succession+of+government

sĕro, sēvi, sătum, 3, v. a. [for seso, root sa-; Gr. saô, sêthô, to sift], to sow, plant (freq. and class.; syn.: planto, semino, consero).

Lit., with acc., either of the plant, seed, etc., sown, or of the land cultivated:

ubi tempus erit, effodito seritoque recte... Quae diligentius seri voles, in calicibus seri oportet,

Cato, R. R. 133, 2: serendum viciam, lentem, cicerculam, etc., Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 2:

oleam et vitem,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9, 16:

frumenta,

Caes. B. G. 5, 14:

ut tantum decumae sit, quantum severis: hoc est, ut quot jugera sint sata, totidem medimna decumae debeantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

agri molliti et oblimati ad serendum,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130: serit arbores, quae alteri saeculo prosint, Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 7, 24; 17, 59:

nullam sacrā vite prius severis arborem,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 1; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 6:

semina,

Verg. G. 1, 193: surculos, Auct. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 69, 278:

aliquid in inculto et derelicto solo,

Cic. Brut. 4, 16:

iste serendus ager,

Ov. A. A. 2, 668:

sulcos,

Tib. 2, 3, 70:

vera ratio serendi,

Plin. 18, 25, 60, § 224.—Freq. in part. perf.:

multa erant inter eum locum manu sata,

Caes. B. C. 3, 44:

saepe satas alio vidi traducere messes,

Verg. E. 8, 99; id. G. 3, 176.—Hence, subst.: săta, ōrum, n., standing corn, crops, Verg. E. 3, 82; id. G. 1, 325; id. A. 2, 306; 12, 454; Ov. M. 1, 286; Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94; Pall. 1, 43.—Prov.:

mihi istic nec seritur nec metitur,

i. e. I have no benefit from it, it's nothing to me, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 80.—

Transf., of persons, to beget, bring forth, produce; only in part. perf. in pass. sense, begotten, sprung forth, born, etc.:

Tertullae nollem abortum: tam enim Cassii sunt jam quam Bruti serendi,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 2; id. Leg. 1, 8, 24:

non temere nec fortuito sati et creati sumus,

id. Tusc. 1, 49, 118; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 60; id. Univ. 12, 35:

hic satus ad pacem,

Prop. 3, 9, 19.—With ex: ex Tantalo ortus Pelops, ex Pelope autem satus Atreus, Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 57.— With de:

Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati,

Ov. F. 4, 54.—With ab:

largo satos Curetas ab imbri,

Ov. M. 4, 282.—With simple abl. (so most freq.):

Camertem Magnanimo Volscente satum,

Verg. A. 10, 562:

sole satus Phaëthon,

Ov. M. 1, 751:

sata Tiresiā Manto,

id. ib. 6, 157 et saep.:

sate sanguine divum,

sprung from, Verg. A. 6, 125:

non sanguine humano sed stirpe divinā satum se esse,

Liv. 38, 58, 7:

o sate gente deum,

Verg. A. 8, 36:

matre satos unā,

Ov. M. 5, 141; so,

matre,

id. F. 3, 799;

Nereide,

id. M. 12, 93; cf.:

Bacchum vocant satumque iterum solumque bimatrem,

id. ib. 4, 12.— Hence, satus (sata) aliquo, for a son (or daughter) of any one:

satus Anchisa,

i. e. Æneas, Verg. A. 5, 244; 5, 424; 6, 331;

7, 152: Hammone satus,

i. e. Iarbas, id. ib. 4, 198:

satae Peliā,

Ov. M. 7, 322:

sati Curibus,

sprung from, natives of Cures, id. ib. 14, 778.—

Trop., to sow the seeds of any thing, to found, establish, to scatter, disseminate, propagate, produce, to cause, occasion, excite, etc.:

leges, instituta, rem publicam,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

diuturnam rem publicam,

to found, establish, id. Rep. 2, 3, 5:

mores,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 20:

aere vulnera vasta serebant,

scattered, Lucr. 5, 1290; so,

vulnera pugnantis tergo,

Sil. 5, 235:

lites,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 10:

negotium,

id. Most. 5, 1, 51; cf.:

(Hamilcar) Romanum sevit puerili in pectore bellum,

Sil. 1, 80:

civiles discordias,

Liv. 3, 40, 10:

causam discordiarum,

Suet. Calig. 26:

crimina in senatum apud infimae plebis homines,

Liv. 24, 23 fin.:

invidiam in alios,

Tac. H. 2, 86:

rumores,

Verg. A. 12, 228; Curt. 8, 9, 1:

opinionem,

Just. 8, 3, 8:

sibi causas sollicitudinum,

Sen. Ep. 104, 12.

sĕro ( ui), tum, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. sarat, thread; Gr. seira, rope; cf.: eirô, herma, hormos; Lat. series, servus], to join or bind together, to plait, interweave, entwine, etc.

Lit. (so only in part. perf.):

accipiunt sertas nardo florente coronas,

Luc. 10, 164; Cypr. Ep. 4, 3:

flores,

App. M. 4, p. 156, 4; 10, p. 254, 38:

rosa,

id. ib. 2, p. 121, 131:

loricae,

linked, Nep. Iph. 1 fin.; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 421.—

Subst.: serta, ōrum, n., wreaths of flowers, garlands (freq. and class.):

arae sertis recentibus halant,

Verg. A. 1, 417:

coronae, serta,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 58; Lucr. 4, 1128; 4, 1174; Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 43; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; Cat. 6, 8; Verg. E. 6, 16; Tib. 1, 1, 12; 1, 2, 14; 1, 7, 52 et saep. al.—Rarely in sing.:

roseo Venus aurea serto,

Aus. Idyll. 6, 88.—Collat. form serta, ae, f. (sc. corona):

cum tua praependent demissae in pocula sertae,

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 37; id. et Corn. Sev. ap. Charis. p. 83 P.—

Trop., to join, connect, interweave; to combine, compose, contrive (class. but rare; syn.: jungo, cieo, instruo): seritote diem concorditer ambo, i. e. alternate according to the succession (in the government), Enn. ap. Charis. p. 177 P. (Ann. v. 110 Vahl.):

ex aeternitate causa causam serens,

joining in order, following, Cic. Fat. 12, 27:

cujus (fati) lege immobilis rerum humanarum ordo seritur,

is arranged, disposed, Liv. 25, 6:

bella ex bellis serendo,

by joining war to war, Sall. H. 4, 61, 20 Dietsch:

tumultum ex tumultu, bellum ex bello serunt,

id. ib. 1, 48, 7 ib.; cf. Liv. 21, 10; cf.:

certamina cum Patribus,

to join, engage in, id. 2, 1; so,

certamina,

id. 27, 12; 27, 41; 40, 48:

crebra proelia,

Tac. H. 5, 11: quod mihi servus sermonem serat, joins speech, i. e. bandies words with me, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 37; cf. id. Mil. 3, 1, 106:

multa inter sese vario sermone serebant,

Verg. A. 6, 160; Stat. Achill. 2, 38, id. Th. 6, 941:

aliquid sermonibus occultis,

Liv. 3, 43; 7, 39; 33, 32:

secreta colloquia cum eo,

id. 34, 61:

populares orationes,

to put together, compose, id. 10, 19; cf.:

(Livius) ab saturis ausus est primus argumento fabulam serere,

id. 7, 2, 8:

quid seris fando moras?

why are you contriving? Sen. Med. 281:

negotium,

to make, prepare, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 51:

crimina belli,

Verg. A. 7, 339.

sēro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [sera], to fasten with a bolt, to bar: praeda nullo obstaculo serata, Ven. Fort. Vit. S. Menard. 6; cf. Prisc. p. 837 P.

sērō̆, adv., v. serus fin.

sĕro, sēvi, sătum, 3, v. a. [for seso, root sa-; Gr. saô, sêthô, to sift], to sow, plant (freq. and class.; syn.: planto, semino, consero).

Lit., with acc., either of the plant, seed, etc., sown, or of the land cultivated:

ubi tempus erit, effodito seritoque recte... Quae diligentius seri voles, in calicibus seri oportet,

Cato, R. R. 133, 2: serendum viciam, lentem, cicerculam, etc., Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 2:

oleam et vitem,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9, 16:

frumenta,

Caes. B. G. 5, 14:

ut tantum decumae sit, quantum severis: hoc est, ut quot jugera sint sata, totidem medimna decumae debeantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

agri molliti et oblimati ad serendum,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130: serit arbores, quae alteri saeculo prosint, Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 7, 24; 17, 59:

nullam sacrā vite prius severis arborem,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 1; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 6:

semina,

Verg. G. 1, 193: surculos, Auct. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 69, 278:

aliquid in inculto et derelicto solo,

Cic. Brut. 4, 16:

iste serendus ager,

Ov. A. A. 2, 668:

sulcos,

Tib. 2, 3, 70:

vera ratio serendi,

Plin. 18, 25, 60, § 224.—Freq. in part. perf.:

multa erant inter eum locum manu sata,

Caes. B. C. 3, 44:

saepe satas alio vidi traducere messes,

Verg. E. 8, 99; id. G. 3, 176.—Hence, subst.: săta, ōrum, n., standing corn, crops, Verg. E. 3, 82; id. G. 1, 325; id. A. 2, 306; 12, 454; Ov. M. 1, 286; Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94; Pall. 1, 43.—Prov.:

mihi istic nec seritur nec metitur,

i. e. I have no benefit from it, it's nothing to me, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 80.—

Transf., of persons, to beget, bring forth, produce; only in part. perf. in pass. sense, begotten, sprung forth, born, etc.:

Tertullae nollem abortum: tam enim Cassii sunt jam quam Bruti serendi,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 2; id. Leg. 1, 8, 24:

non temere nec fortuito sati et creati sumus,

id. Tusc. 1, 49, 118; cf. id. ib. 1, 25, 60; id. Univ. 12, 35:

hic satus ad pacem,

Prop. 3, 9, 19.—With ex: ex Tantalo ortus Pelops, ex Pelope autem satus Atreus, Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 57.— With de:

Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati,

Ov. F. 4, 54.—With ab:

largo satos Curetas ab imbri,

Ov. M. 4, 282.—With simple abl. (so most freq.):

Camertem Magnanimo Volscente satum,

Verg. A. 10, 562:

sole satus Phaëthon,

Ov. M. 1, 751:

sata Tiresiā Manto,

id. ib. 6, 157 et saep.:

sate sanguine divum,

sprung from, Verg. A. 6, 125:

non sanguine humano sed stirpe divinā satum se esse,

Liv. 38, 58, 7:

o sate gente deum,

Verg. A. 8, 36:

matre satos unā,

Ov. M. 5, 141; so,

matre,

id. F. 3, 799;

Nereide,

id. M. 12, 93; cf.:

Bacchum vocant satumque iterum solumque bimatrem,

id. ib. 4, 12.— Hence, satus (sata) aliquo, for a son (or daughter) of any one:

satus Anchisa,

i. e. Æneas, Verg. A. 5, 244; 5, 424; 6, 331;

7, 152: Hammone satus,

i. e. Iarbas, id. ib. 4, 198:

satae Peliā,

Ov. M. 7, 322:

sati Curibus,

sprung from, natives of Cures, id. ib. 14, 778.—

Trop., to sow the seeds of any thing, to found, establish, to scatter, disseminate, propagate, produce, to cause, occasion, excite, etc.:

leges, instituta, rem publicam,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

diuturnam rem publicam,

to found, establish, id. Rep. 2, 3, 5:

mores,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 20:

aere vulnera vasta serebant,

scattered, Lucr. 5, 1290; so,

vulnera pugnantis tergo,

Sil. 5, 235:

lites,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 10:

negotium,

id. Most. 5, 1, 51; cf.:

(Hamilcar) Romanum sevit puerili in pectore bellum,

Sil. 1, 80:

civiles discordias,

Liv. 3, 40, 10:

causam discordiarum,

Suet. Calig. 26:

crimina in senatum apud infimae plebis homines,

Liv. 24, 23 fin.:

invidiam in alios,

Tac. H. 2, 86:

rumores,

Verg. A. 12, 228; Curt. 8, 9, 1:

opinionem,

Just. 8, 3, 8:

sibi causas sollicitudinum,

Sen. Ep. 104, 12.

sĕro ( ui), tum, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. sarat, thread; Gr. seira, rope; cf.: eirô, herma, hormos; Lat. series, servus], to join or bind together, to plait, interweave, entwine, etc.

Lit. (so only in part. perf.):

accipiunt sertas nardo florente coronas,

Luc. 10, 164; Cypr. Ep. 4, 3:

flores,

App. M. 4, p. 156, 4; 10, p. 254, 38:

rosa,

id. ib. 2, p. 121, 131:

loricae,

linked, Nep. Iph. 1 fin.; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 421.—

Subst.: serta, ōrum, n., wreaths of flowers, garlands (freq. and class.):

arae sertis recentibus halant,

Verg. A. 1, 417:

coronae, serta,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 58; Lucr. 4, 1128; 4, 1174; Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 43; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; Cat. 6, 8; Verg. E. 6, 16; Tib. 1, 1, 12; 1, 2, 14; 1, 7, 52 et saep. al.—Rarely in sing.:

roseo Venus aurea serto,

Aus. Idyll. 6, 88.—Collat. form serta, ae, f. (sc. corona):

cum tua praependent demissae in pocula sertae,

Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 37; id. et Corn. Sev. ap. Charis. p. 83 P.—

Trop., to join, connect, interweave; to combine, compose, contrive (class. but rare; syn.: jungo, cieo, instruo): seritote diem concorditer ambo, i. e. alternate according to the succession (in the government), Enn. ap. Charis. p. 177 P. (Ann. v. 110 Vahl.):

ex aeternitate causa causam serens,

joining in order, following, Cic. Fat. 12, 27:

cujus (fati) lege immobilis rerum humanarum ordo seritur,

is arranged, disposed, Liv. 25, 6:

bella ex bellis serendo,

by joining war to war, Sall. H. 4, 61, 20 Dietsch:

tumultum ex tumultu, bellum ex bello serunt,

id. ib. 1, 48, 7 ib.; cf. Liv. 21, 10; cf.:

certamina cum Patribus,

to join, engage in, id. 2, 1; so,

certamina,

id. 27, 12; 27, 41; 40, 48:

crebra proelia,

Tac. H. 5, 11: quod mihi servus sermonem serat, joins speech, i. e. bandies words with me, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 37; cf. id. Mil. 3, 1, 106:

multa inter sese vario sermone serebant,

Verg. A. 6, 160; Stat. Achill. 2, 38, id. Th. 6, 941:

aliquid sermonibus occultis,

Liv. 3, 43; 7, 39; 33, 32:

secreta colloquia cum eo,

id. 34, 61:

populares orationes,

to put together, compose, id. 10, 19; cf.:

(Livius) ab saturis ausus est primus argumento fabulam serere,

id. 7, 2, 8:

quid seris fando moras?

why are you contriving? Sen. Med. 281:

negotium,

to make, prepare, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 51:

crimina belli,

Verg. A. 7, 339.

sēro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [sera], to fasten with a bolt, to bar: praeda nullo obstaculo serata, Ven. Fort. Vit. S. Menard. 6; cf. Prisc. p. 837 P.

sērō̆, adv., v. serus fin.

(1689-1750)

   The son of King Pedro II and Maria Sofia Neubourg, João was acclaimed king in 1707. By any measure, his long reign (43 years) had a significant impact on Portuguese government, arts, and culture. The early period was consumed with anxiety over continental European affairs, especially the menacing War of Spanish Succession, which ended in 1714. João then shifted his emphasis to the commercial and political interests of the Atlantic empire, to the Catholic Church and religious affairs, and to reinforcing the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance. Under João, there was intensive development of colonization and exploitation in Portuguese America, namely Brazil.

   In spite of the state's usual fiscal woes, the monarchy and the nobility garnered considerable wealth from Brazilian diamonds, gold, and other materials. Large amounts of revenue were expended on royal palaces, houses, churches, chapels, and convents, and, despite the Lisbon earthquake's impact in 1755, a considerable portion of this conspicuous consumption survives in historic monuments. Most outstanding is the great Mafra Palace and Convent, a baroque monstrosity, one of the largest buildings in Europe, which was constructed during João's reign. Through his acts of piety and bribery, João was declared "Most Faithful" Majesty by the pope. Under royal largesse, Portuguese arts and culture were cultivated, and Italian opera was introduced in Lisbon.

(PSD)

   One of the two major political parties in democratic Portugal. It was established originally as the Popular Democratic Party / Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) in May 1974, following the Revolution of 25 April 1974 that overthrew the Estado Novo. The PPD had its roots in the "liberal wing" of the União Nacional, the single, legal party or movement allowed under the Estado Novo during the last phase of that regime, under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano. A number of future PPD leaders, such as Francisco Sá Carneiro and Francisco Balsemão, hoped to reform the Estado Novo from within, but soon became discouraged. After the 1974 Revolution, the PPD participated in two general elections (April 1975 and April 1976), which were crucial for the establishment and consolidation of democracy, and the party won sufficient votes to become the second largest political party after the Socialist Party (PS) in the number of seats held in the legislature, the Assembly of the Republic. The PPD voting results in those two elections were 26.4 percent and 24.4 percent, respectively.

   After the 1976 elections, the party changed its name from Partido Popular Democrático to Partido Social Democrático (PSD). As political opinion swung from the left to the center and center-right, and with the leadership of Francisco Sá Carneiro, the PSD gained greater popularity and strength, and from 1979 on, the party played an important role in government. After Sá Carneiro died in the air crash of December 1980, he was replaced as party chief and then prime minister by Francisco Balsemão, and then by Aníbal Cavaco Silva. As successors, these two leaders guided the PSD to a number of electoral victories, especially beginning in 1985. After 1987, the PSD held a majority of seats in parliament, a situation that lasted until 1995, when the Socialist Party (PS) won the election.

   The PSD's principal political program has featured the de-Marxi-fication of the 1976 Constitution and the economic system, a free-market economy with privatization of many state enterprises, and close ties with the European Economic Community (EEC) and subsequently the European Union (EU). After the PSD lost several general elections in 1995 and 1999, and following the withdrawal from office of former prime minister Cavaco Silva, a leadership succession crisis occurred in the party. The party leadership shifted from Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa to Manuel Durão Barroso, and, in 2004, Pedro Santana Lopes.

   During 2000 and 2001, as Portugal's economic situation worsened, the PS's popularity waned. In the December 2001 municipal elections, the PSD decisively defeated the PS and, as a result, Prime Minister António Guterres resigned. Parliamentary elections in March 2002 resulted in a Social Democratic victory, although its margin of victory over the PS was small (40 percent to 38 percent). Upon becoming premier in the spring of 2002, then, PSD leader Durão Barroso, in order to hold a slim majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic, was obliged to govern in a coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Although the PSD had ousted the PS from office, the party confronted formidable economic and social problems. When Durão Barroso resigned to become president of the EU Commission, Pedro Santana Lopes became the PSD's leader, as prime minister in July 2004. Under Santana Lopes's leadership, the PSD lost the parliamentary elections of 2005 to the PS. Since then, the PSD has sought to regain its dominant position with the Portuguese electorate. It made some progress in doing so when its former leader, Cavaco Silva, was elected president of the Republic of 2006.

    See also Political parties.

μεταλαμβάνω, [tense] fut. -

A

λήψομαι Th.6.18

:— have or get a share of, partake of, c. gen. rei, ληΐης, καμάτου, μιαρίας, Hdt.4.64, Pi.N.10.79, Antipho 3.3.12;

ἀμείνονος μοίρας Pl.Phdr. 248e

;

τροφῆς Act.Ap.2.46

, etc.:—[voice] Med., μεταλαμβάνεσθαί τινος lay claim to,

τοῦ οὐνόματος Hdt. 4.45

.

2 with the part received added in acc.,

Ἄρεως μοῖραν μ. E. Ba. 302

;

τὸ πέμπτον μέρος τῶν ψήφων Pl.Ap. 36b

, D.18.266, etc.;

μ. τῶν τῆς ἀρετῆς μορίων οἱ μὲν ἄλλο οἱ δὲ ἄλλο Pl.Prt. 329e

.

3 c. acc. rei,

ἢν μὴ μεταλάβῃ τοὐπίπεμπτον Ar.Fr. 201

;

δικαστῶν τοσούτων οὐ δὲ διακοσίας ψήφους μ. And.1.17

.

4 in Platonic Philos., c. gen. rei, participate in the universal,

ἤτοι ὅλου τοῦ εἴδους ἢ μέρους μ. Pl.Prm. 131a

.

5 c. gen. pers., have part in, share his society, X.Cyr.7.5.51; go shares with another,

ὡς ἐμοῦ τι κεκλοφότος ζητεῖς μεταλαβεῖν Ar.Pl. 370

.

6 receive notice or information, Mitteis Chr. 31 ii 2 (ii B. C.): c. acc. et inf., PTeb.40.7 (ii B. C.), LXX 2 Ma.4.21: c. acc. et part., μ. πολιορκοῦντά τινα ib.11.6; μ. διότι .. Aristeas 316:—[voice] Pass., to be cited, = Lat. recitari,

ἐκ διπτύχων SIG827

B 1 (Delph., ii A. D.).

7 understand,

φωνάς Philostr. VA1.19

.

II receive in succession or afterwards, [ χαλινόν] X.Eq.10.6; [

ἱμάτιον] θάτερον Eup.159.6

;

πλοῦτον ἕτερον Philem.201

; occupy a position left by the enemy, Plb.10.40.11, etc.; μ. τὴν ἀρχήν succeed to the government, Id.5.40.6, cf. PTeb.79.49 (ii B. C.); μ. τὸν λόγον take up the discourse, i. e. answer, Plb.18.2.2; μ. alone, Id.10.38.1, etc.; οἱ παρά τινος -λημψόμενοι his successors in title, PTeb.294.18 (ii A. D.), etc.;

ἐκ διαδοχῆς μ. τὸ ἱερόν Stud.Pal.22.184.95

(ii A. D.).

2 abs., come after, come on,

ἅμα τῷ μεταλαβεῖν τὸ τῆς νυκτός Plb.15.30.2

.

III take instead, take in exchange, substitute,

πόλεμον ἀντ' εἰρήνης Th.1.120

;

ἄλλο ὄνομα ἀντὶ τῆς ἡδονῆς Pl.Prt. 355c

; διαναπαύσωμεν αὐτὸν μεταλαβόντες αὐτοῦ τὸν συγγυμναστήν; Id.Plt. 257c;

τὰ ὄργανα τἀλλήλων Id.R. 434a

, cf. b; μ. τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἐς τὸ ὁμοῖον adopt new customs so as to resemble others, Th.6.18, cf. Pl.Prt. 356d; ἱμάτια, ἐσθῆτας μ., X.Cyr.4.5.4, Plb.3.78.3; μ. παλτόν take another javelin, X.Eq.12.13: c. inf.,

ἀντὶ τοῦ αἰεὶ φυλάσσεσθαι.. [τὸ] ἀντεπιβουλεῦσαι μ. Th.6.87

.

IV [voice] Pass., to be changed, Sor.2.9, Olymp. in Mete.36.19.

2 Medic., of humours, blood, to be transferred, conveyed,

ὑπὸ δηχθέντος Ruf.Fr.118

, cf. Sor.2.7.

3 Gramm., to be changed, altered, εἰς .. A.D.Synt.107.2; also, of words, have their construction altered, εἰς .. Id.Pron.15.11, al.; but μ. ἐκ .. to be used in place of, Id.Synt.195.14, al.

V take words in another sense,

τὰ πράγματα τοῖς ὀνόμασι μ. Hld.9.9

, cf. Them. in de An.18.35; parody, Ath.8.336f ([voice] Pass.).

2 translate, interpret, Ph.1.480 ([voice] Pass.).

VI in the Logic of Arist., τὸ μεταλαμβανόμενον proposition substituted for the original thesis in hypothetical reasoning, APr. 41a39.

run [rʌn]

course ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) excursion ⇒ 1 (c) trajet ⇒ 1 (e) vol ⇒ 1 (f) série ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (k) tendance ⇒ 1 (l) ruée ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) organiser ⇒ 2 (b) (faire) marcher ⇒ 2 (c), 3 (k) courir ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a), 3 (b) transporter ⇒ 2 (i) conduire ⇒ 2 (k) (faire) passer ⇒ 2 (l), 2 (m), 3 (d) se sauver ⇒ 3 (c) couler ⇒ 3 (h), 3 (i) fondre ⇒ 3 (i) circuler ⇒ 3 (l) durer ⇒ 3 (m) être à l'affiche ⇒ 3 (n) (se) présenter ⇒ 2 (q), 3 (r)

(pt ran [ræn], pp run, cont running)

1 noun

(a) (action) course f;

∎ he took a short run and cleared the gate après un court élan il a franchi la barrière;

∎ at a run en courant;

∎ to go for a run aller faire du jogging;

∎ to go for a 5-mile run ≃ courir 8 kilomètres;

∎ I took the dog for a run in the park j'ai emmené le chien courir dans le parc;

∎ two policemen arrived at a run deux policiers sont arrivés au pas de course;

∎ to break into a run se mettre à courir;

∎ to make a run for it prendre la fuite, se sauver;

∎ the murderer is on the run le meurtrier est en cavale;

∎ she was on the run from her creditors/the police elle essayait d'échapper à ses créanciers/à la police;

∎ we've got them on the run! nous les avons mis en déroute!;

∎ figurative we have the run of the house while the owners are away nous disposons de toute la maison pendant l'absence des propriétaires;

∎ we give the au pair the run of the place nous laissons à la jeune fille au pair la libre disposition de la maison;

∎ you've had a good run (for your money), it's time to step down tu en as bien profité, maintenant il faut laisser la place à un autre;

∎ they gave the Russian team a good run for their money ils ont donné du fil à retordre à l'équipe soviétique;

∎ familiar to have the runs (diarrhoea) avoir la courante

(b) (race) course f;

∎ a charity run une course de charité

(c) (drive) excursion f, promenade f;

∎ we went for a run down to the coast nous sommes allés nous promener au bord de la mer;

∎ she took me for a run in her new car elle m'a emmené faire un tour dans sa nouvelle voiture;

∎ humorous shall I make or do a beer run? je vais chercher de la bière?;

∎ I do the school run in the morning c'est moi qui emmène les enfants à l'école tous les matins

(d) (for smuggling) passage m;

∎ the gang used to make runs across the border le gang passait régulièrement la frontière

(e) (route, itinerary) trajet m, parcours m;

∎ the buses on the London to Glasgow run les cars qui font le trajet ou qui assurent le service Londres-Glasgow;

∎ he used to do the London (to) Glasgow run (pilot, bus or train driver) il faisait la ligne Londres-Glasgow;

∎ it's only a short run into town le trajet jusqu'au centre-ville n'est pas long;

∎ there was very little traffic on the run down nous avons rencontré très peu de circulation

(f) Aviation (flight) vol m, mission f;

∎ bombing run mission f de bombardement

(g) Sport (in cricket, baseball) point m;

∎ to make 10 runs marquer 10 points

(h) (track → for skiing, bobsleighing) piste f

(i) (series, sequence) série f, succession f, suite f;

∎ they've had a run of ten defeats ils ont connu dix défaites consécutives;

∎ the recent run of events la récente série d'événements;

∎ a run of bad luck une série ou suite de malheurs;

∎ you seem to be having a run of good/bad luck on dirait que la chance est/n'est pas de ton côté en ce moment;

∎ the play had a triumphant run on Broadway la pièce a connu un succès triomphal à Broadway;

∎ the play had a run of nearly two years la pièce a tenu l'affiche (pendant) presque deux ans;

∎ to have a long run (of fashion, person in power) tenir longtemps; (of play) tenir longtemps l'affiche;

∎ in the long/short run à long/court terme

(j) (in card games) suite f

(k) (of product) lot m, série f; (of book) tirage m;

∎ a run of fewer than 500 would be uneconomical fabriquer une série de moins de 500 unités ne serait pas rentable

(l) (general tendency, trend) tendance f;

∎ to score against the run of play marquer contre le jeu;

∎ I was lucky and got the run of the cards j'avais de la chance, les cartes m'étaient favorables;

∎ the usual run of colds and upset stomachs les rhumes et les maux de ventre habituels;

∎ she's well above the average or ordinary run of students elle est bien au-dessus de la moyenne des étudiants;

∎ the ordinary run of mankind le commun des mortels;

∎ in the ordinary run of things normalement, en temps normal;

∎ out of the common run hors du commun

(m) (great demand → on product, currency, Stock Exchange) ruée f (on sur);

∎ the heatwave caused a run on suntan cream la vague de chaleur provoqua une ruée sur les crèmes solaires;

∎ a run on the banks un retrait massif des dépôts bancaires;

∎ Stock Exchange there was a run on the dollar il y a eu une ruée sur le dollar

(n) (operation → of machine) opération f;

∎ computer run passage m machine

(o) (bid → in election) candidature f;

∎ his run for the presidency sa candidature à la présidence

(p) (ladder → in stocking, tights) échelle f, maille f filée;

∎ I've got a run in my tights mon collant est filé

(q) (enclosure → for animals) enclos m;

∎ chicken run poulailler m

(r) (of salmon) remontée f

(s) Music roulade f

2 transitive verb

(a) (manage → company, office) diriger, gérer; (→ shop, restaurant, club) tenir; (→ theatre) diriger; (→ farm) exploiter; (→ newspaper, magazine) rédiger; (→ house) tenir; (→ country) gouverner, diriger;

∎ she runs the bar while her parents are away elle tient le bar pendant l'absence de ses parents;

∎ a badly run organization une organisation mal gérée;

∎ the library is run by volunteer workers la bibliothèque est tenue par des bénévoles;

∎ the farm was too big for him to run alone la ferme était trop grande pour qu'il puisse s'en occuper seul;

∎ who's running this outfit? qui est le patron ici?;

∎ I wish she'd stop trying to run my life! j'aimerais bien qu'elle arrête de me dire comment vivre ma vie!

(b) (organize, lay on → service, course, contest) organiser; (→ train, bus) mettre en service;

∎ to run a bridge tournament/a raffle organiser un tournoi de bridge/une tombola;

∎ they run evening classes in computing ils organisent des cours du soir en informatique;

∎ they run extra trains in the summer l'été ils mettent (en service) des trains supplémentaires;

∎ several private companies run buses to the airport plusieurs sociétés privées assurent un service d'autobus pour l'aéroport

(c) (operate → piece of equipment) faire marcher, faire fonctionner; Computing (program) exécuter, faire tourner;

∎ you can run it off solar energy/the mains vous pouvez le faire fonctionner à l'énergie solaire/sur secteur;

∎ this computer runs most software on peut utiliser la plupart des logiciels sur cet ordinateur;

∎ Aviation to run the engines (for checking) faire le point fixe;

∎ I can't afford to run a car any more je n'ai plus les moyens d'avoir une voiture;

∎ she runs a Porsche elle roule en Porsche

(d) (conduct → experiment, test) effectuer

(e) (do or cover at a run → race, distance) courir;

∎ to run the marathon courir le marathon;

∎ I can still run 2 km in under 7 minutes j'arrive encore à courir ou à couvrir 2 km en moins de 7 minutes;

∎ the children were running races les enfants faisaient la course;

∎ the race will be run in Paris next year la course aura lieu à Paris l'année prochaine;

∎ to run messages or errands faire des commissions ou des courses;

∎ he'd run a mile if he saw it il prendrait ses jambes à son cou s'il voyait ça;

∎ it looks as if his race is run on dirait qu'il a fait son temps

(f) (cause to run)

∎ to be run off one's feet être débordé;

∎ you're running the poor boy off his feet! le pauvre, tu es en train de l'épuiser!;

∎ to run oneself to a standstill courir jusqu'à l'épuisement

(g) (enter for race → horse, greyhound) faire courir

(h) (hunt, chase) chasser;

∎ to run deer chasser le cerf;

∎ the outlaws were run out of town les hors-la-loi furent chassés de la ville

(i) (transport → goods) transporter; (give lift to → person) conduire, emmener;

∎ I'll run you to the bus stop je vais te conduire à l'arrêt de bus;

∎ to run sb back home reconduire qn chez lui;

∎ I've got to run these boxes over to my new house je dois emporter ces boîtes dans ma nouvelle maison

(j) (smuggle) faire le trafic de;

∎ he's suspected of running drugs/guns il est soupçonné de trafic de drogue/d'armes

(k) (drive → vehicle) conduire;

∎ I ran the car into the driveway j'ai mis la voiture dans l'allée;

∎ could you run your car back a bit? pourriez-vous reculer un peu votre voiture?;

∎ I ran my car into a lamppost je suis rentré dans un réverbère (avec ma voiture);

∎ he tried to run me off the road! il a essayé de me faire sortir de la route!

(l) (pass, quickly or lightly) passer;

∎ he ran his hand through his hair il se passa la main dans les cheveux;

∎ he ran a comb through his hair il se donna un coup de peigne;

∎ I'll run a duster over the furniture je passerai un coup de chiffon sur les meubles;

∎ she ran her hands over the controls elle promena ses mains sur les boutons de commande;

∎ she ran her finger down the list/her eye over the text elle parcourut la liste du doigt/le texte des yeux

(m) (send via specified route) faire passer;

∎ it would be better to run the wires under the floorboards ce serait mieux de faire passer les fils sous le plancher;

∎ we could run a cable from the house nous pourrions amener un câble de la maison;

∎ run the other end of the rope through the loop passez l'autre bout de la corde dans la boucle

(n) (go through or past → blockade) forcer; (→ rapids) franchir; American (→ red light) brûler

(o) (cause to flow) faire couler;

∎ run the water into the basin faites couler l'eau dans la cuvette;

∎ to run a bath faire couler un bain

(p) (publish) publier;

∎ the local paper is running a series of articles on the scandal le journal local publie une série d'articles sur le scandale;

∎ to run an ad (in the newspaper) passer ou faire passer une annonce (dans le journal)

(q) (enter for election) présenter;

∎ they're running a candidate in every constituency ils présentent un candidat dans chaque circonscription

(r) Medicine

∎ to run a temperature or fever avoir de la fièvre

(s) (expose oneself to)

∎ to run the danger or risk of doing sth courir le risque de faire qch;

∎ you run the risk of a heavy fine vous risquez une grosse amende;

∎ do you realize the risks you're running? est-ce que vous réalisez les risques que vous prenez?

3 intransitive verb

(a) (gen) courir;

∎ I run every morning in the park je cours tous les matins dans le parc;

∎ to come running towards sb accourir vers qn;

∎ they ran out of the house ils sont sortis de la maison en courant;

∎ to run upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre l'escalier en courant;

∎ I had to run for the train j'ai dû courir pour attraper le train;

∎ she ran for the police elle a couru chercher la police;

∎ run and fetch me a glass of water cours me chercher un verre d'eau;

∎ I'll just run across or round or over to the shop je fais un saut à l'épicerie;

∎ to run to meet sb courir ou se précipiter à la rencontre de qn;

∎ I've been running all over the place looking for you j'ai couru partout à ta recherche;

∎ figurative I didn't expect her to go running to the press with the story je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'elle coure raconter l'histoire à la presse;

∎ don't come running to me with your problems ne viens pas m'embêter avec tes problèmes

(b) (compete in race) courir; (score in cricket, baseball) marquer;

∎ to run in a race (horse, person) participer à une course;

∎ there are twenty horses running in the race vingt chevaux participent à la course;

∎ she ran for her country in the Olympics elle a couru pour son pays aux jeux Olympiques

(c) (flee) se sauver, fuir;

∎ run for your lives! sauve qui peut!;

∎ familiar if the night watchman sees you, run for it! si le veilleur de nuit te voit, tire-toi ou file!;

∎ figurative you can't just keep running from your past vous ne pouvez pas continuer à fuir votre passé

(d) (pass → road, railway, boundary) passer;

∎ a tunnel runs under the mountain un tunnel passe sous la montagne;

∎ the railway line runs through a valley/over a viaduct le chemin de fer passe dans une vallée/sur un viaduc;

∎ the pipes run under the road les tuyaux passent sous la route;

∎ the road runs alongside the river/parallel to the coast la route longe la rivière/la côte;

∎ hedgerows run between the fields des haies séparent les champs;

∎ the road runs due north la route va droit vers le nord;

∎ to run north and south être orienté nord-sud;

∎ a canal running from London to Birmingham un canal qui va de Londres à Birmingham;

∎ a high fence runs around the building une grande barrière fait le tour du bâtiment;

∎ the lizard has red markings running down its back le dos du lézard est zébré de rouge;

∎ the line of print ran off the page la ligne a débordé de la feuille;

∎ figurative our lives seem to be running in different directions il semble que nos vies prennent des chemins différents

(e) (move, go → ball, vehicle) rouler; (slip, slide → rope, cable) filer;

∎ the pram ran down the hill out of control le landau a dévalé la côte;

∎ the tram runs on special tracks le tramway roule sur des rails spéciaux;

∎ the crane runs on rails la grue se déplace sur des rails;

∎ the piano runs on casters le piano est monté sur (des) roulettes;

∎ the truck ran off the road le camion a quitté la route;

∎ let the cord run through your hands laissez la corde filer entre vos mains;

∎ his fingers ran over the controls ses doigts se promenèrent sur les boutons de commande;

∎ her eyes ran down the list elle parcourut la liste des yeux;

∎ a shiver ran down my spine un frisson me parcourut le dos;

∎ his thoughts ran to that hot August day in Paris cette chaude journée d'août à Paris lui revint à l'esprit

(f) (words, text)

∎ how does that last verse run? c'est quoi la dernière strophe?;

∎ their argument or reasoning runs something like this voici plus ou moins leur raisonnement;

∎ the conversation ran something like this voilà en gros ce qui s'est dit

(g) (spread → rumour, news) se répandre

(h) (flow → river, water, tap, nose) couler;

∎ let the water run until it's hot laisse couler l'eau jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit chaude;

∎ the water's run cold l'eau est froide au robinet;

∎ you've let the water run cold tu as laissé couler l'eau trop longtemps, elle est devenue froide;

∎ your bath is running ton bain est en train de couler;

∎ your nose is running tu as le nez qui coule;

∎ the cold made our eyes run le froid nous piquait les yeux;

∎ the hot water runs along/down this pipe l'eau chaude passe/descend dans ce tuyau;

∎ their faces were running with sweat leurs visages ruisselaient de transpiration;

∎ tears ran down her face des larmes coulaient sur son visage;

∎ the streets were running with blood le sang coulait dans les rues;

∎ the river ran red with blood les eaux de la rivière étaient rouges de sang;

∎ the Jari runs into the Amazon le Jari se jette dans l'Amazone

(i) (butter, ice cream, wax) fondre; (cheese) couler; (paint) goutter;

∎ her mascara had run son mascara avait coulé

(j) (in wash → colour, fabric) déteindre;

∎ wash that dress separately, the colour might run lave cette robe à part, elle pourrait déteindre

(k) (operate → engine, machine, business) marcher, fonctionner;

∎ to run on or off electricity/gas/diesel fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz/au diesel;

∎ this machine runs off the mains cet appareil se branche sur (le) secteur;

∎ the tape recorder was still running le magnétophone était encore en marche;

∎ leave the engine running laissez tourner le moteur;

∎ the engine is running smoothly le moteur tourne rond;

∎ the new assembly line is up and running la nouvelle chaîne de montage est en service;

∎ Computing do not interrupt the program while it is running ne pas interrompre le programme en cours d'exécution;

∎ Computing this software runs on DOS ce logiciel tourne sous DOS;

∎ Computing running at… cadencé à…;

∎ figurative everything is running smoothly tout marche très bien

(l) (public transport) circuler;

∎ this train doesn't run/only runs on Sundays ce train ne circule pas/ne circule que le dimanche;

∎ some bus lines run all night certaines lignes d'autobus sont en service toute la nuit;

∎ the buses stop running at midnight après minuit il n'y a plus de bus;

∎ trains running between London and Manchester trains qui circulent entre Londres et Manchester;

∎ trains running to Calais are cancelled les trains à destination de Calais sont annulés;

∎ he took the tube that runs through Clapham il prit la ligne de métro qui passe par Clapham

(m) (last) durer; (be valid → contract) être ou rester valide; (→ agreement) être ou rester en vigueur; Finance (→ interest) courir;

∎ the sales run from the beginning to the end of January les soldes durent du début à la fin janvier;

∎ the sales have only another two days to run il ne reste que deux jours de soldes;

∎ the meeting ran for an hour longer than expected la réunion a duré une heure de plus que prévu;

∎ I'd like the ad to run for a week je voudrais que l'annonce passe pendant une semaine;

∎ the lease has another year to run le bail n'expire pas avant un an;

∎ your subscription will run for two years votre abonnement sera valable deux ans;

∎ interest runs from 1 January les intérêts courent à partir du 1er janvier

(n) Cinema & Theatre (be performed → play, film) être à l'affiche;

∎ the play has been running for a year la pièce est à l'affiche depuis un an;

∎ the film is currently running in Hull le film est actuellement sur les écrans à Hull;

∎ his new musical should run and run! sa nouvelle comédie musicale devrait tenir l'affiche pendant des mois!;

∎ Television this soap opera has been running for twenty years ça fait vingt ans que ce feuilleton est diffusé;

∎ America's longest-running TV series la plus longue série télévisée américaine

(o) (occur → inherited trait, illness)

∎ twins run in our family les jumeaux sont courants dans la famille;

∎ heart disease runs in the family les maladies cardiaques sont fréquentes dans notre famille

(p) (range) aller;

∎ the colours run from dark blue to bright green les couleurs vont du bleu foncé au vert vif

(q) (indicating current state or condition)

∎ to run high (sea) être grosse ou houleuse;

∎ feelings or tempers were running high les esprits étaient échauffés;

∎ their ammunition was running low ils commençaient à manquer de munitions;

∎ our stores are running low nos provisions s'épuisent ou tirent à leur fin;

∎ he's running scared il a la frousse;

∎ to be running late être en retard, avoir du retard;

∎ programmes are running ten minutes late les émissions ont toutes dix minutes de retard;

∎ sorry I can't stop, I'm running a bit late désolé, je ne peux pas rester, je suis un peu en retard;

∎ events are running in our favour les événements tournent en notre faveur;

∎ inflation was running at 18 percent le taux d'inflation était de 18 pour cent

(r) (be candidate, stand) se présenter;

∎ to run for president or the presidency se présenter aux élections présidentielles, être candidat aux élections présidentielles ou à la présidence;

∎ to run for office se porter candidat;

∎ she's running on a law-and-order ticket elle se présente aux élections avec un programme basé sur la lutte contre l'insécurité;

∎ he ran against Reagan in 1984 il s'est présenté contre Reagan en 1984

(s) (drive) faire un tour ou une promenade;

∎ why don't we run down to the coast/up to London? si on faisait un tour jusqu'à la mer/jusqu'à Londres?

(t) Nautical (boat)

∎ to run (before the wind) filer vent arrière;

∎ to run aground échouer; figurative (project, plan) capoter

(u) (ladder → stocking, tights) filer

(v) (salmon) remonter les rivières

(w) (tide) monter

➲ run about intransitive verb

British courir (çà et là);

∎ I've been running about all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!

➲ run across

1 inseparable transitive verb

(meet → acquaintance) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (find → book, reference) trouver par hasard, tomber sur

2 intransitive verb

traverser en courant

➲ run after inseparable transitive verb

also figurative courir après;

∎ it's not like her to run after a man ce n'est pas son genre de courir après un homme;

∎ she spends half her life running after her kids elle passe son temps à être derrière les enfants;

∎ he's got all these assistants running after him the whole time il a tout un tas d'assistants qui passent sans arrêt derrière ce qu'il fait

➲ run along intransitive verb

(go away) s'en aller, partir;

∎ it's getting late, I must be running along il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille;

∎ run along to bed now, children! allez les enfants, au lit maintenant!

➲ run around intransitive verb familiar

(a) (from place to place) courir (çà et là)^□ ;

∎ I've been running around all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!^□

(b) (be unfaithful → husband) courir après les femmes; (→ wife) courir après les hommes;

∎ he was sure his wife was running around il était sûr que sa femme le trompait^□

➲ run around with inseparable transitive verb

familiar (be friendly with) fréquenter^□ ; (have affair with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ he's always running around with other women il est toujours en train de courir après d'autres femmes

➲ run away intransitive verb

(a) (flee) se sauver, s'enfuir;

∎ their son has run away from home leur fils a fait une fugue;

∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run away je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas;

∎ run away and play now, children allez jouer ailleurs, les enfants;

∎ figurative to run away from one's responsibilities fuir ses responsabilités;

∎ to run away from the facts se refuser à l'évidence

(b) (elope) partir

➲ run away with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (secretly or illegally) partir avec;

∎ he ran away with his best friend's wife il est parti avec la femme de son meilleur ami;

∎ he ran away with the takings il est parti avec la caisse

(b) (overwhelm)

∎ don't let your excitement run away with you gardez votre calme;

∎ she tends to let her imagination run away with her elle a tendance à se laisser emporter par son imagination

(c) (get → idea)

∎ don't go running away with the idea or the notion that it will be easy n'allez pas vous imaginer que ce sera facile

(d) (win → race, match) emporter haut la main; (→ prize) remporter;

∎ they ran away with nearly all the medals ils ont remporté presque toutes les médailles

➲ run back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (drive back) raccompagner (en voiture);

∎ she ran me back home elle m'a ramené ou raccompagné chez moi en voiture;

∎ he ran me back on his motorbike il m'a raccompagné en moto

(b) (rewind → tape, film) rembobiner

2 intransitive verb

(a) (return) retourner ou revenir en courant;

∎ familiar to come running back (errant husband etc) revenir^□

(b) (review)

∎ to run back over sth passer qch en revue

➲ run by separable transitive verb

∎ to run sth by sb (submit) soumettre qch à qn;

∎ you'd better run that by the committee vous feriez mieux de demander l'avis du comité;

∎ run that by me again répétez-moi ça

➲ run down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (reduce, diminish → gen) réduire; (→ number of employees) diminuer; (→ stocks) laisser s'épuiser; (→ industry, factory) fermer progressivement;

∎ they are running down their military presence in Africa ils réduisent leur présence militaire en Afrique;

∎ the government was accused of running down the steel industry le gouvernement a été accusé de laisser dépérir la sidérurgie;

∎ you've run the battery down vous avez déchargé la pile; (of car) vous avez vidé ou déchargé la batterie, vous avez mis la batterie à plat

(b) familiar (criticize, denigrate) rabaisser^□ ;

∎ they're always running her friends down ils passent leur temps à dire du mal de ou à dénigrer ses amis^□ ;

∎ stop running yourself down all the time cesse de te rabaisser constamment

(c) (in car → pedestrian, animal) renverser, écraser;

∎ he was run down by a bus il s'est fait renverser par un bus

(d) (track down → animal, criminal) (traquer et) capturer; (→ person, object) dénicher;

∎ I finally ran down the reference in the library j'ai fini par dénicher la référence à la bibliothèque

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person) descendre en courant

(b) (clock, machine) s'arrêter; (battery → through use) s'user; (→ through a fault) se décharger;

∎ the batteries in the radio are beginning to run down les piles de la radio commencent à être usées

➲ run in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) British (car, engine) roder

(b) familiar (arrest) pincer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person) entrer en courant

(b) British (car, engine)

∎ running in en rodage

➲ run into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (encounter → problem, difficulty) rencontrer

(b) (meet → acquaintance) rencontrer (par hasard), tomber sur;

∎ to run into debt faire des dettes, s'endetter

(c) (collide with → of car, driver) percuter, rentrer dans;

∎ I ran into a lamppost je suis rentrée dans un réverbère;

∎ you should be more careful, you nearly ran into me! tu devrais faire attention, tu as failli me rentrer dedans!

(d) (amount to) s'élever à;

∎ debts running into millions of dollars des dettes qui s'élèvent à des millions de dollars;

∎ takings run into five figures la recette atteint les cinq chiffres

(e) (merge into) se fondre dans, se confondre avec;

∎ the red runs into orange le rouge devient orange;

∎ the words began to run into each other before my eyes les mots commençaient à se confondre devant mes yeux

➲ run off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (print) tirer, imprimer; (photocopy) photocopier;

∎ run me off five copies of this report faites-moi cinq copies de ce rapport

(b) (write quickly) (article) pondre

(c) Sport (race) disputer;

∎ the heats will be run off tomorrow les éliminatoires se disputeront demain

(d) (lose → excess weight, fat) perdre en courant

(e) (liquid) laisser s'écouler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (flee) se sauver, s'enfuir;

∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run off je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas

(b) (liquid) s'écouler

➲ run on

1 separable transitive verb

(lines of writing) ne pas découper en paragraphes; (letters, words) ne pas séparer, lier

2 intransitive verb

(a) (continue) continuer, durer; (drag on) s'éterniser;

∎ the play ran on for hours la pièce a duré des heures;

∎ the discussion ran on for an extra hour la discussion a duré une heure de plus que prévu

(b) familiar (talk non-stop) parler sans cesse^□ ;

∎ he does run on rather quand il est parti celui-là, il ne s'arrête plus;

∎ he can run on for hours if you let him si tu le laisses faire il peut tenir le crachoir pendant des heures

(c) (line of text) suivre sans alinéa; (verse) enjamber

➲ run out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (cable, rope) laisser filer

(b) (in cricket)

∎ to run a batsman out mettre un batteur hors jeu

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person, animal) sortir en courant; (liquid) s'écouler

(b) (be used up → supplies, money etc) s'épuiser, (venir à) manquer; (→ time) filer;

∎ hurry up, time is running out! dépêchez-vous, il ne reste plus beaucoup de temps!;

∎ their luck finally ran out la chance a fini par tourner, leur chance n'a pas duré

(c) (expire → contract, passport, agreement) expirer, venir à expiration

➲ run out of inseparable transitive verb

manquer de;

∎ we're running out of ammunition nous commençons à manquer de munitions;

∎ we're running out of sugar nous allons nous trouver à court de sucre;

∎ he's run out of money il n'a plus d'argent;

∎ to run out of patience être à bout de patience;

∎ to run out of petrol tomber en panne d'essence

➲ run out on inseparable transitive verb

(spouse, colleague) laisser tomber, abandonner;

∎ she ran out on her husband elle a quitté son mari;

∎ his assistants all ran out on him ses assistants l'ont tous abandonné ou laissé tomber

➲ run over

1 separable transitive verb

(pedestrian, animal) écraser;

∎ I nearly got run over j'ai failli me faire écraser;

∎ he's been run over il s'est fait écraser;

∎ the car ran over his legs la voiture lui est passé sur les jambes

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (review) revoir; (rehearse) répéter; (recap) récapituler;

∎ let's run over the arguments one more time before the meeting reprenons les arguments une dernière fois avant la réunion;

∎ could you run over the main points for us? pourriez-vous nous récapituler les principaux points?

(b) (exceed)

∎ to run over the allotted time excéder le temps imparti

3 intransitive verb

(a) (overflow) déborder;

∎ literary my cup runneth over je nage dans le bonheur;

∎ to run over with energy/enthusiasm déborder d'énergie/d'enthousiasme

(b) (run late) dépasser l'heure; Radio & Television dépasser le temps d'antenne, déborder sur le temps d'antenne;

∎ the programme ran over by twenty minutes l'émission a dépassé son temps d'antenne de vingt minutes

➲ run past

1 separable transitive verb

= run by

2 intransitive verb

passer en courant

➲ run through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (cross → of person) traverser en courant;

∎ figurative money runs through his fingers like water l'argent lui brûle les doigts

(b) (pervade → of thought, feeling)

∎ a strange idea ran through my mind une idée étrange m'a traversé l'esprit;

∎ a thrill of excitement ran through her un frisson d'émotion la parcourut;

∎ an angry murmur ran through the crowd des murmures de colère parcoururent la foule;

∎ his words kept running through my head ses paroles ne cessaient de retentir dans ma tête;

∎ an air of melancholy runs through the whole film une atmosphère de mélancolie imprègne tout le film

(c) (review) revoir; (rehearse) répéter; (recap) récapituler;

∎ she ran through the arguments in her mind elle repassa les arguments dans sa tête;

∎ let's just run through the procedure one more time reprenons une dernière fois la marche à suivre;

∎ I'll run through your speech with you je vous ferai répéter votre discours

(d) (read quickly) parcourir (des yeux), jeter un coup d'œil sur

(e) (use up → money) dépenser; (→ case of wine, coffee) consommer; (squander → fortune) gaspiller;

∎ he runs through a dozen shirts a week il lui faut une douzaine de chemises par semaine

2 separable transitive verb

∎ to run sb through (with a sword) transpercer qn (d'un coup d'épée)

➲ run to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (amount to) se chiffrer à;

∎ her essay ran to twenty pages sa dissertation faisait vingt pages

(b) British (afford, be enough for)

∎ your salary should run to a new computer ton salaire devrait te permettre d'acheter un nouvel ordinateur;

∎ the budget won't run to champagne le budget ne nous permet pas d'acheter du champagne

➲ run up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (debt, bill) laisser s'accumuler;

∎ I've run up a huge overdraft j'ai un découvert énorme

(b) (flag) hisser

(c) (sew quickly) coudre rapidement ou à la hâte

2 intransitive verb

(climb rapidly) monter en courant; (approach) approcher en courant;

∎ a young man ran up to me un jeune homme s'approcha de moi en courant

➲ run up against inseparable transitive verb

(encounter) se heurter à;

∎ we've run up against some problems nous nous sommes heurtés à quelques problèmes

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

At the conclusion of his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, Biles entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, London; as it was absorbed by the Royal Naval College, he graduated from Greenwich to the Naval Construction Branch, first at Pembroke and later at the Admiralty. From the outset of his professional career it was apparent that he had the intellectual qualities that would enable him to oversee the greatest changes in ship design of all time. He was one of the earliest proponents of the revolutionary work of the hydrodynamicist William Froude.

In 1880 Biles turned to the merchant sector, taking the post of Naval Architect to J. \& G. Thomson (later John Brown \& Co.). Using Froude's Law of Comparisons he was able to design the record-breaking City of Paris of 1887, the ship that started the fabled succession of fast and safe Clyde bank-built North Atlantic liners. For a short spell, before returning to Scotland, Biles worked in Southampton. In 1891 Biles accepted the Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow. Working from the campus at Gilmorehill, he was to make the University (the oldest school of engineering in the English-speaking world) renowned in naval architecture. His workload was legendary, but despite this he was admired as an excellent lecturer with cheerful ways which inspired devotion to the Department and the University. During the thirty years of his incumbency of the Chair, he served on most of the important government and international shipping committees, including those that recommended the design of HMS Dreadnought, the ordering of the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania and the lifesaving improvements following the Titanic disaster. An enquiry into the strength of destroyer hulls followed the loss of HMS Cobra and Viper, and he published the report on advanced experimental work carried out on HMS Wolf by his undergraduates.

In 1906 he became Consultant Naval Architect to the India Office, having already set up his own consultancy organization, which exists today as Sir J.H.Biles and Partners. His writing was prolific, with over twenty-five papers to professional institutions, sundry articles and a two-volume textbook.

[br]

[ˈprɔpətɪ]

abandoned property бесхозная собственность abandoned property оставленное имущество absolute property полное имущественное право abutting property соседняя земельная собственность adjacent property примыкающая собственность adjoining property соседняя земельная собственность after acquired property банкрот. собственность, приобретенная после подписания соглашения agricultural property земельная собственность agricultural property земельный участок artistic property художественная собственность assessed value of real property оцененная стоимость недвижимости bequeathed property наследственная собственность business property собственность предприятия business property собственность фирмы property свойство, качество; the chemical properties of iron химические свойства железа church property церковная собственность collective property коллективная собственность commercial property имущество торгового предприятия commercial property собственность торгового предприятия common property общая собственность community property коммунальная собственность community property общее имущество (супругов) condemned property конфискованная собственность condemned property отчужденния собственность conjugal property общая собственность супругов convey real property передавать недвижимость covenant concerning succession to property договор о наследовании собственности deceased person's property собственность покойного depreciable property изнашиваемое имущество encumbered property заложенная собственность exchange real property обменивать недвижимость exempt property собственность, не подлежащая конкурсу при банкротстве factory property недвижимость в виде предприятия fiduciary property доверенная собственность foreclosed property заложенное имущество без права выкупа forestry property собственность лесничества government property государственная собственность heirless property юр. собственность, не имеющая наследника housing property жилищная собственность idle property неиспользуемая собственность immovable property недвижимое имущество immovable property недвижимость inalienable property неотчуждаемая собственность income from property доход от собственности income-producing property имущество, дающее доход industrial property промышленная собственность insured real property застрахованная недвижимость intangible property нематериальные активы intangible property неосязаемая собственность intellectual property интеллектуальная собственность investment property инвестиционная собственность joint property совместная собственность, сособственность joint property совместная собственность joint property совместное имущество landed property земельная собственность, недвижимость landed property земельная собственность leasehold property арендованная собственность leasehold property арендованное имущество levy upon property взимание налога на недвижимость liquidation property ликвидная собственность liquidation property ликвидное имущество lost property потерянное имущество lost property утраченная собственность mortgage real property закладывать недвижимость mortgage real property получать ссуду под недвижимость mortgaged property заложенное имущество mortgaging real property недвижимость, подлежащая сдаче в залог movable property движимое имущество national property государственная собственность neighbouring property соседняя собственность property перен. достояние; the news soon became a common property известие вскоре стало всеобщим достоянием nonresidential property нежилая собственность offence against property посягательство на имущество operating property используемая недвижимость operating property эксплуатируемая недвижимость other property прочая собственность parish property приходская собственность partnership property имущество товарищества partnership property собственность компании personal property индивидуальная собственность personal property личная собственность personal property личное имущество property attr. имущественный; property qualification имущественный ценз; property tax поимущественный налог property for lease недвижимость, сдаваемая в аренду property for rent недвижимое имущество, сдаваемое в аренду property for rental purposes недвижимость, предназначенная для сдачи в аренду property for sale недвижимость, выставленная на продажу property for trade and industry имущество для торговли и промышленности property in possession of mortgagee заложенное недвижимое имущество property attr. имущественный; property qualification имущественный ценз; property tax поимущественный налог property attr. имущественный; property qualification имущественный ценз; property tax поимущественный налог tax: property property налог на доход с недвижимого имущества property property налог на недвижимое имущество property property поимущественный налог public property государственная собственность public property муниципальная собственность public property общественная собственность, государственная собственность, муниципальная собственность public property общественная собственность real property недвижимое имущество real property недвижимость real: property недвижимый (об имуществе); real property недвижимость; the real thing первоклассная вещь; the real Simon Pure не подделка, нечто настоящее reconvey mortgaged property передавать обратно заложенное имущество registered property зарегистрированная собственность rental property арендуемая собственность rented property арендуемая собственность repossessed property имущество, полученное обратно в собственность residential property жилищная собственность rightful property собственность, принадлежащая по праву seized property конфискованное имущество separate property обособленное имущество separate property отдельное имущество settled property закрепленное имущество special property вещное право владения чужой собственностью state property государственная собственность stolen property похищенная собственность stolen property украденная стоимость tangible property реальная собственность tangible property реальный основной капитал third party's property собственность третьего лица transfer real property передавать недвижимость trust property доверительная собственность trust property управляемая по доверенности собственность unused property имущество, не бывшее в употреблении