study+up

per-tracto ( pertrecto), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to touch, feel, handle any thing (class.).

Lit.:

papillam,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

mullos,

Cic. Par. 5, 2, 38:

bestias manibus, Auct. B. afr. 72: arma,

Plin. 25, 6, 30, § 66:

caput dormienti,

Just. 1, 9, 17:

corpus hominis,

App. Flor. p. 362.—

Trop., to busy or occupy one's self with any thing, to handle, treat, to investigate, study any thing:

mentem omni cogitatione pertractans,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 118:

sensus mentesque hominum,

id. de Or. 1, 51, 222:

narrationem,

id. Inv. 2, 14, 45:

ad totam philosophiam pertractandam se dare,

id. N. D. 1, 4, 9:

pertractare ea quae rem continent,

id. Tusc. 4, 10, 23:

primum quae scripsi mecum ipse pertracto,

Plin. Ep. 7, 17, 7:

pertractare visu vulnera,

to explore, scan, Sil. 10, 452: mente, Vulg. Nahum. 1, 11.—Hence, * per-tractātē, adv., in a well-considered manner, elaborately, systematically:

nam pertractate facta est (fabula),

i. e. with a moral in view, Plaut. Capt. prol. 55.

phĭlŏlŏgĭa, ae, f., = philologia.

In gen., love of learning or letters, literary pursuits, the study of polite literature (class.):

ne et opera et oleum philologiae nostrae perierit,

Cic. Att. 2, 17, 1; Vitr. 7 praef. §

4: Homerus philologiae omnis dux,

id. ib. —

In partic., explanation, interpretation of the writings of others, philology (post-Aug.):

quae philosophia fuit, facta est philologia,

Sen. Ep. 108, 24.

prĕcārĭus, a, um, adj. [id.], obtained by begging, entreaty, or prayer (opp. debitus and pro imperio; not freq. till the Aug. per.; perh. used by Cic. only adverbially; v. infra).

Lit.:

non orare solum precariam opem, sed pro debitā petere,

obtained by entreaty, from mere favor, Liv. 3, 47, 2; cf.:

tribunicia potestas, precarium, non justum auxilium ferens,

id. 8, 35:

vita,

Tac. H. 4, 76:

precariam animam inter infensos trahere,

id. A. 1, 42:

imperium (quasi precibus concessum, ac propterea, quandocumque lubeat, rursus adimendum, Orell.),

id. H. 1, 52. —Hence, as subst.: prĕcārĭum, ii, n., any thing granted or lent upon request and at the will of the grantor:

precarium est, quod precibus petenti utendum conceditur tam diu, quamdiu is qui concessit patitur: quod genus liberalitatis ex jure gentium descendit, et distat a donatione eo, quod qui donat sic dat, ne recipiat: qui precario concedit sic dat, quasi tunc recepturus, cum sibi libuerit precarium solvere,

Dig. 43, 26, 1.—

Transf., depending on the will of another, doubtful, uncertain, transient, precarious:

forma,

Ov. M. 9, 76:

sapiens corpus suum, seque ipsum inter precaria numerat,

precarious, uncertain, transitory things, Sen. Tranq. 11, 1: fulgor, passing quickly by, very transient, Symm. Or. ap. Val. 1, 6.— Hence, adv.: prĕcārĭō, by entreaty or request (class.):

hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 24:

cum aliquo agere precario,

id. Truc. 4, 1, 12:

vel vi vel clam vel precario,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

si precario essent rogandi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

exegit,

Suet. Claud. 12:

praefuit,

on sufferance, Tac. Agr. 16:

precario studeo,

am obliged, as it were, to beg time for study, Plin. Ep. 7, 30, 4:

precario possidere,

by sufferance, Paul. Sent. 5, 6, 11:

ancillam quis precario rogaverit,

Dig. 43, 26, 10.

sēcessus, ūs, m. [secedo], a going away, departure, separation (not ante-Aug.).

In gen. (very rare):

avium,

Plin. 10, 29, 41, § 76:

quasi quodam secessu mentis atque animi facto a corpore,

Gell. 2, 1, 2.—

In partic.

(Acc. to secedo, I. B. 1.) Retirement, solitude (the prevailing signif. of the word; syn. solitudo).

Lit.:

carmina secessum scribentis et otia quaerunt,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 41; cf.: medium tempus [p. 1653] in otio secessuque egit, Suet. Vesp. 4: in secessu ruris sui Sabini, id. Fragm. Vit. Hor. fin.:

silentium et secessus non semper possunt contingere,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 10, 3, 23; Suet. Aug. 94; 98; id. Tib. 43; 56; 72; id. Galb. 8:

specie secessus exul,

Tac. A. 1, 4 fin.:

unus e senatoribus Rhodii secessus comes,

id. ib. 4, 15:

gratum litus amoeni secessus,

Juv. 3, 5 et saep.—

Transf., a retreat, recess:

est in secessu longo locus, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 159; 3, 229; Suet. Calig. 29; cf. id. ib. 50; id. Ner. 22; 34; id. Dom. 19; Sen. Ben. 4, 12, 3; in plur., Suet. Aug. 72; id. Calig. 45; Tac. A. 14, 62; Plin. Pan. 49; 83; id. Ep. 4, 23 fin. al.—Of a privy, Hier. Ep. 64, 2.—

Trop. (very rare): ideoque mihi videtur M. Tullius tantum intulisse eloquentiae lumen, quod in hos quoque studiorum secessus excurrit, into these remote departments of study (i. e. remote from forensic debates), Quint. 10, 5, 16:

in secessu quam in fronte beatior,

in his own mind, inwardly, Val. Max. 7, 2, 12 ext. —

(Acc. to secedo, I. B. 2.) For the usual secessio (II.), a political secession:

iratae plebis secessus,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 56.—

A place of retirement, privy, drain (late Lat.), Vulg. Matt. 15, 17; id. Marc. 7, 19.

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

stŭdĭōsus, a, um, adj. [studium], eager, zealous, assiduous, anxious after any thing, fond or studious of any thing.

In gen.

With gen. (most freq.):

venandi aut pilae studiosi,

Cic. Lael. 20, 74:

nemorum caedisque ferinae,

Ov. M. 7, 675:

placendi,

id. A. A. 3, 423:

culinae aut Veneris,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:

florum,

id. C. 3, 27, 29:

dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; Quint. 2, 13, 1:

eloquentiae,

id. 5, 10, 122:

summe omnium doctrinarum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

musices,

Quint. 1, 10, 12:

sapientiae,

id. 3, prooem. § 2;

12, 1, 19: sermonis,

id. 10, 1, 114:

juris,

occupied with, studious of, the law, Suet. Ner. 32.— Comp.:

ille restituendi mei quam retinendi studiosior,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 3.— Sup.:

munditiarum lautitiarumque studiosissimus,

Suet. Caes. 46:

aleae,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.—

With dat.:

nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nulli aliae,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:

armorum quam conviviorum apparatibus studiosior,

Just. 9, 8, 4.—

With ad:

studiosiores ad opus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 17, 7.—

With in:

in argento,

Petr. 52, 1.—

Absol.:

homo valde studiosus ac diligens,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 98:

putavi mihi suscipiendum laborem utilem studiosis,

id. Opt. Gen. 5, 13:

aliquid studioso animo inchoare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9.—

In partic.

Zealous for any one, i. e. partial, friendly, attached, devoted to him (class.; esp. freq. in Cic.): omnem omnibus studiosis ac fautoribus illius victoriae parrêsian eripui, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

mei studiosos habeo Dyrrhachinos,

id. ib. 3, 22, 4:

sui,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

nobilitatis,

id. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

studiosa Pectora,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 91.— Comp.:

studiosior alterius partis,

Suet. Tib. 11 med.:

te studiosiorem in me colendo fore,

Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1.— Sup.:

hunc cum ejus studiosissimo Pammene,

Cic. Or. 30, 105:

existimationis meae studiosissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 117:

studiosissimum Platonis auditorem fuisse,

Tac. Or. 32.—

Devoted to study or learning, learned, studious (not anteAug.; in Cic. always with gen.: litterarum, doctrinarum, etc.; v. supra, I. a, and cf. studeo, II. B.):

quid studiosa cohors operum struit?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 6:

ipse est studiosus, litteratus, etiam disertus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 26, 1:

juvenis studiosus alioquin,

Quint. 10, 3, 32.— Transf., of things:

studiosa disputatio,

a learned disputation, Quint. 11, 1, 70:

otium,

Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 11.— Plur. subst.: stŭdĭōsi, ōrum, m., studious men, the learned, students, Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 13; Quint. 2, 10, 5; 10, 1, 45; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; 4, 28, 2.—Also, sing.: Stŭdĭōsus, i, m., The Student, the title of a work of the elder Pliny, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5.—Hence, adv.: stŭ-dĭōsē, eagerly, zealously, anxiously, carefully, studiously (freq. and class.):

texentem telam studiose offendimus,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 44:

cum studiose pila luderet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 62, 253:

libenter studioseque audire,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; cf. Tac. Or. 2:

aliquid studiose diligenterque curare,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, §

7: studiose discunt, diligenter docentur,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

aliquid investigare,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

studiose cavendum est,

id. Lael. 26, 99.— Comp.:

ego cum antea studiose commendabam Marcilium, tum multo nunc studiosius, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 54; Quint. 3, 1, 15; 3, 6, 61; Ov. M. 5, 578; Nep. Ages. 3, 2; Col. 8, 11, 2; Just. 43, 3, 5 al.— Sup.:

aliquid studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Off. 3, 28, 101; Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; Suet. Calig. 54; id. Aug. 45.

umbra, ae, f. [etym. dub.; Curt. compares Sanscr. ambara, an encircling], a shade, shadow.

Lit.:

cum usque quaque umbra est, tamen Sol semper hic est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 79:

illa platanus, cujus umbram secutus est Socrates,

Cic. de Or. 1, 7, 28:

fiebat, ut incideret luna in eam metam, quae esset umbra terrae, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 14, 22; cf. id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

colles... afferunt umbram vallibus,

id. Rep. 2, 6, 11:

nox Involvens umbrā magnā terramque polumque,

Verg. A. 2, 251:

spissis noctis se condidit umbris,

id. ib. 2, 621:

majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae,

id. E. 1, 84; 5, 70:

pampineae,

id. ib. 7, 58:

certum est mihi, quasi umbra, quoquo ibis tu, te persequi,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 4; cf. id. Most. 3, 2, 82.—Prov.: umbras timere, to be afraid of shadows, i. e. to fear without cause, Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4:

umbram suam metuere,

Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 2, 9:

ipse meas solus, quod nil est, aemulor umbras,

Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 19.—

Transf.

In painting, the dark part of a painting, shade, shadow:

quam multa vident pictores in umbris et in eminentiā, quae nos non videmus!

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20; so (opp. lumen) Plin. 35, 5, 11, § 29; 35, 11, 40, § 131; 33, 3, 57, § 163.—

A shade, ghost of a dead person ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf.:

Manes, Lemures): nos ubi decidimus, Quo dives Tullus et Ancus, Pulvis et umbra sumus,

Hor. C. 4, 7, 16:

ne forte animas Acherunte reamur Effugere aut umbras inter vivos volitare,

Lucr. 4, 38; cf.:

cornea (porta), quā veris facilis datur exitus umbris,

Verg. A. 6, 894; Tib. 3, 2, 9; Verg. A. 5, 734; Hor. C. 2, 13, 30; id. S. 1, 8, 41; Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 18; Suet. Calig. 59 al.:

Umbrarum rex,

i. e. Pluto, Ov. M. 7, 249; so,

dominus,

id. ib. 10, 16.— In the plur. umbrae, of a single dead person:

matris agitabitur umbris,

Ov. M. 9, 410; 8, 476; 6, 541; Verg. A. 6, 510; 10, 519 al.—

Like the Greek skia, an uninvited guest, whom an invited one brings with him (cf. parasitus), Hor. S. 2, 8, 22; id. Ep. 1, 5, 28; Plaut. Pers. 2, 4, 27; so, of an attendant:

luxuriae,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13.—

A shade, shady place, that which gives a shade or shadow (as a tree, house, tent, etc; poet.);

of trees: nudus Arboris Othrys erat nec habebat Pelion umbras,

Ov. M. 12, 513; so id. ib. 10, 88; 10, 90; 14, 447; Verg. G. 1, 157, id. E. 9, 20; 5, 5; Sil. 4, 681:

Pompeiā spatiabere cultus in umbrā,

i. e. in the Pompeian portico, Prop. 4 (5), 8, 75; so,

Pompeia,

Ov. A. A. 1, 67; 3, 387:

vacuā tonsoris in umbrā,

in the cool barber's shop, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 50:

studia in umbrā educata,

in the closet, study, Tac. A. 14, 53; cf.:

rhetorica,

i. e. the rhetorician's school, Juv. 7, 173:

dum roseis venit umbra genis,

i. e. down, beard, Stat. Th. 4, 336; cf.: dubia lanuginis, Claud. Nupt. Pall. et Celer. 42: nunc umbra nudata sua jam tempora moerent, i. e. of hair, Petr. poët. 109: summae cassidis umbra, i. e. the plume or crest, Stat. Th. 6, 226:

sed non erat illi Arcus et ex umeris nullae fulgentibus umbrae,

i. e. quivers, id. S. 3, 4, 30.—

A fish, called also sciaena; a grayling, umber: Salmo thymallus, Linn.; Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299 (Heduph. v. 7 Vahl.); Varr. L. L. 5, § 77 Müll.; Ov. Hal. 111; Col. 8, 16, 8; Aus. Idyll. 10, 90.—

Trop., like the Engl. shadow or shade.

Opp. to substance or reality, a trace, obscure sign or image, faint appearance, imperfect copy or representation, semblance, pretence (cf. simulacrum):

veri juris germanaeque justitiae solidam et expressam effigiem nullam tenemus, umbrā et imaginibus utimur,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

umbra et imago civitatis,

id. Rep. 2, 30, 53:

umbra et imago equitis Romani,

id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: o hominem amentem et miserum, qui ne umbram quidem umquam tou kalou viderit! id. Att. 7, 11, 1:

in quo ipsam luxuriam reperire non potes, in eo te umbram luxuriae reperturum putas?

id. Mur. 6, 13: in comoediā maxime claudicamus... vix levem consequimur umbram, Quint. 10, 1, 100:

sub umbrā foederis aequi servitutem pati,

Liv. 8, 4, 2:

umbras falsae gloriae consectari,

Cic. Pis. 24, 57:

umbra es amantum magis quam amator,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 31:

mendax pietatis umbra,

Ov. M. 9, 459:

libertatis,

Luc. 3, 146:

belli,

Sil. 15, 316:

umbras quasdam veritatis habere,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 17; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 273.—

Shelter, cover, protection:

umbra et recessus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 101:

umbrā magni nominis delitescunt,

Quint. 12, 10, 15:

umbra vestri auxilii tegi possumus,

Liv. 7, 30, 18:

sub umbrā auxilii vestri latere volunt,

id. 32, 21, 31:

sub umbrā Romanae amicitiae latebant,

id. 34, 9, 10:

morum vitia sub umbrā eloquentiae primo latebant,

Just. 5, 2, 7.—

Rest, leisure:

ignavā Veneris cessamus in umbrā,

Ov. Am. 2, 18, 3; Albin. Ob. Maec. 98.

umbrātĭcus, a, um, adj. [umbra], of or belonging to the shade, i. e. to retirement, seclusion, or leisure:

homo,

i. e. who loves to stay in the shade, an idler, lounger, Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 24.—

Esp., retired, private, contemplative (opp. forensis):

Epicureorum delicata et umbratica turba,

Sen. Ben. 4, 2, 1:

solitaria et velut umbratica vita,

Quint. 1, 2, 18 Zumpt N. cr. (al. umbratili):

doctor,

i. e. one who teaches at home, a private tutor, Petr. 2:

litterae,

composed in one's study, Plin. Ep. 9, 2, 3:

negotium,

that is attended to at home, Gell. 3, 1, 10.

verso ( vorso), āvi, ātum, 1 ( inf. vorsarier, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 53), v. freq. a. [verto], to turn, wind, twist, or whirl about often or violently (freq. and class.; syn.: verto, contorqueo).

Lit.: qui caelum versat stellis fulgentibus aptum, Enn. ap. Macr. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 30 Vahl.): Sisyphus versat Saxum, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

turbinem puer,

Tib. 1, 5, 4:

turdos in igni,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 72:

ova non acri favillā,

Ov. M. 8, 667:

cum versati appositi essent pisces,

Quint. 6, 3, 90:

vinclorum inmensa volumina,

Verg. A. 5, 408:

manum,

Ov. M. 12, 493:

lumina,

id. ib. 5, 134; 6, 247;

7, 579: cardinem,

id. ib. 4, 93:

fusum,

id. ib. 4, 221;

6, 22: corpus,

id. Am. 1, 2, 4:

sortem urnā,

to shake, Hor. C. 2, 3, 26:

ligonibus glaebas,

to turn up, hoe, id. ib. 3, 6, 39; so,

rura (juvenci),

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 129:

terram,

Ov. R. Am. 173:

desectum gramen,

hay, id. M. 14, 646:

currum in gramine,

i. e. to wheel about, Verg. A. 12, 664:

oves,

to drive about, pasture, id. E. 10, 68:

pulsat versatque Dareta,

id. A. 5, 460:

me versant in litore venti,

id. ib. 6, 362: vos exemplaria Graeca Nocturnā versate manu, versate diurnā, turn them over, i. e. read, study them, Hor. A. P. 269:

et nummulario non ex fide versanti pecunias manus amputavit,

handling, accounting for, Suet. Galb. 9.—With se, or mid., to turn one's self often, to turn, revolve, etc.: versabat se in utramque partem, non solum mente, verum etiam corpore, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 30, § 74.—Prov.:

satis diu jam hoc saxum vorso,

I have wasted time enough with this man, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 55.—Mid.:

mundum versari circum axem caeli,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 52:

qui (orbes) versantur retro,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

pars superior mundi non versatur in turbinem,

Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 1:

suāpte naturā et cylindrum volvi et versari turbinem putat,

Cic. Fat. 18, 42:

ne versari aves possent,

Col. 8, 7, 1.—

Trop.

In gen., to turn, twist, bend:

versare suam naturam et regere ad tempus atque huc et illuc torquere et flectere,

Cic. Cael. 6, 13:

ad omnem malitiam et fraudem versare mentem suam coepit,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

eadem multis modis,

id. Or. 40, 137:

causas,

i. e. to treat, manage, id. ib. 9, 31; Quint. 10, 5, 9; cf. absol.:

non mille figuris variet ac verset (orator)?

id. 5, 14, 32:

verba,

to pervert, alter, Cic. Fin. 4, 20, 56:

fors omnia versat,

turns, changes, Verg. E. 9, 5;

so mid.: versatur celeri Fors levis orbe rotae,

Tib. 1, 5, 70:

huc et illuc, Torquate, vos versetis licet, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 99:

in quo, utrum respondebo, verses te huc atque illuc necesse est,

id. ib. 5, 28, 86:

versabat se ad omnis cogitationes,

Curt. 6, 6, 27.—

In partic. (rare in Cic.).

Qs. to turn upside down, i. e. to discompose, disturb, vex, agitate:

versabo ego illum hodie, si vivo, probe,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 6; id. Pers. 5, 2, 17:

haerere homo, versari, rubere,

to be disturbed, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 187: si quid te adjuero curamve levasso Quae nunc te coquit et versat in pectore fixa, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 340 Vahl.):

miserum toto cubili,

Prop. 1, 14, 21:

illum toto versant suspiria lecto,

id. 2, 22, 47 (3, 16, 5):

odiis domos,

to overthrow, ruin, subvert, Verg. A. 7, 336:

ille placet, versatque domum, neque verbera sentit,

i. e. disturbs without being punished, Ov. Am. 2, 2, 29:

sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset,

alternated with, treated each in turn, Caes. B. G. 5, 44 fin.:

pectora,

id. ib. 2, 45:

muliebrem animum in omnes partes,

Liv. 1, 58, 3:

patrum animos,

id. 1, 17, 1:

pectora (nunc indignatio nunc pudor),

id. 2, 45, 5; cf.:

spesque timorque animum versat utroque modo,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 12.—

To turn over a thing in the mind, to think over, meditate, or reflect upon, revolve, consider; to transact, carry on (cf.:

volvo, agito): multas res simitu in meo corde vorso,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 1:

versarent in animis secum unamquamque rem,

Liv. 3, 34, 4:

illa dolos dirumque nefas in pectere versat, Certa mori,

Verg. A. 4, 563; so,

dolos,

id. ib. 2, 62:

versate diu, quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri,

Hor. A. P. 39:

ubi maxima rerum momenta versantur,

Quint. 8, 3, 13:

versenturque omni modo numeri,

examined, considered, id. 10, 3, 5; 10, 5, 9:

somnia decies,

to interpret, Prop. 2, 4, 16:

multum igitur domi ante versandi sunt (testes), variis percontationibus, etc.,

examined, practised, Quint. 5, 7, 11.—

Transf., in the mid. form, versor ( vor-sor), ātus, 1, prop. to move about in a place, i. e. to dwell, live, remain, stay, abide, be in a place or among certain persons; constr. most freq. with in aliquā re; also with inter, intra, apud, and cum.

Lit.:

vorsari crebro hic cum viderent me domi,

Plaut. Am. prol. 128:

in medio pariete,

id. Cas. 1, 52:

non ad solarium, non in campo, non in conviviis versatus est,

Cic. Quint. 18, 59:

in fundo,

id. Mil. 20, 53:

in castris,

Caes. B. G. 2, 24:

inter aciem,

id. ib. 1, 52; cf.:

nec versari inter eos sine dedecore potero,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 3:

intra vallum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 96:

alicui inter femina,

Suet. Tib. 44:

nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 10;

apud praefectos regis,

Nep. Con. 2, 4.—

Trop.

In gen., to be; to be circumstanced or situated:

nescis, quantis in malis vorser miser,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 25:

certe ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui,

Cat. 64, 149:

ergo illi nunc in pace versantur,

Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 6:

in clarissimā luce,

id. Off. 2, 13, 44:

Minturnenses aeternā in laude versantur,

id. Planc. 10, 26:

in simili culpā,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110:

mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versaris,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

nec versantur omnino scripta eorum inter manus hominum,

i. e. are read, Dig. 1, 2, 2.—Of abstract subjects: numquam tibi populi Romani dignitas, numquam species ipsa hujusmodi multitudinis in oculis animoque versata est? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:

mors, exsilium mihi ob oculos versabantur,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

haec omnia in eodem errore versantur,

id. N. D. 3, 10, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 44, 107:

aliquid in dubitatione versatur,

id. Rep. 2, 15, 29:

Mithridaticum bellum, in multā varietate versatum,

waged with many vicissitudes, id. Arch. 9, 21.—

In partic., to occupy or busy one's self with any action, to be engaged in any thing.

Of persons.

With in and abl. (class.):

opifices omnes in sordidā arte versantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150:

in omnibus ingenuis artibus,

id. Fam. 4, 3, 4:

versabor in re difficili,

id. Leg. 3, 15, 33:

in re publicā atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque,

id. Arch. 12, 30;

ullā in cogitatione acrius ac diligentius versari,

id. Rep. 1, 22, 35:

si diutius in hoc genere verser,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

multum in imperiis,

Nep. Milt. 8, 2.—

With circa and acc. (post-Aug.):

circa mensuras ac numeros non versabitur (orator)?

Quint. 2, 21, 19.—

With inter:

inter arma ac studia versatus,

Vell. 1, 13, 3.—

Of abstract subjects.

With in and abl. (class.):

haec omnia in eodem quo illa Zenonis errore versantur,

depend on, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25:

dicendi omnis ratio in hominum more et sermone versatur,

is occupied with, concerns, Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

ejus omnis oratio versata est in eo, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 57, 244; cf.:

imitatio est posita fere in eludendo, sed versatur etiam in factis,

Quint. 9, 2, 58: ipsae res in perfacili cognitione versantur Cic. Or. 35, 122;

quae omnes artes in veri investigatione versantur,

id. Off. 1, 6, 19:

omnia quae in causā versarentur,

Quint. 7, 1, 4:

epilogi omnes in eādem fere materiā versari solent,

id. 7, 4, 19; 2, 4, 1:

praejudiciorum vis omnis tribus in generibus versatur,

id. 5, 2, 1.—

With circa and acc. (post-Aug.):

haec pars (tragoedia) circa iram, odium, metum, miserationem fere tota versatur,

Quint. 6, 2, 20:

circa quae versari videatur omnis quaestio,

id. 3, 6, 23:

quidam circa res omnes, quidam circa civiles modo versari rhetoricen putaverunt,

id. 2, 15, 15.—

With abl.:

itaque (finitio) pluribus legibus isdem quibus conjectura versatur,

Quint. 7, 3, 1 (dub.; Halm, ex conj. in isdem).—

Part. perf.:

homo in aliis causis exercitatus et in hac multum et saepe versatus,

Cic. Quint. 1, 3:

viri in rerum publicarum varietate versati,

id. Rep. 3, 3, 4:

semper inter arma ac studia versatus,

Vell. 1, 13, 3.— Absol.:

is missum ad dilectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum praeposuit, etc.,

Tac. Agr. 7.

verso ( vorso), āvi, ātum, 1 ( inf. vorsarier, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 53), v. freq. a. [verto], to turn, wind, twist, or whirl about often or violently (freq. and class.; syn.: verto, contorqueo).

Lit.: qui caelum versat stellis fulgentibus aptum, Enn. ap. Macr. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 30 Vahl.): Sisyphus versat Saxum, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

turbinem puer,

Tib. 1, 5, 4:

turdos in igni,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 72:

ova non acri favillā,

Ov. M. 8, 667:

cum versati appositi essent pisces,

Quint. 6, 3, 90:

vinclorum inmensa volumina,

Verg. A. 5, 408:

manum,

Ov. M. 12, 493:

lumina,

id. ib. 5, 134; 6, 247;

7, 579: cardinem,

id. ib. 4, 93:

fusum,

id. ib. 4, 221;

6, 22: corpus,

id. Am. 1, 2, 4:

sortem urnā,

to shake, Hor. C. 2, 3, 26:

ligonibus glaebas,

to turn up, hoe, id. ib. 3, 6, 39; so,

rura (juvenci),

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 129:

terram,

Ov. R. Am. 173:

desectum gramen,

hay, id. M. 14, 646:

currum in gramine,

i. e. to wheel about, Verg. A. 12, 664:

oves,

to drive about, pasture, id. E. 10, 68:

pulsat versatque Dareta,

id. A. 5, 460:

me versant in litore venti,

id. ib. 6, 362: vos exemplaria Graeca Nocturnā versate manu, versate diurnā, turn them over, i. e. read, study them, Hor. A. P. 269:

et nummulario non ex fide versanti pecunias manus amputavit,

handling, accounting for, Suet. Galb. 9.—With se, or mid., to turn one's self often, to turn, revolve, etc.: versabat se in utramque partem, non solum mente, verum etiam corpore, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 30, § 74.—Prov.:

satis diu jam hoc saxum vorso,

I have wasted time enough with this man, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 55.—Mid.:

mundum versari circum axem caeli,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 52:

qui (orbes) versantur retro,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

pars superior mundi non versatur in turbinem,

Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 1:

suāpte naturā et cylindrum volvi et versari turbinem putat,

Cic. Fat. 18, 42:

ne versari aves possent,

Col. 8, 7, 1.—

Trop.

In gen., to turn, twist, bend:

versare suam naturam et regere ad tempus atque huc et illuc torquere et flectere,

Cic. Cael. 6, 13:

ad omnem malitiam et fraudem versare mentem suam coepit,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

eadem multis modis,

id. Or. 40, 137:

causas,

i. e. to treat, manage, id. ib. 9, 31; Quint. 10, 5, 9; cf. absol.:

non mille figuris variet ac verset (orator)?

id. 5, 14, 32:

verba,

to pervert, alter, Cic. Fin. 4, 20, 56:

fors omnia versat,

turns, changes, Verg. E. 9, 5;

so mid.: versatur celeri Fors levis orbe rotae,

Tib. 1, 5, 70:

huc et illuc, Torquate, vos versetis licet, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 99:

in quo, utrum respondebo, verses te huc atque illuc necesse est,

id. ib. 5, 28, 86:

versabat se ad omnis cogitationes,

Curt. 6, 6, 27.—

In partic. (rare in Cic.).

Qs. to turn upside down, i. e. to discompose, disturb, vex, agitate:

versabo ego illum hodie, si vivo, probe,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 6; id. Pers. 5, 2, 17:

haerere homo, versari, rubere,

to be disturbed, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 187: si quid te adjuero curamve levasso Quae nunc te coquit et versat in pectore fixa, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 340 Vahl.):

miserum toto cubili,

Prop. 1, 14, 21:

illum toto versant suspiria lecto,

id. 2, 22, 47 (3, 16, 5):

odiis domos,

to overthrow, ruin, subvert, Verg. A. 7, 336:

ille placet, versatque domum, neque verbera sentit,

i. e. disturbs without being punished, Ov. Am. 2, 2, 29:

sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset,

alternated with, treated each in turn, Caes. B. G. 5, 44 fin.:

pectora,

id. ib. 2, 45:

muliebrem animum in omnes partes,

Liv. 1, 58, 3:

patrum animos,

id. 1, 17, 1:

pectora (nunc indignatio nunc pudor),

id. 2, 45, 5; cf.:

spesque timorque animum versat utroque modo,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 12.—

To turn over a thing in the mind, to think over, meditate, or reflect upon, revolve, consider; to transact, carry on (cf.:

volvo, agito): multas res simitu in meo corde vorso,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 1:

versarent in animis secum unamquamque rem,

Liv. 3, 34, 4:

illa dolos dirumque nefas in pectere versat, Certa mori,

Verg. A. 4, 563; so,

dolos,

id. ib. 2, 62:

versate diu, quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri,

Hor. A. P. 39:

ubi maxima rerum momenta versantur,

Quint. 8, 3, 13:

versenturque omni modo numeri,

examined, considered, id. 10, 3, 5; 10, 5, 9:

somnia decies,

to interpret, Prop. 2, 4, 16:

multum igitur domi ante versandi sunt (testes), variis percontationibus, etc.,

examined, practised, Quint. 5, 7, 11.—

Transf., in the mid. form, versor ( vor-sor), ātus, 1, prop. to move about in a place, i. e. to dwell, live, remain, stay, abide, be in a place or among certain persons; constr. most freq. with in aliquā re; also with inter, intra, apud, and cum.

Lit.:

vorsari crebro hic cum viderent me domi,

Plaut. Am. prol. 128:

in medio pariete,

id. Cas. 1, 52:

non ad solarium, non in campo, non in conviviis versatus est,

Cic. Quint. 18, 59:

in fundo,

id. Mil. 20, 53:

in castris,

Caes. B. G. 2, 24:

inter aciem,

id. ib. 1, 52; cf.:

nec versari inter eos sine dedecore potero,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 3:

intra vallum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 96:

alicui inter femina,

Suet. Tib. 44:

nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 10;

apud praefectos regis,

Nep. Con. 2, 4.—

Trop.

In gen., to be; to be circumstanced or situated:

nescis, quantis in malis vorser miser,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 25:

certe ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui,

Cat. 64, 149:

ergo illi nunc in pace versantur,

Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 6:

in clarissimā luce,

id. Off. 2, 13, 44:

Minturnenses aeternā in laude versantur,

id. Planc. 10, 26:

in simili culpā,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110:

mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versaris,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

nec versantur omnino scripta eorum inter manus hominum,

i. e. are read, Dig. 1, 2, 2.—Of abstract subjects: numquam tibi populi Romani dignitas, numquam species ipsa hujusmodi multitudinis in oculis animoque versata est? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:

mors, exsilium mihi ob oculos versabantur,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

haec omnia in eodem errore versantur,

id. N. D. 3, 10, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 44, 107:

aliquid in dubitatione versatur,

id. Rep. 2, 15, 29:

Mithridaticum bellum, in multā varietate versatum,

waged with many vicissitudes, id. Arch. 9, 21.—

In partic., to occupy or busy one's self with any action, to be engaged in any thing.

Of persons.

With in and abl. (class.):

opifices omnes in sordidā arte versantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150:

in omnibus ingenuis artibus,

id. Fam. 4, 3, 4:

versabor in re difficili,

id. Leg. 3, 15, 33:

in re publicā atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque,

id. Arch. 12, 30;

ullā in cogitatione acrius ac diligentius versari,

id. Rep. 1, 22, 35:

si diutius in hoc genere verser,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

multum in imperiis,

Nep. Milt. 8, 2.—

With circa and acc. (post-Aug.):

circa mensuras ac numeros non versabitur (orator)?

Quint. 2, 21, 19.—

With inter:

inter arma ac studia versatus,

Vell. 1, 13, 3.—

Of abstract subjects.

With in and abl. (class.):

haec omnia in eodem quo illa Zenonis errore versantur,

depend on, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25:

dicendi omnis ratio in hominum more et sermone versatur,

is occupied with, concerns, Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

ejus omnis oratio versata est in eo, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 57, 244; cf.:

imitatio est posita fere in eludendo, sed versatur etiam in factis,

Quint. 9, 2, 58: ipsae res in perfacili cognitione versantur Cic. Or. 35, 122;

quae omnes artes in veri investigatione versantur,

id. Off. 1, 6, 19:

omnia quae in causā versarentur,

Quint. 7, 1, 4:

epilogi omnes in eādem fere materiā versari solent,

id. 7, 4, 19; 2, 4, 1:

praejudiciorum vis omnis tribus in generibus versatur,

id. 5, 2, 1.—

With circa and acc. (post-Aug.):

haec pars (tragoedia) circa iram, odium, metum, miserationem fere tota versatur,

Quint. 6, 2, 20:

circa quae versari videatur omnis quaestio,

id. 3, 6, 23:

quidam circa res omnes, quidam circa civiles modo versari rhetoricen putaverunt,

id. 2, 15, 15.—

With abl.:

itaque (finitio) pluribus legibus isdem quibus conjectura versatur,

Quint. 7, 3, 1 (dub.; Halm, ex conj. in isdem).—

Part. perf.:

homo in aliis causis exercitatus et in hac multum et saepe versatus,

Cic. Quint. 1, 3:

viri in rerum publicarum varietate versati,

id. Rep. 3, 3, 4:

semper inter arma ac studia versatus,

Vell. 1, 13, 3.— Absol.:

is missum ad dilectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum praeposuit, etc.,

Tac. Agr. 7.