец - в Париж» (Зиновьев 2). "Well, then, my friends, we'll probably be pushing off quite soon," said Dima...."To return to the land of your forefathers?" Anton asked. "You must be off your head," said Dima indignantly. "To Canada or to the States. Paris at worst" (2a)....Он (пассажир) взял её голову в свои руки... и всё сказал. На ухо. Шёпотом. «Ну, вот - слава богу! - ответила она, всё выслушав. -Наконец-то можно пойти и уснуть. Спокойной ночи!» - «Вы с ума сошли?! Как это можно?» (Залыгин 1)....He (the passenger) took her head in his hands and...told her everything he had to say, whispering in her ear. When he finished she replied, "At last, thank heaven! At last we can go back to bed. Good night!" "Are you crazy! How can you?" (1a).Забегает в бар молодой парень и — к бармену: „В двухсотграммовый стакан можете триста граммов коньяка налить?" Бармен с удивлением: „С ума сошли!"» (Черненок 2). "A young man runs into a bar and says to the bartender: 'Can you pour three hundred grams of cognac into a two-hundred-gram glass?' The bartender says: 'You're nuts!'" (2a).4. \У-92 (от чего) ( impfv only) to become very agitated, restless, excited etc (in response to worry, alarm, joy etc)X с ума сходит (от Y-a) = (in response to worry, alarm etc) X is going (is nearly) out of his mind ( head) (with Y)X is crazy with Y Y is driving (is enough to drive) X crazy (mad, insane) (in response to joy, happiness) X is (going) wild with Y.«Лиза, Лиза! - замахала руками Раечка. - Где ты была? Мы вчера просто с ума сходили...» (Абрамов 1). "Liza! Liza!" shouted Raechka, waving her arms. "Where've you been? We were going out of our minds yesterday" (1a).«Боже мой, без двадцати двенадцать! Мама, наверное, с ума сошла. Я обещала быть к ужину...» (Ерофеев 3). "Oh my God, it's twenty of twelve! Mama's probably crazy with worry. I promised to be home for supper..." (3a).Я с ума сходил от мысли, что скоро опять пойдёт снег. Я не могу видеть, как он падает, падает, падает» (Федин 1). "The thought that snow would soon come again was driving me crazy. I can't bear to see it falling, falling, falling" (1a).5. \У-92 от кого-чего, no кому-чему, no ком coll (prep obj: more often humanimpfv only) to be or become excessively delighted by, excited over s.o. or sth.: X с ума сходит no Y-y = X is crazy (wild, mad etc) about Y X goes crazy (wild etc) over Y X loses his head over Y....Тётушка Хрисула прямо с ума сходила по чёрному инжиру (Искандер 5)....Auntie Chrysoula was really wild about black figs (5a).Женщины от него (Кирсанова) с ума сходили, мужчины называли его фатом и втайне завидовали ему (Тургенев 2). Women lost their heads over him, and men dubbed him a fop but were secretly envious (2c). -
55 erst
Adv.1. (als erstes) first; (anfangs, dann nicht mehr) at first; erst einmal first; wir müssen erst ( einmal) aufräumen auch we’ve got to tidy (Am. clean) up before we do anything else; erst hatte sie noch Angst, aber dann... at first she was still frightened, but then...; erst mal stimmt das gar nicht, und dann... first(ly) ( oder for a start) it’s not true, and then...2. (nicht früher als) only, not until ( oder till); zukunftsbezogen: auch not before; erst als oder wenn only when; erst jetzt / dann only now / then, not until ( oder till) now / then; erst jetzt wissen wir... only now do we know..., not until ( oder till) now did we know...; erst in zehn Minuten not for ten minutes, in ten minutes’ time; erst als er anrief, wurde mir klar... it was only when he rang up (Am. called) that I realized...; erst nach der Vorstellung not until ( oder till) after the performance3. (nicht länger zurückliegend als) only, just; ( eben oder gerade) erst just; erst gestern only yesterday; erst vor kurzem only a short while ago; ich habe sie erst letzte Woche gesehen I saw her only last week, it was only last week (that) I saw her4. (bloß) only, just; sie ist erst zwanzig she is only twenty; es ist erst zwei Tage her it’s only two days ago; mit einer Arbeit erst am Anfang sein have (only) just begun a job, be still (only) at the beginning of a job; ich habe erst zwei Antworten bekommen I’ve only had two replies (so far)5. zukünftig: (noch) still, yet; das muss sich erst noch zeigen that remains to be seen; der muss erst noch geboren werden, der... no one has yet been born who..., the man has yet to be born who...; wenn du erst so alt bist wie ich when you get to my age; wenn wir erst reich sind, werden wir... when ( oder once) we’re rich ( oder wait till we’re rich), then we’ll...; wäre er erst (nur schon) hier! if only he were here6. hervorhebend, steigernd: ich bin so müde - und ich erst! how about me then!; was glaubst du, wie mir erst zumute ist? how do you think 'I feel? du solltest ihn erst mal sehen! (just) wait till you see him; das versuche ich erst gar nicht I shan’t (Am. won’t) even bother to try (it); was wird sie erst sagen, wenn sie das erfährt? whatever is she going to say when she hears about that then?; was wird erst Peter dazu sagen? whatever is Peter going to say about it?7. erst recht all the more; jetzt erst recht nicht! absolutely definitely not!; that settles it, no!, Am. no way!; dann kann er es ja erst recht tun all the more reason (for him) to do so; jetzt zeig ich’s ihr erst recht! now I’m really going to show her; das macht es erst recht schlimm that makes it even worse* * *not till (Adv.); only (Adv.); at first (Adv.); not until (Adv.)* * *[eːɐst]adv1) first; (= anfänglich) at firstérst mal ist das gar nicht wahr... — first or for one thing it's just not true...
érst einmal musst du an deine Pflicht denken — you should consider your duty first
wenn du das érst einmal hinter dir hast — once you've got that behind you
érst wollte er, dann wieder nicht — first he wanted to, then he didn't
See:→ Arbeiteben or gerade érst — just
érst gestern — only yesterday
érst jetzt verstehe ich... — I have only just understood...
érst jetzt wissen wir... — it is only now that we know...
érst morgen — not until or before tomorrow
érst vor Kurzem — only a short time ago
es ist érst 6 Uhr — it is only 6 o'clock
wir fahren érst übermorgen/érst später — we're not going until the day after tomorrow/until later
sie war érst 6 Jahre — she was only 6
érst als — only when, not until
érst wenn — only if or when, not until
3) (emph = gar, nun gar)da gings érst richtig los — then it really got going
was wird Mutter érst sagen! — whatever will mother say!
was wird dann érst passieren? — whatever will happen then?
sie ist schon ziemlich blöd, aber érst ihre Schwester! — she is fairly stupid, but you should see her sister!
da fange ich érst gar nicht an — I simply won't (bother to) begin
wie wird er sich érst ärgern, wenn er das noch erfährt — he really will be annoyed when he finds out about that
jetzt érst recht/recht nicht! — that just makes me all the more determined
da tat er es érst recht! — so he did it deliberately
das macht es érst recht schlimm — that makes it even worse or all the worse
da habe ich mich érst recht geärgert — then I really did get annoyed
4)diese Gerüchte darf man gar nicht érst aufkommen lassen — these rumours (Brit) or rumors (US) mustn't even be allowed to start
* * *1) (before all others in place, time or rank: the first person to arrive; The boy spoke first.) first2) (not longer ago than: I saw him only yesterday.) only3) (first or leading: Italy's premier industrialist.) premier* * *[ˈe:ɐ̯st]I. adv1. (zuerst) [at] first\erst sagst du ja, dann wieder nein! first you say yes, then you say no again!\erst schien noch die Sonne, aber dann fing es bald an zu regnen at first it was sunny but it soon started to rainmach \erst [ein]mal die Arbeit fertig finish your work firstwenn du das \erst einmal hinter dir hast once you've got that over with2. (nicht früher als) onlywecken Sie mich bitte \erst um 8 Uhr! please don't wake me until 8 o'clock!er hat mich \erst darauf aufmerksam gemacht, als es schon zu spät war he didn't draw my attention to it until it was too lateich brauche die Rechnung \erst in 5 Wochen zu bezahlen I don't need to pay the bill for another 5 weeks\erst gestern/heute/morgen only yesterday/today/tomorrowder nächste Zug fährt \erst morgen the next train doesn't leave until tomorrow\erst jetzt only noweben/gerade \erst [only] just\erst vor kurzem only recently, only just\erst als... only when...\erst wenn only if\erst..., wenn only... if3. (bloß) onlyan deiner Stelle würde ich \erst gar nicht anfangen if I was in your shoes I wouldn't even startwenn wir zu Hause sind, dann kannst du \erst was erleben! when we get home you'll be in real trouble!▶ \erst recht all the more▶ jetzt \erst recht/recht nicht!jetzt zeigst du es ihr \erst recht! now you can really show her!tu, was man dir sagt! — nein, jetzt \erst recht nicht! do what you're told! no, now I definitely won't do it!* * *1.1) (zuerst) firsterst einmal — first [of all]
er will erst in drei Tagen/einer Stunde zurückkommen — he won't be back for three days/an hour
erst nächste Woche/um 12 Uhr — not until next week/12 o'clock
er war erst zufrieden, als... — he was not satisfied until...
3) (noch nicht mehr als) only2.erst eine Stunde/halb soviel — only an hour/half as much
so was lese ich gar nicht erst — I don't even start reading that sort of stuff
* * *erst adverst einmal first;erst hatte sie noch Angst, aber dann … at first she was still frightened, but then …;erst mal stimmt das gar nicht, und dann … first(ly) ( oder for a start) it’s not true, and then …wenn only when;erst jetzt/dann only now/then, not until ( oder till) now/then;erst jetzt wissen wir … only now do we know …, not until ( oder till) now did we know …;erst in zehn Minuten not for ten minutes, in ten minutes’ time;erst als er anrief, wurde mir klar … it was only when he rang up (US called) that I realized …;erst nach der Vorstellung not until ( oder till) after the performance3. (nicht länger zurückliegend als) only, just;(erst just;erst gestern only yesterday;erst vor Kurzem only a short while ago;ich habe sie erst letzte Woche gesehen I saw her only last week, it was only last week (that) I saw her4. (bloß) only, just;sie ist erst zwanzig she is only twenty;es ist erst zwei Tage her it’s only two days ago;mit einer Arbeit erst am Anfang sein have (only) just begun a job, be still ( only) at the beginning of a job;ich habe erst zwei Antworten bekommen I’ve only had two replies (so far)5. zukünftig: (noch) still, yet;das muss sich erst noch zeigen that remains to be seen;der muss erst noch geboren werden, der … no one has yet been born who …, the man has yet to be born who …;wenn du erst so alt bist wie ich when you get to my age;wenn wir erst reich sind, werden wir … when ( oder once) we’re rich ( oder wait till we’re rich), then we’ll …;wäre er erst (nur schon)hier! if only he were here6. hervorhebend, steigernd: ich bin so müde -und ich erst! how about me then!;was glaubst du, wie mir erst zumute ist? how do you think 'I feel?du solltest ihn erst mal sehen! (just) wait till you see him;das versuche ich erst gar nicht I shan’t (US won’t) even bother to try (it);was wird sie erst sagen, wenn sie das erfährt? whatever is she going to say when she hears about that then?;was wird erst Peter dazu sagen? whatever is Peter going to say about it?7.erst recht all the more;jetzt erst recht nicht! absolutely definitely not!; that settles it, no!, US no way!;dann kann er es ja erst recht tun all the more reason (for him) to do so;jetzt zeig ich’s ihr erst recht! now I’m really going to show her;das macht es erst recht schlimm that makes it even worseerst… num1. first;als Erstes first of all, to start with;erstes Kapitel chapter one;Erste Hilfe first aid;am ersten Mai on the first of May, on May the first;heute ist der Erste it’s the first (of the month) today;am Ersten (des Monats) on the first (of the month);(am) nächsten/letzten Ersten on the first of next/last month;jemandem zum nächsten Ersten kündigen give sb notice for the first of the following month;er war Erster he was ( oder came) first;er war der Erste, der … he was the first to (+inf)Karl I. Charles I (= Charles the First);100 zum Ersten, zum Zweiten, (und) zum Dritten 100 for the first time ( oder once), for the second time ( oder twice), gone!;zum Ersten möchte ich festhalten, dass… in the first place, first of allHotel am Platze the best hotel in town ( oder in the place);sie wurde Erste she finished first;Erste(r) von hinten umg, hum last; bottom;die Ersten werden die Letzten sein BIBEL the first shall be last3. (vorläufig) first;das ist nur ein erster Entwurf it’s only a first draft;fürs Erste for the moment, for the time being4. SCHIFF:Erster Offizier First Officer ( oder Mate)5.* * *1.1) (zuerst) firsterst einmal — first [of all]
er will erst in drei Tagen/einer Stunde zurückkommen — he won't be back for three days/an hour
erst nächste Woche/um 12 Uhr — not until next week/12 o'clock
er war erst zufrieden, als... — he was not satisfied until...
3) (noch nicht mehr als) only2.erst eine Stunde/halb soviel — only an hour/half as much
* * *adj.first adj.foremost adj.lead-off adj. -
56 cumplir
v.1 to do, to carry out, to perform.los candidatos deben cumplir los siguientes requisitos the candidates shall meet o satisfy the following requirements2 to keep (promesa).cumplió su deseo de subir al Aconcagua she fulfilled her wish of climbing the AconcaguaElla cumple la ley She obeys the law.3 to reach (años).mañana cumplo 20 años I'm 20 o it's my 20th birthday tomorrowcumple años la próxima semana it's her birthday next week, she has her birthday next week¡que cumplas muchos más! many happy returns!4 to serve (condena).5 to expire.6 to do one's duty.cumplir con alguien to do one's duty by somebodypara o por cumplir out of politenesscumplir con el deber to do one's dutycumplir con la palabra to keep one's wordyo me limito a cumplir con mi trabajo I'm just doing my job7 to comply.este producto no cumple con la normativa europea this product doesn't comply with o meet European standards8 to fulfill, to carry out, to accomplish, to achieve.Ella cumple sus obligaciones She fulfills her duties.9 to do one's job, to comply.Ella cumple siempre She does her job always.10 to reach the age of, to get to the age of, to reach, to be.Ella cumplió cinco años She got to the age of five years.* * *2 (promesa) to keep4 (años) to be, turn■ ¡que cumplas muchos más! many happy returns!5 (satisfacer) to do, carry out, fulfil (US fulfill)1 (plazo) to expire, end2 (deuda, pago) to fall due1 (realizarse) to be fulfilled, come true2 (fecha) to be\cumplir con alguien to keep one's promise to somebodycumplir con el deber to do one's dutycumplir con la Iglesia to fulfil (US fulfill) one's religious obligationscumplir con la ley to abide by the lawcumplir con las obligaciones to fulfil (US fulfill) one's obligationscumplir con su palabra to keep one's wordpara cumplir / por cumplir as a formality* * *verb1) to accomplish, carry out2) fulfill, comply with3) expire•* * *1. VT1) (=llevar a cabo) [+ amenaza] to carry out; [+ promesa] to keep; [+ objetivo, sueño] to achieve; [+ ambición] to fulfil, fulfill (EEUU), achieve; [+ papel] to playlos contratan para cumplir las misiones más difíciles — they are hired to carry out o do the most difficult tasks
•
la cárcel no cumple su función preventiva — prison is failing to fulfil its role as o failing to act as a deterrentlos parques naturales cumplen la función de proteger nuestro patrimonio natural — nature reserves serve to protect our natural heritage
•
cumplió su palabra de aumentarnos el sueldo — he kept his promise to give us a pay riseles ha acusado de no cumplir su palabra — he has accused them of failing to keep o breaking their word
2) (=obedecer) [+ ley, norma, sentencia] to observe, obey; [+ orden] to carry out, obeysolo estoy cumpliendo órdenes — I'm only carrying out o obeying orders
•
hacer cumplir la ley/un acuerdo — to enforce the law/an agreement3) (=alcanzar) [+ condición, requisito] to comply with, fulfil, fulfill (EEUU), meetestos productos no cumplen las condiciones sanitarias exigidas — these products do not comply with o fulfil o meet the necessary health requirements
4) (=realizar) [+ condena, pena] to serve; [+ servicio militar] to do, completetiene el servicio militar cumplido — he has done o completed his military service
5) [con periodos de tiempo]a) [+ años]hoy cumple ocho años — she's eight today, it's her eighth birthday today
cuando cumplas los 21 años — when you're 21, when you reach the age of 21
¿cuántos años va a cumplir? — how old is he going to be?
¡que cumplas muchos más! — many happy returns!
b) [+ aniversario, días]6) (Naipes) [+ contrato] to make2. VI1) (=terminar) [plazo] to end, expire; [pago] to fall due2) (=hacer lo correcto) to do one's dutytengo la tranquilidad de haber cumplido — at least I can say that I did my duty o what was expected of me
mi marido no cumple en la cama — hum my husband isn't performing (in bed)
prepárales una sopita y con eso cumples — just make them a bit of soup, that's as much as can be expected of you
3)• cumplir con — [+ compromiso, acuerdo] to honour, honor (EEUU); [+ ley] to observe, obey; [+ condición, requisito, criterio] to fulfil, fulfill (EEUU), comply with, meet
tendrá que cumplir con lo estipulado en el acuerdo — he will have to comply with what was stipulated in the agreement
tendrán que cumplir con el calendario acordado — they will have to comply with the schedule we agreed on
para cumplir con los criterios de Maastricht — in order to comply with o meet the Maastricht criteria
4)5) frm (=corresponder)lo he recibido dos veces, con la amabilidad que me cumple — I've received him twice, with the friendliness that is expected of me
6) (Mil) to finish one's military service3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)b) <promesa/palabra> to keep; < compromiso> to honor*, fulfill*; <obligación/contrato> to fulfill*c) ( alcanzar) <objetivo/ambición> to achievela solicitud debe cumplir los siguientes requisitos — the application must fulfill the following conditions
el edificio no cumple las condiciones mínimas de seguridad — the building does not comply with minimum safety standards
d) ( desempeñar) < papel> to perform, fulfill*2) <condena/sentencia> to serve; < servicio militar> to do3) <años/meses>mañana cumple 20 años — she'll be o she's 20 tomorrow
¿cuándo cumples años? — when's your birthday?
2.mañana cumplimos 20 años de casados — (AmL) tomorrow we'll have been married 20 years
cumplir vi1)a)cumplir con algo — con obligación to fulfill* something, satisfy something; con tarea to carry out something; con trámite to comply with something; con requisito/condición to fulfill* something
cumple con su trabajo/deber — he does his job/duty
lo invité a comer, creo que cumplí — I took him out for lunch, so I think I've done my duty o (colloq) my bit
2) (en 3a pers) (frml) ( corresponder)3.me/nos cumple informarle que... — (Corresp) I am/we are writing to inform you that... (frml)
cumplirse v pron1) deseo/predicción to come true; ambición to be realized, be fulfilled2) plazo* * *= abide by, be due, fulfil [fulfill, -USA], satisfy, make + good, uphold.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio upheld.Ex. Any library coming into OCLC has to agree to abide by those standards.Ex. The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.Ex. We can only depend upon a rectangular building to fulfil this if it has a small floor area.Ex. This will satisfy the second objective of an author catalogue, in that it becomes easy to review the extent of a library's collection of works by a specific author.Ex. The British Library has announced a wide ranging programme using digital and networking technologies to make good its commitment to expedite access to its unparalleled collections.Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.----* al cumplir la fecha = at term.* cumplir con = comply (with), conform to.* cumplir con la responsabilidad de Uno = do + Posesivo + share.* cumplir (con) lo convenido = fill + Posesivo + agreement.* cumplir (con) lo prometido = deliver + the goods, come up with + the goods, keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) + Posesivo + palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) + Posesivo + promesa = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.* cumplir con una obligación = live up to + Posesivo + obligation, fulfil + obligation, honour + obligation.* cumplir (con) un compromiso = live up to + commitment.* cumplir (con) un criterio = meet + standard.* cumplir (con) un deber = discharge + duty.* cumplir (con) un plazo = meet + deadline, comply with + deadline.* cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.* cumplir el turno de Uno en = take + Posesivo + turn at.* cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.* cumplir la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir las condiciones para = be eligible for.* cumplir las expectativas = come up to + expectations.* cumplir las normas = abide by + rules and regulations.* cumplir lo que se dice = live up to + Posesivo + claim.* cumplir los requisitos = come up to + requirements.* cumplir los requisitos para = be eligible for.* cumplir + Posesivo + responsabilidad = carry out + Posesivo + responsibility.* cumplirse = hold + true, hold.* cumplir una condena = serve + time, serve + sentence.* cumplir una condición = meet + condition, satisfy + condition, fill + requirement.* cumplir una función = fulfil + function.* cumplir una misión = accomplish + mission.* cumplir una política = uphold + policy.* cumplir una promesa = fulfil + promise, live up to + Posesivo + promise, keep + Posesivo + promise.* cumplir una regla = observe + rule, comply with + rule.* cumplir una responsabilidad = accomplish + responsibility.* cumplir una sentencia = serve + sentence.* cumplir una tarea = accomplish + task.* cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.* cumplir un objetivo = fulfil + goal, meet + objective, meet + purpose, satisfy + purpose, serve + function, serve + purpose, meet + target, fulfil + objective.* cumplir un requisito = match + criterion, meet + criterion, meet + specification, satisfy + requirement, fill + requirement.* hacer cumplir = uphold.* hacer cumplir la disciplina = enforce + discipline.* hacer cumplir la legislación = enforce + legislation.* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.* hacer cumplir una norma = enforce + standard.* hacer cumplir una política = uphold + policy.* hacer cumplir unas normas = enforce + policy.* no cumplir = fall + short of, welsh on.* no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.* no cumplir con + Posesivo + deber = be remiss.* no cumplir las expectativas = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo esperado = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo prometido = fall + short of + Posesivo + promise.* no cumplir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.* no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.* no cumplir unos criterios = fall (far) short of + criteria.* no cumplir unos requisitos = fall + short of requirements.* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.* que cumple los requisitos = qualifying.* que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.* que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.* tener un deber que cumplir con = have + a responsibility to.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)b) <promesa/palabra> to keep; < compromiso> to honor*, fulfill*; <obligación/contrato> to fulfill*c) ( alcanzar) <objetivo/ambición> to achievela solicitud debe cumplir los siguientes requisitos — the application must fulfill the following conditions
el edificio no cumple las condiciones mínimas de seguridad — the building does not comply with minimum safety standards
d) ( desempeñar) < papel> to perform, fulfill*2) <condena/sentencia> to serve; < servicio militar> to do3) <años/meses>mañana cumple 20 años — she'll be o she's 20 tomorrow
¿cuándo cumples años? — when's your birthday?
2.mañana cumplimos 20 años de casados — (AmL) tomorrow we'll have been married 20 years
cumplir vi1)a)cumplir con algo — con obligación to fulfill* something, satisfy something; con tarea to carry out something; con trámite to comply with something; con requisito/condición to fulfill* something
cumple con su trabajo/deber — he does his job/duty
lo invité a comer, creo que cumplí — I took him out for lunch, so I think I've done my duty o (colloq) my bit
2) (en 3a pers) (frml) ( corresponder)3.me/nos cumple informarle que... — (Corresp) I am/we are writing to inform you that... (frml)
cumplirse v pron1) deseo/predicción to come true; ambición to be realized, be fulfilled2) plazo* * *= abide by, be due, fulfil [fulfill, -USA], satisfy, make + good, uphold.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio upheld.Ex: Any library coming into OCLC has to agree to abide by those standards.
Ex: The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.Ex: We can only depend upon a rectangular building to fulfil this if it has a small floor area.Ex: This will satisfy the second objective of an author catalogue, in that it becomes easy to review the extent of a library's collection of works by a specific author.Ex: The British Library has announced a wide ranging programme using digital and networking technologies to make good its commitment to expedite access to its unparalleled collections.Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.* al cumplir la fecha = at term.* cumplir con = comply (with), conform to.* cumplir con la responsabilidad de Uno = do + Posesivo + share.* cumplir (con) lo convenido = fill + Posesivo + agreement.* cumplir (con) lo prometido = deliver + the goods, come up with + the goods, keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) + Posesivo + palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) + Posesivo + promesa = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.* cumplir con una obligación = live up to + Posesivo + obligation, fulfil + obligation, honour + obligation.* cumplir (con) un compromiso = live up to + commitment.* cumplir (con) un criterio = meet + standard.* cumplir (con) un deber = discharge + duty.* cumplir (con) un plazo = meet + deadline, comply with + deadline.* cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.* cumplir el turno de Uno en = take + Posesivo + turn at.* cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.* cumplir la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.* cumplir las condiciones para = be eligible for.* cumplir las expectativas = come up to + expectations.* cumplir las normas = abide by + rules and regulations.* cumplir lo que se dice = live up to + Posesivo + claim.* cumplir los requisitos = come up to + requirements.* cumplir los requisitos para = be eligible for.* cumplir + Posesivo + responsabilidad = carry out + Posesivo + responsibility.* cumplirse = hold + true, hold.* cumplir una condena = serve + time, serve + sentence.* cumplir una condición = meet + condition, satisfy + condition, fill + requirement.* cumplir una función = fulfil + function.* cumplir una misión = accomplish + mission.* cumplir una política = uphold + policy.* cumplir una promesa = fulfil + promise, live up to + Posesivo + promise, keep + Posesivo + promise.* cumplir una regla = observe + rule, comply with + rule.* cumplir una responsabilidad = accomplish + responsibility.* cumplir una sentencia = serve + sentence.* cumplir una tarea = accomplish + task.* cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.* cumplir un objetivo = fulfil + goal, meet + objective, meet + purpose, satisfy + purpose, serve + function, serve + purpose, meet + target, fulfil + objective.* cumplir un requisito = match + criterion, meet + criterion, meet + specification, satisfy + requirement, fill + requirement.* hacer cumplir = uphold.* hacer cumplir la disciplina = enforce + discipline.* hacer cumplir la legislación = enforce + legislation.* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.* hacer cumplir una norma = enforce + standard.* hacer cumplir una política = uphold + policy.* hacer cumplir unas normas = enforce + policy.* no cumplir = fall + short of, welsh on.* no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.* no cumplir con + Posesivo + deber = be remiss.* no cumplir las expectativas = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo esperado = fall + short of expectations.* no cumplir lo prometido = fall + short of + Posesivo + promise.* no cumplir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.* no cumplir un objetivo = fall + short of goal.* no cumplir unos criterios = fall (far) short of + criteria.* no cumplir unos requisitos = fall + short of requirements.* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.* que cumple los requisitos = qualifying.* que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.* que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.* tener un deber que cumplir con = have + a responsibility to.* * *cumplir [I1 ]vtA1 (ejecutar) ‹orden› to carry outpara hacer cumplir la ley to ensure that the law is upheld o enforcedlos inquilinos que no cumplen estas normas tenants who do not abide by o comply with o observe these rulesla satisfacción del deber cumplido the satisfaction of having done one's duty, the satisfaction of having performed o ( frml) discharged one's dutyno se cumplió el calendario previsto they failed to adhere to the proposed schedule2 ‹promesa/palabra› to keepno cumple sus compromisos he doesn't honor o fulfill his obligations3(llenar, alcanzar): la solicitud debe cumplir los siguientes requisitos the application must fulfill the following conditionsel edificio no cumple las condiciones mínimas de seguridad the building does not comply with o come up to o meet minimum safety standardslos objetivos económicos que han de cumplirse cada año the financial goals which have to be met o must be achieved each yearnunca llegó a cumplir esta ambición he never achieved o managed to achieve this ambition4 (desempeñar) ‹papel› to perform, fulfill*la organización no cumple su cometido the organization is not fulfilling its functioncumplimos todos nuestros objetivos we achieved o accomplished all our aimsB ‹condena/sentencia› to serveestá cumpliendo el servicio militar he is doing his military serviceC [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]‹años/meses› mañana cumple 20 años she'll be o she's 20 tomorrow¿cuándo cumples años? when's your birthday?¡que cumplas muchos más! many happy returns!¡que los cumplas muy feliz! have a very happy birthday!mañana cumplimos 20 años de casados ( AmL); tomorrow we'll have been married 20 years, tomorrow is our 20th wedding anniversaryla huelga cumple hoy su tercer día this is the third day of the strike■ cumplirviA1 cumplir CON algo ‹con un deber/una obligación›cumplimos con nuestro deber we did our dutyyo cumplí con lo que se me había asignado I carried out the task assigned to me, I carried out o performed o ( frml) discharged the duties assigned to meno cumplió con los trámites legales previstos he failed to comply with the relevant legal procedurecumple con su trabajo he does his job2(con una obligación social): lo invité a comer, creo que cumplí I took him out for lunch, so I think I've done my duty o ( colloq) my bita ver si por una vez cumples I hope you'll do as you say o you'll keep your word for oncenos invitó sólo por cumplir she only invited us because she felt she ought to o she felt it was the thing to do o she felt it was expected of her, she only invited us out of dutycumplir CON algn:con los Pieri ya hemos cumplido as far as the Pieris are concerned, we've done what was expected of us o we've done our duty by them(en sentido sexual): se queja de que ya no cumple she complains that he doesn't do his duty as a husband o doesn't fulfill his conjugal duties any more ( euphor hum)B ( en tercera persona)1 ( frml)(corresponder): me/nos cumple informarle que … ( Corresp) I am/we are writing to inform you that … ( frml)2 ( frml)(convenir): le cumple esforzarse más it behooves ( AmE) o ( BrE) behoves you to make more of an effort ( datedor frml), it is in your best interest that you should make more of an effortA «profecía/predicción» to come truese cumplieron sus deseos her wishes came truese cumplió su gran ambición her great ambition was realized o fulfilledB«plazo»: mañana se cumple el plazo para pagar el impuesto tomorrow is the last day o is the deadline for paying the taxhoy se cumple el primer aniversario de su muerte today marks o is the first anniversary of her death* * *
cumplir ( conjugate cumplir) verbo transitivo
1
‹ ley› to obey;
‹ compromiso› to honor( conjugate honor), fulfill( conjugate fulfill);
‹obligación/contrato› to fulfill( conjugate fulfill)
‹ requisitos› fulfill( conjugate fulfill);◊ ¡misión cumplida! mission accomplished
2 ‹condena/sentencia› to serve;
‹ servicio militar› to do
3 ‹años/meses›:
¡que cumplas muchos más! many happy returns!;
mañana cumplimos 20 años de casados (AmL) tomorrow we'll have been married 20 years
verbo intransitivo
‹ con tarea› to carry out sth;
‹ con trámite› to comply with sth;
‹con requisito/condición› to fulfill( conjugate fulfill) sth;
b) ( con una obligación social):
con los Lara ya hemos cumplido we've done our bit as far as the Laras are concerned (colloq)
cumplirse verbo pronominal
[ ambición] to be realized, be fulfilledb) [ plazo]:
hoy se cumple el primer aniversario de … today marks the first anniversary of …
cumplir
I verbo transitivo
1 (un proyecto, tarea) to carry out, fulfil, US fulfill
2 (un deseo) to fulfil
(promesa) to keep
3 (sentencia) to serve
4 (años) ayer cumplí treinta años, I was thirty (years old) yesterday
II verbo intransitivo
4 (actuar de acuerdo con) cumplir con lo pactado, to carry out an agreement
5 (quedar bien) to do the right thing (by): tenemos que cumplir con tu madre, we have to do our bit for your mother
6 (plazo) to expire, end
' cumplir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
deber
- ejecutar
- hacer
- informal
- limitarse
- rito
- atender
- cumplido
- faltar
- mantener
- pacto
- portar
- prometido
English:
abide by
- achieve
- carry out
- comply
- conform
- discharge
- do
- enforce
- execute
- fulfil
- fulfill
- honour
- keep
- law
- live up to
- meet
- neglect
- obey
- observe
- order
- promise
- qualify
- reach
- satisfy
- serve
- serve out
- time
- turn
- act
- binding
- break
- carry
- community
- complete
- deliver
- follow
- function
- go
- hold
- honor
- infringe
- live
- word
* * *♦ vt1. [realizar] [deber] to do, to carry out, to perform;[contrato, obligaciones] to fulfil; [ley] to observe; [orden, amenaza] to carry out; [promesa] to keep;cumplir los mandamientos to keep o obey the commandments;cumplí las instrucciones al pie de la letra I followed the instructions to the letter;los que no cumplan las normas serán sancionados anyone failing to comply with o abide by the rules will be punished;el ministerio no está cumpliendo su cometido de fomentar el empleo the ministry is failing in its task of creating jobs, the ministry is not carrying out its brief of creating jobs;cumplió su deseo de subir al Aconcagua she fulfilled her wish of climbing Aconcagua;esta máquina cumple todos los requisitos técnicos this machine complies with o meets all the technical requirements;los candidatos deben cumplir los siguientes requisitos the candidates must meet o satisfy the following requirements2. [años] to reach;mañana cumplo veinte años I'm twenty o it's my twentieth birthday tomorrow;cumple años la próxima semana it's her birthday next week, she has her birthday next week;cuando cumplas los dieciocho te regalaremos una moto we'll give you a motorbike when you're eighteen o for your eighteenth (birthday);¡que cumplas muchos más! many happy returns!;tal y como está de salud, el abuelo no cumplirá los ochenta in his current state of health, it's unlikely that grandad will see his eightieth birthday;la Feria del Automóvil cumple este año su décimo aniversario the Motor Show celebrates its tenth anniversary this year3. [terminar] [condena] to serve;[servicio militar] to do♦ vi1. [plazo, garantía] to expire;el plazo de matriculación ya ha cumplido the deadline for registration is already up o has already expired2.cumplir con [norma, condición] [m5] este producto no cumple con la normativa europea this product doesn't comply with o meet European standards;varios países cumplen con los requisitos para acceder al mercado único several countries fulfil the criteria o meet the terms for joining the single market;yo me limito a cumplir con mi trabajo I'm just doing my job;cumplir con su deber to do one's duty;cumplir con su palabra to keep one's word3. [por cortesía]con el ramo de flores que le enviamos ya cumplimos I think we've done our duty o all that's expected of us by sending her a bunch of flowers;lo dijo por cumplir she said it because she felt she had to o out of politeness;acudió a la boda por cumplir con su hermano she went to the wedding out of a sense of duty to her brother4. Fam Euf [satisfacer sexualmente]acusó a su marido de no cumplir she accused her husband of failing to fulfil his marital o conjugal duties* * *I v/tfulfil2 condena serve3:cumplir diez años reach the age of ten, turn tenII v/i1:cumplir con algo carry sth out;cumplir con su deber do one’s duty2:te invita sólo por cumplir he’s only inviting you out of politeness* * *cumplir vt1) : to accomplish, to carry out2) : to comply with, to fulfill3) : to attain, to reachsu hermana cumple los 21 el viernes: her sister will be 21 on Fridaycumplir vi1) : to expire, to fall due2) : to fulfill one's obligationscumplir con el deber: to do one's dutycumplir con la palabra: to keep one's word* * *cumplir vb4. (pena) to serve5. (años) to be6. (plazo) to expire / to end -
57 fjórðungr
(-s, -ar), m.1) the fourth part, quarter;fjórðungr rastar, a distance of about a mile;2) a weight = ten pounds;3) in Iceland, one of the Quarters into which the whole land was divided (Austfirðinga, Vestfirðinga, Norðlendinga, Sunnlendinga fjórðungr).* * *m., generally the fourth part, quarter, D. I. i. 470, Grág. i. 144; f. héraðsmanna, N. G. L. i. 352; f. rastar, the fourth part of a mile, Fms. viii. 63; fjórðungr vísu, the fourth part of a verse-system or stanza, = two lines, Edda (Ht.); hence fjórðunga-lok, n. the last quarter of a verse, Fms. vi. 387: a coin (cp. Engl. farthing), N. G. L. iii. ch. 13.3. a weight = ten pounds or twenty ‘merkr,’ Jb. 375, Grág. Kb. 232, Dipl. iii. 4, Grág. ii. 362: the law allows a person to bequeath the fourth part of his property, this is called fjórðungs-gjöf, f., Gþl. 270, cp. Jb., Dipl. v. 1.4. the Icel. tithe (tíund) was divided into four shares, each of them called ‘fjórðungr,’—to the poor, bishop, church, and priest, Grág., Tl., passim.II. in Norway counties were divided into fjórðungar quarters (þriðjungar ridings, sextungar sextants, áttungar octants, etc.), vide D. N.; hence fjórðungs-kirkja, a quarter church, parish church, N. G. L.; fjórðungs-maðr, a man from the same quarter or parish; fjórðungs-prestr, the priest of a fjórðungs-kirkja; fjórðungs-þing, the meeting of a f.; fjórðungs-korn, corn due to the priest, D. N., N. G. L., the statutes passim; fjórðungs-ból, a farm yielding a certain rent, and many others. Again, in Icel. the whole land was politically divided into quarters or fjórðungar (this division seems to have taken place A. D. 964, and exists up to the present time), thus, Austfirðinga-, Vestfirðinga-, Norðlendinga-, Sunnlendinga-fjórðungr, or east-, west-, north-, and south quarters; each of the quarters had three or four shires or þing, and each had a parliament called Fjórðungs-þing or Fjórðunga-þing, and a court called Fjórðungs-dómar, Quarter-courts, Eb. ch. 10, Landn. 2. 12; (it is uncertain whether the writer Eb. l. c. intended to make a distinction between Fjórðunga-þing and Fjórðungs-þing, denoting by the latter a ‘general quarter parliament,’ cp. also Landn. 150.)COMPDS: fjórðungamót, fjórðungaskipti, fjórðungshöfðingi, fjórðungsmenn, fjórðungssekt, fjórðungsúmagi. -
58 su
1. prep onargomento about( circa) (round) aboutsul tavolo on the tablesul mare by the seasulle tremila lire round about three thousand liresu misura made to measurenove volte su dieci nine times out of ten2. adv up( al piano di sopra) upstairssu! come on!guardare in su look up* * *su avv.1 ( moto, direzione) up; ( al piano superiore) upstairs: puoi venire su un momento?, can you come up (stairs) a moment?; vado su a prendere le chiavi, I'll go up and get the keys; l'ho mandato su in solaio, I've sent him up to the attic; devo portare su le valigie?, shall I bring the cases up?; guardate su, look up; tira su quel pezzo di carta, pick up that piece of paper; il prezzo della benzina è andato su parecchio, the price of petrol has gone up a great deal // là su → lassù; qua su → quassù // su e giù → giù // su per, up: su per la collina, up the hill; si precipitò su per le scale, he rushed upstairs // metter su casa, to set up house // tirar su un bambino, ( allevarlo) to bring up a child // tirarsi su, ( in salute) to recover (o to pick up); ( finanziariamente) to get on one's feet again // Con uso rafforzativo: si spinse su su fino alla vetta, he climbed all the way up to the summit; risalire su su fino alle origini, to go all the way back to the beginning2 ( posizione, situazione) up (above) (anche fig.); ( al piano superiore) upstairs: gli ospiti sono su in terrazza, the guests are up on the terrace; l'ufficio è su al primo piano, the office is up on the first floor; ti chiamano da su, they're calling you from upstairs (o from up above); a mezzanotte era ancora su, ( alzato) he was still up at midnight // più su, higher up; ( più avanti) further up (o further along): abita due piani più su, he lives two floors (higher) up; appendi il quadro un po' più su, hang the picture a little higher up; l'albergo è pochi metri più su, the hotel is a few metres further on3 ( indosso) on: aveva su un paio di scarpe nuove, he had a new pair of shoes on; metti su il soprabito, put your coat on // metter su arie, to put on airs4 ( con valore esortativo): su, sbrigati!, get a move on!; su, andiamo!, come on, let's go!; su, coraggio!, su con la vita!, cheer up!; su, non piangere!, come on, don't cry!5 ( con uso pleonastico): di su!, out with it!6 in su, ( verso l'alto) up (wards); ( in avanti) onwards: guardai in su, I looked up; giaceva sul pavimento a faccia in su, he was lying face upwards on the floor; dalla vita in su, from the waist upwards; camminare col naso in su, to walk with one's nose in the air; i nostri prezzi vanno da dieci euro in su, our prices are from ten euros upwards; il traffico è scorrevole da Bologna in su, the traffic is moving smoothly from Bologna onwards; la norma si applica a tutto il personale, dal fattorino in su, the rule applies to all staff, from the office boy up; la tapparella non va né in su né in giù, the shutter won't go either up or down◆ s.m.: era un su e giù continuo, it was a continuous coming and going.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: su le mani!, hands up! // su per giù, more or less (o roughly o about): avrà su per giù la mia età, he must be about my age; c'erano su per giù mille persone, there were roughly a thousand people // essere su di morale, to be in high spirits // essere su di giri, to be revved up; (fig.) to feel on top of the world // avercela su con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. ∙ Per andare su, mettere su, venire su → anche andare, mettere, venire.su prep.1 ( per indicare sovrapposizione con contatto) on, (form.) upon; ( con movimento) up; on to (o onto); ( in cima a) on top of: c'è una macchia sul pavimento, there's a stain on the floor; la lettera era sul tavolo, the letter was on the table; posalo sulla sedia, put it on the chair; l'acrobata camminava su una fune, the acrobat was walking on a tightrope; metti il coperchio sulla pentola, put the lid on the pan; si arrampicò su un albero, he climbed up a tree; salire su una scala, to go up a ladder; salire sul treno, to get on the train; caricarono gli sci sul tetto della macchina, they loaded the skis on to the car roof (o on top of the car); i corpi giacevano ammassati uno sull'altro, the bodies were piled one on top of another; il paese sorgeva su una ridente collina, the village stood on (o upon) a sunny hilltop; l'aereo si è schiantato sull'autostrada, the plane crashed on to the motorway // il suo ragionamento si fondava su false premesse, his reasoning was based on false assumptions // far assegnamento su qlcu., to rely on s.o.2 (per indicare sovrapposizione senza contatto, ovvero protezione, difesa, rivestimento) over: stiamo volando su Londra, we're flying over London; c'è un ponte sul fiume, there's a bridge over the river; una nube tossica incombeva sulla città, a toxic cloud hung over the city; metti un golfino sulle spalle, put a cardigan over your shoulders; passare la lucidatrice sul pavimento, to pass the polisher over the floor; spalmare la crema sul viso, to spread cream over one's face // sul suo capo pendeva la minaccia del licenziamento, the threat of dismissal hung over his head3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio, controllo) over: non ha alcuna autorità su di noi, he has no authority over us; celebrare la vittoria sul nemico, to celebrate one's victory over the enemy; regnare su un popolo, to reign over a people; esercitare la propria influenza, il proprio potere su qlcu., to exert one's influence, power over s.o.; avere un vantaggio su qlcu., to have an advantage over s.o.4 (a un livello superiore, più in alto di) above (anche fig.): il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon; il paese è a 500 metri sul livello del mare, the village is 500 m above sea level // per lui il lavoro ha la precedenza su tutto, he puts work before everything5 ( lungo) on; ( che si affaccia su) on to (o onto): una casa, una città sul fiume, a house, a city on the river; un negozio sul corso principale, a shop on the main street; passeggiammo sul lungomare, we walked on (o along) the seafront; la mia finestra guarda sul cortile, my window looks on to (o onto) the courtyard; questa porta dà sul giardino, this door opens onto the garden6 ( verso, in direzione di, contro) to (wards); ( contro) on; at: l'esercito marciò su Napoli, the army marched on Naples; tutti i riflettori erano puntati sulla rock star, all the spotlights were focused on the rock star; tutti si scagliarono su di lui, they all flung themselves at (o on) him (o fam. they all went for him); sparare sulla folla, to fire on (o into) the crowd7 ( dopo, di seguito a) after: commettere errori su errori, to make mistake after mistake // costruire pietra su pietra, to build stone by stone8 ( approssimativamente) about; ( di tempo) at, about: sul mezzogiorno, about midday; sul far della sera, at nightfall; sulla fine del secolo, at the turn of the century; da qui a Firenze ci si impiega sulle tre ore, it takes about three hours to get (from here) to Florence; peserà sui 50 chili, it must weigh about 50 kilos; l'ha pagato sui 500 euro, he paid about 500 euros for it; un ragazzo sui 10 anni, a boy about 10 years of age; è sulla trentina, he's about thirty years old // un colore sul verde, a greenish colour // era un po' sul depresso, he was a bit depressed9 ( intorno a, riguardo a) on, about: un saggio sulla letteratura del Novecento, an essay on 20th century literature; su che cosa sarà la conferenza?, what will the talk be about?; sa tutto sulla storia del jazz, he knows everything about the history of jazz; discutere sui fatti del giorno, to discuss the day's events10 ( per esprimere proporzione) out of: nove su dieci espressero parere favorevole, nine out of ten were in favour; arriva in ritardo due gioni su tre, he arrives late two days out of three; una volta su mille, one time out of a thousand; meritare otto su dieci, to get eight out of ten.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: sul momento, at first; sull'istante, immediately; sui due piedi, on the spot // su misura, made to measure // dipinto su legno, tela, painted on wood, canvas // (comm.): su campione, by sample; su campione tipo, on type (o on standard); su richiesta, on demand // essere sul punto di fare qlco., to be about (o to be going) to do sthg. // fare sul serio, to be in (o deadly) earnest (o to be serious): fai sul serio?, are you serious? (o fam. no kidding?) // credere sulla parola, to take s.o.'s word for it.* * *[su]1. prep su + il=sul, su + lo=sullo, su + l'=sull', su + la=sulla, su + i=sui, su + gli=sugli, su + le= sullegettarsi sulla preda — to throw o.s. on one's prey
procedi sulla sinistra — keep on o to the left
2) (addosso) overbuttati uno scialle sulle spalle — throw a shawl over o round your shoulders
3) (da una parte all'altra) over4) (autorità, dominio) over5) (più in alto di) above100 metri sul livello del mare — 100 metres above sea level
6) (argomento) about, onun articolo sulla prima guerra mondiale — an article on o about the First World War
una conferenza sulla pace nel mondo — a conference on o about world peace
7) (circa) about, around8) (proporzione) out of, in2 giorni su 3 — 2 days out of 3, 2 days in 3
9)2. avv1) (in alto, verso l'alto) up, (al piano superiore) upstairssu — look uplì
su — up theresu — up here2) (in poi) onwardsdal numero 39 in su — from number 39 onwards
dai 20 anni in su — from the age of 20 onwards
prezzi dalle 50 euro in su — prices from 50 euros (upwards)
3) (addosso) on4)su coraggio! — come on, cheer up!su su non fare così! — now, now, don't behave like that!
su dal niente — to rise from nothing* * *[su] 1.1) (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top ofpassare la mano su qcs. — to run one's hand over sth.
salire sulla scala, su un albero — to climb (up) the ladder, a tree
salire sul treno, sull'autobus — to get on o onto the train, the bus
2) (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) overun ponte sul fiume — a bridge across o over the river
3) (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over4) (al di sopra di) above5) (verso)la stanza dà sul parco — the room looks onto o towards the park
puntare un'arma su qcn. — to aim a gun at sb
sul quarto canale — telev. on channel four
8) (riguardo a, intorno a) on, aboutsu consiglio di qcn. — on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion
su ordine di qcn. — on sb.'s order
10) (per indicare approssimazione) about, around11) (per indicare iterazione) after, uponcommettere sbagli su sbagli — to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake
12) (distributivo) out of2.1) (in alto) up2) (al piano superiore) upstairsportare qcs. su in soffitta — to take sth. up to the attic
salire su su nel cielo — to raise up and up o further up into the sky
4) in su up, upwards5) su persu per la montagna, le scale — up the mountain, the stairs
6) su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro3.interiezione come on* * *su/su/1 (con contatto) on, upon; (con movimento) on, onto; (in cima a) on top of; la tazza è sul tavolo the cup is on the table; battere il pugno sul tavolo to slam one's fist on the table; passare la mano su qcs. to run one's hand over sth.; salire sulla scala, su un albero to climb (up) the ladder, a tree; dimenticare l'ombrello sul treno to leave one's umbrella on the train; salire sul treno, sull'autobus to get on o onto the train, the bus; mettilo su quel mucchio put it on top of that pile2 (senza contatto o per indicare rivestimento, protezione) over; nuvole sulle montagne clouds over the mountain tops; un ponte sul fiume a bridge across o over the river; portare un maglione sulla camicia to wear a sweater over one's shirt; mettere una coperta sulla poltrona to lay a blanket over the armchair3 (per indicare superiorità, dominio) over; governare su un paese to rule (over) a country4 (al di sopra di) above; 500 m sul livello del mare 500 m above sea level5 (verso) la stanza dà sul parco the room looks onto o towards the park; puntare un'arma su qcn. to aim a gun at sb.6 (con nomi di fiumi e laghi) un ponte sul Tamigi a bridge over the Thames; le città sul Po the towns along the Po; crociera sul Nilo cruise on the Nile; vacanze sul Lago Maggiore holidays by Lake Maggiore7 (per indicare un supporto) on; su CD on CD; disegnare sulla sabbia to draw in the sand; copiare su carta to copy onto paper; sul giornale in the newspaper; sul quarto canale telev. on channel four8 (riguardo a, intorno a) on, about9 (per indicare il modo) su commissione on commission; su consiglio di qcn. on sb.'s advice, at o on sb.'s suggestion; su ordine di qcn. on sb.'s order10 (per indicare approssimazione) about, around; essere sui vent'anni to be about twenty; sul finire del secolo towards the end of the century11 (per indicare iterazione) after, upon; commettere sbagli su sbagli to make one mistake after another, to make mistake after mistake12 (distributivo) out of; due persone su tre two out of every three people; una settimana su tre one week in threeII avverbio2 (al piano superiore) upstairs; su fa più freddo it's colder upstairs; portare qcs. su in soffitta to take sth. up to the attic4 in su up, upwards; più in su further up; guardare in su to look up(wards); dalla vita in su from the waist up(wards); dai 3 anni in su from (the age of) 3 up; a faccia in su face up(wards)5 su per su per la montagna, le scale up the mountain, the stairs6 su e giù (in alto e in basso) up and down; (avanti e indietro) up and down, to and fro; andare su e giù per le scale to go up and down the stairsIII interiezionecome on. -
59 Diagonale du vide, la
A.k.a. Diagonale aride: a large swathe of land running across France from northeast (the Meuse plain) to southwest (the central Pyrenees), via the southern Massif Central, where, for most of the twentieth century population was falling and the economy in decline, due to rural exodus. Since the start of the twenty-first century, the population in this area, covering some twenty departments, has at last begun to increase again, as a result of longer life-expectancy and of repopulation by emigrants from the cities and other parts of Europe.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Diagonale du vide, la
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60 Cartwright, Revd Edmund
[br]b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, Englandd. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England[br]English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.[br]Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBoard of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).Bibliography1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).Further ReadingM.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of theNewcomen Society 6.H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).RLHBiographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund
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