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the+accused

  • 81 личность обвиняемого

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > личность обвиняемого

  • 82 обвиняемый был пьян и оказывал сопротивление

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обвиняемый был пьян и оказывал сопротивление

  • 83 obwiniony

    a.
    - eni accused.
    mp
    prawn. the accused, defendant.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > obwiniony

  • 84 culpado

    adj.
    1 guilty.
    2 accused, indicted.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: culpar.
    * * *
    culpado, -a
    1.
    ADJ guilty
    2.
    SM / F culprit; (Jur) the accused

    Spanish-English dictionary > culpado

  • 85 inculpada


    inculpado,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino accused
    * * *
    :
    el inculpado the accused

    Spanish-English dictionary > inculpada

  • 86 optuženik

    defendent, the accused
    * * *
    • defendent
    • defendant
    • indictee
    • culprit
    • accused

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > optuženik

  • 87 na

    praep. 1. (wskazuje na kontakt z powierzchnią) [znajdować się] on
    - na stole/kanapie/krześle on the table/sofa/chair
    - na ścianie/drzwiach on the wall/door
    - na Ziemi/Księżycu on the Earth/Moon
    - na niebie in the sky
    - na jeziorze/rzece on the lake/river
    - na morzu at sea
    - na zdjęciu/obrazie (jako temat) in a photo/picture
    - na środku czegoś in the middle a. centre of sth
    - na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth
    - rana na nodze a wound on a a. in the leg
    - mieć na sobie marynarkę/płaszcz to be wearing a jacket/coat
    - nosiła pierścionek na małym palcu, a na szyi korale she had a ring on her little finger and beads (a)round her neck
    - włóż płaszcz na sweter put your coat on over your sweater
    2. (wskazuje na pomieszczenie, miejsce) at, in
    - na stadionie at the stadium
    - na korytarzu in the corridor
    - na ulicy in the street, outside
    - na ulicy Klonowej in a. on Klonowa Street
    - na dworcu/przystanku autobusowym at the station/bus stop
    - na staromiejskim rynku in the Old Town marketplace
    - na wschodzie/południu in the East/South
    - na Bliskim Wschodzie in the Middle East
    - na Ukrainie/Węgrzech in (the) Ukraine/in Hungary
    - na Śląsku/Mazowszu in Silesia/Mazovia
    - na wyspie/Borneo on an island/in Borneo
    - na wsi in the country
    - na uniwersytecie at (the) university/in the university
    - na wykładzie/przedstawieniu at a lecture/performance
    - na górze/dole (wysokość) at the top/bottom; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs
    3. (wskazuje na kierunek) [pójść, prowadzić] to
    - na plażę/bagna to the beach/marshes
    - na stację/salę operacyjną to the station/the operating theatre
    - na Łotwę/Pomorze to Latvia/Pomerania
    - na Sycylię/Krym to Sicily/the Crimea
    - wyprawa na Mount Everest an expedition to Mount Everest
    - wspinać się na Giewont to climb Giewont
    - robotnicy wylegli na ulice workers took to the streets
    - dostał się na uniwersytet/prawo he entered university a. was admitted to university/he entered the law department
    - poszła na zebranie/koncert she went to a meeting/concert
    - iść/skręcać na północ/wschód to go/turn north/east
    - okna wychodzą na południe/na ogród the windows face south/look onto the garden
    - na północ/wschód od czegoś to the north/east of sth
    - na górę/dół (wyżej/niżej) up/down; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs
    - patrzeć na kogoś to look at sb
    - postawić wazon na stół a. na stole to put a vase on the table
    - ładować meble na ciężarówkę to load furniture onto a lorry
    - przenosić się z miejsca na miejsce to move from place to place
    4. (wskazuje na odcinek czasu) for
    - wyjechać na tydzień/dwa dni to go away for a week/two days
    - na krótko for a bit a. a short while
    - na zawsze forever, for ever
    - muszę was na chwilę zostawić I’ll have to leave you for a moment
    - ptaki odleciały na zimę the birds have flown off for the winter
    - na pół godziny przed odlotem samolotu half an hour before the plane’s departure
    5. (wskazuje na termin) przygotuję ten referat na środę I’ll prepare the paper for Wednesday
    - miałeś zrobić tłumaczenie na wczoraj you were supposed to finish the translation by yesterday
    - przesuńmy zebranie na jutro let’s postpone the meeting till tomorrow
    - masz przyjść na drugą/lunch you must come at two/for lunch
    - jestem z nim umówiony na siedemnastą/na piątego stycznia I’m seeing him at 5 p.m./on January the fifth
    6. (wskazuje na okazję) for
    - na tę okazję for the occasion
    - sukienka na specjalne okazje a dress for special occasions
    - zjeść coś na śniadanie/lunch to have a. eat sth for breakfast/lunch
    - kupić komuś prezent na urodziny to buy sb a present for his/her birthday
    - zaprosić kogoś na imieniny/wigilię to invite sb to one’s name day party/for Christmas Eve
    - pójść na wesele/pogrzeb to go to a wedding/funeral
    - pocałować/pomachać komuś na pożegnanie to kiss/wave sb goodbye
    7. (z nazwami środków lokomocji) na nartach/rowerze on skis/on a bike
    - policjanci na koniach policemen on horseback
    - jechać na rowerze to cycle, to ride a bike
    - latać na lotni to go hang-gliding
    - jeździć na łyżwach/wrotkach to skate a. go skating/to (roller) skate a. go (roller) skating
    - chodzić/stać na rękach to walk/stand on one’s hands
    - skakać na jednej nodze to hop on one foot
    - zjechał na nartach ze zbocza he skied down the slope
    - dziecko poruszało się na pupie po całym pokoju the baby shuffled around the room on his/her bottom
    8. (wskazujące na podporę) on
    - stolik na kółkach a table on a. with wheels
    - pantofle na wysokim obcasie highheeled shoes
    - pantofle na płaskim obcasie low-heeled shoes, flats US
    - fotel/konik na biegunach a rocking chair/horse
    - spodnie na szelkach/pasku trousers with braces/with a belt
    - prowadzić psa na smyczy to lead a dog on a leash
    - leżeć na brzuchu/plecach to lie on one’s stomach/back
    - oprzeć się na łokciu/na lasce to lean on one’s elbow/a cane
    9. (z nazwami narzędzi, urządzeń, instrumentów) on
    - na komputerze/kalkulatorze on a computer/calculator
    - pisać na maszynie to type, to write on a typewriter
    - uszyć sukienkę na maszynie to machine(-sew) a dress
    - grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play (on) the violin/piano
    - zagrać jakąś melodię na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play a tune on the violin/piano
    10. (wskazuje na sposób) pranie na sucho dry-cleaning
    - jajka na twardo/miękko hard-boiled/soft-boiled eggs
    - usmażyć coś na maśle/oleju to fry sth in butter/oil
    - ten rosół jest na wołowinie, nie na kurczaku this is beef broth, not chicken broth
    - nalewka na wiśniach cherry brandy
    - sprzedawać coś na sztuki/tuziny to sell sth by the piece/dozen
    - kupić coś na raty to pay for sth by a. in instalments
    - pomalować coś na niebiesko/zielono to paint sth blue/green
    - ubierać się na biało/czarno to dress in white/black
    - „podawać na zimno/gorąco” ‘serve cold/hot’
    - zrobiła się na Marylin Monroe pot. she dolled herself up like Marylin Monroe pot.
    - (ona) uczy się na piątki she always gets top marks
    11. (wskazuje na przeznaczenie) for
    - mięso na befsztyki/zupę meat for steak/soup
    - butelka na mleko a milk bottle
    - materiał na sukienkę dress material
    - stojak na buty a shoe rack
    - syrop na kaszel cough syrup
    - koncert na skrzypce i fortepian a concerto for violin and piano
    - dom na sprzedaż a house for sale
    - sztućce/stół na cztery osoby cutlery/a table for four (people)
    - brała krople na serce she took drops for her heart
    - nie mam już miejsca na książki I don’t have any more room for books
    - na dokończenie tego mieliśmy tylko dwie godziny we only had two hours to finish it
    - nie trać czasu na głupstwa don’t waste time on trifles
    - brakuje pieniędzy na zasiłki there’s a shortage of money for benefits
    12. (wskazuje na cel) for
    - zabrali go do szpitala na operację they took him to hospital for an operation
    - poszedł na egzamin he went to take a. went off for his exam
    - idę do znajomych na brydża I’m going to my friends to play (some) bridge a. for a game of bridge
    - umówmy się na piwo let’s meet for a beer
    - muszę pójść na zakupy I have to do some a. go shopping
    - na co chcesz pójść (do kina)? what (film) would you like to see?
    - wybrać się na grzyby/ryby to go mushroom picking/fishing
    - skoczył do wody jemu/jej na ratunek he jumped into the water to save him/her
    13. (wskazuje na skutek) to, into
    - podarł spodnie na strzępy he tore his trousers to shreds
    - wazon rozbił się na kawałki the vase smashed to pieces
    - porąbał drewno na kawałki he chopped the wood into pieces
    - pokrój mięso na plastry/kawałki cut the meat into slices/chunks
    - gips strwardniał na kamień the plaster set as hard as rock
    - przerobiła sukienkę na spódnicę she turned the dress into a skirt
    - przebudowali piwnicę na sklep they converted the cellar into a shop
    - rodzice wychowali go na uczciwego człowieka his parents brought him up to be an honest man
    14. (wskazuje na przyczynę) at
    - na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie at sb’s request/invitation
    - na czyjś rozkaz at sb’s order
    - na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth
    - na dźwięk dzwonka wyskoczył z wanny at the sound of the bell he jumped out of the bath
    - na myśl o tym zrobiło mu się słabo he felt faint at the (very) thought of it
    - śledztwo rozpoczęto na wniosek poszkodowanego the investigation was opened at the request of the injured party
    - na nasz apel zgłosiło się wielu ochotników many volunteers responded to our appeal
    - oskarżeni utrzymują, że strzelali na rozkaz the accused claim that they were ordered to shoot
    - chorować na grypę to be ill with flu
    - przystanek na żądanie a request stop GB, a flagstop US
    15. (w pomiarach, obliczeniach) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometres per a. an hour
    - dwa razy na tydzień/rok twice a week/year
    - jeden student na dziesięciu one student in ten a. out of ten
    - na jedno miejsce było sześciu kandydatów there were six candidates per place
    - bieg na 100 metrów the 100 metres sprint
    - głęboki/długi na sześć metrów six metres deep/long
    - podszedłem do niego na odległość kilku kroków I came to within several steps of him
    - poziom wody podniósł się na wysokość pierwszego piętra the level of the water rose up to the first floor
    - jak na swoje lata, jest w doskonałej formie he’s in excellent form for his years
    - jak na emeryta, ma spore dochody for a pensioner he has quite a large income
    - pomidory, jak na krajowe, są znakomite for Polish tomatoes they’re delicious
    - suma, jak na owe czasy, ogromna a huge sum for a. in those days a. times
    - na ówczesne warunki (for) the way things were at the time; for the conditions prevailing at that time książk.
    - na co? what for?
    - na co ci ołówek? what do you need a pencil for?
    - i na co wam to było? what did you have to do that for?
    - na odwal (się) pot. a. na odpieprz (się) posp. [zrobiony, wykonany] any old how pot.
    * * *
    prep
    (+acc) ( kierunek) to

    na plażę/wieś — to the beach/country

    na Węgry/Kubę — to Hungary/Cuba

    wchodzić (wejść perf) na drzewo — to climb a tree

    na zachód/północ — west/north, westward(s)/northward(s)

    wpadać (wpaść perf) na kogoś — to bump into sb ( okres)

    na 5 minut przed na — +loc five minutes before... ( termin)

    na czwartą — ( zrobić coś) by four (o'clock); ( przyjść) at four (o'clock) ( okazja)

    na sztuki/tuziny — by the piece/the dozen

    na raty — on hire purchase (BRIT) lub installments (US)

    na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie — at sb's request/invitation

    na czyjś sygnał/życzenie — on sb's signal/wish

    chory na grypę — ill lub sick (US) with flu ( miara)

    jeden na dziesięć — one in ten, one out of ten

    malować (pomalować perf) coś na biało — to paint sth white ( przeznaczenie)

    kosz na śmieci — dustbin (BRIT), garbage can (US)

    jechać na wakacje/wycieczkę — to go on holiday/a trip

    iść na wykład/koncert — to go to a lecture/concert ( z przysłówkami)

    * * *
    na
    prep.
    + Loc.
    1. ( miejsce) on, at, in ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na stole on the table; na ścianie on the wall; na górze/na dole up/down; at the top/bottom ( czegoś of sth); (= na piętrze/na parterze) upstairs/downstairs; na ulicy on the street; Br. in the street; na Siódmej Ulicy on Seventh Street; Br. in Seventh Street; na Pennsylvania Avenue pod numerem 10 Br. at 10 Pennsylvania Avenue; na Alasce/Litwie in Alaska/Lithuania; na deszczu (out) in the rain; na dworze (= na zewnątrz) outside, outdoors; na koniu on a horse, on horseback; na korytarzu in the corridor; na palcu/głowie on one's finger/head; mieć mnóstwo spraw na głowie przen. have a lot on one's mind l. shoulders; na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth; na polu in the field; na uniwersytecie/poczcie at the university/post office; na zachodzie in the west.
    2. ( sytuacja) gdybym był na twoim miejscu if I were you, if I were in your shoes.
    3. (= podczas) at, during, on; na zebraniu/koncercie at a meeting/concert; na wakacjach on vacation; Br. on holiday; na wycieczce on a trip l. excursion; spędzać czas na czytaniu spend one's time reading.
    4. ( środek lokomocji) on; jechać na koniu ride (on) a horse; jeździć na nartach ski, go skiing; jeździć na rowerze ride (on) a bicycle, ride a bike.
    5. ( ruch lub pozycja ciała) on; chodzić na rękach walk on one's hands; leżeć na boku lie on one's side; na nogach (t. przen. = w dobrej kondycji) on one's feet.
    6. ( instrument) on; grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie play the violin/piano; grać melodię na fortepianie play a tune on the piano.
    7. ( narzędzie) pisać na maszynie type, typewrite; robić na drutach knit.
    9. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) oszczędzać na czymś economize on sth; wprawiać się na czymś cut one's teeth on sth; wychowany na czymś brought up l. raised on sth.
    prep.
    + Acc.
    1. (kierunek l. cel) to, toward(s), on, upon ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na Alaskę/Litwę to Alaska/Lithuania; na stolicę (o celu marszu, operacji wojskowej) toward l. on the capital; na górę/na dół up/down; ( po schodach) upstairs/downstairs; na pocztę/dworzec kolejowy to the post office/railroad station; na ulicę (out) into the street; na zachód west, westward(s); wyjść na ulicę (euf. = zacząć uprawiać prostytucję) go on the streets.
    2. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) chory na głowę (pot. = szalony) sick in the head, brainsick; chorować l. cierpieć na coś suffer from sth; cieszyć się na coś look forward to sth; krzyczeć na kogoś shout at sb; patrzeć na kogoś/coś look at sb/sth; zanosi się na deszcz it's going to rain; zły na kogoś/coś angry at/with sb/sth.
    3. ( stan) postawić kogoś na nogi przen. put sb on their feet (again).
    4. ( okres) for; na chwilę for a moment, for a while; na miesiąc for a month.
    5. (termin, wyznaczony czas) (dokładnie) na czas (right) on time; obiad będzie na piątą dinner will be (ready) at five; umówić się na środę agree to meet on Wednesday, schedule an appointment for Wednesday; wracam na Wielkanoc I'll be back l. returning for Easter; zrobię to na jutro I'll do it for tomorrow.
    6. (napęd, zasilanie) silnik na benzynę gasoline engine; zegar na baterię battery-powered clock.
    7. ( przeznaczenie) kosz na śmieci waste-paper basket; materiał na sukienkę dress material; koncert na fortepian muz. piano concerto; skrzynka na listy mailbox; Br. letter-box.
    8. ( sposób) with, by; walczyć na miecze fight with swords; kupować na raty buy on installments; kupować/sprzedawać na sztuki buy/sell by the piece.
    9. ( miara) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometers an hour/per hour; szeroki na dwa metry two meters wide; raz na rok once a year.
    10. (przyczyna, bodziec) on, upon, at, to; co ty na to? what do you say?, what would you say to that?; na żądanie on demand; na czyjąś prośbę/czyjś rozkaz on l. at sb's request/order; na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth; na wieść o wypadku upon the news of the accident; odpowiedzieć na pytanie answer a question.
    11. ( podział) into, in; drzeć coś na kawałki tear sth into l. to pieces; dzielenie włosa na czworo przen. hair-splitting; dzielić/łamać/składać coś na pół divide/break/fold sth in half.
    12. ( dzielenie liczb) sto na dziesięć one hundred (divided) by ten.
    13. ( wymiary) pięć na dziesięć cali five by ten inches.
    14. ( cel) to, for, into; być przyjętym na (Uniwersytet) Yale be accepted at l. by Yale (University); dostać się na wydział chemii get into the chemistry department; iść na przyjęcie/zebranie go to a party/meeting; iść na ryby go fishing; iść na spacer go for a walk; jechać na wycieczkę go on an excursion; wyskoczyć na miasto go out, go into town.
    15. ( w utarych zwrotach) na dobitkę to crown it all, to top it (all) off, on top of all that; na domiar złego to make matters worse; na przykład for example, for instance; jak na złość ironically; na zakończenie finally; na złamanie karku at breakneck speed l. pace, helter-skelter.
    16. ( w równoważnikach zdań) na pomoc! help!; na koń! mount up!; na zdrowie! ( toast) cheers!; ( odpowiedź na kichnięcie) bless you!
    prep.
    z przysłówkami, przymiotnikami i wyrazami nieodmiennymi
    2. ( okres) for; na długo/krótko for a long/short time; na zawsze forever.
    3. ( sposób) na czczo on an empty stomach; na leżąco lying (down), reclining, prone; jajko na twardo hard-boiled egg; na wznak on the back.
    4. ( relacje przestrzenne) na zewnątrz (czegoś) outside (sth); na wprost (straight) on l. ahead; (= naprzeciw) opposite; na zachód/lewo ( o położeniu) to the west/left ( od czegoś of sth).
    5. ( w utartych zwrotach) wszystko na nic/na próżno (it's) all for nothing/in vain.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > na

  • 88 concluir

    v.
    1 to conclude.
    concluir haciendo o por hacer algo to end up doing something
    María concluyó su tarea Mary concluded her homework.
    Ella concluyó la solución She concluded the solution.
    2 to (come to an) end.
    3 to come to an end, to conclude, to reach the end.
    Su luto concluyó Her mourning came to an end.
    4 to finish off.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 (terminar) to finish
    2 (trato, negocio) to close
    3 (inferir) to conclude, infer
    4 (dar remate) to put the finishing touches to
    1 (finalizar) to finish, come to an end, conclude
    * * *
    verb
    2) end
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=finalizar) [+ estudios, trabajo] to finish, complete, conclude frm

    concluiremos las obras en 2014 — work will finish in 2014, the work will be completed in 2014

    2) (=alcanzar) [+ acuerdo, pacto] to reach
    3) (=deducir) to conclude
    2.
    VI frm (=finalizar) [acto, proceso, evento] to conclude, finish, end; [era, etapa] to end, come to an end; [plazo] to expire

    el acto concluyó con un brindis — the ceremony concluded o finished o ended with a toast

    y para concluir... — and finally...

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (frml) ( terminar) < obras> to complete, finish; < trámite> to complete; <acuerdo/tratado> to conclude
    2) (frml) ( deducir) to conclude, come to the conclusion
    2.
    concluir vi (frml)
    a) congreso/negociaciones to end, conclude

    concluir en/con algo — to end in/with something

    concluir de + inf — to finish -ing

    * * *
    = conclude, work out, wind up (in/at), wrap up, bring to + a close, finish off, top + Nombre + off, close + the book on.
    Ex. Thus chapter 21 concludes with a number of special rules.
    Ex. The details of how the assignment of numbers by authorized agencies would be controlled have yet to be worked out.
    Ex. Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'ACRL wraps up year 1 of Academic Library Statistics Project'.
    Ex. 2006 was brought to a close with a flurry of acquisitions.
    Ex. His statement is a serious threat to the cooperative sector and was aimed at finishing off the movement.
    Ex. Top it off with spicy yacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex. Obama, who tries to steer clear of the political thicket of race and politics, accepted the apology and said he wanted to close the book on the episode.
    ----
    * dar por concluido = close + the book on.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * sin concluir = unfinished.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (frml) ( terminar) < obras> to complete, finish; < trámite> to complete; <acuerdo/tratado> to conclude
    2) (frml) ( deducir) to conclude, come to the conclusion
    2.
    concluir vi (frml)
    a) congreso/negociaciones to end, conclude

    concluir en/con algo — to end in/with something

    concluir de + inf — to finish -ing

    * * *
    = conclude, work out, wind up (in/at), wrap up, bring to + a close, finish off, top + Nombre + off, close + the book on.

    Ex: Thus chapter 21 concludes with a number of special rules.

    Ex: The details of how the assignment of numbers by authorized agencies would be controlled have yet to be worked out.
    Ex: Besides, winding up in an exclusive arrangement with a distributor that has rotten customer service ruins any advantage.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'ACRL wraps up year 1 of Academic Library Statistics Project'.
    Ex: 2006 was brought to a close with a flurry of acquisitions.
    Ex: His statement is a serious threat to the cooperative sector and was aimed at finishing off the movement.
    Ex: Top it off with spicy yacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex: Obama, who tries to steer clear of the political thicket of race and politics, accepted the apology and said he wanted to close the book on the episode.
    * dar por concluido = close + the book on.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * sin concluir = unfinished.

    * * *
    vt
    A ( frml) (terminar, completar) ‹obras› to complete, finish; ‹trámite› to complete; ‹acuerdo/tratado› to conclude
    otra firma se encargó de concluir el proyecto another company undertook to finish o complete the project
    se espera concluir las obras a fin de mes it is hoped that the work will be concluded o completed o finished by the end of the month
    B ( frml) (deducir) to conclude, come to the conclusion concluir algo DE algo to conclude sth FROM sth
    de lo dicho se puede concluir lo siguiente: … from what has been said one can conclude the following o draw the following conclusion/conclusions: …
    ■ concluir
    vi
    ( frml)
    1 «congreso/negociaciones» to end, conclude
    el plazo concluyó el día 17 the time limit expired on the 17th, the deadline was the 17th
    concluir EN/ CON algo:
    las conversaciones concluyeron en un acuerdo the talks ended in agreement
    concluyó con una concentración delante del cuartel it ended with a rally outside the barracks
    2 «persona»: concluir DE + INF; to finish -ING
    cuando concluyó de hablar when she finished speaking
    concluir CON algo to finish sth
    piensan concluir con las pruebas a la brevedad they plan to finish the trials as soon as possible
    * * *

     

    concluir ( conjugate concluir) verbo transitivo
    a) (frml) ( terminar) ‹ obras› to complete, finish;

    ‹ trámite› to complete;
    ‹acuerdo/tratado› to conclude

    concluir algo de algo to conclude sth from sth
    verbo intransitivo (frml)
    a) [congreso/negociaciones] to end, conclude;


    b) [ persona] concluir de hacer algo to finish doing sth

    concluir verbo transitivo to conclude
    ' concluir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rematar
    - zanjar
    English:
    close
    - conclude
    - deal with
    - follow through
    - round off
    - tie up
    - wrap up
    - complete
    - conclusion
    - round
    - wind
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [acabar] [concierto, película, reunión] to end, to conclude;
    [trabajo, obras] to finish, to complete;
    una ovación concluyó su discurso his speech got an ovation;
    al concluir 1999 todavía quedaban varias pueblos sin teléfono at the end of 1999, several villages were still not connected to the telephone network;
    “este incidente no se volverá a repetir”, concluyó “this incident will not be repeated,” he concluded
    2. [deducir] to conclude;
    acabó concluyendo que se había equivocado he finally concluded that he had made a mistake;
    de su respuesta concluyo que no le interesa from her answer I gather that she's not interested;
    de lo que se concluye que… from which we can conclude that…
    ♦ vi
    to (come to an) end;
    el plazo concluye hoy the time limit expires today, the deadline is today;
    la manifestación concluyó con la lectura de un poema the demonstration ended with the reading of a poem;
    este año las clases concluyen en junio term ends in June this year;
    concluir haciendo o [m5] por hacer algo to end up doing sth
    * * *
    v/t & v/i conclude
    * * *
    concluir {41} vt
    1) terminar: to conclude, to finish
    2) deducir: to deduce, to infer
    : to end, to conclude
    * * *
    1. (acabar) to end / to finish
    2. (deducir) to conclude

    Spanish-English dictionary > concluir

  • 89 indicar

    v.
    1 to indicate.
    todo parece indicar que ganará el equipo visitante everything seems to indicate that the visiting team will win
    me indicó con un gesto que me sentara she motioned to me to sit down
    esa flecha indica a la derecha that arrow points to the right
    esa luz indica que le falta agua al motor that light shows that the engine is low on water
    El rótulo indica la dirección The sign indicated the way.
    2 to tell, to explain to.
    nos indicó el camino del aeropuerto she told us the way to the airport
    3 to prescribe.
    4 to suggest.
    Los síntomas indican una infección the symptoms suggest an infection.
    5 to indicate to, to suggest to.
    El jefe indicó ir de nuevo The boss indicated to go again.
    6 to hint, to denote, to cue.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to indicate, point out
    ■ ¿cuánto indica la aguja? what does the gauge read?
    2 (aconsejar) to advise
    \
    indicarle el camino a alguien to show somebody the way
    * * *
    verb
    3) show
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=señalar) to show

    ¿me puede usted indicar dónde está el museo? — can you tell me o show me where the museum is?

    me indicó un punto en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out a point on the map

    2) (=decir) [señal, policía] to indicate; [portavoz, fuentes] to state, point out, indicate
    3) (=mostrar) [+ cantidad, temperatura] to show; [+ subida, victoria] to point to

    no hay nada que indique lo contrario — there's nothing to suggest otherwise, there is no indication to the contrary

    todo parece indicar que van a ganar las elecciones — there is every indication o sign that they will win the election, everything points to them winning the election

    como su (propio) nombre indica: la otitis, como su propio nombre indica, es una inflamación del oído — otitis, as its name suggests, is an inflammation of the ear

    4) frm (=recomendar) [abogado, médico] to tell, say

    haz lo que te indique el médico — do as the doctor tells you, do as the doctor says

    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( señalar) to indicate

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? — could you tell me how to get there?

    me indicó el lugar en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out the place on the map

    todo parece indicar que... — there is every indication that...

    3) (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show

    el asterisco indica que... — the asterisk indicates o shows that...

    como su nombre indica, es una flor azul — as its name suggests, it's a blue flower

    * * *
    = bespeak, bring to + Posesivo + attention, demarcate, denote, flag, indicate, mark, note, point, point out, point to, signal, signify, prompt, mark out, suggest, betoken, illustrate, bring to + Posesivo + notice, hold + clue, mark + Nombre + down as.
    Ex. I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.
    Ex. Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.
    Ex. The framework was designed to demarcate certain of those elements by means of prescribed punctuation.
    Ex. The notation is primarily letters, but also uses numbers to denote concepts in the auxiliary schedules.
    Ex. Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex. The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex. An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex. By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex. This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex. Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex. Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex. You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex. To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex. In effect, we'd be suggesting to them we don't have the book.
    Ex. The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex. The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex. One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex. To reconstruct palaeoclimates, palaeoclimatologists analyse tree rings, ice cores, sea sediments and even rock strata which may hold clues to the state of the climate millions of years ago.
    Ex. One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    ----
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * evidencia + indicar = evidence + suggest, evidence + indicate.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * indicar a = point + the way to.
    * indicar claramente = make + it + clear.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * indicar similitudes = point out + similarities.
    * resultados + indicar = results + indicate.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( señalar) to indicate

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? — could you tell me how to get there?

    me indicó el lugar en el mapa — he showed me o pointed out the place on the map

    todo parece indicar que... — there is every indication that...

    3) (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show

    el asterisco indica que... — the asterisk indicates o shows that...

    como su nombre indica, es una flor azul — as its name suggests, it's a blue flower

    * * *
    = bespeak, bring to + Posesivo + attention, demarcate, denote, flag, indicate, mark, note, point, point out, point to, signal, signify, prompt, mark out, suggest, betoken, illustrate, bring to + Posesivo + notice, hold + clue, mark + Nombre + down as.

    Ex: I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.

    Ex: Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.
    Ex: The framework was designed to demarcate certain of those elements by means of prescribed punctuation.
    Ex: The notation is primarily letters, but also uses numbers to denote concepts in the auxiliary schedules.
    Ex: Since the fields are of different lengths in different records it is necessary that the beginning and end of fields be flagged in some way.
    Ex: The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex: An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex: By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex: This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex: Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: In effect, we'd be suggesting to them we don't have the book.
    Ex: The faintly irritating moralising tone of this book betokens a real human interest, which must be recovered if there is to be a dialogue of real content.
    Ex: The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex: One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex: To reconstruct palaeoclimates, palaeoclimatologists analyse tree rings, ice cores, sea sediments and even rock strata which may hold clues to the state of the climate millions of years ago.
    Ex: One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * evidencia + indicar = evidence + suggest, evidence + indicate.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * indicar a = point + the way to.
    * indicar claramente = make + it + clear.
    * indicar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * indicar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * indicar similitudes = point out + similarities.
    * resultados + indicar = results + indicate.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.

    * * *
    indicar [A2 ]
    vt
    A (señalar) to indicate
    hay una flecha que indica el camino there's an arrow indicating o showing the way
    ¿me podría indicar dónde está la oficina/cómo llegar allí? could you tell me where the office is/how to get there?
    me indicó el lugar en el mapa he showed me o pointed out the place on the map
    todo parece indicar que … all the indications are that …, there is every indication that …
    no hay nada que indique lo contrario there's nothing to say you can't ( o he won't etc), there's nothing to indicate otherwise, there is no indication to the contrary ( frml)
    B
    (prescribir): el abogado indicó el procedimiento que había que seguir the lawyer told us the procedure we had to follow, the lawyer advised us of o indicated the procedure we had to follow
    siga las instrucciones que se indican al dorso follow the instructions given on the back
    C «hechos/indicios» (mostrar, denotar) to indicate, show
    el asterisco indica que se trata de la versión original the asterisk indicates o shows o means that it is the original version
    todo parece indicar que van a bajar los tipos de interés everything seems to point to a fall in interest rates
    es, como su propio nombre indica, una flor azul it is, as its name suggests, a blue flower
    el termómetro indica un ligero descenso de las temperaturas the thermometer shows a slight drop in temperature
    el precio no está indicado en el catálogo the price isn't given o shown in the catalogue
    * * *

     

    indicar ( conjugate indicar) verbo transitivo
    to indicate, show;

    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar allí? could you tell me how to get there?;
    me indicó el lugar en el mapa he showed me o pointed out the place on the map;
    todo parece indicar que … there is every indication that …;
    el asterisco indica que … the asterisk indicates o shows that …
    indicar verbo transitivo
    1 (señalar) to indicate, show, point out: el reloj indicaba las dos, the clock was showing two
    indícame el camino exacto a tu casa, tell me how I can get to your house
    2 Med (recetar, aconsejar) to prescribe

    ' indicar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - callar
    - coger
    - decir
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - entre
    - estar
    - guiar
    - incluso
    - mayoría
    - orientar
    - sobre
    - ver
    - dar
    - denotar
    - marcar
    - señalar
    English:
    denote
    - direction
    - eventual
    - indicate
    - intimate
    - notice
    - observe
    - point
    - point out
    - shall
    - should
    - show
    - signal
    - signify
    - storey
    - suggest
    - tell
    - yet
    - quote
    - suggestive
    * * *
    1. [señalar] to indicate;
    esa flecha indica a la derecha that arrow points to the right;
    esa luz indica que le falta agua al radiador that light shows that the radiator is low on water;
    me indicó con un gesto que me sentara she motioned me to sit down;
    el pronóstico del tiempo indica que va a llover the weather forecast says it's going to rain;
    todo parece indicar que ganará el equipo visitante everything seems to point to a win for the away team;
    su nerviosismo indica que no ha estudiado his nervousness indicates o suggests that he hasn't studied;
    un animal que, como su nombre indica, es salvaje an animal which, as its name suggests, is wild
    2. [explicar] to tell, to explain to;
    nos indicó el camino del aeropuerto she told us the way to the airport;
    ¿me podría indicar cómo llegar al centro? could you tell me how to get to the town centre?;
    yo te indicaré lo que tienes que hacer I'll tell you o explain what you have to do
    3. [prescribir]
    el médico me indicó que reposara the doctor told o advised me to rest
    4. [sugerir] to give an idea of, to intimate;
    sólo indicaremos los resultados generales we will only give an idea of the overall results
    * * *
    v/t
    1 show, indicate
    2 ( señalar) point out
    3 ( sugerir) suggest
    * * *
    indicar {72} vt
    1) señalar: to indicate
    2) enseñar, mostrar: to show
    * * *
    1. (mostrar) to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    2. (hacer una señal) to signal [pt. & pp. signalled]
    3. (dar instrucciones) to tell [pt. & pp. told]

    Spanish-English dictionary > indicar

  • 90 objeto

    m.
    1 object (asunto, cosa).
    ser objeto de to be the object of
    objetos de valor valuables
    objeto volador no identificado unidentified flying object
    2 purpose, object.
    el objeto de la visita the purpose o object of the visit
    tener por objeto to be aimed at; (sujeto: plan) to have as one's aim (sujeto: persona)
    ¿con qué objeto? to what end?
    sin objeto to no purpose, pointlessly (inútilmente)
    al o con objeto de hacer algo in order to do something, with the aim of doing st
    3 body, solid body.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: objetar.
    * * *
    1 (cosa) object
    2 (fin) aim, purpose, object
    3 (finalidad) intention
    ■ ¿con qué objeto acudió Vd. al domicilio de la acusada? with what intention did you visit the home of the accused?
    4 (blanco) object
    5 (tema) subject
    \
    sin objeto pointlessly
    con objeto de in order to
    no tiene objeto que + subjuntivo there's no point in + gerund
    tener por objeto + inf to be designed to + inf
    objetos de valor valuables
    objetos perdidos lost property sing
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=cosa) object
    2) (=propósito) object, aim

    al o con objeto de hacer algo — with the object o aim of doing sth

    no tiene objeto que sigas preguntándome — there's no point in you continuing to ask me, it's no use you continuing to ask me

    3) (=blanco) object

    fue objeto de un asalto — he was the target of an attack, he suffered an attack

    4) (Ling) object
    * * *
    1) ( cosa) object

    objetos de uso personal — items o articles for personal use

    objetos perdidos — lost and found (AmE), lost property (BrE)

    2) ( finalidad) object

    tuvo por objeto facilitar el diálogo — the aim o objective was to make it easier to hold talks

    con el objeto de coordinar la operación — in order to coordinate o with the aim of coordinating the operation

    3)
    a) (de admiración, críticas) object
    b) (Ling) object
    c) ( de ciencia) object
    * * *
    = artifact [artefact], body, focus, object, object, locus [loci, -pl.], physical object, butt, artefact [artifact].
    Ex. There is also a review by Ken Bierman of the future of the catalog insofar as it is a physical artifact.
    Ex. Cartographic materials are, according to AACR2, all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body.
    Ex. Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex. The object of classification is to group related subjects.
    Ex. An object is a tree-dimensional artefact (or replica of an artefact) or a specimen of a naturally occurring entity.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. The rolls, which it was customary to keep in the bosom, contained exhortations, messages and promises and were considered very valuable as physical objects.
    Ex. The author discusses art critic Harry Quilter, usually remembered today as 'Arry,' the butt of merciless lampooning by J.M. Whistler.
    Ex. An artefact is any object made or modified by man.
    ----
    * basado en el objeto = artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * basado en los objetos = object-specific.
    * centrado en el objeto = artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.
    * con el objeto de = in the attempt to, in the drive to, in a drive to.
    * con objeto de = in order to, in an attempt to, in an effort to, aimed at, with the purpose of, in a bid to, with the aim of.
    * con objeto de hacer = toward(s).
    * con objeto de (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).
    * con objeto de + Verbo = for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * DOI (Identificador de Objeto Digital) = DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
    * gestión de objetos = object management.
    * indización según el objeto = entity-oriented indexing.
    * lenguaje de objetos = object language.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * mujer objeto = sex object.
    * objeto coleccionable = collectable item, collectable, collectible, collectible item.
    * objeto cultural = cultural object.
    * objeto curioso = knick knack.
    * objeto de aprendizaje = learning object.
    * objeto de arte = art object.
    * objeto de barro = earthenware.
    * objeto de bronce = bronze.
    * objeto de burla = object of ridicule.
    * objeto de culto = cult object.
    * objeto de curiosidad = object of curiosity.
    * objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * objeto de información electrónico = electronic information object.
    * objeto de interés = object of interest.
    * objeto del debate = at issue.
    * objeto de valor = valuable.
    * objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.
    * objeto en forma de caja = enclosure.
    * objeto expuesto = exhibit.
    * objeto lacado = lacquer.
    * objeto material = material object.
    * objeto natural = natural object.
    * objeto que da consuelo = comforter.
    * objetos curiosos = bric-a-brac.
    * objetos de bronce = brassware.
    * objetos de Eslovenia = Slovenica.
    * objetos de valor = valuables.
    * objetos esotéricos = esoterica.
    * objeto sexual = sex object.
    * objetos naturales = realia.
    * objetos o estilo asociado a Canadá = Canadiana.
    * objetos o estilo asociado a los Estados Unidos de América = Americana.
    * objetos o estilo asociado o conmemorativo de Gandhi = Gandhiana.
    * objetos perdidos = lost property, lost property, lost and found.
    * objetos y utensilios de escritura = stationery.
    * objeto tridimensional = three-dimensional object.
    * objeto volador = flying object.
    * Objeto Volador No Identificado (OVNI) = UFO (Unidentified Flying Object).
    * orientado hacia el objeto = object-oriented, artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * programación orientada a objetos = object-oriented programming (OOP).
    * programa objeto = object program(me).
    * ser objeto de = be a matter for/of, be subject to, experience, come in for, run + the gauntlet of, make + Nombre + subject to.
    * ser objeto de crítica = attract + criticism, come in + for criticism, be under criticism, be subjected to + criticism, be (the) subject of/to criticism, take + heat.
    * ser objeto de debate = be at issue.
    * ser objeto de discriminación = suffer + discrimination.
    * tratar como un objeto = objectify.
    * * *
    1) ( cosa) object

    objetos de uso personal — items o articles for personal use

    objetos perdidos — lost and found (AmE), lost property (BrE)

    2) ( finalidad) object

    tuvo por objeto facilitar el diálogo — the aim o objective was to make it easier to hold talks

    con el objeto de coordinar la operación — in order to coordinate o with the aim of coordinating the operation

    3)
    a) (de admiración, críticas) object
    b) (Ling) object
    c) ( de ciencia) object
    * * *
    = artifact [artefact], body, focus, object, object, locus [loci, -pl.], physical object, butt, artefact [artifact].

    Ex: There is also a review by Ken Bierman of the future of the catalog insofar as it is a physical artifact.

    Ex: Cartographic materials are, according to AACR2, all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: The object of classification is to group related subjects.
    Ex: An object is a tree-dimensional artefact (or replica of an artefact) or a specimen of a naturally occurring entity.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: The rolls, which it was customary to keep in the bosom, contained exhortations, messages and promises and were considered very valuable as physical objects.
    Ex: The author discusses art critic Harry Quilter, usually remembered today as 'Arry,' the butt of merciless lampooning by J.M. Whistler.
    Ex: An artefact is any object made or modified by man.
    * basado en el objeto = artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * basado en los objetos = object-specific.
    * centrado en el objeto = artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.
    * con el objeto de = in the attempt to, in the drive to, in a drive to.
    * con objeto de = in order to, in an attempt to, in an effort to, aimed at, with the purpose of, in a bid to, with the aim of.
    * con objeto de hacer = toward(s).
    * con objeto de (+ Infinitivo) = with a view to (+ Gerundio).
    * con objeto de + Verbo = for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * conocimiento del objeto = object knowledge.
    * DOI (Identificador de Objeto Digital) = DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
    * gestión de objetos = object management.
    * indización según el objeto = entity-oriented indexing.
    * lenguaje de objetos = object language.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * mujer objeto = sex object.
    * objeto coleccionable = collectable item, collectable, collectible, collectible item.
    * objeto cultural = cultural object.
    * objeto curioso = knick knack.
    * objeto de aprendizaje = learning object.
    * objeto de arte = art object.
    * objeto de barro = earthenware.
    * objeto de bronce = bronze.
    * objeto de burla = object of ridicule.
    * objeto de culto = cult object.
    * objeto de curiosidad = object of curiosity.
    * objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * objeto de información electrónico = electronic information object.
    * objeto de interés = object of interest.
    * objeto del debate = at issue.
    * objeto de valor = valuable.
    * objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.
    * objeto en forma de caja = enclosure.
    * objeto expuesto = exhibit.
    * objeto lacado = lacquer.
    * objeto material = material object.
    * objeto natural = natural object.
    * objeto que da consuelo = comforter.
    * objetos curiosos = bric-a-brac.
    * objetos de bronce = brassware.
    * objetos de Eslovenia = Slovenica.
    * objetos de valor = valuables.
    * objetos esotéricos = esoterica.
    * objeto sexual = sex object.
    * objetos naturales = realia.
    * objetos o estilo asociado a Canadá = Canadiana.
    * objetos o estilo asociado a los Estados Unidos de América = Americana.
    * objetos o estilo asociado o conmemorativo de Gandhi = Gandhiana.
    * objetos perdidos = lost property, lost property, lost and found.
    * objetos y utensilios de escritura = stationery.
    * objeto tridimensional = three-dimensional object.
    * objeto volador = flying object.
    * Objeto Volador No Identificado (OVNI) = UFO (Unidentified Flying Object).
    * orientado hacia el objeto = object-oriented, artefact-centred [artefact-centered, -USA].
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * programación orientada a objetos = object-oriented programming (OOP).
    * programa objeto = object program(me).
    * ser objeto de = be a matter for/of, be subject to, experience, come in for, run + the gauntlet of, make + Nombre + subject to.
    * ser objeto de crítica = attract + criticism, come in + for criticism, be under criticism, be subjected to + criticism, be (the) subject of/to criticism, take + heat.
    * ser objeto de debate = be at issue.
    * ser objeto de discriminación = suffer + discrimination.
    * tratar como un objeto = objectify.

    * * *
    A (cosa) object
    guardaron los objetos de valor en la caja fuerte they put the valuables o the items of value o the things of value in the safe
    objetos de uso personal items o articles for personal use
    objetos de escritorio office stationery
    [ S ] objetos perdidos lost and found ( AmE), lost property ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    objet d'art
    unidentified flying object, UFO
    ( Esp) unidentified flying object, UFO
    B (finalidad) object
    el objeto de esta reunión the object o purpose of this meeting
    tuvo por objeto facilitar el diálogo it was intended to make it easier to hold talks, the aim o objective was to make it easier to hold talks
    con el objeto de coordinar la operación in order to coordinate the operation, with a view to o with the aim of coordinating the operation
    con el objeto de que se conozcan antes de empezar el curso so that o in order that you can get to know each other before the course starts
    C
    1 (de admiración, críticas) object
    el museo fue objeto de críticas muy duras the museum was the object o target of very harsh criticism, the museum was criticized very harshly
    el niño había sido objeto de malos tratos the child had been ill-treated, the child had been the victim of ill treatment
    ese crimen es ahora objeto de una minuciosa investigación that crime is now the subject of a detailed investigation
    fue objeto de grandes demostraciones de afecto he was the object of great displays of affection
    2 ( Ling) object
    * * *

     

    Del verbo objetar: ( conjugate objetar)

    objeto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    objetó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    objetar    
    objeto    
    objetó
    objetar ( conjugate objetar) verbo transitivo
    to object;
    ◊ ¿tienes algo que objeto? do you have any objection?

    verbo intransitivo (Esp fam) to declare oneself a conscientious objector
    objeto sustantivo masculino
    1 ( cosa) object;

    objetos de uso personal items o articles for personal use;
    objetos perdidos lost and found (AmE), lost property (BrE);
    objeto volador no identificado unidentified flying object, UFO
    2


    con el objeto de que se conozcan so that they can get to know each other;
    ser objeto de algo (de admiración/críticas) to be the object of sth;

    (de investigación/estudio) to be the subject of sth;

    b) (Ling) object

    objetar
    I verbo transitivo to object: no hay nada que objetar, there's no reason to object
    II vi Mil to be a conscientious objector
    objeto sustantivo masculino
    1object: no olviden sus objetos personales, don't forget your personal belongings
    (de una acción, pasión) fue objeto de admiración/malos tratos, she was the object of admiration/physical abuse
    2 (finalidad) aim, purpose: no tiene objeto que madruguemos tanto, there's no sense in getting up so early
    3 Ling object
    ♦ Locuciones: con (el) objeto de..., in order to...
    ' objeto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abanico
    - adaptable
    - adefesio
    - aferrarse
    - alquiler
    - amordazar
    - antigüedad
    - armatoste
    - atinar
    - bagatela
    - baño
    - bien
    - botar
    - brillante
    - bulto
    - cacharro
    - caer
    - carga
    - castaña
    - castaño
    - categoría
    - chata
    - chato
    - chisme
    - compra
    - consistente
    - contundente
    - cual
    - dar
    - deforme
    - dentro
    - descambiar
    - desconcharse
    - desechar
    - desfasada
    - desfasado
    - destrozada
    - destrozado
    - devolver
    - disimulada
    - disimulado
    - embrujada
    - embrujado
    - enfriamiento
    - envío
    - escurridiza
    - escurridizo
    - estrenar
    - estría
    - extraviarse
    English:
    adaptable
    - article
    - buoyancy
    - buoyant
    - discover
    - drop
    - dud
    - exhibit
    - fake
    - finished
    - genuine
    - glasscutter
    - guinea pig
    - hand on
    - height
    - her
    - here
    - him
    - inconspicuous
    - it
    - jig
    - me
    - missing
    - object
    - of
    - poke
    - polish
    - push aside
    - shove away
    - sit
    - spic-and-span
    - spick-and-span
    - spiky
    - study
    - them
    - thing
    - to
    - UFO
    - undamaged
    - unidentified
    - unwanted
    - us
    - versatile
    - versatility
    - workmanship
    - worthless
    - you
    - blunt
    - come
    - prop
    * * *
    objeto nm
    1. [cosa] object
    objetos perdidos lost property, US lost and found;
    objetos personales personal effects;
    objetos de valor valuables;
    objeto volador no identificado unidentified flying object
    2. [propósito] purpose, object;
    el objeto de la visita the purpose o object of the visit;
    ¿cuál es el objeto de estos cambios? what is the purpose of these changes?;
    tener por objeto [sujeto: persona] to have as one's aim;
    [sujeto: plan] to be aimed at;
    el ministro tiene por objeto reducir las importaciones the minister is aiming to reduce imports;
    con (el) objeto de [para] in order to, with the aim of;
    ¿con qué objeto? to what end?;
    sin objeto [inútilmente] to no purpose, pointlessly
    3. [blanco]
    ser objeto de to be the object of;
    el artículo ha sido objeto de duras críticas the article has come in for some harsh criticism;
    fue objeto de las burlas de sus compañeros he was the butt of his classmates' jokes;
    de niño fue objeto de malos tratos he was beaten as a child
    4. Gram object
    objeto directo direct object;
    objeto indirecto indirect object
    * * *
    m
    1 object;
    objetos de regalo pl gifts, gift items
    2
    :
    con objeto de with the aim of
    * * *
    objeto nm
    1) cosa: object, thing
    2) objetivo: objective, purpose
    con objeto de: in order to, with the aim of
    3)
    objeto volador no identificado : unidentified flying object
    * * *
    1. (cosa) object
    2. (fin) aim / purpose

    Spanish-English dictionary > objeto

  • 91 obtener

    v.
    1 to get (beca, cargo, puntos).
    2 to obtain, to gain, to get, to acquire.
    Ricardo ganó reconocimiento Richard gained renown.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (beca, resultados) to get, obtain; (premio) to win; (ganancias) to make
    1 to get, be obtained
    * * *
    verb
    1) to obtain, get
    * * *
    VT [+ resultado, información, permiso] to get, obtain; [+ mayoría, votos] to win, obtain; [+ premio, medalla, victoria] to win; [+ apoyo] to gain, get, obtain; [+ beneficios] to make

    esperamos obtener mejores resultados este año — we are hoping to get o obtain o achieve better results this year

    con la venta de los derechos la editorial obtuvo varios millones de dólares — the publishers got several million dollars from the sale of the copyright

    nunca obtuvo respuesta — he never got o received a reply

    * * *
    verbo transitivo < premio> to win, receive; <resultado/autorización> to obtain; < calificación> to obtain, set
    * * *
    = derive, gain, generate, get, obtain, procure, secure, yield, spin off, elicit, reap, receive, come by, acquire.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. To many, therefore, this emphasis on information can provide a much-needed opportunity to gain the public library new influence and respect.
    Ex. Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS does not get a new document number, but reserves this document for you, so that no one else can change it while you are working on it.
    Ex. In the event that the position in the matrix contains more than 32 entries, it is necessary for the user to interact with the system to obtain the miniature catalog that will contain the entry s/he seeks.
    Ex. They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex. They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex. This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex. A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex. If you receive a large number of titles on you initial search, you can narrow your search by using qualifiers.
    Ex. This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex. Many libraries have special collections of foreign, unpublished or unusual materials which include items unlikely to be acquired by other libraries.
    ----
    * difícil de obtener = difficult to come by.
    * fácil de obtener = easy to come by.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * obtener algo de = get + something out of.
    * obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * obtener credibilidad = attain + credibility.
    * obtener de = get out of.
    * obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * obtener el mayor rendimiento posible = maximise + opportunities.
    * obtener éxito = achieve + success.
    * obtener éxitos y fracasos = experience + problems and successes.
    * obtener fondos de = derive + finances from.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.
    * obtener gratificación = obtain + gratification.
    * obtener gratis = obtain + free.
    * obtener indicios sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener información = obtain + information, glean + information, gain + information, pick up + information, secure + information.
    * obtener información de = elicit + information from.
    * obtener la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * obtener partido de = capitalise on/upon [capitalize, -USA].
    * obtener perspectiva de = gain + perspective on.
    * obtener pistas sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener placer = take + pleasure, obtain + pleasure from, derive + pleasure.
    * obtener placer de = get + pleasure from.
    * obtener + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * obtener provecho = get + Posesivo + money's worth out of.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * obtener resultado = obtain + result.
    * obtener resultados = get + things done.
    * obtener satisfacción = derive + satisfaction, gain + satisfaction, derive + gratification, obtain + satisfaction.
    * obtenerse = accrue.
    * obtenerse de = flow from.
    * obtener titulación = receive + degree.
    * obtener + Título = earn + Título.
    * obtener una categoría = gain + status.
    * obtener una cita bibliográfica = glean + citation.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * obtener una impresión = gain + picture.
    * obtener una perspectiva = gather + perspective.
    * obtener una referencia = glean + reference.
    * obtener un estatus = gain + status.
    * obtener un premio = earn + an award, win + award, win + prize.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * obtener un título = gain + a degree in.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * se obtendrá algo de provecho = something is bound to come of it.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < premio> to win, receive; <resultado/autorización> to obtain; < calificación> to obtain, set
    * * *
    = derive, gain, generate, get, obtain, procure, secure, yield, spin off, elicit, reap, receive, come by, acquire.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    Ex: To many, therefore, this emphasis on information can provide a much-needed opportunity to gain the public library new influence and respect.
    Ex: Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS does not get a new document number, but reserves this document for you, so that no one else can change it while you are working on it.
    Ex: In the event that the position in the matrix contains more than 32 entries, it is necessary for the user to interact with the system to obtain the miniature catalog that will contain the entry s/he seeks.
    Ex: They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex: They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex: This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex: A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex: If you receive a large number of titles on you initial search, you can narrow your search by using qualifiers.
    Ex: This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex: Many libraries have special collections of foreign, unpublished or unusual materials which include items unlikely to be acquired by other libraries.
    * difícil de obtener = difficult to come by.
    * fácil de obtener = easy to come by.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * obtener algo de = get + something out of.
    * obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * obtener credibilidad = attain + credibility.
    * obtener de = get out of.
    * obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * obtener el mayor rendimiento posible = maximise + opportunities.
    * obtener éxito = achieve + success.
    * obtener éxitos y fracasos = experience + problems and successes.
    * obtener fondos de = derive + finances from.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.
    * obtener gratificación = obtain + gratification.
    * obtener gratis = obtain + free.
    * obtener indicios sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener información = obtain + information, glean + information, gain + information, pick up + information, secure + information.
    * obtener información de = elicit + information from.
    * obtener la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * obtener partido de = capitalise on/upon [capitalize, -USA].
    * obtener perspectiva de = gain + perspective on.
    * obtener pistas sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener placer = take + pleasure, obtain + pleasure from, derive + pleasure.
    * obtener placer de = get + pleasure from.
    * obtener + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * obtener provecho = get + Posesivo + money's worth out of.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * obtener resultado = obtain + result.
    * obtener resultados = get + things done.
    * obtener satisfacción = derive + satisfaction, gain + satisfaction, derive + gratification, obtain + satisfaction.
    * obtenerse = accrue.
    * obtenerse de = flow from.
    * obtener titulación = receive + degree.
    * obtener + Título = earn + Título.
    * obtener una categoría = gain + status.
    * obtener una cita bibliográfica = glean + citation.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * obtener una impresión = gain + picture.
    * obtener una perspectiva = gather + perspective.
    * obtener una referencia = glean + reference.
    * obtener un estatus = gain + status.
    * obtener un premio = earn + an award, win + award, win + prize.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * obtener un título = gain + a degree in.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * se obtendrá algo de provecho = something is bound to come of it.

    * * *
    vt
    ‹premio› to win, receive; ‹resultado› to obtain, achieve; ‹calificación/autorización/préstamo› to obtain, get
    se han obtenido importantes mejoras significant improvements have been obtained o achieved
    obtuvimos los fondos necesarios del banco we got o obtained o ( frml) secured the necessary funding from the bank
    * * *

     

    obtener ( conjugate obtener) verbo transitivo ‹ premio› to win, receive;
    ‹resultado/autorización› to obtain;
    ‹ calificación› to obtain, set
    obtener vtr (conseguir) to obtain, get
    ' obtener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conseguir
    - sigilo
    - abastecer
    - alcanzar
    - apuntar
    - capacitar
    - coger
    - diplomarse
    - ello
    - obtuve
    - sacar
    English:
    bid
    - blank
    - clear
    - derive
    - elicit
    - extort
    - get
    - get in
    - obtain
    - poll
    - procure
    - profit
    - qualify
    - raise
    - secure
    - access
    - achieve
    - cream
    - drum
    - gain
    - hope
    - length
    - lobby
    - process
    * * *
    [beca, cargo, puntos, información] to get, to obtain; [resultado] to obtain, to achieve; [premio, victoria] to win; [ganancias] to make; [satisfacción, ventaja] to gain, to obtain;
    obtuvieron dos millones de beneficio de la venta de su casa they made a profit of two million from the sale of their house;
    la sidra se obtiene de las manzanas cider is obtained o made from apples
    * * *
    <part obtuvo> v/t get, obtain fml
    * * *
    obtener {80} vt
    : to obtain, to secure, to get
    ♦ obtenible adj
    * * *
    1. (conseguir en general) to get / to obtain
    2. (conseguir premios, medallas, etc) to win [pt. & pp. won]

    Spanish-English dictionary > obtener

  • 92 pedir

    v.
    1 to ask for.
    pedir algo a alguien to ask somebody for something
    pedir a alguien que haga algo to ask somebody to do something
    pedir a alguien (en matrimonio) to ask for somebody's hand (in marriage)
    pedir (prestado) algo a alguien to borrow something from somebody
    pide un millón por la moto he's asking a million for the motorbike
    Yo pido una pizza I ask for a pizza.
    Yo le pido a María una pizza I ask Mary for a pizza.
    Yo le pido a María I ask Mary.
    2 to order.
    ¿qué has pedido de postre? what have you ordered for dessert?
    3 to demand.
    4 to call for, to need.
    5 to beg.
    6 to ask to, to request to.
    Yo pedí hablar en la reunión I requested to talk at the meeting.
    7 to require.
    El caso pide una acción immediata The case requires immediate action.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SERVIR], like link=servir servir
    1 (gen) to ask for
    2 (mercancías, en restaurante) to order
    ■ ¿qué has pedido de postre? what did you order for dessert?
    3 (necesitar) to need, cry out for
    \
    a pedir de boca just right, perfectly
    pedir la cuenta to ask for the bill
    pedir la mano de alguien to ask for somebody's hand in marriage
    * * *
    verb
    1) to ask for, request
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=rogar, solicitar) to ask for

    ¿habéis pedido ya la cuenta? — have you asked for the bill yet?

    • pedir cuentas a algn — to demand an explanation from sb

    • pedir algo a Dios — to pray to God for sth

    • pedir disculpas — to apologize

    • pedir algo por favor, me pidió por favor que fuera discreto — he asked me to please keep it to myself

    te lo pido por favor, quédate conmigo — please stay with me

    • pedir limosna — to beg

    pido la palabra, señoría — permission to speak, my lord

    • pedir perdón — (=disculparse) to apologize; [suplicando] to beg (for) forgiveness

    - ¿qué más se puede pedir?
    2) (Com) (=encargar) to order
    3) [en un restaurante] to order; [en un bar] to ask for, order

    hemos pedido dos cafés y un té — we've asked for o ordered two coffees and a tea

    4) [para casarse] to propose to

    • pedir la mano de algn — to ask for sb's hand

    5) (Jur) [+ condena] to ask for
    6) (=requerir) to need

    • pedir algo a gritos o voces — to be crying out for sth

    7) (tb: pedir prestado) to borrow

    me pidió prestado el coche — he asked if he could borrow the car, he asked to borrow the car

    2. VI
    1) (=rogar)

    • pedir por algn — (Rel) to pray for sb

    2) (=pedir dinero) [mendigo] to beg; [voluntario] to collect money
    3) [en un bar, restaurante] to order

    ¿habéis pedido ya? — have you ordered yet?

    boca 1., 3)
    3.
    See:
    PEDIR ¿"Ask" o "ask for"? ► La expresión pedir algo se traduce por ask for something: Pidieron muchas cosas diferentes They asked for many different things Si el verbo pedir lleva dos complementos, el complemento de persona siempre va delante: Pídele un lápiz a la profesora Ask the teacher for a pencil ► La estructura pedir a alguien que haga algo, se traduce al inglés por ask + ((objeto)) + ((construcción de infinitivo)): Le pedí a mi hermana que me trajera una alfombra de Turquía I asked my sister to bring me a rug from Turkey Le pediremos que nos haga un descuento We'll ask him to give us a discount Si el contexto es más formal pedir también se puede traducir por request: Ambas partes en conflicto están pidiendo ayuda al extranjero Both sides are requesting help from abroad Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <dinero/ayuda> to ask for

    me pidió disculpas or perdón — he apologized (to me)

    me pidió explicaciones or cuentas — he asked me to justify my actions

    ¿qué más se puede pedir? — what more could you ask for?

    pidió que lo trasladaran — he asked to be transferred; ver prestado

    b) (en bar, restaurante) <plato/bebida> to order; < cuenta> to ask for
    2) (Com)

    ¿cuánto pide por la casa? — how much is she asking for the house?

    b) < mercancías> to order
    4) ( requerir) to need

    esta planta está pidiendo a gritos que la rieguen — this plant is crying out to be watered

    2.
    pedir vi
    a) ( mendigar) to beg
    b) (en bar, restaurante) to order
    c) ( para tener algo) (AmL) to ask
    * * *
    = ask, ask for, have + calls for, call for, call on/upon, canvass, instruct, invite, order, plead for, request, require, prompt, bid, beg, howl for, cadge, call on/upon, bay.
    Ex. This recommendation asks the cataloguer to ascertain the name by which an author is commonly known.
    Ex. Good luck and don't hesitate to ask me or anyone on the management team for advice or assistance!.
    Ex. For some while there have been calls for an abbreviated version of AACR, for small libraries and for non-cataloguers.
    Ex. The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. A change to 48% reduction instead of the present 24% is being canvassed, in order to keep the size within bounds, but this should not cause any serious problems in use, particularly as many modern microform readers have dual magnification.
    Ex. Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex. Members of the audience were invited to ask questions, make statements, and express themselves freely.
    Ex. Edge notch cards are often ordered in a size tailored to the demands of the index, and can be purchased with any coding that the index designer specifies.
    Ex. I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex. Also, with online display, the user should be able to request displays indicating different levels of specificity.
    Ex. If the library wants all users to have passwords, an authorization level of 1 can be assigned in the search function to force the system to require a password.
    Ex. You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex. 'Sit down please,' he bade her.
    Ex. A sociologist at Yale begs libraries to keep information from him - he says that information seeks him everywhere in this world of email, fax and telephone.
    Ex. The article ' Howling for change' suggests what can be done to halt the decline of the book industry.
    Ex. For the most part it is a story of bug-ridden rooms in working-men's hotels, of fights, drinking bouts, cheap brothels, Russian refugees, cadging.
    Ex. The difference is only that an indexer is not usually called upon to appreciate the subtleties of the subject to the same extent as an abstractor.
    Ex. If the Holocaust cannot be discussed freely then stop baying about freedom of speech.
    ----
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * pedir con insistencia = urge, urging.
    * pedir dinero prestado = borrow + money.
    * pedir disculpas = eat + Posesivo + words, eat + humble pie, eat + crow, eat + dirt.
    * pedir encarecidamente = urge, appeal for, make + a plea for, urging.
    * pedir en préstamo = borrow.
    * pedir especialmente = special order.
    * pedir información = request + information.
    * pedir información de = ask for + details of.
    * pedir información sobre = enquire of [inquire of, -USA].
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pedir la documentación = card.
    * pedir la identificación = card.
    * pedir la luna = cry for + the moon, ask for + the moon, reach for + the moon.
    * pedir la opinión sobre = ask for + opinion on.
    * pedirle cuentas a Alguien = bring + Nombre + to book.
    * pedirle peras al olmo = cry for + the moon, ask for + the moon, reach for + the moon.
    * pedir perdón = eat + Posesivo + words, eat + humble pie, eat + crow, eat + dirt.
    * pedir prestado = borrow.
    * pedir rescate por Algo = hold + Nombre + for ransom.
    * pedir sugerencias = solicit + recommendations.
    * pedir un deseo = make + a wish, mounting problems.
    * pedir un préstamo = take + a loan.
    * pedir un rescate = ransom.
    * pedir venganza = bay for + vengeance, bay for + blood.
    * persona que pide asilo = asylum seeker.
    * salir a pedir de boca = come up + roses, go off without + a hitch.
    * volver a pedir = reorder [re-order].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <dinero/ayuda> to ask for

    me pidió disculpas or perdón — he apologized (to me)

    me pidió explicaciones or cuentas — he asked me to justify my actions

    ¿qué más se puede pedir? — what more could you ask for?

    pidió que lo trasladaran — he asked to be transferred; ver prestado

    b) (en bar, restaurante) <plato/bebida> to order; < cuenta> to ask for
    2) (Com)

    ¿cuánto pide por la casa? — how much is she asking for the house?

    b) < mercancías> to order
    4) ( requerir) to need

    esta planta está pidiendo a gritos que la rieguen — this plant is crying out to be watered

    2.
    pedir vi
    a) ( mendigar) to beg
    b) (en bar, restaurante) to order
    c) ( para tener algo) (AmL) to ask
    * * *
    = ask, ask for, have + calls for, call for, call on/upon, canvass, instruct, invite, order, plead for, request, require, prompt, bid, beg, howl for, cadge, call on/upon, bay.

    Ex: This recommendation asks the cataloguer to ascertain the name by which an author is commonly known.

    Ex: Good luck and don't hesitate to ask me or anyone on the management team for advice or assistance!.
    Ex: For some while there have been calls for an abbreviated version of AACR, for small libraries and for non-cataloguers.
    Ex: The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: A change to 48% reduction instead of the present 24% is being canvassed, in order to keep the size within bounds, but this should not cause any serious problems in use, particularly as many modern microform readers have dual magnification.
    Ex: Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex: Members of the audience were invited to ask questions, make statements, and express themselves freely.
    Ex: Edge notch cards are often ordered in a size tailored to the demands of the index, and can be purchased with any coding that the index designer specifies.
    Ex: I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex: Also, with online display, the user should be able to request displays indicating different levels of specificity.
    Ex: If the library wants all users to have passwords, an authorization level of 1 can be assigned in the search function to force the system to require a password.
    Ex: You will be prompted to choose a file; your last search will then be executed automatically in the file that you choose.
    Ex: 'Sit down please,' he bade her.
    Ex: A sociologist at Yale begs libraries to keep information from him - he says that information seeks him everywhere in this world of email, fax and telephone.
    Ex: The article ' Howling for change' suggests what can be done to halt the decline of the book industry.
    Ex: For the most part it is a story of bug-ridden rooms in working-men's hotels, of fights, drinking bouts, cheap brothels, Russian refugees, cadging.
    Ex: The difference is only that an indexer is not usually called upon to appreciate the subtleties of the subject to the same extent as an abstractor.
    Ex: If the Holocaust cannot be discussed freely then stop baying about freedom of speech.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * pedir con insistencia = urge, urging.
    * pedir dinero prestado = borrow + money.
    * pedir disculpas = eat + Posesivo + words, eat + humble pie, eat + crow, eat + dirt.
    * pedir encarecidamente = urge, appeal for, make + a plea for, urging.
    * pedir en préstamo = borrow.
    * pedir especialmente = special order.
    * pedir información = request + information.
    * pedir información de = ask for + details of.
    * pedir información sobre = enquire of [inquire of, -USA].
    * pedir la cabeza de Alguien = bay for + Posesivo + blood.
    * pedir la documentación = card.
    * pedir la identificación = card.
    * pedir la luna = cry for + the moon, ask for + the moon, reach for + the moon.
    * pedir la opinión sobre = ask for + opinion on.
    * pedirle cuentas a Alguien = bring + Nombre + to book.
    * pedirle peras al olmo = cry for + the moon, ask for + the moon, reach for + the moon.
    * pedir perdón = eat + Posesivo + words, eat + humble pie, eat + crow, eat + dirt.
    * pedir prestado = borrow.
    * pedir rescate por Algo = hold + Nombre + for ransom.
    * pedir sugerencias = solicit + recommendations.
    * pedir un deseo = make + a wish, mounting problems.
    * pedir un préstamo = take + a loan.
    * pedir un rescate = ransom.
    * pedir venganza = bay for + vengeance, bay for + blood.
    * persona que pide asilo = asylum seeker.
    * salir a pedir de boca = come up + roses, go off without + a hitch.
    * volver a pedir = reorder [re-order].

    * * *
    pedir [ I14 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹dinero/ayuda› to ask for
    pidieron un préstamo al banco they asked the bank for a loan
    pidió permiso para salir she asked permission to leave
    me pidió consejo he asked my advice, he asked me for advice
    pide limosna a la puerta de la iglesia he begs (for money) at the church door
    préstamelo, te lo pido por favor please lend it to me
    si no me lo pides por favor no te lo doy I won't give it to you unless you say please o unless you ask nicely
    nadie te ha pedido (tu) opinión nobody asked (for) your opinion
    me pidió disculpas or perdón por lo que había hecho he apologized for what he had done
    pídele perdón a tu padre apologize to o say you're sorry to your father
    ¿quién eres tú para venir a pedirme cuentas or explicaciones? who do you think you are, asking me to justify my actions?
    pedir hora to make an appointment
    pedir la palabra to ask for permission to speak
    pide cuatro años de cárcel para los acusados he is asking for a four-year sentence for the accused
    es un sitio donde se come barato y bien, no se puede pedir más it's the sort of place where you can eat cheaply and well, what more could you ask for? o it's ideal
    está haciendo todo lo posible, no se le puede pedir más she's doing all she can, you can't ask for more than that o that's all you can ask
    pedir QUE + SUBJ:
    me pidió que le comprara el periódico he asked me to buy him the newspaper
    pidió que lo trasladaran he asked to be transferred
    2 (en un bar, restaurante) to order
    pedimos pescado de segundo we ordered fish for our second course
    pide la cuenta y nos vamos ask for o get the check ( AmE) o ( BrE) bill and we can go
    B ( Com)
    1 (como precio) pedir algo POR algo to ask sth FOR sth
    ¿cuánto pide por la casa? how much is she asking for the house?
    2 ‹mercancías› to order
    C
    (para casarse): pedir a una mujer en matrimonio to ask for a woman's hand in marriage ( frml)
    le pedí la mano de su hija I asked for his daughter's hand in marriage ( frml), I asked to marry his daughter
    vino a pedir a mi hermana he came to ask if he could marry my sister
    D (requerir) to need
    este pescado pide un buen vino blanco this fish needs a good white wine to go with it, this fish would go well with a good white wine
    ese vestido pide unos zapatos más altos that dress needs shoes with a higher heel
    está pidiendo una bofetada she's asking for a slap
    esta planta está pidiendo a gritos que la rieguen this plant is crying out to be watered
    ■ pedir
    vi
    1 (mendigar) to beg
    pide a la puerta de la iglesia he begs at the church door
    2 (en un bar, restaurante) to order
    pidió para salir temprano he asked if he could go early o he asked permission to go early
    estos niños sólo saben pedir these chidren are very demanding o do nothing but make demands
    ( leng infantil); to have dibs on ( AmE colloq), to bags ( BrE colloq)
    me pido la cama de arriba I have dibs on the top bunk, I bags the top bunk
    * * *

     

    pedir ( conjugate pedir) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹dinero/ayuda› to ask for;


    pidió permiso para salir she asked permission to leave;
    pide limosna he begs (for money);
    pedirle algo a algn to ask sb for sth;
    le pidió ayuda he asked her for help;
    me pidió disculpas or perdón he apologized (to me);
    pedir hora to make an appointment;
    pedir la palabra to ask for permission to speak;
    me pidió que le enseñara he asked me to teach him;
    ver prestado
    b) (en bar, restaurante) ‹plato/bebida› to order;

    ‹ cuenta› to ask for
    2 (Com)
    a) ( como precio) pedir algo POR algo to ask sth for sth;

    ◊ ¿cuánto pide por la casa? how much is she asking for the house?


    verbo intransitivo
    a) (en bar, restaurante) to order


    pedir verbo transitivo
    1 (un favor) to ask: me pidió que la ayudara, he asked me to help her
    2 (una cosa) to ask for: el niño le pidió unos caramelos, the child asked him for some sweets ➣ Ver nota en ask
    3 (en la tienda, en el bar, etc) to order
    4 (limosna) to beg
    5 (requerir, necesitar) to need: ese coche está pidiendo que lo laven, that car needs washing
    ♦ Locuciones: pedir a gritos, to cry out
    pedir disculpas, to apologize
    pedir prestado, to borrow
    a pedir de boca, just fine
    ' pedir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apestosa
    - apestoso
    - bastar
    - boca
    - cita
    - cobrar
    - cuenta
    - demandar
    - disculpa
    - hora
    - luna
    - pera
    - perdón
    - prestar
    - requerir
    - socorro
    - voz
    - asilo
    - audiencia
    - auxilio
    - aventón
    - cola
    - excusar
    - gorrear
    - informe
    - justicia
    - limosna
    - mano
    - ordenar
    - palabra
    - palmada
    - pida
    - prestado
    - qué
    - raid
    - turno
    - vez
    English:
    apologetic
    - appeal
    - apply for
    - appointment
    - ask
    - ask for
    - asylum
    - beg
    - borrow
    - clamor
    - clamour
    - cry out for
    - formality
    - get
    - have
    - invite
    - may
    - order
    - permission
    - propose
    - request
    - seek
    - send away for
    - send for
    - send off for
    - shall
    - sorry
    - summon
    - tall order
    - want
    - wish
    - write back
    - write off
    - apologize
    - by
    - call
    - claim
    - cry
    - hitch
    - impossible
    - make
    - might
    - place
    - send
    - urge
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [solicitar] to ask for;
    pedir algo a alguien to ask sb for sth;
    me pidió (mi) opinión she asked me (for) my opinion;
    pedir un taxi (por teléfono) to ring for a taxi;
    pedir a alguien que haga algo to ask sb to do sth;
    le pido que sea breve, por favor I would ask you to be brief, please;
    pedir a alguien en matrimonio, pedir la mano de alguien to ask for sb's hand (in marriage);
    pedir prestado algo a alguien to borrow sth from sb;
    pide un millón por la moto he's asking a million for the motorbike;
    no tienes más que pedirlo all you need to do is ask;
    si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask;
    CAm, Méx
    pedir raid to hitch a ride o Br lift
    2. [en bares, restaurantes] to order;
    ¿qué has pedido de postre? what have you ordered for dessert?
    3. [mercancías] to order;
    pedir algo a alguien to order sth from sb
    4. [exigir] to demand;
    ¡pido que se me escuche! I demand to be heard!;
    le pedimos al gobierno una inmediata retirada de las tropas we demand that the government withdraw its troops immediately;
    la acusación pide veinte años de cárcel the prosecution is asking for twenty years
    5. [requerir] to call for, to need;
    los cactus piden poca agua cacti don't need a lot of water;
    esta cocina está pidiendo a gritos que la limpies this kitchen is crying out for you to clean it
    ♦ vi
    1. [mendigar] to beg;
    hay mucha gente pidiendo por la calle there are a lot of beggars in the streets
    2. [en bares, restaurantes] to order;
    ¿han pedido ya? have you ordered?
    3. [rezar]
    pedir por el alma de alguien to pray for sb's soul
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 ask for;
    pedir algo a alguien ask s.o. for sth;
    me pidió que no fuera he asked me not to go;
    te lo pido I beg you
    2 ( necesitar) need
    3 en bar, restaurante order
    II v/i
    1 ( mendigar) beg
    2 en bar, restaurante order
    * * *
    pedir {54} vt
    1) : to ask for, to request
    le pedí un préstamo a Claudia: I asked Claudia for a loan
    2) : to order (food, merchandise)
    3)
    pedir perdón : to apologize
    pedir vi
    1) : to order
    2) : to beg
    * * *
    pedir vb
    1. (en general) to ask for
    ¿cuánto piden por el cuadro? how much are they asking for the picture?
    2. (un favor) to ask
    3. (en restaurante) to order
    ¿qué has pedido de segundo? what have you ordered for your main course?
    pedir / pedir limosna to beg [pt. & pp. begged]

    Spanish-English dictionary > pedir

  • 93 relever

    relever [ʀəl(ə)ve, ʀ(ə)ləve]
    ➭ TABLE 5
    1. transitive verb
       a. [+ statue, meuble, chaise] to stand up again ; [+ véhicule, bateau] to right ; [+ personne] to help up ; [+ blessé] to pick up
    • relever la tête to raise one's head ; ( = être fier) to hold one's head up
       b. ( = remonter) [+ col] to turn up ; [+ jupe] to raise ; [+ pantalon] to roll up ; [+ cheveux] to put up ; [+ vitre] (en poussant) to push up ; (avec bouton ou manivelle) to wind up ; [+ store] to roll up ; [+ manette] to push up
       c. ( = mettre plus haut) to raise
       d. [+ économie] to rebuild ; [+ pays, entreprise] to put back on its feet
       e. [+ salaire, impôts, niveau de vie] to raise ; [+ chiffre d'affaires] to increase
       f. [+ sauce, plat] to flavour (with spices)
       g. [+ sentinelle] to relieve
       h. [+ faute, fait, contradiction, empreintes] to find
       i. [+ adresse, renseignement] to note down ; [+ notes] to take down ; [+ plan] to copy out ; [+ compteur, électricité, gaz] to read
       j. ( = réagir à) [+ injure, calomnie] to react to
    • relever le gant or le défi to take up the challenge
       k. [+ copies, cahiers] to collect
    • relever de ( = se rétablir de) to recover from ; ( = être du ressort de) to be a matter for ; ( = être sous la tutelle de) to come under
    3. reflexive verb
       a. ( = se remettre debout) to stand up again
       b. ( = sortir du lit) to get up
       c. [strapontin] to tip up
       d. se relever de [+ deuil, chagrin, honte] to recover from
    • se relever de ses ruines/cendres to rise from its ruins/ashes
    * * *
    ʀəl(ə)ve, ʀləve
    1.
    1) ( remettre debout) to pick up [personne tombée, tabouret]; to put [something] back up (again) [statue, clôture]
    2) ( mettre à la verticale) to raise [dossier de siège, manette]

    relever la tête — ( redresser) to raise one's head; ( pour voir) to look up; ( ne pas être vaincu) to refuse to accept defeat

    4) ( mettre plus haut) to turn up [col]; to lift [jupe]; to wind up [vitre de voiture]; to raise [voile, store]; ( à nouveau) to raise [something] again
    5) ( constater) to note, to notice [erreur, signe]; to notice [fait, absence]; ( faire remarquer) to point out [erreur, contradiction]
    6) ( prendre note de) to take down, to note down [date, nom, dimensions, numéro]; to take [empreinte]; to note down [citation]
    7) ( collecter) to take in [copies d'examen]
    8) ( réagir à) to react to [remarque]

    ‘il t'a encore critiqué’ - ‘je n'ai pas relevé’ — ‘he criticized you again’ - ‘I let it go’

    9) ( reconstruire) to rebuild [mur]; to put [something] back on its feet [pays, économie]
    10) ( augmenter) to raise [niveau de vie, prix, productivité]
    11) ( remplacer) to relieve [équipe]

    relever la garde — to change the guard, to relieve the guard

    12) ( donner plus d'attrait à) lit, fig to spice up [plat, récit]
    13) fml ( libérer)
    14) ( en tricot)

    2.
    relever de verbe transitif indirect

    3.
    se relever verbe pronominal
    1) ( après une chute) to pick oneself up; (après avoir été assis, couché) to get up again

    se relever facilement — [dossier] to be easy to raise

    3) ( être remonté) [store] to be raised

    se relever de — to recover from [maladie, chagrin, crise]

    * * *
    ʀ(ə)l(ə)ve
    1. vt
    1) (= redresser) [statue, meuble] to stand up again, [personne tombée] to help up, [col] to turn up, fig, [pays, économie, entreprise] to put back on its feet
    2) (= rehausser) [vitre, plafond] to raise, [niveau de vie] to raise, [style, conversation, débat] to elevate
    3) CUISINE, [plat, sauce] to season
    4) (= constater) [fautes, points] to pick out, [traces] to find, to pick up
    5) (= prendre note de) [adresse] to take down, to note, [compteur] to read, [cotes] to plot, [schéma, plan] to sketch
    6) (= ramasser) [cahiers, copies] to collect, to take in

    Je relève les copies dans cinq minutes. — I'll collect the papers in five minutes.

    7) (= répliquer à) [remarque] to react to, to reply to

    Je n'ai pas relevé sa réflexion. — I didn't react to his remark.

    8) [défi] to accept, to take up
    9) (= prendre le relais) [sentinelle, équipe] to relieve
    10) (= décharger)

    relever qn de [ses fonctions] — to relieve sb of, [ses vœux] to release sb from

    2. vi
    1) [jupe, bord] to ride up
    2) (= être du ressort)

    relever de [responsable, autorité] — to be a matter for

    3) (= concerner)
    * * *
    relever verb table: lever
    A vtr
    1 ( remettre debout) to pick up [personne tombée, tabouret]; to put [sth] back up (again) [statue, clôture];
    2 ( mettre à la verticale) to raise [dossier de siège, manette];
    3 ( bouger à nouveau) relever la main ( pour parler) to put up one's hand again; relever les yeux or le nez or le front to look up; relever la tête ( redresser) to raise one's head; ( pour voir) to look up; ( ne pas être vaincu) to refuse to accept defeat;
    4 ( mettre plus haut) to turn up [col]; to lift [jupe]; to wind up [vitre de voiture]; to raise [voile, store]; ( à nouveau) to raise [sth] again [store, rideau de théâtre]; relever un coin du rideau to lift up a corner of the curtain; relever ses cheveux to put one's hair up; elle a toujours les cheveux relevés she always wears her hair up;
    5 ( constater) to note, to notice [erreur, contradiction, signe]; to notice [fait, absence]; ( faire remarquer) to point out [erreur, contradiction]; relever que to note that; ‘il t'a encore critiqué’-‘je n'ai pas relevé’ ‘he criticized you again’-‘I didn't notice’; relever la moindre inexactitude to seize on the slightest inaccuracy;
    6 ( prendre note de) to take down, to note down [date, nom, dimensions, numéro d'immatriculation]; to take [empreinte]; to note down [citation, passage]; relever le compteur to read the meter;
    7 ( collecter) to take in [copies d'examen];
    8 ( réagir à) to react to [remarque]; relever la gageure or le défi to take up the challenge; relever un pari to take on a bet;
    9 ( reconstruire) to rebuild [mur]; to put sth back on its feet [pays, institution, industrie, économie];
    10 ( augmenter) to raise [niveau de vie, niveau d'études]; to raise, to increase [taux d'intérêt, prix, productivité]; relever les salaires de 3% to put up ou increase salaries by 3%; relever toutes les notes de trois points to put all the grades up by three marks;
    11 ( remplacer) to relieve [équipe]; relever la garde to change the guard, to relieve the guard;
    12 ( donner plus d'attrait à) to spice up [plat]; relever une sauce avec de la moutarde to spice a sauce up with mustard; relever un récit de détails amusants to enliven a tale with amusing details;
    13 fml ( libérer) relever qn de to release sb from [vœux, obligation]; relever qn de ses fonctions to relieve sb of their duties;
    14 ( en tricot) relever une maille to pick up a stitch.
    B relever de vtr ind
    1 ( dépendre de) notre service relève du ministère de la Défense our department comes under the Ministry of Defence;
    2 ( être de la compétence de) l'affaire relève de la Cour européenne de justice the case comes within the competence of the European Court of Justice; cela ne relève pas de ma compétence/mes fonctions this doesn't come within my competence/my duties;
    3 ( s'apparenter à) cela relève de la gageure/du mythe this comes close to being impossible/to being a myth;
    4 ( se rétablir) relever de to be recovering from [maladie].
    C se relever vpr
    1 ( après une chute) to pick oneself up; ( après avoir été assis) to get up again;
    2 ( sortir du lit) to get up again, to get out of bed again;
    3 ( être mis à la verticale) se relever facilement [dossier] to be easy to raise; se relever automatiquement to be raised automatically;
    4 ( être remonté) [store] to be raised; la vitre ne se relève plus the window won't wind GB ou roll US up;
    5 ( se remettre) se relever de to recover from [maladie, chagrin, crise, scandale]; il ne s'en relèvera pas he'll never recover from it; se relever de ses ruines to rise from the ruins.
    [rəlve] verbe transitif
    1. [redresser - lampe, statue] to stand up (separable) again ; [ - chaise] to pick up (separable) ; [ - tête] to lift up (separable) again
    b. [assis] they sat me up ou helped me to sit up
    2. [remonter - store] to raise ; [ - cheveux] to put up (separable) ; [ - col, visière] to turn up (separable) ; [ - pantalon, manches] to roll up (separable) ; [ - rideaux] to tie back (separable) ; [ - strapontin] to lift up (separable)
    3. [augmenter - prix, salaires] to increase, to raise, to put up (separable) ; [ - notes] to put up, to raise
    4. [ramasser, recueillir] to pick up (separable)
    5. [remettre en état - mur] to rebuild, to re-erect ; [ - pylône] to re-erect, to put up (separable) again
    a. [ville] to reconstruct ou to rebuild a ruined city
    6. [mettre en valeur] to enhance
    7. CUISINE to season, to spice up (separable)
    8. [remarquer] to notice
    a. [elle n'a pas réagi] she didn't pick up the hint
    b. [elle l'a sciemment ignorée] she pretended not to notice the hint
    9. [enregistrer - empreinte digitale] to record ; [ - cote, mesure] to take down (separable), to plot ; [ - informations] to take ou to note down ; [ - plan] to sketch
    températures relevées à 16 h MÉTÉOROLOGIE temperatures recorded at 4 p.m.
    relever sa position to plot ou to chart one's position
    10. [relayer - garde] to relieve ; [ - coéquipier] to take over (inseparable) from
    relever quelqu'un de: relever quelqu'un de ses vœux to release somebody from his/her vows
    relever quelqu'un de ses fonctions to relieve somebody of his/her duties
    11. DROIT [prisonnier] to release
    ————————
    [rəlve] verbe intransitif
    [remonter - vêtement] to ride up
    ————————
    relever de verbe plus préposition
    1. [être de la compétence de - juridiction] to fall ou to come under ; [ - spécialiste] to be a matter for ; [ - magistrat] to come under the jurisdiction of
    cela relève des tribunaux/de la psychiatrie it's a matter for the courts/the psychiatrists
    2. [tenir de]
    3. (soutenu) [se rétablir de]
    ————————
    se relever verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    [être inclinable] to lift up
    ————————
    se relever verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [se remettre - debout] to get ou to stand up again ; [ - assis] to sit up again
    2. [remonter]
    ————————
    se relever de verbe pronominal plus préposition
    je ne m'en relèverai/ils ne s'en relèveront pas I'll/they'll never get over it

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > relever

  • 94 venir

    venir [v(ə)niʀ]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ➭ TABLE 22
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► venir is conjugated with être.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. to come
    • je viens ! I'm coming!
    • comment est-il venu ? -- en voiture how did he get here? -- by car
    ► faire venir [+ médecin, plombier] to call
    • il fait venir son vin de Provence he has his wine sent from Provence► venir (jusqu')à ( = atteindre) (vers le haut) to come up to ; (vers le bas) to come down to ; (en longueur, en superficie) to reach
    • d'où vient que... ? how is it that...?
    • d'où vient cette hâte soudaine ? why the hurry all of a sudden?
    • ça vient de ce que... it comes from the fact that...
       b. ( = arriver, survenir) to come
    • il ne sait pas encore nager, mais ça va venir he can't swim yet, but it'll come
    • ça vient ? come on!
    • alors ce dossier, ça vient ? so when's that file going to be ready?
    • et ma bière ? -- ça vient ! where's my beer? -- it's coming!
       c. (dans le temps, dans une série) to come
    • le moment viendra où... the time will come when...
       e. (locutions)
    • où voulez-vous en venir ? what are you getting at?
    • j'en viens à me demander si... I'm beginning to wonder if...
    • comment les choses en sont-elles venues là ? how did things come to this?► y venir
    • et le budget ? -- j'y viens and the budget? -- I'm coming to that
    2. <
    • viens voir ! come and see!
    • après cela ne viens pas te plaindre ! and don't come complaining afterwards!
    ► venir de + infinitif to have just
    3. <
    • il vient un moment où... the time comes when...
    * * *
    vəniʀ
    1.
    verbe auxiliaire

    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( dans l'espace) to come

    je viens or suis venu pour m'excuser — I've come to apologize

    allez, viens! — come on!

    d'où viens-tu? — ( reproche) where have you been?

    je viens de sa part — he/she sent me to see you

    faire venir quelqu'un — ( demander) to send for somebody, to get somebody (colloq); ( en le convainquant) to get somebody to come; ( attirer) to attract somebody [client]

    faire venir quelque chose — ( commander) to order something; ( par la poste) to send for something

    gens venus d'ailleurs — ( de l'étranger) foreigners; ( de l'extérieur) outsiders

    les mots ne venaient pas — he/she etc couldn't find the words

    l'inspiration ne venait pas — inspiration failed him/her etc

    l'idée lui vint que — the idea occurred to him/her that

    ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'idée or l'esprit — it never crossed my mind ou occurred to me

    il lui est venu une idée bizarre — he/she had a weird idea

    ça vient, ça vient! — (colloq) it's coming!, it's on its way!

    le moment venu — ( au futur) when the time comes; ( au passé) when the time came

    je préfère laisser or voir venir (les choses) — I'd rather wait and see how things turn out

    ça me vient naturellement or tout seul — that's just the way I am

    venir après/avant — to come after/before

    5)

    s'il faut en venir là — if it gets to that point, if it comes to that

    en venir aux mains or aux coups — to come to blows


    ••
    venir de + infinitif
    venir verbe auxiliaire servant à former le passé immédiat: venir de faire = to have just done; elle vient (tout juste) de partir = she's (only) just left; il venait de se marier = he'd just got married; je viens de te le dire = I've just told you. Attention aux exceptions du genre vient de paraître = ( pour un livre) ‘new!’; = ( pour un disque) ‘new release’
    venir + infinitif
    La traduction de la construction dépend du temps: j'ai demandé au plombier de venir vérifier la chaudière = I asked the plumber to come and check the boiler; le plombier viendra vérifier la chaudière = the plumber will come and check the boiler; le plombier vient vérifier la chaudière aujourd'hui = the plumber is coming to check the boiler today; te rappelles-tu quel jour le plombier est venu vérifier la chaudière? = can you remember which day the plumber came to check the boiler?; il était venu vérifier la chaudière et il en a profité pour réparer le robinet de l'évier = he had come to check the boiler and took the opportunity to mend the tap on the sink; viens voir = come and see
    Cependant, pour les activités sportives, on aura: elle a décidé de venir nager/faire du cheval = she has decided to come swimming/riding. On pourra aussi avoir: viens déjeuner = come for lunch, lunch étant un nom, ou encore: venez nous voir un de ces jours = come over ou round GB sometime
    Exemples supplémentaires et exceptions sont présentés ci-dessous aussi bien pour venir verbe auxiliaire I, que pour venir verbe intransitif II
    * * *
    v(ə)niʀ
    1. vi
    1) (provenance) to come

    Il viendra demain. — He'll come tomorrow.

    Il est venu nous voir. — He came to see us.

    2)

    faire venir [docteur, plombier] — to call, to call out

    On a fait venir le médecin. — We called the doctor., We called the doctor out.

    Je viens d'y aller. — I've just been there.

    Je viens de le voir. — I've just seen him.

    Je viens de lui téléphoner. — I've just phoned him.

    où veux-tu en venir? — what are you getting at?, what are you driving at?

    à venir; les années à venir — the years to come

    je te vois venir — I know what you're after, I can see where you're going

    d'où vient que...? — how is it that...?

    2. vb impers

    s'il vient à...; s'il vient à pleuvoir — if it should rain, if it happens to rain

    s'il venait à neiger — if it should snow, if it happens to snow

    2)

    il me vient...; Il me vient une idée. — An idea has just occurred to me.

    Il m'est venu des soupçons. — I was beginning to be suspicious.

    * * *
    venir ⇒ Note d'usage verb table: venir
    A v aux
    1 ( marque l'occurrence) venir aggraver la situation to make the situation worse; venir contribuer au chômage to push unemployment up;
    2 ( marque le mouvement) le ballon est venu rouler sous mes pieds/atterrir○ dans notre jardin the ball rolled up to my feet/landed in our garden;
    3 ( marque le développement) et si je venais à tomber malade? what if I should fall ill GB ou get sick US?; s'il venait à pleuvoir if it should rain; même s'il venait à changer d'avis even if he were to change his mind; s'il venait à l'apprendre if he ever got to hear about it; s'il venait à la quitter if he ever left her; quand il venait à sortir when he happened to go out; la maladie vint à s'aggraver the illness became more serious; il en vint à la détester he came to hate her.
    B vi
    1 ( dans l'espace) to come; viens quand tu veux come whenever you like; je viens or suis venu pour m'excuser I've come to apologize; il est venu (droit) sur moi he came straight up to me; tu peux toujours venir chez moi/dans mon bureau/à Londres/au Canada/en Irlande you can always come to my house/to my office/to London/to Canada/to Ireland; il vient beaucoup de gens le samedi lots of people come on Saturdays; la route vient jusqu'ici the road comes this far; l'eau leur venait aux genoux the water came up to their knees; venir de loin/de Hongkong to come from far away/from Hong Kong; allez, viens! come on!; d'où viens-tu? ( reproche) where have you been?; j'en viens I've just been there; il est venu quelqu'un pour toi ( encore là) someone's here to see you; ( reparti) someone came to see you; je viens de sa part he/she sent me to see you; faire venir qn ( demander) to send for sb, to get sb○; ( obtenir) to get sb to come; ( attirer) to attract sb; faire venir le plombier to send for the plumber, to get the plumber in; tu ne pourras jamais la faire venir you'll never get her to come; faire venir les clients to attract customers, to bring in the customers; faire venir le médecin to call the doctor; c'est le champagne qui le fait venir he comes for the champagne; pourquoi nous avoir fait venir si tôt? why did they get us to come here so early?; faire venir qch ( commander) to order sth; ( par la poste) to send for sth; faire venir son thé du Yunnan/ses chaussures d'Italie to get one's tea from Yunnan province/one's shoes from Italy; je suis venu ce soir vous parler du racisme I've come here tonight to talk to you about racism; plantes venues d'ailleurs plants from far-off places; produits venus d'ailleurs imported products; gens venus d'ailleurs ( étrangers) foreigners; ( des extérieurs) outsiders; le nom ne me vient pas à l'esprit the name escapes me; les mots ne venaient pas he/she etc couldn't find the words; l'inspiration ne venait pas inspiration failed him/her etc; ça m'est venu tout d'un coup ( une idée) it suddenly came to me; l'idée lui vint que the idea occurred to him/her that; ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'idée or l'esprit it never crossed my mind ou occurred to me; il ne m'est jamais venu à l'idée or l'esprit de te mentir/qu'il pourrait mentir it never occurred to me to lie to you/that he would lie; il lui est venu une idée bizarre he/she had a weird idea; un sourire lui vint aux lèvres, il lui vint un sourire aux lèvres he/she gave a smile;
    2 ( dans le temps) il faut prendre les choses comme elles viennent you must take things as they come; ça vient, ça vient○! it's coming!, it's on its way!; l'année qui vient the coming year; dans les années à venir in the years to come; dans les jours à venir in the next few days; le moment venu ( au futur) when the time comes; ( au passé) when the time came; quand le printemps viendra when spring comes; (il) viendra un jour où il le regrettera the day will come when ou there'll come a day when he'll regret it; la nuit va bientôt venir it'll soon be dark; le moment du départ est venu it's time to leave; dans l'heure qui vient within the hour; les difficultés à venir future problems; attends, ça va venir wait, it's coming; je préfère laisser or voir venir (les choses) I'd rather wait and see how things turn out; alors, ça vient○?, ça vient oui ou non○? ( une réponse) am I ever going to get an answer○?; ( une personne) are you ever coming?; comment êtes-vous venu à l'enseignement? how did you come to take up teaching?; venir en troisième position to come third; venir loin derrière to trail a long way behind; venir ensuite to follow, to come next; il est venu un moment où j'étais trop fatigué I got to the point when I was too tired;
    3 ( marquant l'origine) venir d'une famille protestante to come from a Protestant family; venir du grec to come from the Greek; de quelle école vient-il? what school did he go to?; cette bague me vient de ma tante my aunt left me this ring; le succès du roman vient de son style the novel's success is due to its style; ça vient du fait que la situation a changé it stems from the fact that the situation has changed; ça vient de ce qu'ils ne se parlent pas it's all because they don't talk to each other; d'où vient qu'il ne comprend jamais? how is it that he never understands?, how come he never understands?; d'où vient que vous êtes triste? why are you sad?; de là vient qu'il est toujours angoissé hence his continual anxiety, that's why he's always anxious; ça me vient naturellement or tout seul that's just the way I am;
    4 ( dans une hiérarchie) venir après/avant to come after/before; la famille vient avant le reste the family comes before everything else;
    5 en venir à to come to; j'en viens au problème qui vous préoccupe I now come to your problem; en venir à abandonner ses études to get to the point of dropping out; s'il faut en venir là if it gets to that point, if it comes to that; il en était venu à la faire suivre/vouloir se suicider he even had her followed/considered suicide; comment a-t-elle pu en venir à de telles extrémités? how could she have resorted to such desperate measures?; ils y viendront d'eux-mêmes ( à une idée) they'll come round of their own accord; venons-en à l'ordre du jour let's get down to the agenda; où veut-il en venir (au juste)? what's he driving at?; en venir aux mains to come to blows; ils en sont venus aux coups they came to blows.
    [vənir] verbe auxiliaire
    1. [se rendre quelque part pour] to come and ou to
    venir voir quelqu'un to come and see ou to visit somebody, to visit with somebody (US)
    tu l'as bien cherché, alors ne viens pas te plaindre! you asked for it, so now don't come moaning to me about it!
    2. [avoir fini de]
    venir à [exprime un hasard] to happen to
    si les vivres venaient à manquer should food supplies run out, if food supplies were to run out
    ————————
    [vənir] verbe intransitif
    A.[AVEC IDÉE DE MOUVEMENT]
    1. [se déplacer, se rendre] to come
    il est reparti ou il s'en est allé comme il était venu
    alors, tu viens? are you coming?
    on va au restaurant, tu viens avec nous? we're off to the restaurant, are you coming with us ou along?
    venir sur [prédateur, véhicule] to move in on, to bear down upon
    venir vers quelqu'un [s'approcher] to come up to ou towards somebody
    a. [s'adresser à quelqu'un] to come to somebody
    b. [atteindre quelqu'un] to reach somebody
    2. [emmener, appeler]
    a. [médecin, police, réparateur] to send for, to call
    b. [parasites, touristes] to attract
    B.[SANS IDÉE DE MOUVEMENT] [distance]
    venir à ou jusqu'à
    a. [vers le haut] to come up to, to reach (up to)
    b. [vers le bas] to come down to, to reach (down to)
    c. [en largeur, en longueur] to come out to, to stretch to, to reach
    C.[SURGIR, SE MANIFESTER]
    1. [arriver - moment, saison] to come
    puis il vient un âge/moment où... then comes an age/a time when...
    ça va venir: je ne suis jamais tombé amoureux — non, mais ça va venir! I've never fallen in love — (no, but) you will one day!
    alors, elle vient cette bière? am I getting that beer or not?, how long do I have to wait for my beer?
    alors, ça vient? hurry up!
    ça vient, ça vient! alright, it's coming!
    2. [apparaître - inspiration, idée, boutons] to come
    prendre la vie comme elle vient ou les choses comme elles viennent ou les événements comme ils viennent to take things in one's stride ou as they come, to take life as it comes
    les mots ne me venaient pas I was at a loss for words, I couldn't find the words
    venir à l'esprit de quelqu'un ou à l'idée de quelqu'un to come to ou to dawn on somebody
    3. [dans une chronologie, un ordre, une hiérarchie] to come
    le mois/l'année/la décennie qui vient the coming month/year/decade
    venir après: fais tes devoirs, la télé viendra après do your homework, we'll see about TV later on
    dans ce jeu, l'as vient après le valet in this game, the ace is worth less than the jack
    4. [se développer] to come along ou up (well), to do well
    venir à maturité to reach maturity, to ripen
    5. IMPRIMERIE & PHOTOGRAPHIE
    ————————
    [vənir] verbe impersonnel
    1. [se déplacer]
    2. [idée, réflexion]
    il m'est venu à l'idée de faire I suddenly thought of doing, it dawned on me to do
    3. [exprime un hasard]
    ————————
    venir à verbe plus préposition
    1. [choisir] to come to
    2. [atteindre]
    a. [thème, problème] to come ou to turn to
    b. [conclusion] to come to, to reach
    c. [décision] to come to
    en venir au fait ou à l'essentiel to come ou to go straight to the point
    je sais certaines choses... — où veux-tu en venir? I know a thing or two... — what do you mean by that ou are you getting at ou are you driving at?
    a. [finir par] to come to
    b. [en dernière extrémité] to resort ou to be reduced to
    j'en viens à me demander si... I'm beginning to wonder whether...
    si j'en suis venu à voler, c'est que... I resorted to stealing because...
    y venir [s'y résoudre] to come round to it
    ————————
    venir de verbe plus préposition
    1. [être originaire de - suj: personne] to come from, to be from, to be a native of ; [ - suj: plante, fruit, animal] to come ou to be ou to originate from
    le mot vient du latin the word comes ou derives from Latin
    2. [provenir de - suj: marchandise] to originate from ; [ - suj: bruit, vent] to come from
    3. [être issu de] to come from
    venant d'elle, c'est presque un compliment coming from her it's almost a compliment
    4. [être dû à - suj: problème] to come ou to stem from, to lie in ou with
    c'est de là que vient le mal/problème this is the root of the evil/problem
    de là vient son indifférence hence her indifference, that's why she's indifferent
    de là vient que: les travaux sont finis, de là vient que tout est calme the building work is over, hence the peace and quiet
    d'où vient que: je dois terminer pour demain, d'où vient que je n'ai pas de temps à vous consacrer my deadline is tomorrow, that's why I can't give you any of my time
    d'où vient que...? how is it that...?
    ————————
    s'en venir verbe pronominal intransitif
    ————————
    à venir locution adjectivale
    dans les jours/semaines/mois à venir in the days/weeks/months to come
    les générations à venir future ou coming generations

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > venir

  • 95 KVIÐR

    I)
    (-ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m.
    1) verdict (of neighbours); bera kvið um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera kvið á e-n, í móti e-m (af e-m), to give a verdict against (for, in favour of) one;
    2) inquest, jury; kveðja e-n kviðar, to call (a neighbour) on an inquest; ryðja kviðinn, bjóða til ruðningar um kviðinn, to challenge the jury;
    3) saying, word; kviðr norna, the decree of the Fates (kveld lifir maðr ekki eptir kvið norna).
    (-ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m.
    1) belly, abdomen;
    2) womb.
    * * *
    1.
    m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu. [Ulf. qiss = -φημία, -λογία, as in ana-qiss = βλασφημία; þiuþi-qiss and waila-qiss = εὐλογία; missa-qiss = σχίσμα, etc.]:—prop. a saw, saying, speech, word, and hence in law a verdict given by neighbours; for the Engl. ‘verdict’ is indeed a kind of rendering of the Norse term; kviðr Norna, the word of the Norns, weird, fate, death, kveld lifir maðr ekki eptir kvið Norna, Hðm. 31; orðs-kviðr, a saw, proverb; mis-kviðr, ‘saying-amiss,’ false pleading. The old law makes a distinction between vætti ( a witness) and kviðr ( a verdict),—þar er bæði fylgir einni sök vætti ok kviðr, þá skal vætti fara fyrr fram en kviðr, Grág. i. 47: before delivering his opinion each neighbour had to take an oath,—þat er mælt, áðr kviðr sé borinn, at þeir skulu eiða vinna allir áðr at dómi, 53. The old records mention various kinds of neighbours and verdicts:
    1. in Norse law,
    α. the heimis-kviðr (heims-kviðr, heimilis-k.) or a ‘home-verdict,’ a verdict of neighbours, bearing some resemblance to the oath of compurgators; ten, or in lesser cases four or six, neighbours were to accompany the accused to the court, two of whom had to swear on the book, and the rest followed,—en þat er heims kviðr er tíu menn fylgja til móts, en sverja tveir menn á bók, en átta sanna þat, N. G. L. i. 311, cp. ii. 505; hafa með sér heimiliskviðar-vátta til þings, K. Á. 214; hann hafi heiman heimiliskviðar-vitni, 152; nema heimiliskviðar-vitni fylgi, Gþl. 193: þá skal með þessu heimiliskviðar-vitni sækja, N. G. L. 4. 140 (heimskviðar-vitni, 337); þá skal með þessu heimiliskviðjar-vitni sækja, at einn skal bera en tveir sanna um þriggja aura mál, en um sex aura mál skal einn sanna en fjórir sverja, en þeir skulu vera fylkis-menn, N. G. L. i. 140, 316; en ef eigi kemr saga hins sára fram á fyrsta þingi né heimiliskviðar-vitni, þá …, 160: similar were the ‘sandemænd’ ( soothmen) of the early Danish law; to this the old saw refers, hættr er heimiskviðr, nema sér góðan geti, perilous is the home-verdict, unless one gets a good one, Sdm. 25.
    β. in Icel., unless the bjargkviðr (q. v.) be identical to heimis-kviðr, this sort of verdict is seldom mentioned; eigi skal heimis-kvið annan at henda, Grág. i. 361.
    2. in Icel. law the tólftar-kviðr ( verdict of twelve), also called goða-kviðr ( priest verdict), Grág. i. 168, viz. a body of twelve men, of whom eleven were to be summoned by the goði of the district, and he, being the twelfth of the number, had to deliver the final verdict. The verdict of twelve was only appointed for certain cases defined in the law, K. Þ. K. 168, v. l.; nú hefir maðr tólptar-kviðar kvatt, ok skal goði nefna þriðjungs-menn sína til kviðar þess með sér, ok er honum rétt hvárz þeir eru bændr eða grið-menn, hann skal ellefu menn nefna aðra en sik, Grág. i. 57, see the whole chapter 17 in Þ. Þ., as also the Grág. passim; ella kveðja til tylptar-kviðar goða þess (þann?) er sóttr er …, en ef sjálfr er sóttr goðinn þeirri sök, þá skal kveðja samþingis-goðann tólptar-kviðar; tólptar-kviðar skal kveðja þann goða er sá er í þingi er sóttr er, Grág. i. 138; er goði er kvaddr tólptar-kviðar um þat er hann á eigi at skilja, þá …, 168, 207; nú koma menn til þings, ok málit í dóm, ok á Glúmr (in his capacity as goði) at bera tólptar-kvið, … Glúmr berr at honum kviðinn ok únýtti málit, Glúm. ch. 18: tólptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, en hvárrgi þeirra Snorra né Arnkels þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hleyta sakir við sækjanda ok varnar-aðilja, var þá Helgi Hofgarða-goði kvaddr tylptar-kviðar, … eptir þat bar Helgi at kviðinn, Eb. ch. 16, cp. also the passage in Lv. ch. 4, where a verdict of twelve seems to be meant.
    β. but the common popular verdict was the búa-kviðr or neighbour-verdict, given by five, and in some cases by nine, neighbours (see búi), who had to be summoned either at home (kveðja búa heiman) or in certain exceptional instances in the court (á þingi); the instances in the Grág. and the Sagas, esp. the Nj., are almost endless: technical phrase, bera kvið, to give the verdict, Nj. 87, Grág. i. 57, passim; as also, bera af kviðinn, or, bera á kviðinn, to give a verdict for or against, (see bera B. I); ryðja kvið or kviðu, prop. to ‘clear the verdict,’ i. e. to challenge the neighbours, Grág. i. 29; bjóða til ruðningar um kviðinn, Nj. 87, passim.
    γ. a special kind, egningar-kviðr, a kind of law quirk, Grág. i. 56: ironical, nú er getið um fyrir Þorkatli at honum þykkja ríkt bornir kviðirnir, Lv. 27. From the analogy of the Icel. customs, it can be inferred with certainty that along with the invasion of the Danes and Norsemen, the judgment by verdict was also transplanted to English ground, for the settlers of England were kith and kin to those of Iceland, carrying with them the same laws and customs; lastly, after the Conquest it became the law of the land. This old Scandinavian institution gradually died out in the mother countries, and came to an end in Icel. A. D. 1271–1281, with the fall of the Commonwealth, and the introduction of a Norse code of laws, whereas it was naturalised in England, which came to be the classical land of trial by jury.
    2.
    m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu; [Ulf. qiþus = κοιλία, μήτηρ; A. S. cwið; O. H. G. quiti; Swed. qved; Gr. γαστήρ; cp. Lat. venter]:—the womb; Ulfr reist á honum kviðinn, Nj. 275; minta styrkir kvið, Lækn.: of animals, svall allr kviðrinn á hestinum, Bs. i. 345; so water reaches, upp í kvið; éta hálfan kvið, to eat half one’s fill; fara síganda kviði, to go with a sinking belly, i. e. to limp, lag behind; get ek at þeim fari héðan af síganda kviði, Grett. 151 A; hann tók hendi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, Edda 33, Fms. iv. 385.
    2. esp. the womb, Lat. uterus; konu er barn hefir kviknat í kviði, K. Þ. K. 134, Grág. ii. 69; þat barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er í kviði áðr móðurinni sé frelsi gefit, i. 178; óx brúðar kviðr frá brjósti niðr, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 350–352, as also the N. T.,—þú munt getnað fá í kviði þínum, Luke i. 31; ok barnið spratt upp í hennar kviði, 41, 44; blessaðr er ávöxtr kviðar þíns, 42; áðr en hann var getinn í móður-kviði, ii. 21; allt karlkyns þat er fyrst opnaði sinnar móður kvið, 23; af móður-kviði fæddir, Matth. xix. 12, Gal. i. 15; sæll er sá kviðr er þig bar og þau brjóst er þú milktir, Luke xi. 27.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KVIÐR

  • 96 contra

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra

  • 97 contra dicta

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra dicta

  • 98 Entscheidung

    f decision ( über + Akk on); JUR. auch ruling (on); der Geschworenen: verdict (on); eine Entscheidung treffen make ( oder come to) a decision, decide; eine Entscheidung fällen announce a decision; JUR. announce ( oder pronounce förm.) a verdict; einer Entscheidung ausweichen avoid (having to make) a decision, sit on the fence umg.; pej. sit on one’s hands umg.; vor einer wichtigen Entscheidung stehen have important ( oder major) decisions to make; zur Entscheidung kommen
    1. (zur Entscheidung vorliegen) come up for decision
    2. (entschieden werden) be decided; um die Entscheidung spielen SPORT play ( oder be) in the final; die Entscheidung ist noch nicht gefallen there is still no decision, there has been no decision ( oder declaration) (as) yet, it could go either way; Sport, bei Gleichstand: they ( oder the teams etc.) are still level, it’s still a draw ( oder tie); die Entscheidung fiel in der 80. Spielminute the decisive goal etc. ( oder the decider) came in the 80th minute; die Entscheidung fällt mir schwer I can’t decide, I’m finding it hard to decide, I’m having difficulty making my mind up
    * * *
    die Entscheidung
    determination; decision; award; conclusion
    * * *
    Ent|schei|dung
    f
    decision; (JUR AUCH) ruling; (der Geschworenen auch) verdict

    um die Entschéídung spielen (Sport) — to play the deciding game or the decider (Brit); (bei gleichem Tor-, Punktverhältnis auch) to play off

    Spiel um die Entschéídung (Sport) — deciding game, decider (Brit); play-off

    mit den finanziellen Entschéídungen habe ich nichts zu tun — I have nothing to do with the financial decision-making or decisions

    wie ist die Entschéídung ausgefallen? — which way did the decision go?

    es geht um die Entschéídung — it's going to be decisive, it's going to decide things

    die Lage drängt zur Entschéídung — the situation is coming to a head

    die Frage kommt heute zur Entschéídung — the question will be decided today

    * * *
    die
    1) (the act of deciding; a judgement: a time/moment of decision; I think you made the wrong decision.) decision
    2) (the act of determining.) determination
    3) (an official decision: The judge gave his ruling.) rule
    * * *
    Ent·schei·dung
    f
    1. (Beschluss) decision
    \Entscheidung am grünen Tisch armchair decision
    es geht um die \Entscheidung, ob/wer/wie... the decision will be whether/who/how...
    zu einer \Entscheidung kommen [o gelangen] to reach [or come to] [or arrive at] a decision
    die/eine \Entscheidung liegt bei jdm it is for sb to decide
    die \Entscheidung liegt beim Chef it's up to the boss to decide
    vor einer \Entscheidung stehen to be confronted with a decision
    jdn vor eine \Entscheidung stellen to leave a decision to sb
    eine \Entscheidung treffen to make [or take] a decision
    2. JUR decision; (gerichtlich) ruling; (richterlich) judgment; (Votum der Geschworenen) verdict
    die \Entscheidung fiel zugunsten der Angeklagten aus the verdict was in favour of the accused
    außergerichtliche \Entscheidung out-of-court decision
    rechtskräftige \Entscheidung irreversible ruling
    eine \Entscheidung anfechten to contest a decision
    eine \Entscheidung in der Berufungsinstanz aufheben/bestätigen to squash a sentence/to uphold a decision on appeal
    eine \Entscheidung fällen to render judgment
    einen Fall zur weiteren \Entscheidung zurückweisen to remit a case for further prosecution
    bis zu einer weiteren \Entscheidung pending a further decision
    3. SPORT (Ausgang eines Spiels) result
    um die \Entscheidung spielen to play the deciding match [or BRIT decider]
    * * *
    * * *
    Entscheidung f decision (
    über +akk on); JUR auch ruling (on); der Geschworenen: verdict (on);
    eine Entscheidung treffen make ( oder come to) a decision, decide;
    eine Entscheidung fällen announce a decision; JUR announce ( oder pronounce form) a verdict;
    einer Entscheidung ausweichen avoid (having to make) a decision, sit on the fence umg; pej sit on one’s hands umg;
    vor einer wichtigen Entscheidung stehen have important ( oder major) decisions to make;
    1. (zur Entscheidung vorliegen) come up for decision
    2. (entschieden werden) be decided;
    um die Entscheidung spielen SPORT play ( oder be) in the final;
    die Entscheidung ist noch nicht gefallen there is still no decision, there has been no decision ( oder declaration) (as) yet, it could go either way; Sport, bei Gleichstand: they ( oder the teams etc) are still level, it’s still a draw ( oder tie);
    die Entscheidung fiel in der 80. Spielminute the decisive goal etc ( oder the decider) came in the 80th minute;
    die Entscheidung fällt mir schwer I can’t decide, I’m finding it hard to decide, I’m having difficulty making my mind up
    * * *
    * * *
    f.
    arbitration n.
    decision n.
    decision-making n.
    verdict n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Entscheidung

  • 99 Gericht

    n; -(e)s, -e
    1. JUR., Institution: (law) court(s Pl.); meist lit. und fig. tribunal; (Rechtsprechung) jurisdiction; ordentliches Gericht ordinary court (of law); vor Gericht aussagen / laden testify / summon before a ( oder the) court; vor Gericht bringen take s.o. to court; vor Gericht gehen oder das Gericht anrufen go to court; vor Gericht kommen Sache: come before the court(s); Person: go on trial; vor Gericht stehen be up for trial, be on trial; vor Gericht vertreten represent s.o. (oder s.th.) in court; sich vor Gericht verantworten stand trial
    2. JUR. (die Richter) the bench; Hohes Gericht! Your Lordship (Am. Your Honor); bei Schwurgerichtsverfahren auch: Members of the Jury; das Gericht zieht sich zur Beratung zurück the court will adjourn
    3. JUR. (Verhandlung) hearing; im Strafverfahren: trial; (Urteil, das Urteilen) judg(e)ment; Gericht (ab) halten hold court, sit; Gericht halten oder zu Gericht sitzen über (+ Akk) geh. sit in judg(e)ment on s.o.
    4. Gebäude: court, bes. Am. courthouse
    5. KIRCHL.: das Jüngste oder Letzte Gericht the Last Judg(e)ment; Tag des Jüngsten Gerichts KIRCHL. Day of Judg(e)ment, Judg(e)ment Day
    6. fig.: mit jemandem hart oder scharf ins Gericht gehen fig. take s.o. to task, haul s.o. over the coals
    —
    n; -(e)s, -e dish ( aus of); (Mahlzeit) meal; (Gang) course
    * * *
    das Gericht
    (Gerichtshof) court; law court; court of justice;
    (Speise) meal; dish
    * * *
    Ge|rịcht I [gə'rɪçt]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    (= Speise) dish II
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) (= Behörde) court (of justice); (= Gebäude) court(house), law courts pl; (= die Richter) court, bench

    Hohes Gericht! — My Lord! (Brit), Your Honor! (US)

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — to appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht kommen (Fall) — to come to court; (Mensch) to come or appear before a/the court

    jdn vor Gericht laden — to summon or call sb to appear in court

    jdn/einen Fall vor Gericht bringen — to take sb/a case to court

    mit etw vor Gericht gehen — to go to court about sth, to take legal action about sth

    jdn/einen Fall vor Gericht vertreten — to represent sb/a case in court

    2)

    über jdn/etw Gericht halten — to pronounce judgement on sb/sth

    mit jdm ( scharf) ins Gericht gehen (fig) — to judge sb harshly

    * * *
    das
    1) (a public house.) bar
    2) (a place where legal cases are heard: a magistrates' court; the High Court.) court
    3) (the judges and officials of a legal court: The accused is to appear before the court on Friday.) court
    4) (food mixed and prepared for the table: She served us an interesting dish containing chicken and almonds.) dish
    * * *
    Ge·richt1
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈrɪçt]
    nt (Speise) dish
    Ge·richt2
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈrɪçt]
    nt
    1. JUR (Behörde) court [of justice]; (Gebäude) court [house], law courts pl
    \Gericht erster/zweiter/letzter Instanz court of first instance/appellate court/court of ultimate resort
    [etw] vor \Gericht aussagen to testify in court
    jdn/einen Fall vor \Gericht bringen to take sb/a case to court
    vor \Gericht erscheinen to appear in court [or at the bar]
    vor \Gericht gehen to litigate
    mit etw dat vor \Gericht gehen (fam) to take legal action [or to go to court] about sth
    vor \Gericht kommen to appear in [or come to] court, to appear [or come] before a/the court; Fall to come to court
    [wegen einer S. gen] vor \Gericht stehen to appear in [or before a/the] court [for sth]
    jdn/einen Fall vor \Gericht vertreten to represent sb/a case in court
    gegen jdn/etw vor \Gericht ziehen (fam) to instigate legal proceedings against sb/sth, to take sb/sth to court
    bei \Gericht in court, at the bar
    vor \Gericht at law, on trial
    2. JUR (die Richter) court, bench
    3.
    ▶ Hohes \Gericht! My Lord! BRIT, Your Honor! AM
    ▶ das Jüngste \Gericht REL the last Judg[e]ment, Judg[e]ment Day
    ▶ mit jdm ins \Gericht gehen to sharply criticize sb
    ▶ über jdn/etw \Gericht halten to pronounce judg[e]ment on sb/sth
    ▶ über jdn zu \Gericht sitzen to sit in judg[e]ment on sb
    * * *
    I
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte
    1) (Institution) court

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht stehen — be on or stand trial

    2) (Richter) bench
    3) (Gebäude) court[-house]
    4) in

    das Jüngste od. Letzte Gericht — (Rel.) the Last Judgement

    mit jemandem [hart od. scharf] ins Gericht gehen — take somebody [severely] to task

    II
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte dish
    * * *
    Gericht1 n; -(e)s, -e
    1. JUR, Institution: (law) court(s pl); meist liter und fig tribunal; (Rechtsprechung) jurisdiction;
    ordentliches Gericht ordinary court (of law);
    vor Gericht aussagen/laden testify/summon before a ( oder the) court;
    vor Gericht bringen take sb to court;
    das Gericht anrufen go to court;
    vor Gericht kommen Sache: come before the court(s); Person: go on trial;
    vor Gericht stehen be up for trial, be on trial;
    vor Gericht vertreten represent sb (oder sth) in court;
    2. JUR (die Richter) the bench;
    Hohes Gericht! Your Lordship (US Your Honor); bei Schwurgerichtsverfahren auch: Members of the Jury;
    3. JUR (Verhandlung) hearing; im Strafverfahren: trial; (Urteil, das Urteilen) judg(e)ment;
    Gericht (ab)halten hold court, sit;
    zu Gericht sitzen über (+akk) geh sit in judg(e)ment on sb
    4. Gebäude: court, besonders US courthouse
    5. KIRCHE:
    Letzte Gericht the Last Judg(e)ment;
    Tag des Jüngsten Gerichts KIRCHE Day of Judg(e)ment, Judg(e)ment Day
    6. fig:
    scharf ins Gericht gehen fig take sb to task, haul sb over the coals
    Gericht2 n; -(e)s, -e dish (
    aus of); (Mahlzeit) meal; (Gang) course
    * * *
    I
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte
    1) (Institution) court

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht stehen — be on or stand trial

    2) (Richter) bench
    3) (Gebäude) court[-house]
    4) in

    das Jüngste od. Letzte Gericht — (Rel.) the Last Judgement

    mit jemandem [hart od. scharf] ins Gericht gehen — take somebody [severely] to task

    II
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte dish
    * * *
    -e n.
    court (law) n.
    dish n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gericht

  • 100 gericht

    n; -(e)s, -e
    1. JUR., Institution: (law) court(s Pl.); meist lit. und fig. tribunal; (Rechtsprechung) jurisdiction; ordentliches Gericht ordinary court (of law); vor Gericht aussagen / laden testify / summon before a ( oder the) court; vor Gericht bringen take s.o. to court; vor Gericht gehen oder das Gericht anrufen go to court; vor Gericht kommen Sache: come before the court(s); Person: go on trial; vor Gericht stehen be up for trial, be on trial; vor Gericht vertreten represent s.o. (oder s.th.) in court; sich vor Gericht verantworten stand trial
    2. JUR. (die Richter) the bench; Hohes Gericht! Your Lordship (Am. Your Honor); bei Schwurgerichtsverfahren auch: Members of the Jury; das Gericht zieht sich zur Beratung zurück the court will adjourn
    3. JUR. (Verhandlung) hearing; im Strafverfahren: trial; (Urteil, das Urteilen) judg(e)ment; Gericht (ab) halten hold court, sit; Gericht halten oder zu Gericht sitzen über (+ Akk) geh. sit in judg(e)ment on s.o.
    4. Gebäude: court, bes. Am. courthouse
    5. KIRCHL.: das Jüngste oder Letzte Gericht the Last Judg(e)ment; Tag des Jüngsten Gerichts KIRCHL. Day of Judg(e)ment, Judg(e)ment Day
    6. fig.: mit jemandem hart oder scharf ins Gericht gehen fig. take s.o. to task, haul s.o. over the coals
    —
    n; -(e)s, -e dish ( aus of); (Mahlzeit) meal; (Gang) course
    * * *
    das Gericht
    (Gerichtshof) court; law court; court of justice;
    (Speise) meal; dish
    * * *
    Ge|rịcht I [gə'rɪçt]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    (= Speise) dish II
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) (= Behörde) court (of justice); (= Gebäude) court(house), law courts pl; (= die Richter) court, bench

    Hohes Gericht! — My Lord! (Brit), Your Honor! (US)

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — to appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht kommen (Fall) — to come to court; (Mensch) to come or appear before a/the court

    jdn vor Gericht laden — to summon or call sb to appear in court

    jdn/einen Fall vor Gericht bringen — to take sb/a case to court

    mit etw vor Gericht gehen — to go to court about sth, to take legal action about sth

    jdn/einen Fall vor Gericht vertreten — to represent sb/a case in court

    2)

    über jdn/etw Gericht halten — to pronounce judgement on sb/sth

    mit jdm ( scharf) ins Gericht gehen (fig) — to judge sb harshly

    * * *
    das
    1) (a public house.) bar
    2) (a place where legal cases are heard: a magistrates' court; the High Court.) court
    3) (the judges and officials of a legal court: The accused is to appear before the court on Friday.) court
    4) (food mixed and prepared for the table: She served us an interesting dish containing chicken and almonds.) dish
    * * *
    Ge·richt1
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈrɪçt]
    nt (Speise) dish
    Ge·richt2
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈrɪçt]
    nt
    1. JUR (Behörde) court [of justice]; (Gebäude) court [house], law courts pl
    \Gericht erster/zweiter/letzter Instanz court of first instance/appellate court/court of ultimate resort
    [etw] vor \Gericht aussagen to testify in court
    jdn/einen Fall vor \Gericht bringen to take sb/a case to court
    vor \Gericht erscheinen to appear in court [or at the bar]
    vor \Gericht gehen to litigate
    mit etw dat vor \Gericht gehen (fam) to take legal action [or to go to court] about sth
    vor \Gericht kommen to appear in [or come to] court, to appear [or come] before a/the court; Fall to come to court
    [wegen einer S. gen] vor \Gericht stehen to appear in [or before a/the] court [for sth]
    jdn/einen Fall vor \Gericht vertreten to represent sb/a case in court
    gegen jdn/etw vor \Gericht ziehen (fam) to instigate legal proceedings against sb/sth, to take sb/sth to court
    bei \Gericht in court, at the bar
    vor \Gericht at law, on trial
    2. JUR (die Richter) court, bench
    3.
    ▶ Hohes \Gericht! My Lord! BRIT, Your Honor! AM
    ▶ das Jüngste \Gericht REL the last Judg[e]ment, Judg[e]ment Day
    ▶ mit jdm ins \Gericht gehen to sharply criticize sb
    ▶ über jdn/etw \Gericht halten to pronounce judg[e]ment on sb/sth
    ▶ über jdn zu \Gericht sitzen to sit in judg[e]ment on sb
    * * *
    I
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte
    1) (Institution) court

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht stehen — be on or stand trial

    2) (Richter) bench
    3) (Gebäude) court[-house]
    4) in

    das Jüngste od. Letzte Gericht — (Rel.) the Last Judgement

    mit jemandem [hart od. scharf] ins Gericht gehen — take somebody [severely] to task

    II
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte dish
    * * *
    …gericht n im subst dish;
    Bohnengericht bean dish;
    Fleischgericht meat dish;
    Nudelgericht pasta dish;
    Reisgericht rice dish
    * * *
    I
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte
    1) (Institution) court

    vor Gericht erscheinen/aussagen — appear/testify in court

    vor Gericht stehen — be on or stand trial

    2) (Richter) bench
    3) (Gebäude) court[-house]
    4) in

    das Jüngste od. Letzte Gericht — (Rel.) the Last Judgement

    mit jemandem [hart od. scharf] ins Gericht gehen — take somebody [severely] to task

    II
    das; Gericht[e]s, Gerichte dish
    * * *
    -e n.
    court (law) n.
    dish n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gericht

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