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  • 41 Bright, Sir Charles Tilston

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 8 June 1832 Wanstead, Essex, England
    d. 3 May 1888 Abbey Wood, London, England
    [br]
    English telegraph engineer responsible for laying the first transatlantic cable.
    [br]
    At the age of 15 years Bright left the London Merchant Taylors' School to join the two-year-old Electric Telegraph Company. By 1851 he was in charge of the Birmingham telegraph station. After a short time as Assistant Engineer with the newly formed British Telegraph Company, he joined his brother (who was Manager) as Engineer-in-Chief of the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company in Liverpool, for which he laid thousands of miles of underground cable and developed a number of innovations in telegraphy including a resistance box for locating cable faults and a two-tone bell system for signalling. In 1853 he was responsible for the first successful underwater cable between Scotland and Ireland. Three years later, with the American financier Cyrus Field and John Brett, he founded and was Engineer-in-chief of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, which aimed at laying a cable between Ireland and Newfoundland. After several unsuccessful attempts this was finally completed on 5 August 1858, Bright was knighted a month later, but the cable then failed! In 1860 Bright resigned from the Magnetic Telegraph Company to set up an independent consultancy with another engineer, Joseph Latimer Clark, with whom he invented an improved bituminous cable insulation. Two years later he supervised construction of a telegraph cable to India, and in 1865 a further attempt to lay an Atlantic cable using Brunel's new ship, the Great Eastern. This cable broke during laying, but in 1866 a new cable was at last successfully laid and the 1865 cable recovered and repaired. The year 1878 saw extension of the Atlantic cable system to the West Indies and the invention with his brother of a system of neighbourhood fire alarms and even an automatic fire alarm.
    In 1861 Bright presented a paper to the British Association for the Advancement of Science on the need for electrical standards, leading to the creation of an organization that still exists in the 1990s. From 1865 until 1868 he was Liberal MP for Greenwich, and he later assisted with preparations for the 1881 Paris Exhibition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1858. Légion d'honneur. First President, Société Internationale des Electriciens. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers \& Electricians (later the Institution of Electrical Engineers) 1887.
    Bibliography
    1852, British patent (resistance box).
    1855, British patent no. 2,103 (two-tone bell system). 1878, British patent no. 3,801 (area fire alarms).
    1878, British patent no. 596 (automatic fire alarm).
    "The physical \& electrical effects of pressure \& temperature on submarine cable cores", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers XVII (describes some of his investigations of cable characteristics).
    Further Reading
    C.Bright, 1898, Submarine Cables, Their History, Construction \& Working.
    —1910, The Life Story of Sir Charles Tilston Bright, London: Constable \& Co.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bright, Sir Charles Tilston

  • 42 Drake, Edwin Laurentine

    [br]
    b. 29 March 1819 Greenville, New York, USA
    d. 8 November 1880 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer oil driller.
    [br]
    He worked on his father's farm, was a clerk in a hotel and a store, and then became an express agent at a railway company in Springfield, Massachusetts, c.1845. After he had been working as a railway conductor in New Haven, Connecticut, for eight years, he resigned because of ill health. Owning some stocks in a Pennsylvania rock-oil company, which gathered oil from ground-level seepages mainly for medicinal use, he was engaged by this company and moved to Titusville, Pennsylvania, at the age of almost 40. After studying salt-well drilling by cable tool, which was still percussive, he became enthusiastic about the idea of using the same method to drill for oil, especially after researches in chemistry had revealed this new sort of fossil energy some years before.
    As a manager of the Seneca Oil Company, which referred to him as "Colonel" in letters of introduction simply to impress people with such titles, Drake began drilling in 1858, almost at the same time as pole-tool drilling for oil was started in Germany. His main contribution to the technology was the use of an iron pipe driven through the quicksand and the bedrock to prevent the bore-hole from filling. After nineteen months he struck oil at a depth of 21 m (69 ft) in August 1859. This was the first time that petroleum was struck at its source and the first proof of the presence of oil reservoirs within the earth's surface. Drake inaugurated the search for and the exploitation of the deep oil resources of the world and he initiated the science of petroleum engineering which became established at the beginning of the twentieth century.
    Drake failed to patent his drilling method; he was content being an oil commission merchant and Justice of the Peace in Titusville, which like other places in Pennsylvania became a boom town. Four years later he went to New York, where he lost all his money in oil speculations. He became very ill again and lived in poverty in Vermont and New Jersey until 1873, when he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he was pensioned by the state of Pennsylvania. The city of Titusville erected a monument to him and founded the Drake Museum.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. III, pp. 427–8.
    Ida M.Tarbell, 1904, "The birth of industry", History of the Standard Oil Company, Vol. I, New York (gives a lively description of the booming years in Pennsylvania caused by Drake's successful drilling).
    H.F.Williamson and A.R.Daum, 1959, The American Petroleum Industry. The Age of Illumination, Evans ton, Ill.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Drake, Edwin Laurentine

  • 43 Ferguson, Harry

    [br]
    b. 4 November 1884 County Down, Ireland
    d. 25 October 1960 England
    [br]
    Irish engineer who developed a tractor hydraulic system for cultivation equipment, and thereby revolutionized tractor design.
    [br]
    Ferguson's father was a small farmer who expected his son to help on the farm from an early age. As a result he received little formal education, and on leaving school joined his brother in a backstreet workshop in Belfast repairing motor bikes. By the age of 19 he had built his own bike and began hill-climbing competitions and racing. His successes in these ventures gained useful publicity for the workshop. In 1907 he built his own car and entered it into competitions, and in 1909 became the first person in Britain to build and fly a machine that was heavier than air.
    On the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed by the Irish Department of Agriculture to supervise the operation and maintenance of all farm tractors. His experiences convinced him that even the Ford tractor and the implements available for it were inadequate for the task, and he began to experiment with his own plough designs. The formation of the Ferguson-Sherman Corporation resulted in the production of thousands of the ploughs he had designed for the Ford tractor, but in 1928 Ford discontinued production of tractors, and Ferguson returned to Ireland. He immediately began to design his own tractor. Six years of development led to the building of a prototype that weighed only 16 cwt (813kg). In 1936 David Brown of Huddersfield, Yorkshire, began production of these tractors for Ferguson, but the partnership was not wholly successful and was dissolved after three years. In 1939 Ferguson and Ford reached their famous "Handshake agreement", in which no formal contract was signed, and the mass production of the Ford Ferguson system tractors began that year. During the next nine years 300,000 tractors and a million implements were produced under this agreement. However, on the death of Henry Ford the company began production, under his son, of their own tractor. Ferguson returned to the UK and negotiated a deal with the Standard Motor Company of Coventry for the production of his tractor. At the same time he took legal action against Ford, which resulted in that company being forced to stop production and to pay damages amounting to US$9.5 million.
    Aware that his equipment would only operate when set up properly, Ferguson established a training school at Stoneleigh in Warwickshire which was to be a model for other manufacturers. In 1953, by amicable agreement, Ferguson amalgamated with the Massey Harris Company to form Massey Ferguson, and in so doing added harvesting machinery to the range of equipment produced. A year later he disposed of his shares in the new company and turned his attention again to the motor car. Although a number of experimental cars were produced, there were no long-lasting developments from this venture other than a four-wheel-drive system based on hydraulics; this was used by a number of manufacturers on occasional models. Ferguson's death heralded the end of these developments.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary DSc Queen's University, Belfast, 1948.
    Further Reading
    C.Murray, 1972, Harry Ferguson, Inventor and Pioneer. John Murray.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Ferguson, Harry

  • 44 Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1864 Liverpool, England
    d. 13 January 1930 Zurich, Switzerland
    [br]
    English manufacturing engineer and inventor, a pioneer and early advocate of high-voltage alternating-current electric-power systems.
    [br]
    Ferranti, who had taken an interest in electrical and mechanical devices from an early age, was educated at St Augustine's College in Ramsgate and for a short time attended evening classes at University College, London. Rather than pursue an academic career, Ferranti, who had intense practical interests, found employment in 1881 with the Siemens Company (see Werner von Siemens) in their experimental department. There he had the opportunity to superintend the installation of electric-lighting plants in various parts of the country. Becoming acquainted with Alfred Thomson, an engineer, Ferranti entered into a short-lived partnership with him to manufacture the Ferranti alternator. This generator, with a unique zig-zag armature, had an efficiency exceeding that of all its rivals. Finding that Sir William Thomson had invented a similar machine, Ferranti formed a company with him to combine the inventions and produce the Ferranti- Thomson machine. For this the Hammond Electric Light and Power Company obtained the sole selling rights.
    In 1885 the Grosvenor Gallery Electricity Supply Corporation was having serious problems with its Gaulard and Gibbs series distribution system. Ferranti, when consulted, reviewed the design and recommended transformers connected across constant-potential mains. In the following year, at the age of 22, he was appointed Engineer to the company and introduced the pattern of electricity supply that was eventually adopted universally. Ambitious plans by Ferranti for London envisaged the location of a generating station of unprecedented size at Deptford, about eight miles (13 km) from the city, a departure from the previous practice of placing stations within the area to be supplied. For this venture the London Electricity Supply Corporation was formed. Ferranti's bold decision to bring the supply from Deptford at the hitherto unheard-of pressure of 10,000 volts required him to design suitable cables, transformers and generators. Ferranti planned generators with 10,000 hp (7,460 kW)engines, but these were abandoned at an advanced stage of construction. Financial difficulties were caused in part when a Board of Trade enquiry in 1889 reduced the area that the company was able to supply. In spite of this adverse situation the enterprise continued on a reduced scale. Leaving the London Electricity Supply Corporation in 1892, Ferranti again started his own business, manufacturing electrical plant. He conceived the use of wax-impregnated paper-insulated cables for high voltages, which formed a landmark in the history of cable development. This method of flexible-cable manufacture was used almost exclusively until synthetic materials became available. In 1892 Ferranti obtained a patent which set out the advantages to be gained by adopting sector-shaped conductors in multi-core cables. This was to be fundamental to the future design and development of such cables.
    A total of 176 patents were taken out by S.Z. de Ferranti. His varied and numerous inventions included a successful mercury-motor energy meter and improvements to textile-yarn produc-tion. A transmission-line phenomenon where the open-circuit voltage at the receiving end of a long line is greater than the sending voltage was named the Ferranti Effect after him.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1927. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1910 and 1911. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924.
    Bibliography
    18 July 1882, British patent no. 3,419 (Ferranti's first alternator).
    13 December 1892, British patent no. 22,923 (shaped conductors of multi-core cables). 1929, "Electricity in the service of man", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 67: 125–30.
    Further Reading
    G.Z.de Ferranti and R. Ince, 1934, The Life and Letters of Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, London.
    A.Ridding, 1964, S.Z.de Ferranti. Pioneer of Electric Power, London: Science Museum and HMSO (a concise biography).
    R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 21–41.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de

  • 45 Heinkel, Ernst

    [br]
    b. 24 January 1888 Grünbach, Remstal, Germany
    d. 30 January 1958 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German aeroplane designer who was responsible for the first jet aeroplane to fly.
    [br]
    The son of a coppersmith, as a young man Ernst Heinkel was much affected by seeing the Zeppelin LZ 4 crash and burn out at Echterdringen, near Stuttgart. After studying engineering, in 1910 he designed his first aeroplane, but it crashed; he was more successful the following year when he made a flight in it, with an engine on hire from the Daimler company. After a period working for a firm near Munich and for LVG at Johannisthal, near Berlin, he moved to the Albatros Company of Berlin with a monthly salary of 425 marks. In May 1913 he moved to Lake Constance to work on the design of sea-planes and in May 1914 he moved again, this time to the Brandenburg Company, where he remained as a designer until 1922, when he founded his own company, Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke. Following the First World War, German companies were not allowed to build military aircraft, which was frustrating for Heinkel whose main interest was high-speed aircraft. His sleek He 70 airliner, built for Lufthansa, was designed to carry four passengers at high speeds: indeed it broke many records in 1933. Lufthansa decided it needed a larger version capable of carrying ten passengers, so Heinkel produced his most famous aeroplane, the He 111. Although it was designed as a twin-engined airliner on the surface, secretly Heinkel was producing a bomber. The airliner version first flew on Lufthansa routes in 1936, and by 1939 almost 1,000 bombers were in service with the Luftwaffe. A larger four-engined bomber, the He 177, ran into development problems and it did not see service until late in the Second World War. Heinkel's quest for speed led to the He 176 rocket-powered research aeroplane which flew on 20 June 1939, but Hitler and Goering were not impressed. The He 178, with Dr Hans von Ohain's jet engine, made its historic first flight a few weeks later on 27 August 1939; this was almost two years before the maiden flight in Britain of the Gloster E 28/39, powered by Whittle's jet engine. This project was a private venture by Heinkel and was carried out in great secrecy, so the world's first jet aircraft went almost unnoticed. Heinkel's jet fighters, the He 280 and the He 162, were never fully operational. After the war, Heinkel in 1950 set up a new company which made bicycles, motor cycles and "bubble" cars.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1956, He 1000, trans. M.Savill, London: Hutchinson (the English edition of his autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II, London: Jane's; reprinted 1989.
    P. St J.Turner, 1970, Heinkel: An Aircraft Album, London.
    H.J.Nowarra, 1975, Heinkel und seine Flugzeuge, Munich (a comprehensive record of his aircraft).
    JDS / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Heinkel, Ernst

  • 46 Judson, Whitcomb L.

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1891–1905 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the zip fastener.
    [br]
    Whitcomb Judson was a mechanical engineer by profession. He filed his first patent application for a zip fastener in 1891 and took out a fifth in 1905. His invention was originally designed for shoes and consisted of separate fasteners with two interlocking parts which could be fastened either by hand or by a movable guide. In his last patent, he clamped the fastening elements to the edge of a fabric tape and patented a machine for manufacturing this. Through an earlier exploit, the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway Company, Judson knew Colonel Lewis Walker, who helped him to organize the Universal Fastener Company of Chicago to manufacture these fasteners, which at first were made by hand. One machine invented by Judson proved to be too complicated, but Judson's later fasteners were easier to adapt to machine production. The original company was reorganized as the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, and the new fasteners were sold under the name "C-curity". However, the garment manufacturers would not use them at first because the fasteners had defects, such as springing open at unexpected moments. The Automatic Hook and Eye Company brought in Gideon Sundback, who improved Judson's work and made the zip fastener successful.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawyers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London (for an account of the invention).
    I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a brief account of fastenings).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Judson, Whitcomb L.

  • 47 Raky, Anton

    [br]
    b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany
    d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.
    [br]
    While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.
    With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.
    Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.
    Further Reading
    G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton

  • 48 Stanley, Robert Crooks

    [br]
    b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
    d. 12 February 1951 USA
    [br]
    American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal
    [br]
    Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.
    Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.
    Further Reading
    F.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Stanley, Robert Crooks

  • 49 Starrett, Laroy S.

    [br]
    b. 25 April 1836 China, Maine, USA
    d. 23 April 1922 St Petersburg, Florida, USA
    [br]
    American inventor and tool manufacturer.
    [br]
    As a youth, Laroy S.Starrett worked on his father's farm and later on other farms, and after a few years acquired his own 600-acre stock farm at Newburyport, Massachusetts, which he operated for four years. He had an interest in mechanics and in 1865 invented and patented a device for chopping meat. He arranged for this to be manufactured by the Athol Machine Company at Athol, Massachusetts, and it was so successful that three years later he sold his farm and purchased a controlling interest in the company. He reorganized the company for the manufacture of his meat chopper and two other inventions of his, a washing machine and a butter worker, which he had also patented in 1865. In 1877 Starrett invented the combination square and in 1880 he established the L.S.Starrett Company in Athol for manufacturing it and other small tools, such as steel rules and tapes, callipers, dividers, micrometers and depth gauges, etc. The business expanded and by 1906 he was employing over 1,000 people. He established agencies in Britain and other countries, and Starrett tools were sold throughout the world.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Me-trology, London, 133–4 (provides a short account of L.S.Starrett and his company).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Starrett, Laroy S.

  • 50 Winsor, Frederick Albert

    SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities
    [br]
    b. 1763 Brunswick, Germany
    d. 11 May 1830 Paris, France
    [br]
    German pioneer of gas lighting,
    [br]
    He was born Frederic Albrecht Winzer but anglicized his name after settling in England. His interest in gas lighting was aroused by the experiments of Philippe Lebon in Paris in 1802. Winsor had little scientific knowledge or engineering ability, but was well endowed with confidence and enterprise. He alone among the early practitioners of gas-making envisaged a central plant supplying a number of users through gas mains. He managed to discover the essentials of Lebon's process and tried without success to exploit it on the European continent. So he moved to England in 1803 and settled first in Grosvenor Square and then in Pall Mall. He gave public demonstrations of gas lighting at the Lyceum Theatre in London and in 1804 took out his first patent. In December he lit Pall Mall, the first street to be illuminated by gas. Winsor then began to promote a grandiose scheme for the formation of a National Light and Heat Company. He struggled against bitter opposition both in and out of Parliament to obtain sanction for his company, and it was only after the third attempt that the Gas Light \& Coke Company received its charter in 1812. However, Winsor lacked the knowledge to devise successful gas-producing plant, even with the help of the German immigrant chemist F.C.Accum. Winsor was dismissed in 1812 and returned to Paris the following year, while the company recovered with the appointment of an able engineer, Samuel Clegg. Winsor formed a company in Paris to install gas lighting, but that failed in 1819.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Matthew, 1827, An Historical Sketch of the Origin, Progress and Present State of Gaslighting, London.
    E.G.Stewart, 1958, Town Gas, Its Manufacture and Distribution, London: Science Museum.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Winsor, Frederick Albert

  • 51 Bestehen

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (Prüfung) pass; (eine Probe) stand ( oder pass) the test; die Prüfung / Probe nicht bestehen fail the exam / test; eine Prüfung knapp / mit „gut“ bestehen scrape through an exam / etwa pass an exam with a B
    2.
    a) (durchstehen) (eine Krise etc.) come ( oder go) through, survive;
    b) (Gefahr) survive; (Kampf) win through in; wir hatten einen schweren Kampf zu bestehen we had a hard battle to fight
    II v/i
    1. exist, weitS. Bedenken, Grund etc.: auch be; (fortbestehen) continue, last; (noch bestehen) remain, survive, have survived; besteht diese Schule / Firma noch? does this school / firm still exist?; bestehen bleiben (fortdauern) continue (to exist); Gefahr etc.: remain; (gültig bleiben) remain valid, (still) hold good; bestehen lassen retain; es besteht / bestehen... auch there is / are...; es besteht die Gefahr, dass sich das Feuer ausbreitet there’s a danger of the fire spreading; über den Hergang besteht noch keine Klarheit it is still not clear what happened
    2. bestehen aus be made (up) of; auch weitS. consist of, comprise
    3. bestehen in consist in, be; das Problem besteht darin, dass ( darin zu + Inf.) the problem is that (is + Ger.); der Unterschied besteht darin, dass the difference is ( oder lies in the fact) that; die Besonderheit besteht darin, dass what is so special (about it) is (the fact) that
    4. bestehen auf (+ Dat) insist (up)on; darauf bestehen, etw. zu tun insist on doing s.th.; darauf bestehen, dass etw. getan wird insist on s.th. being done; ich bestehe darauf(, dass er kommt) I insist (that he comes oder on his coming förm.); ich bestehe nicht darauf I’m not insisting, you don’t have to; ich bestehe auf meinem Vertrag / Recht I insist that the terms of my contract are hono(u)red / on my rights
    5. (sich behaupten) hold out, hold ( oder stand) one’s ground, hold one’s own ( gegen against); in einem Kampf / einer Gefahr bestehen auch prove o.s. in a battle / a danger; mit diesem Abschluss kannst du überall bestehen you can get in anywhere with this exam result (Am. with these test scores)
    6. in einer Prüfung: pass, get through umg.; mit „gut“ / Auszeichnung bestehen etwa pass with a B / a distinction
    * * *
    das Bestehen
    (Existenz) existence;
    * * *
    Be|ste|hen
    nt -s,
    no pl
    1) (= Vorhandensein, Dauer) existence

    seit Bestéhen der Firma/des Staates — ever since the firm/state has existed or came into existence

    das 100-jährige Bestéhen von etw feiern — to celebrate the hundredth anniversary or first hundred years of (the existence of) sth

    2) (= Beharren) insistence (
    auf +dat on)
    3) (von Prüfung) passing; (von Schicksalsschlägen) withstanding; (von schwerer Zeit) coming or pulling through; (von Gefahr) overcoming

    bei Bestéhen der Prüfung — on passing the exam

    * * *
    1) ((with of) to be composed or made up: The house consists of six rooms.) consist
    2) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) lie
    3) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) pass
    4) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) pass
    * * *
    Be·ste·hen
    <-s>
    ▪ das \Bestehen einer S. gen the existence of sth
    das 25-jährige \Bestehen der Firma wurde gefeiert the company celebrated its 25th birthday
    seit [dem] \Bestehen einer S. gen since the establishment of sth; Schule, Verein etc. founding; Geschäftsverbindung setting-up, establishment
    ▪ jds \Bestehen auf etw dat sb's insistence on sth
    ▪ jds \Bestehen darauf, dass... sb's insistence that...
    3. (das Durchkommen)
    ▪ das \Bestehen einer S. gen Prüfung, Test the passing of sth; Probezeit successful completion; schwierige Situation surviving, coming through; Gefahren overcoming
    * * *
    das; Bestehens existence

    die Firma feiert ihr 10jähriges Bestehen — the firm is celebrating its tenth anniversary

    * * *
    Bestehen n; -s, kein pl
    1. existence;
    seit Bestehen unserer Firma ever since our firm was founded;
    seit Bestehen der Regierung ever since the government came into power;
    das 50-jährige Bestehen feiern celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of sth
    2.
    (jemandes) Bestehen auf (+dat) (sb’s) insistence on
    3. einer Prüfung: passing;
    * * *
    das; Bestehens existence
    * * *
    (auf) v.
    to insist (on) v. (aus) v.
    to consist (of) v. v.
    to consist v.
    to exist v.
    to insist v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Bestehen

  • 52 bestehen

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (Prüfung) pass; (eine Probe) stand ( oder pass) the test; die Prüfung / Probe nicht bestehen fail the exam / test; eine Prüfung knapp / mit „gut“ bestehen scrape through an exam / etwa pass an exam with a B
    2.
    a) (durchstehen) (eine Krise etc.) come ( oder go) through, survive;
    b) (Gefahr) survive; (Kampf) win through in; wir hatten einen schweren Kampf zu bestehen we had a hard battle to fight
    II v/i
    1. exist, weitS. Bedenken, Grund etc.: auch be; (fortbestehen) continue, last; (noch bestehen) remain, survive, have survived; besteht diese Schule / Firma noch? does this school / firm still exist?; bestehen bleiben (fortdauern) continue (to exist); Gefahr etc.: remain; (gültig bleiben) remain valid, (still) hold good; bestehen lassen retain; es besteht / bestehen... auch there is / are...; es besteht die Gefahr, dass sich das Feuer ausbreitet there’s a danger of the fire spreading; über den Hergang besteht noch keine Klarheit it is still not clear what happened
    2. bestehen aus be made (up) of; auch weitS. consist of, comprise
    3. bestehen in consist in, be; das Problem besteht darin, dass ( darin zu + Inf.) the problem is that (is + Ger.); der Unterschied besteht darin, dass the difference is ( oder lies in the fact) that; die Besonderheit besteht darin, dass what is so special (about it) is (the fact) that
    4. bestehen auf (+ Dat) insist (up)on; darauf bestehen, etw. zu tun insist on doing s.th.; darauf bestehen, dass etw. getan wird insist on s.th. being done; ich bestehe darauf(, dass er kommt) I insist (that he comes oder on his coming förm.); ich bestehe nicht darauf I’m not insisting, you don’t have to; ich bestehe auf meinem Vertrag / Recht I insist that the terms of my contract are hono(u)red / on my rights
    5. (sich behaupten) hold out, hold ( oder stand) one’s ground, hold one’s own ( gegen against); in einem Kampf / einer Gefahr bestehen auch prove o.s. in a battle / a danger; mit diesem Abschluss kannst du überall bestehen you can get in anywhere with this exam result (Am. with these test scores)
    6. in einer Prüfung: pass, get through umg.; mit „gut“ / Auszeichnung bestehen etwa pass with a B / a distinction
    * * *
    das Bestehen
    (Existenz) existence;
    * * *
    Be|ste|hen
    nt -s,
    no pl
    1) (= Vorhandensein, Dauer) existence

    seit Bestéhen der Firma/des Staates — ever since the firm/state has existed or came into existence

    das 100-jährige Bestéhen von etw feiern — to celebrate the hundredth anniversary or first hundred years of (the existence of) sth

    2) (= Beharren) insistence (
    auf +dat on)
    3) (von Prüfung) passing; (von Schicksalsschlägen) withstanding; (von schwerer Zeit) coming or pulling through; (von Gefahr) overcoming

    bei Bestéhen der Prüfung — on passing the exam

    * * *
    1) ((with of) to be composed or made up: The house consists of six rooms.) consist
    2) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) lie
    3) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) pass
    4) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) pass
    * * *
    Be·ste·hen
    <-s>
    ▪ das \Bestehen einer S. gen the existence of sth
    das 25-jährige \Bestehen der Firma wurde gefeiert the company celebrated its 25th birthday
    seit [dem] \Bestehen einer S. gen since the establishment of sth; Schule, Verein etc. founding; Geschäftsverbindung setting-up, establishment
    ▪ jds \Bestehen auf etw dat sb's insistence on sth
    ▪ jds \Bestehen darauf, dass... sb's insistence that...
    3. (das Durchkommen)
    ▪ das \Bestehen einer S. gen Prüfung, Test the passing of sth; Probezeit successful completion; schwierige Situation surviving, coming through; Gefahren overcoming
    * * *
    das; Bestehens existence

    die Firma feiert ihr 10jähriges Bestehen — the firm is celebrating its tenth anniversary

    * * *
    bestehen (irr)
    A. v/t
    1. (Prüfung) pass; (eine Probe) stand ( oder pass) the test;
    die Prüfung/Probe nicht bestehen fail the exam/test;
    eine Prüfung knapp/mit „gut“ bestehen scrape through an exam/etwa pass an exam with a B
    2. (durchstehen) (eine Krise etc) come ( oder go) through, survive; (Gefahr) survive; (Kampf) win through in;
    wir hatten einen schweren Kampf zu bestehen we had a hard battle to fight
    B. v/i
    1. exist, weitS. Bedenken, Grund etc: auch be; (fortbestehen) continue, last; (noch bestehen) remain, survive, have survived;
    besteht diese Schule/Firma noch? does this school/firm still exist?;
    bestehen bleiben (fortdauern) continue (to exist); Gefahr etc: remain; (gültig bleiben) remain valid, (still) hold good;
    es besteht/bestehen … auch there is/are …;
    es besteht die Gefahr, dass sich das Feuer ausbreitet there’s a danger of the fire spreading;
    über den Hergang besteht noch keine Klarheit it is still not clear what happened
    2.
    bestehen aus be made (up) of; auch weitS. consist of, comprise
    3.
    bestehen in consist in, be;
    das Problem besteht darin, dass (
    darin zu +inf) the problem is that (is +ger);
    der Unterschied besteht darin, dass the difference is ( oder lies in the fact) that;
    die Besonderheit besteht darin, dass what is so special (about it) is (the fact) that
    4.
    bestehen auf (+dat)insist (up)on;
    darauf bestehen, etwas zu tun insist on doing sth;
    darauf bestehen, dass etwas getan wird insist on sth being done;
    ich bestehe darauf(, dass er kommt) I insist (that he comes oder on his coming form);
    ich bestehe nicht darauf I’m not insisting, you don’t have to;
    ich bestehe auf meinem Vertrag/Recht I insist that the terms of my contract are hono(u)red/on my rights
    5. (sich behaupten) hold out, hold ( oder stand) one’s ground, hold one’s own (
    gegen against);
    in einem Kampf/einer Gefahr bestehen auch prove o.s. in a battle/a danger;
    mit diesem Abschluss kannst du überall bestehen you can get in anywhere with this exam result (US with these test scores)
    6. in einer Prüfung: pass, get through umg;
    mit „gut“/Auszeichnung bestehen etwa pass with a B/a distinction
    * * *
    das; Bestehens existence
    * * *
    (auf) v.
    to insist (on) v. (aus) v.
    to consist (of) v. v.
    to consist v.
    to exist v.
    to insist v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bestehen

  • 53 interés

    m.
    1 interest, concernment, regard, interestedness.
    2 interest, yield.
    * * *
    1 (gen) interest; (propio) self-interest
    2 FINANZAS interest
    \
    de gran interés very interesting
    ir en interés de to be in the interests of
    poner interés en algo to take an interest in something, put effort into something
    tener interés en to be interested in
    interés compuesto compound interest
    interés simple simple interest
    intereses creados vested interests
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=valor) interest
    2) (=curiosidad) interest

    el tema despertó o suscitó el interés del público — the topic aroused public interest

    • esperar algo con interés — to await sth with interest

    • mostrar interés en o por algo — to show (an) interest in sth

    • poner interés en algo — to take an interest in sth

    • sentir o tener interés por algo — to be interested in sth

    si tienes interés por el piso, todavía está a la venta — if you're interested in the flat, it's still for sale

    siento auténtico interés por los idiomas — I have a real interest o I am really interested in languages

    sentir o tener interés por hacer algo — to be interested in doing sth

    3) (=beneficio)
    a) [de persona, país] interest

    ¿qué interés tienes tú en que pierdan el partido? — what's your interest in their losing the match?

    b) (Econ) interest

    un préstamo a o con un interés del 9 por ciento — a loan at 9 per cent interest

    • dar interés — [capital, inversión] to yield interest; [banco, cuenta] to pay interest

    mi capital me da un interés del 5,3 por ciento — my capital yields an interest of 5.3 per cent

    • devengar interés — to accrue interest, earn interest

    • tasa LAm o tipo de interés — interest rate

    interés devengado — accrued interest, earned interest

    4) pl intereses
    a) (Com) interests

    • un conflicto de intereses — a conflict of interests

    • tener intereses en algo — to have interests o a stake in sth

    tiene intereses en varias compañías extranjeras — he has interests o a stake in several foreign companies

    b) (=aficiones) interests

    ¿qué intereses tienes? — what are your interests?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (importancia, valor) interest
    b) ( actitud) interest

    tengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...

    c) (afición, inquietud) interest
    2)
    a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interest

    por tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good

    b) intereses masculino plural ( objetivos) interests (pl)
    c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)

    tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company

    3) (Fin) interest

    a or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%

    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) (importancia, valor) interest
    b) ( actitud) interest

    tengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...

    c) (afición, inquietud) interest
    2)
    a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interest

    por tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good

    b) intereses masculino plural ( objetivos) interests (pl)
    c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)

    tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company

    3) (Fin) interest

    a or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%

    •
    * * *
    interés1
    1 = appeal, appetite, concern, focus, involvement, interest, knowledge interest, piquancy, penchant, pursuit, topicality.

    Ex: Indeed, if they are not successful in finding ways of renewing their original purpose and appeal, they are on their way to dissolution and displacement.

    Ex: We need to know what and how consumers' information appetites have changed.
    Ex: The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.
    Ex: Phenomenography is an approach that builds on phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions; its knowledge interest is to describe the varying conceptions held within a specific group about a phenomenon = La fenomenografía es un método que parte de las tradicionaes fenomenológicas y hermenéuticas; su interés es describir las diversas concepciones que un grupo concreto tiene sobre un fenómeno.
    Ex: Young was a man of singular eccentricity and piquancy of character, a person who was very interesting in his own right.
    Ex: Our penchant to organize is perhaps as close to a biological imperative as any form of human behavior is likely to come.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: This year, the event is gaining topicality because of the EU enlargement.
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotec = library advocacy.
    * adaptarse a un interés = accommodate + interest.
    * ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.
    * ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.
    * aprovecharse del interés general por Algo = exploit + appeal.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * atraer el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, draw + interest.
    * atraer el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.
    * campo de interés = sphere of interest.
    * captar el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest.
    * captar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * coincidir con los intereses de uno = match + interests.
    * combinar intereses = bridge + interests.
    * conflicto de intereses = conflict of interest(s), competing interests.
    * con intereses ocultos = agenda-laden.
    * con intereses propios = self-interested.
    * conjunto de intereses = set of interests.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * constatar el interés = gauge + interest.
    * con un interés en = with a stake in.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * dar interés = spice up, add + spice.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defensa de intereses = lobbying.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * defensor de los intereses del ciudadano = watchdog.
    * de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.
    * de interés humano = human interest.
    * de interés periodístico = newsworthy.
    * despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.
    * despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.
    * despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * dirigir los intereses de uno = break into.
    * el interés público = the public interest.
    * en interés de = in the interest(s) of.
    * esperar con interés (+ Infinitivo), = look forward to (+ Gerundio).
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * expresión de interés = application.
    * falta de interés por cooperar = unresponsiveness.
    * foco de interés = focus of interest, focus of concern, focus of attention.
    * fomentar el interés = raise + interest, foster + interest, foster + interest.
    * fomentar interés = build + interest.
    * generar interés = generate + interest.
    * grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guiado por intereses propios = interest-determined.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * institución de interés histórico = heritage institution.
    * institución de interés histórico y cultural = cultural heritage institution.
    * interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.
    * interés + centrarse en = interest + lie with.
    * interés comercial = business interest, commercial interest.
    * interés común = shared interest.
    * interés creado = vested interest.
    * interés + decaer = interest + flag.
    * interés económico = economic interest.
    * intereses = breadth of interests.
    * intereses comerciales = market forces, marketplace forces.
    * intereses comunes = common ground, community of interest.
    * intereses contrapuestos = conflicting interests.
    * intereses cotidianos = life interests.
    * intereses de lectura = reading interests.
    * intereses encontrados = competing interests.
    * intereses ocultos = hidden agenda.
    * interés general = public interest.
    * interés pasajero = passing interest.
    * interés periodístico = newsworthiness.
    * interés personal = vested interest, self-interest, axe + to grind, personal interest.
    * interés por ganar dinero = profit motive.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * interés público = public interest.
    * interés renovado = renewed interest.
    * ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * lleno de interés = solicitously.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.
    * máximo interés = maximum interest.
    * mostrar interés = mark + interest.
    * mostrar interés en = show + interest in.
    * mostrar interés por = express + interest in.
    * motivado por intereses propios = interest-based.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * muestra de interés = expression of interest.
    * no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * objeto de interés = object of interest.
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perjudicar los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * profundizar el interés = deepen + interest.
    * promover un interés = promote + interest.
    * proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.
    * punto de interés = point of interest.
    * quitar el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * renovado interés = upsurge.
    * resumen de interés = highlight abstract.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * ser de interés para = be of interest (to/for).
    * servir los intereses = serve + interests.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * sin interés = unexciting, uninteresting, unmoving, vapid.
    * tarea falta de interés = chore.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.
    * tener intereses en juego = have + invested.
    * tener interés por = have + an interest in.
    * tener interés por = be interested in.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = have + a stake in, hold + a stake in.
    * tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.

    interés2
    2 = interest, rate, interest charge.

    Ex: Repayments is normally by equal half-yearly payments of capital and interest after a moratorium on capital repayments of up to five years, depending on project completion date.

    Ex: The EIB is able to borrow money at the best possible rates, and as it is non-profit making it is able to offer loans at advantageous terms.
    Ex: And, most importantly, even if a company makes a loss, it still has to pay its interest charges.
    * interés bancario = interest rate.
    * interés compuesto = compound interest.
    * intereses del capital = capital charges.
    * interés fijo = fixed interest.
    * interés simple = simple interest.
    * pago de los intereses = interest payment.
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.

    * * *
    A
    1 (importancia, valor) interest
    de interés turístico of interest to tourists
    un tema de interés humano a human interest story
    un descubrimiento de enorme interés científico a discovery of enormous scientific significance o importance
    una anécdota sin ningún interés an anecdote of little or no interest
    2 (actitud) interest
    el anuncio despertó or suscitó el interés de todos the advertisement aroused everyone's interest
    con gran interés with great interest
    interés EN algo interest IN sth
    pon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolwork
    tengo especial interés en que esto se resuelva pronto I am particularly concerned o keen that this should be resolved quickly
    tienen gran interés en probarlo they are very interested in testing it
    3 (afición, inquietud) interest
    la fotografía se cuenta entre sus muchos intereses photography is one of her many interests
    B
    1 (conveniencia, beneficio) interest
    por tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good o benefit
    las mejoras van en interés de todos the improvements are in everyone's interest
    actúa sólo por interés he acts purely out of self-interest o in his own interest
    2 intereses mpl (objetivos) interests (pl)
    había un conflicto de intereses there was a conflict of interests
    (bienes, capital): tiene intereses en varias empresas he has a stake o an interest in several companies
    un contable administra sus intereses an accountant looks after her investments
    Compuestos:
    mpl vested interests (pl)
    mpl private interests (pl)
    el interés público the public interest
    C ( Fin) interest
    un préstamo a or con un interés del 12% a loan at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%
    pagan unos intereses muy altos or un interés muy alto they pay very high interest o very high rates of interest
    devengar or ganar intereses to earn interest
    tipo de interés rate of interest
    Compuestos:
    compound interest
    simple interest
    * * *

     

    interés sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) interest;

    pon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolwork;
    tengo especial interés en que … I am particularly concerned o keen that …;
    tienen gran interés en verlo they are very interested in seeing it;
    por tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good;
    actúa solo por interés he acts purely in his own interest o out of self-interest;
    conflicto de intereses conflict of interests
    2 (Fin) interest;
    a or con un interés del 12% at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%;

    tipo de interés rate of interest
    interés sustantivo masculino
    1 (curiosidad) interest: tienes que poner más interés en ello, you must take more interest in it
    tengo interés en/por viajar a Perú, I'm interested in travelling to Peru
    2 (importancia) esta película carece de interés, this movie lacks interest
    no ha sucedido nada de interés, nothing interesting has happened
    3 (provecho personal) self-interest: te llama solo por interés, he phones you out of self-interest
    (provecho, bien) in the interest of: lo haré en interés tuyo, I shall do it for your own good
    en interés de la ciencia, for the sake of science
    4 Fin interest
    con un interés del 15%, at an interest rate of 15%
    tipos de interés, interest rates
    ♦ Locuciones: perder el interés, to lose interest
    con intereses, (con creces, más de lo que se recibió) with interest
    ' interés' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amorfa
    - amorfo
    - candente
    - captar
    - carente
    - comodidad
    - común
    - conveniencia
    - dar
    - decir
    - deducirse
    - desgana
    - desganada
    - desganado
    - despertarse
    - desvivirse
    - devengar
    - entregarse
    - flojedad
    - hinchar
    - hipotecaria
    - hipotecario
    - importar
    - inquietud
    - interesar
    - interesada
    - interesado
    - lengua
    - llamar
    - menguante
    - morbosa
    - morboso
    - pasar
    - polarizar
    - revelar
    - solicitud
    - tinta
    - tipo
    - ver
    - abusivo
    - acaparar
    - anecdótico
    - anual
    - aparentar
    - aparente
    - apreciar
    - atractivo
    - atraer
    - auténtico
    - baja
    English:
    accrue
    - active
    - ax
    - axe
    - bear
    - benefit
    - capture
    - conflicting
    - deep
    - demolish
    - develop
    - fire
    - flag
    - flat
    - fluctuate
    - foster
    - interest
    - interest rate
    - keen
    - keenly
    - lack
    - lending
    - LIBOR
    - pall
    - pay
    - prime rate
    - really
    - reduction
    - revive
    - rising
    - self-interest
    - send down
    - show
    - sight
    - simple interest
    - stake
    - stimulate
    - sustain
    - vested
    - wane
    - yield
    - bank
    - concern
    - fixed
    - memorabilia
    - pique
    - purpose
    - rate
    - revival
    - secondary
    * * *
    1. [utilidad, valor] interest;
    de interés interesting;
    un descubrimiento de gran interés para los enfermos de sida a discovery of great signifiance to people with AIDS;
    una construcción de interés histórico a building of historical interest
    2. [curiosidad] interest;
    un tema de interés común a subject of interest to everyone;
    el hallazgo ha despertado el interés de los científicos the discovery has aroused scientists' interest;
    tener interés en o [m5] por to be interested in;
    tengo interés por recorrer el centro de la ciudad I'm interested in doing a tour of the town centre;
    sigo con interés la polémica I'm following the debate with interest
    3. [esfuerzo] interest;
    trabajó con mucho interés en el proyecto she was an enthusiastic worker on the project;
    poner interés en algo to take a real interest in sth;
    tienes que poner más interés en los estudios you must show a bit more interest in your schoolwork
    4. [conveniencia, provecho] interest;
    una obra de interés general o [m5] público a construction project that is in everyone's o the public interest;
    hacer algo por el interés de alguien, hacer algo en interés de alguien to do sth in sb's interest;
    tengo interés en que venga pronto it's in my interest that he should come soon;
    a todos nos mueve un interés común we are all motivated by a common interest
    5. [egoísmo] self-interest, selfishness;
    por interés out of selfishness;
    casarse por (el) interés to marry for money
    intereses creados vested interests
    6.
    intereses [aficiones] interests;
    entre sus intereses se cuentan el golf y la vela his interests include golf and sailing
    7.
    intereses [económicos] interests;
    los intereses españoles en Latinoamérica Spanish interests in Latin America;
    tiene intereses en una empresa del sector he has interests o a stake in a company in that sector;
    su hermana administra sus intereses her sister looks after her financial interests
    8. Fin interest;
    un préstamo con un interés del 5 por ciento a loan at 5 percent interest;
    interés a corto/largo plazo short-/long-term interest;
    tipo o [m5] tasa de interés interest rate
    interés acumulable cumulative interest;
    interés compuesto compound interest;
    intereses de demora penalty interest [for late payment];
    interés devengado accrued o earned interest;
    interés interbancario interbank deposit rate;
    interés de mora penalty interest [for late payment];
    interés preferencial preferential interest rate;
    interés simple simple interest;
    intereses vencidos interest due
    * * *
    m
    1 interest
    2 COM interest;
    sin interés interest free
    self-interest
    4
    :
    intereses pl ( bienes) interests
    * * *
    interés nm, pl - reses : interest
    * * *
    interés n interest
    en esta cuenta obtendrás un interés del 5% you'll get 5% interest from this account
    tener interés en/por hacer algo to be keen to do something

    Spanish-English dictionary > interés

  • 54 सार्थ


    sâ̱rtha
    mf (ā)n. having an object orﾠ business, SāṇkhBr. ;

    anything that has attained its object, successful (as a request) Ṡak. Sch. ;
    having property, opulent, wealthy Rājat. ;
    having meaning orﾠ purport, significant, important, Kusum. ;
    of like meaning orﾠ Purport W. ;
    serving a purpose, useful, serviceable MW. ;
    m. a travelling company of traders orﾠ pilgrims, caravan MBh. R. etc.;
    a troop, collection of men MBh. ;
    a multitude of similar animals, herd, flock etc. Pañcat. ;
    any company ( ena, with gen. = « in the company of» Campak.), collection, multitude MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    a member of any company W. ;
    a wealthy man W. ;
    - सार्थघ्नी
    - सार्थज
    - सार्थधर
    - सार्थपति
    - सार्थपाल
    - सार्थभृत्
    - सार्थभ्रंशसमुद्भव
    - सार्थमण्डल
    - सार्थवत्
    - सार्थवाह
    - सार्थवाहन
    - सार्थसंचय
    - सार्थहन्
    - सार्थहीन

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सार्थ

  • 55 fine

    end
    * * *
    1. adj fine
    ( sottile) thin
    udito, vista sharp, keen
    ( raffinato) refined
    2. m aim
    al fine di... in order to...
    secondo fine ulterior motive
    3. f end
    alla fine in the end
    alla fin fine, in fin dei conti after all, when all's said and done
    senza fine endless
    * * *
    fine1 s.f.
    1 ( termine) end, ending; close, conclusion: la fine del giorno, del mese, the end (o close) of the day, of the month; rivediamoci a fine settimana, let's meet again at the end of the week; la fine del mondo, the end of the world; alla fine del primo trimestre, at the end (o close) of the first term; fino alla fine dei tempi, dei secoli, till the end of time; il principio della fine, the beginning of the end; verso la fine dell'anno, towards the end of the year; accadde verso la fine dell'estate, it happened in late Summer; è la fine, this is the end (o this is the last of it); metter fine a qlco., to put an end (o a stop) to sthg. (o to bring sthg. to an end); vedere la fine di qlco., to see the end (o the outcome) of sthg. // volgere alla fine, to draw to an end (o to a close): l'anno volge alla fine, the year is drawing to an end (o to a close o is nearing its end) // fine, ( al termine di opere letterarie, pellicole ecc.) the end // (comm.): fine d'anno, year end; fine esercizio, end of the financial year; di fine esercizio, year-end (attr.); pagamento a fine mese, monthly settlement; fine dei rapporti con una società, termination of one's links with a company // (Borsa): fine corrente mese, end current account; fine prossimo mese, end next account; // (inform.): fine carta, paper-out condition; fine del tempo disponibile, time-out; fine pagina, overflow // non vedo l'ora di vedere la fine di questo lavoro, I'm looking forward to the end of this work // combattere fino alla fine, to fight to the end; lavorare fino alla fine, to work to the end // fare una buona, una cattiva fine, to come to a good, a bad end // i feriti sono tre, due in fin di vita, there are three wounded, two of them close to death (o dying) // che fine hanno fatto i miei occhiali?, where have my glasses got to?; che fine ha fatto Fulvia?, what (ever) happened to Fulvia? // alla fin fine, in fin dei conti, ( dopotutto) after all (o when all is said and done): in fin dei conti, alla fin fine non ti è andato così male, after all it didn't turn out too badly for you; alla fin fine, in fin dei conti si può sapere che cosa avete deciso?, in short, what did you decide? // senza fine, (agg.) endless, (avv.) endlessly: mi ha procurato fastidi senza fine, he caused me endless (o no end of) trouble
    2 ( di libro, film ecc.) ending: è un buon romanzo, ma non mi è piaciuta la fine, it's a good novel but I didn't like the ending.
    fine1 s.m.
    1 ( scopo) purpose; end, aim, object, ( intenzione) intention: il fine ultimo, the ultimate aim (o purpose); fini onesti, honest intentions; fini reconditi, obscure goals; si era posto un fine ben preciso..., he had adopted a clear goal...; non ho capito qual era il suo fine, I can't understand what his aim was; avere un secondo fine, to have a hidden agenda, to have an ulterior motive; raggiunto il suo fine, se ne è sbarazzato, having achieved his aim he got rid of him; l'ha fatto solo a fin di bene, he did it with good intentions (o with the best of intentions); il fine non giustifica i mezzi, the end does not justify the means // al solo fine di, with the sole object of; al fine di, (letter.) in order to // e a tal fine..., and to this end... (o and with this object in view...) // senza fini di lucro, non-profit (attr.) // essere fine a se stesso, to be an end in itself
    2 ( risultato, conclusione) result, conclusion, issue, outcome: condurre qlco. a buon fine, to bring sthg. to a successful conclusion; portare, giungere a buon fine, to bring, to come to a successful conclusion // (comm.) salvo buon fine, subject to collection (o to final payment) // lieto fine, happy ending: un film a lieto fine, a film with a happy ending
    3 ( freno, limite) check, curb, end: porre un fine agli abusi, to curb abuses (o to put an end to abuses).
    fine2 agg.
    1 ( sottile) fine, thin; ( delicato) delicate: uno spago fine, a thin piece of string; una pioggerella fine, a fine drizzle; voce fine, thin voice; avere un tocco fine, to have a delicate touch; avere un udito fine, to have sharp (o keen) hearing // aria fine, pure air // sabbia fine, fine sand
    3 ( raffinato, distinto) fine, refined, distinguished: veste con un gusto fine, she dresses with fine (o refined) taste; è una signora molto fine, she's a very refined lady
    4 ( acuto) fine, subtle, shrewd: distinzione fine, fine (o subtle) distinction; ironia fine, subtle irony; spirito fine, shrewd wit.
    * * *
    I ['fine] agg
    1) (sottile: lamina, fetta) thin, (capelli, lineamenti, pioggia) fine, (voce) thin, frail
    2) (acuto: vista, udito) sharp, keen, (odorato) fine, (fig : ingegno) shrewd, (osservazione, ironia) subtle
    3) (raffinato: persona) refined, distinguished
    II ['fine] sm
    1) (scopo) aim, end, purpose, Filosofia end
    III ['fine] sf
    (gen) end, (di libro, film) ending

    alla fine — in the end, finally

    senza fine — endlessly (avv), endless (agg)

    a fine anno/mese — at the end of the year/month

    alla fin fine — at the end of the day, in the end

    in fin dei conti — when all is said and done, (tutto sommato) after all

    è la fine del mondo! — (fig : stupendo) it's out of this world!, pegg what's the world coming to?

    * * *
    I 1. ['fine]
    1) (fatto di piccole parti) [sabbia, polvere] fine
    2) (sottile) [tratto, pioggia] thin, fine; [caviglie, polsi] slim, thin
    3) (acuto) [ingegno, osservazione, udito] sharp, keen; [ ironia] subtle; [ distinzione] fine
    4) (delicato) [ lineamenti] fine, delicate
    5) (raffinato) [persona, maniere] refined, elegant; [ porcellana] fine; [oreficeria, biancheria, stoffe] fine, exquisite; [ pasticceria] fine
    2.
    avverbio (finemente) [scrivere, macinare] fine(ly)
    ••

    fa fine — it's smooth o sophisticated, it's the thing

    II ['fine]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (termine) end, conclusion, finish; (fondo, estremità) end, bottom

    fino alla fine — until o to the end

    mettere o porre fine a qcs. to put an end o a stop to sth., to bring sth. to an end; avvicinarsi alla fine to draw to a close o an end; alla fine at last, finally, in the end; alla fine è diventato insegnante he ended up as a teacher; alla fin fine, in fin dei conti after all, all things considered, all in all; "fine" (di film, romanzo) "the end"; senza fine [discussioni, guerra] endless, unending; essere la fine del mondo fig. to be terrific; non è la fine del mondo! it's not the end of the world! in fin di vita — dying, nearing death

    2) (esito) end

    fare una brutta fine — to go to the bad, to come to a bad o sticky end, to come to no good

    che fine ha fatto la mia biro? — colloq. what has become of my pen?

    3) (morte) end
    III ['fine]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (scopo) end, purpose, aim

    essere a fin di bene — to be well-meant o well-intentioned

    2) (esito) ending

    a lieto fine — [ storia] with a happy ending

    condurre qcs. a buon fine — to bring sth. to a satisfactory conclusion

    ••

    il fine giustifica i mezzi — prov. the end justifies the means

    * * *
    fine1
    /'fine/
     1 (fatto di piccole parti) [sabbia, polvere] fine
     2 (sottile) [tratto, pioggia] thin, fine; [caviglie, polsi] slim, thin
     3 (acuto) [ingegno, osservazione, udito] sharp, keen; [ ironia] subtle; [ distinzione] fine
     4 (delicato) [ lineamenti] fine, delicate
     5 (raffinato) [persona, maniere] refined, elegant; [ porcellana] fine; [oreficeria, biancheria, stoffe] fine, exquisite; [ pasticceria] fine; una signora molto fine a woman of great distinction
      (finemente) [scrivere, macinare] fine(ly)
    fa fine it's smooth o sophisticated, it's the thing.
    ————————
    fine2
    /'fine/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (termine) end, conclusion, finish; (fondo, estremità) end, bottom; (a) fine maggio (at) the end of May; a fine giornata at the end of the day; alla fine degli anni '70 in the late 70's; a fine mattina late in the morning; fino alla fine until o to the end; mettere o porre fine a qcs. to put an end o a stop to sth., to bring sth. to an end; avvicinarsi alla fine to draw to a close o an end; alla fine at last, finally, in the end; alla fine è diventato insegnante he ended up as a teacher; alla fin fine, in fin dei conti after all, all things considered, all in all; "fine"(di film, romanzo) "the end"; senza fine [discussioni, guerra] endless, unending; essere la fine del mondo fig. to be terrific; non è la fine del mondo! it's not the end of the world! in fin di vita dying, nearing death
     2 (esito) end; fare una brutta fine to go to the bad, to come to a bad o sticky end, to come to no good; che fine ha fatto la mia biro? colloq. what has become of my pen?
     3 (morte) end; fare una brutta fine to come to a bad o sticky end.
    ————————
    fine3
    /'fine/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (scopo) end, purpose, aim; essere a fin di bene to be well-meant o well-intentioned; a che fine? what for? what's the point? senza secondi -i without any ulterior motive; al fine di in order to; non è fine a se stesso it's not an end in itself
     2 (esito) ending; a lieto fine [ storia] with a happy ending; condurre qcs. a buon fine to bring sth. to a satisfactory conclusion; andare a buon fine to turn out well
    il fine giustifica i mezzi prov. the end justifies the means.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fine

  • 56 Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 22 January 1892 Paris, France
    d. 18 April 1986 Paris, France
    [br]
    French aircraft designer and manufacturer, best known for his jet fighters the Mystère and Mirage.
    [br]
    During the First World War, Marcel Bloch (he later changed his name to Dassault) worked on French military aircraft and developed a very successful propeller. With his associate, Henri Potez, he set up a company to produce their Eclair wooden propeller in a furniture workshop in Paris. In 1917 they produced a two-seater aircraft which was ordered but then cancelled when the war ended. Potez continued to built aircraft under his own name, but Bloch turned to property speculation, at which he was very successful. In 1930 Bloch returned to the aviation business with an unsuccessful bomber followed by several moderately effective airliners, including the Bloch 220 of 1935, which was similar to the DC-3. He was involved in the design of a four-engined airliner, the SNCASE Languedoc, which flew in September 1939. During the Second World War, Bloch and his brothers became important figures in the French Resistance Movement. Marcel Bloch was eventually captured but survived; however, one of his brothers was executed, and after the war Bloch changed his name to Dassault, which had been his brother's code name in the Resistance. During the 1950s, Avions Marcel Dassault rapidly grew to become Europe's foremost producer of jet fighters. The Ouragon was followed by the Mystère, Etendard and then the outstanding Mirage series. The basic delta-winged Mirage III, with a speed of Mach 2, was soon serving in twenty countries around the world. From this evolved a variable geometry version, a vertical-take-off aircraft, an enlarged light bomber capable of carrying a nuclear bomb, and a swept-wing version for the 1970s. Dassault also produced a successful series of jet airliners starting with the Fan Jet Falcon of 1963. When the Dassault and Breguet companies merged in 1971, Marcel Dassault was still a force to be reckoned with.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Guggenheim Medal. Deputy, Assemblée nationale 1951–5 and 1958–86.
    Bibliography
    1971, Le Talisman, Paris: Editions J'ai lu (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    1976, "The Mirage Maker", Sunday Times Magazine (1 June).
    Jane's All the World's Aircraft, London: Jane's (details of Bloch and Dassault aircraft can be found in various years' editions).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

  • 57 Fairlie, Robert Francis

    [br]
    b. March 1831 Scotland
    d. 31 July 1885 Clapham, London, England
    [br]
    British engineer, designer of the double-bogie locomotive, advocate of narrow-gauge railways.
    [br]
    Fairlie worked on railways in Ireland and India, and established himself as a consulting engineer in London by the early 1860s. In 1864 he patented his design of locomotive: it was to be carried on two bogies and had a double boiler, the barrels extending in each direction from a central firebox. From smokeboxes at the outer ends, return tubes led to a single central chimney. At that time in British practice, locomotives of ever-increasing size were being carried on longer and longer rigid wheelbases, but often only one or two of their three or four pairs of wheels were powered. Bogies were little used and then only for carrying-wheels rather than driving-wheels: since their pivots were given no sideplay, they were of little value. Fairlie's design offered a powerful locomotive with a wheelbase which though long would be flexible; it would ride well and have all wheels driven and available for adhesion.
    The first five double Fairlie locomotives were built by James Cross \& Co. of St Helens during 1865–7. None was particularly successful: the single central chimney of the original design had been replaced by two chimneys, one at each end of the locomotive, but the single central firebox was retained, so that exhaust up one chimney tended to draw cold air down the other. In 1870 the next double Fairlie, Little Wonder, was built for the Festiniog Railway, on which C.E. Spooner was pioneering steam trains of very narrow gauge. The order had gone to George England, but the locomotive was completed by his successor in business, the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company, in which Fairlie and George England's son were the principal partners. Little Wonder was given two inner fireboxes separated by a water space and proved outstandingly successful. The spectacle of this locomotive hauling immensely long trains up grade, through the Festiniog Railway's sinuous curves, was demonstrated before engineers from many parts of the world and had lasting effect. Fairlie himself became a great protagonist of narrow-gauge railways and influenced their construction in many countries.
    Towards the end of the 1860s, Fairlie was designing steam carriages or, as they would now be called, railcars, but only one was built before the death of George England Jr precipitated closure of the works in 1870. Fairlie's business became a design agency and his patent locomotives were built in large numbers under licence by many noted locomotive builders, for narrow, standard and broad gauges. Few operated in Britain, but many did in other lands; they were particularly successful in Mexico and Russia.
    Many Fairlie locomotives were fitted with the radial valve gear invented by Egide Walschaert; Fairlie's role in the universal adoption of this valve gear was instrumental, for he introduced it to Britain in 1877 and fitted it to locomotives for New Zealand, whence it eventually spread worldwide. Earlier, in 1869, the Great Southern \& Western Railway of Ireland had built in its works the first "single Fairlie", a 0–4–4 tank engine carried on two bogies but with only one of them powered. This type, too, became popular during the last part of the nineteenth century. In the USA it was built in quantity by William Mason of Mason Machine Works, Taunton, Massachusetts, in preference to the double-ended type.
    Double Fairlies may still be seen in operation on the Festiniog Railway; some of Fairlie's ideas were far ahead of their time, and modern diesel and electric locomotives are of the powered-bogie, double-ended type.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1864, British patent no. 1,210 (Fairlie's master patent).
    1864, Locomotive Engines, What They Are and What They Ought to Be, London; reprinted 1969, Portmadoc: Festiniog Railway Co. (promoting his ideas for locomotives).
    1865, British patent no. 3,185 (single Fairlie).
    1867. British patent no. 3,221 (combined locomotive/carriage).
    1868. "Railways and their Management", Journal of the Society of Arts: 328. 1871. "On the Gauge for Railways of the Future", abstract in Report of the Fortieth
    Meeting of the British Association in 1870: 215. 1872. British patent no. 2,387 (taper boiler).
    1872, Railways or No Railways. "Narrow Gauge, Economy with Efficiency; or Broad Gauge, Costliness with Extravagance", London: Effingham Wilson; repr. 1990s Canton, Ohio: Railhead Publications (promoting the cause for narrow-gauge railways).
    Further Reading
    Fairlie and his patent locomotives are well described in: P.C.Dewhurst, 1962, "The Fairlie locomotive", Part 1, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34; 1966, Part 2, Transactions 39.
    R.A.S.Abbott, 1970, The Fairlie Locomotive, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Fairlie, Robert Francis

  • 58 Field, Cyrus West

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 30 November 1819 Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 12 July 1892 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American financier and entrepreneur noted for his successful promotion of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
    [br]
    At the age of 15 Field left home to seek his fortune in New York, starting work on Broadway as an errand boy for $1 per week. Returning to Massachusetts, in 1838 he became an assistant to his brother Matthew, a paper-maker, leaving to set up his own business two years later. By the age of 21 he was also a partner in a New York firm of paper wholesalers, but this firm collapsed because of large debts. Out of the wreckage he set up Cyrus W.Field \& Co., and by 1852 he had paid off all the debts. With $250,000 in the bank he therefore retired and travelled in South America. Returning to the USA, he then became involved with the construction of a telegraph line in Newfoundland by an English engineer, F.N. Osborne. Although the company collapsed, he had been fired by the dream of a transatlantic cable and in 1854 was one of the founders of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. He began to promote surveys and hold discussions with British telegraph pioneers and with Isambard Brunel, who was then building the Great Eastern steamship. In 1856 he helped to set up the Atlantic Telegraph Company in Britain and, as a result of his efforts and those of the British physicist and inventor Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), work began in 1857 on the laying of the first transatlantic cable from Newfoundland to Ireland. After many tribulations the cable was completed on 5 August 1857, but it failed after barely a month. Following several unsuccessful attempts to repair and replace it, the cable was finally completed on 27 July 1866. Building upon his success, Field expanded his business interests. In 1877 he bought a controlling interest in and was President of the New York Elevated Railroad Company. He also helped develop the Wabash Railroad and became owner of the New York Mail and Express newspaper; however, he subsequently suffered large financial losses.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    A.C.Clarke, 1958, Voice Across the Sea, London: Frederick Muller (describes the development of the transatlantic telegraph).
    H.M.Field, 1893, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (also describes the transatlantic telegraph development).
    L.J.Judson (ed.), 1893, Cyrus W.Field: His Life and Work (a complete biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Field, Cyrus West

  • 59 Koepe, Friedrich

    [br]
    b. 1 July 1835 Bergkamen, Westphalia, Germany
    d. 12 September 1922 Bochum, Germany
    [br]
    German mining engineer, inventor of the friction winder for shaft hoisting.
    [br]
    After attending the School of Mines at Bochum, from 1862 he worked as an overseer in the coal-mining district of Ibbenbüren until he joined a mining company in the Ruhr area. There, as head of the machine shop, he was mainly concerned with sinking new shafts. In 1873 he became the Technical Director of the Hannover mine, near Bochum, which belonged to Krupp. When the shaft hoisting was to be extended to a lower level Koepe conceived the idea of applying a friction winder to the hoist instead of a drum, in order to save weight and costs. His method involved the use of an endless rope to which the cages were fixed without a safety catch. The rope passed over pulleys instead of coiling and uncoiling on a drum, and he consequently proposed to have the motor erected on top of the shaft rather than beside it, as had been the practice until then.
    Koepe's innovation turned out to be highly effective for hoisting heavy loads from deep shafts and was still popular in many countries in the 1990s, although the Krupp company did not accept it for a long time. He had severe personal problems with the company, and as Krupp refused to have his system patented he had to take it out in his own name in 1877. However, Krupp did not pay for the extension of the patent, nor did they pass the dossiers over to him, so the patent expired two years later. It was not until 1888 that a hoisting engine equipped with a friction winder was erected for the first time in a head gear, above the new Hannover II shaft. The following year Koepe left the Krupp company and settled as a freelance consulting engineer in Bochum; he was successful in having his system introduced by other mining companies. Ironi-cally, in 1948 the world's first four-rope winding, based on his system, was installed at the Hannover mine.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    For detailed biographical information and an assessment of his technological achievements see: H.Arnold and W.Kroker, 1977, "100 Jahre Schachtförderung nach dem System Koepe", Der Anschnitt 29:235–42.
    F.Lange, 1952, Die Vierseilförderung, Essen.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Koepe, Friedrich

  • 60 McCormick, Cyrus

    [br]
    b. 1809 Walnut Grove, Virginia, USA
    d. 1884 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the first functionally and commercially successful reaping machine; founder of the McCormick Company, which was to become one of the founding companies of International Harvester.
    [br]
    Cyrus McCormick's father, a farmer, began to experiment unsuccessfully with a harvesting machine between 1809 and 1816. His son took up the challenge and gave his first public demonstration of his machine in 1831. It cut a 4 ft swathe, but, wanting to perfect the machine, he waited until 1834 before patenting it, by which time he felt that his invention was threatened by others of similar design. In the same year he entered an article in the Mechanics Magazine, warning competitors off his design. His main rival was Obed Hussey who contested McCormick's claim to the originality of the idea, having patented his own machine six months before McCormick.
    A competition between the two machines was held in 1843, the judges favouring McCormick's, even after additional trials were conducted after objections of unfairness from Hussey. The rivalry continued over a number of years, being avidly reported in the agricultural press. The publicity did no harm to reaper sales, and McCormick sold twenty-nine machines in 1843 and fifty the following year.
    As the westward settlement movement progressed, so the demand for McCormick's machine grew. In order to be more central to his markets, McCormick established himself in Chicago. In partnership with C.M.Gray he established a factory to produce 500 harvesters for the 1848 season. By means of advertising and offers of credit terms, as well as production-line assembly, McCormick was able to establish himself as sole owner and also control all production, under the one roof. By the end of the decade he dominated reaper production but other developments were to threaten this position; however, foreign markets were appearing at the same time, not least the opportunities of European sales stimulated by the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the trials arranged by the Royal Agricultural Society of England the McCormick machine significantly outperformed that of Hussey's, and as a result McCormick arranged for 500 to be made under licence in England.
    In 1874 McCormick bought a half interest in the patent for a wire binder from Charles Withington, a watchmaker from Janesville, Wisconsin, and by 1885 a total of 50,000 wire binders had been built in Chicago. By 1881 McCormick was producing twine binders using Appleby's twine knotter under a licence agreement, and by 1885 the company was producing only twine binders. The McCormick Company was one of the co-founders of the International Harvester Company in 1901.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1972, The Century of the Reaper, Johnson Reprint (the original is in the New York State Library).
    Further Reading
    Graeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (deals in detail with McCormick's developments).
    G.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, it gives an account of its originating companies).
    T.W.Hutchinson, 1930, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Seedtime 1809–1856; ——1935, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Harvest 1856–1884 (both attempt to unravel the many claims surrounding the reaper story).
    Herbert N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > McCormick, Cyrus

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