-
41 line
1) линия; черта || проводить линию; линовать2) строка; строчка3) геом. прямая4) конвейер; технологическая линия; поточная линия5) канат; трос; мор. линь6) трубопровод || прокладывать трубопровод7) футеровка; кладка || футеровать; выкладывать8) облицовка || облицовывать9) геом. ось10) очередь, хвост11) ряд; серия; линия; партия ( изделий)12) контур; очертания13) линия (связи)15) рельсовый путь16) горн. отвес ( для направления выработок)17) короткое письмо18) соосный || располагать соосно•in line — на одной линии; совмещённый; совпадающий
in line with — в соответствии с; согласующийся с
in straight lines — мат. прямолинейно
in the line of — в направлении, по направлению, вдоль, по линии
line tangent to — геом. касательная к
no lines — телефон. все линии заняты ( служебный сигнал)
plotted as a line — мат. выраженный [представленный] линией ( о функциональной зависимости)
to line up on approach lights — авиац. выходить на огни
to produce a line — геом. построить линию
to seize a line — телефон. занимать линию
- absorption spectral line - coaxial supply line - coaxial transmission lineto take in line — полигр. вгонять строку
- cut line- die line- downstream water line- end line- line of constant rotation - line of equal probability - multischedule private line - numerical line - projective line - properly parallel lines - real number line - section line - water-oil interface line - waveguide transmission line -
42 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
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control nуправлениеacceleration control line flow restrictorдроссельный пакет линии управления приемистостьюacceleration control unitавтомат приемистостиaerodrome approach control systemсистема управления подходом к аэродромуaerodrome controlуправление в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control communicationаэродромная командная связьaerodrome controlled zoneзона, контролируемая авиадиспетчерской службой аэродромаaerodrome control pointаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control radarдиспетчерский аэродромный радиолокаторaerodrome control radioаэродромная радиостанция командной связиaerodrome control sectorзона контроля аэродрома диспетчерской службойaerodrome control serviceслужба управления движением в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control towerаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control tower clearanceразрешение аэродромного диспетчерского пунктаaerodrome control unitаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome traffic control zoneзона аэродромного управления воздушным движениемaerodynamic controlуправление с помощью аэродинамической поверхностиaerodynamic roll controlуправление креном с помощью аэродинамической поверхностиaeronautical information controlаэронавигационное диспетчерское обслуживаниеaileron control systemсистема управления элеронамиaileron trim tab control systemсистема управления триммером элеронаair controlдиспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространстваaircraft control lossпотеря управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control marginзапас управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control systemсистема управления воздушным судномaircraft control transferпередача управления воздушным судномaircraft sanitary controlсанитарный контроль воздушных судовair intake spike controlуправление конусом воздухозаборникомair mixture controlрегулирование топливовоздушной смесиairport control towerкомандно-диспетчерский пункт аэрофлотаair traffic control1. управление воздушным движением2. ответчик системы УВД Air Traffic Control Advisory CommitteeКонсультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic control areaзона управления воздушным движениемair traffic control boundaryграница зоны управления воздушным движениемair traffic control centerдиспетчерский центр управления воздушным движениемair traffic control clearanceразрешение службы управления воздушным движениемair-traffic control instructionуказания по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic control loopцикл управления воздушным движениемair traffic control proceduresправила управления воздушным движениемair traffic control radarрадиолокатор управления воздушным движениемair traffic control routingпрокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движениемair traffic control serviceслужба управления воздушным движениемair traffic control systemсистема управления воздушным движениемair traffic control unitпункт управления воздушным движениемairways controlуправление воздушным движением на трассе полетаairworthiness control systemсистема контроля за летной годностьюaltitude control unitвысотный корректорamount of controlsстепень использованияangle-of-attack controlустановка угла атакиangular position controlуправление по угловому отклонениюantitorque control pedalпедаль управления рулевым винтомapproach controlуправление в зоне захода на посадкуapproach control pointдиспетчерский пункт захода на посадкуapproach control radarрадиолокатор управления заходом на посадкуapproach control serviceдиспетчерская служба захода на посадкуapproach control towerпункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control unitдиспетчерский пункт управления заходом на посадкуarea controlуправление в зонеarea control centerрайонный диспетчерский центр управления движением на авиатрассеarea flight controlрайонный диспетчерский пункт управления полетамиassisted controlуправление с помощью гидроусилителейassociated crop control operationконтроль состояния посевов по пути выполнения основного заданияassociated fire control operationпротивопожарное патрулирование по пути выполнения основного заданияassume the controlбрать управление на себяassumption of control messageприем экипажем диспетчерского указанияattitude control systemсистема ориентации(в полете) attitude flight controlуправление пространственным положениемautomatic boost controlавтоматическое регулирование наддуваautomatic controlавтоматическое управлениеautomatic exhaust temperature controlавтоматический регулятор температуры выходящих газовautomatic flight controlавтоматическое управление полетомautomatic flight control equipmentоборудование автоматического управления полетомautomatic flight control systemавтоматическая бортовая система управленияautomatic gain controlавтоматическая регулировка усиленияautomatic level controlавтоматическое управление уровнемautomatic path controlавтоматический контроль траекторииautomatic volume controlавтоматическое регулирование громкостиautopilot controlуправление с помощью автопилотаautostart control unitавтомат запускаbackswept boundary layer controlled wingкрыло с управляемым пограничным слоемbalance the control surfaceбалансировать поверхность управленияbank controlуправление креномblanketing of controlsзатенение рулейbleed valve control mechanismмеханизм управления клапанами перепуска воздухаbleed valve control unitблок управления клапанами перепускаboundary layer controlуправление пограничным слоемbrake control pedalпедаль управления тормозамиBudget Control SectionСекция контроля за выполнением бюджета(ИКАО) bypass controlуправление перепуском топливаcabin temperature control systemсистема регулирования температуры воздуха в кабинеcable controlтросовое управлениеcable control systemсистема тросового управленияcargo hatch control switchпереключатель управления грузовым люкомchange-over to manual controlпереходить на ручное управлениеcheck controlконтрольный кодclearance controlтаможенный досмотрcollective pitch controlуправление общим шагомcollective pitch control leverручка шаг-газcollective pitch control rodтяга управления общим шагомcollective pitch control systemсистема управления общим шагом(несущего винта) constant altitude controlвыдерживание постоянной высотыcontrol actuatorисполнительный механизм управленияcontrol boardпульт управленияcontrol boosterусилитель системы управленияcontrol cableтрос управленияcontrol cable fairleadнаправляющая тросовой проводкиcontrol cable pressure sealгермовывод троса управленияcontrol centerдиспетчерский центрcontrol characteristicхарактеристика управляемостиcontrol circuitцепь управленияcontrol columnштурвальная колонкаcontrol column elbowколено колонки штурвалаcontrol column gaiterчехол штурвальной колонкиcontrol communicationсвязь для управления полетамиcontrol consoleпульт управленияcontrol deskпульт управленияcontrol forceусилие в системе управленияcontrol gearведущая шестерняcontrol in transitionуправление на переходном режимеcontrol lagзапаздывание системы управленияcontrolled aerodromeаэродром с командно-диспетчерской службойcontrolled airspaceконтролируемое воздушное пространствоcontrolled flightконтролируемый полетcontrolled routeконтролируемый маршрутcontrolled spinуправляемый штопорcontrol leverручка управленияcontrolling beamуправляющий лучcontrolling fuelкомандное топливоcontrol linkageпроводка системы управленияcontrol lockстопор рулейcontrol lossпотеря управляемостиcontrol messageдиспетчерское указаниеcontrol modeрежим управленияcontrol of an investigationконтроль за ходом расследованияcontrol panelпульт управленияcontrol pedestalпульт управленияcontrol position indicatorуказатель положения рулейcontrol radarрадиолокационная станция наведенияcontrol radio stationрадиостанция диспетчерской связиcontrol rodтяга управленияcontrol rod pressure sealгермовывод тяги управленияcontrol signalуправляющий сигналcontrol slotщель управления(пограничным слоем) control speedэволютивная скоростьМинимально допустимая скорость при сохранении управляемости. controls responseчувствительность органов управленияcontrol stickручка управления(воздушным судном) control stick movementперемещение ручки управленияcontrol surfaceповерхность управленияcontrol surface angleугол отклонения руляcontrol surface chordхорда руляcontrol surface deflectionотклонение поверхности управленияcontrol surface effectivenessэффективность рулейcontrol surface loadнагрузка на поверхность управленияcontrol surface pilotось руляcontrol surface reversalперекладка поверхности управленияcontrol systemсистема управленияcontrol system loadусилие на систему управленияcontrol the aircraftуправлять воздушным судномcontrol the pitchуправлять шагомcontrol transfer lineрубеж передачи управленияcontrol unitкомандный приборcontrol valveклапан управленияcontrol wheelштурвалcontrol wheel forceусилие на штурвалеcontrol wheel gripрукоятка штурвалаcontrol wheel hornрог штурвалаcontrol wheel rimколесо штурвала управленияcontrol zoneзона диспетчерского контроляcrop control flightполет для контроля состояния посевовcrop control operationполет для контроля состояния посевов с воздухаcustoms controlтаможенный досмотрcyclic pitch controlуправление циклическим шагомcyclic pitch control rodтяга управления циклическим шагомcyclic pitch control stickручка продольно-поперечного управления циклическим шагом(несущего винта) cyclic pitch control systemсистема управления циклическим шагом(несущего винта) data flow controlуправление потоком информацииdeceleration control unitдроссельный механизмdeflect the control surfaceотклонять поверхность управления(напр. элерон) differential aileron controlдифференциальное управление элеронамиdifferential controlдифференциальное управлениеdigital engine controlцифровой электронный регулятор режимов работы двигателяdirect controlнепосредственный контрольdirectional controlпутевое управлениеdirectional control capabilityпродольная управляемость при посадкеdirectional control lossпотеря путевой управляемостиdirectional control pedalпедаль путевого управленияdirect lift control systemсистема управления подъемной силойdirector controlдиректорное управлениеdistance controlдистанционное управлениеDocument Control UnitСектор контроля за документациейdrift angle controlуправление углом сносаdual controlспаренное управлениеeasy-to-operate controlлегкое управлениеelectric propeller pitch controlэлектрическое управление шагом воздушного винтаelectronic engine control systemэлектронная система управления двигателемelevator controlуправление рулем высотыelevator control standколонка руля высотыemergency controlаварийное управлениеengine control systemсистема управления двигателемengine throttle control leverрычаг раздельного управления газом двигателяenvironmental control system equipmentоборудование системы контроля окружающей средыenvironment controlохрана окружающей средыenvironment control systemсистема жизнеобеспечения(воздушного судна) environment control system noiseшум от системы кондиционированияfail to maintain controlне обеспечивать диспетчерское обслуживаниеfail to relinquish controlсвоевременно не передать управлениеfeedback control systemсистема управления с обратной связьюfire control operationпротивопожарное патрулирование с воздухаflight compartment controlsорганы управления в кабине экипажаflight controlдиспетчерское управление полетамиflight control boost systemбустерная система управления полетомflight control fundamentalsруководство по управлению полетамиflight control gust-lock systemсистема стопорения поверхностей управления(при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control loadнагрузка в полете от поверхности управленияflight control systemсистема управления полетомflight director system control panelпульт управления системой директорного управленияflow controlуправление потокомflow control centerдиспетчерский центр управления потоком воздушного движенияflow control procedureуправление потокомfoot controlsножное управлениеfore-aft control rodтяга провольного управленияfuel control panelтопливный щитокfuel control unitкомандно-топливный агрегатfuel injection controlрегулирование непосредственного впрыска топливаfull-span control surfaceповерхность управления по всему размаху(напр. крыла) get out of controlтерять управлениеgo out of controlстановиться неуправляемымground controlуправление наземным движениемground controlled approachзаход на посадку на посадку под контролем наземных средствground control systemназемная система управления(полетом) hand controlручное управлениеhandle the flight controlsоперировать органами управления полетомheading control loopрамочная антенна контроля курсаhealth controlмедицинский контрольhelicopter control systemсистема управления вертолетомhydraulic controlгидравлическое управлениеhydraulic control boost systemгидравлическая бустерная система управленияhydraulic propeller pitch controlгидравлическое управление шагом воздушного винтаimmigration controlиммиграционный контрольindependent controlавтономное управлениеinertial control systemинерциальная система управленияintegrated control systemвстроенная система контроляintegrated system of airspace controlкомплексная система контроля воздушного пространстваinterphone control boxабонентский аппарат переговорного устройстваirreversible controlнеобратимое управлениеjacking control unitпульт управления подъемникамиjet deviation control systemсистема управления отклонением реактивной струиlaminar flow controlуправление ламинарным потокомlanding controlуправление посадкойland use controlконтроль за использованием территорииlateral controlпоперечное управлениеlateral control rodтяга поперечного управленияlateral control spoilerинтерцептор - элеронlateral control systemсистема поперечного управления(воздушным судном) layout of controlsрасположение органов управленияlevel controlуправление эшелонированиемlongitudinal controlпродольное управлениеlongitudinal control rodтяга продольного управленияlongitudinal control systemсистема продольного управления(воздушным судном) loss of controlпотеря управленияloss the controlтерять управлениеlow control areaнижний диспетчерский районmaintain controlобеспечивать диспетчерское обслуживаниеmanipulate the flight controlsоперировать органами управления полетомmanual controlручное управлениеmaster controlцентральный пульт управленияmid air collision controlпредупреждение столкновений в воздухеmixture controlвысотный корректорmixture control assemblyвысотный корректор двигателяmixture control knobручка управления высотным корректоромmixture control leverрычаг высотного корректораnoise controlконтроль уровня шумаnoise control techniqueметод контроля шумаnonreversible controlнеобратимое управлениеnozzle control systemсистема управления реактивным сопломoceanic area control centerокеанический районный диспетчерский центрoceanic control areaокеанический диспетчерский районoil control ringмаслосборное кольцоoperating controlsорганы управленияoperational controlдиспетчерское управление полетамиoverspeed limiting controlузел ограничения заброса оборотовpassport controlпаспортный контрольpedal controlножное управлениеpilot on the controlsпилот, управляющий воздушным судномpitch controlпродольное управлениеpitch control leverручка шагаpitch control systemсистема управления тангажомpitch trim control knobкремальера тангажаpositive control zoneзона полного диспетчерского контроляpower augmentation controlуправление форсажемpower-boost controlобратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-boost control systemбустерная обратимая система управленияpowered controlуправление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-operated controlнеобратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-operated control systemнеобратимая система управленияpressure control systemсистема регулирования давленияpressure control unitавтомат давленияpropeller control unitрегулятор числа оборотов воздушного винтаpropeller pitch controlуправление шагом воздушного винтаpropeller pitch control systemл управления шагом воздушного винтаpull the control column backбрать штурвал на себяpull the control stick backбрать ручку управления на себяpush-button controlкнопочное управлениеpush-pull control systemжесткая система управления(при помощи тяг) push the control columnотдавать штурвал от себяpush the control stickотдавать ручку управления от себяquality control expertэксперт по контролю за качествомradar approach controlцентр радиолокационного управления заходом на посадкуradar controlрадиолокационный контрольradar control areaзона действия радиолокатораradar transfer of controlпередача радиолокационного диспетчерского управленияradio control boardпульт управления по радиоradio remote controlрадиодистанционное управлениеregional control centerрегиональный диспетчерский центрrelease of controlпередача управленияrelinquish controlпередавать управлениеremote controlдистанционное управлениеremote control equipmentоборудование дистанционного управленияremote control systemсистема дистанционного управленияrespond to controlsреагировать на отклонение рулейreverser lock control valveклапан управления замком реверсаreversible controlобратимое управлениеreversible control systemобратимая система управленияrigid controlжесткое управлениеroll controlуправление по кренуroll control force sensorдатчик усилий по кренуroll control knobручка управления креномrudder controlуправление рулем направленияrudder control systemсистема управления рулем направленияrudder trim tab control systemсистема управления триммером руля направленияrunway controlledдиспетчер стартаrunway control vanпередвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВППsafety control measuresмеры по обеспечению безопасностиspeed control areaзона выдерживания скоростиspeed control systemсистема управления скоростью(полета) spring tab control rodтяга управление пружинным сервокомпенсаторомstabilizer control jackмеханизм перестановки стабилизатораstack controlledдиспетчер подходаstarting fuel control unitавтомат подачи пускового топливаsteering-damping control valveраспределительно демпфирующий механизмstiff controlтугое управлениеsurface movement controlуправление наземным движениемsurge controlпротивопомпажный механизмtab control systemсистема управления триммеромtab control wheelштурвальчик управления триммеромtail rotor control pedalпедаль управления рулевым винтомtake over the controlбрать управление на себяtemperature controlтерморегуляторtemperature control amplifierусилитель терморегулятораtemporary loss of controlвременная потеря управляемостиterminal control areaузловой диспетчерский районterminal radar controlконечный пункт радиолокационного контроляterminate the controlпрекращать диспетчерское обслуживаниеtermination of controlпрекращение диспетчерского обслуживанияthrottle controlуправление газомthrottle control knobсектор управления газомthrottle control twist gripручка коррекции газаtie bus controlуправление переключением шинtrack controlledдиспетчер обзорного радиолокатораtraffic controlуправление воздушным движениемtraffic control instructionsправила управления воздушным движениемtraffic control personnelперсонал диспетчерской службы воздушного движенияtraffic control regulationsправила управления воздушным движениемtransfer of controlпередача диспетчерского управленияtransfer the controlпередавать диспетчерское управление другому пунктуtrim tab controlуправление триммеромturn control knobручка управления разворотомunassisted controlуправление без применения гидроусилителейunassisted control systemбезбустерная система управленияupper area control centerдиспетчерский центр управления верхним райономupper control areaверхний диспетчерский районupper level control areaверхний район управления эшелонированиемwarning system control unitблок управления аварийной сигнализацииweight and balance controlledдиспетчер по загрузке и центровкеwind flaps control systemсистема управления закрылкамиwindshield heat control unitавтомат обогрева стеколwing flap control systemсистема управления закрылкамиyaw controlуправление по углу рыскания -
44 valve
1) клапан; вентиль2) задвижка; затвор4) кран5) мн. ч. вентильная арматура•to time the valves — регулировать газораспределение ( двигателя)-
2-axis hydraulic contouring valve
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3-axis hydraulic contouring valve
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3-position spring-centered selector valve
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ac solenoid hydraulic directional valve
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accumulator charging valve
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accumulator unloading valve
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adjustable valve
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admission valve
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ahead maneuvering valve
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air control valve
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air filler valve
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air valve
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air-gap armature hydraulic valve
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air-operated valve
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air-starting valve
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air-steam relief valve
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air-vent valve
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alarm valve
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aligned-grid valve
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amplifier valve
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angle valve
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annular slide valve
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antibackfire valve
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antiicing shutoff valve
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astern maneuvering valve
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atmospheric steam dump valve
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automatic changeover valve
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auxiliary loop isolation valve
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auxiliary valve
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back pressure valve
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back valve
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backfire bypass valve
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backflush valve
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back-seating valve
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backwash valve
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baffle valve
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balanced needle valve
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balanced valve
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balanced-disk valve
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balanced-gate valve
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ball and scat valve
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ball seating action valve
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ball shear action valve
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ball valve
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ball-operated pneumatic valve
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beam-power valve
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bin slide valve
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blade-control valve
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bleeder valve
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bleed valve
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block valve
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blowing valve
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blowoff valve
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blowout valve
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bottom discharge valve
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bottom dump valve
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bottom-hole valve
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brake application valve
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brake cylinder release valve
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brake hydraulic valve
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brake transmission valve
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brake valve
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breathing valve
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bulkhead valve
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bullet valve
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butterfly valve
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bypass proportional valve
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bypass valve
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cam-operated pneumatic valve
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cargo oil valve
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cargo valve
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cartridge-type valve
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casing fill-up valve
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casing float valve
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casing pressure operated gas lift valve
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cement float valve
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centrifugal reducing valve
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changeover valve
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charging valve
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check valve
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chimney slide valve
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chimney valve
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choke valve
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Christmas-tree gate valve
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Christmas-tree valve
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combined stop and emergency valve
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common slide valve
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compartment valve
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compensation valve
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compression valve
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compressor bleed valve
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conditioned air emergency valve
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conductor's valve
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cone valve
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control valve
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converter valve
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coolant flow-control valve
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cooler bypass valve
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copying valve
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counterbalance valve
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crankcase valve
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crankcase ventilation valve
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crossfeed valve
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crude oil valve
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cryogenic gate valve
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cutoff valve
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cutout valve
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cylinder-operated pneumatic valve
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cylindrical valve
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damper valve
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dc solenoid hydraulic directional valve
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deceleration flow control valve
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deceleration valve
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deck drain valve
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decompression pressure control valve
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delivery valve
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depress valve
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detent-controlled valve
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diaphragm seating action valve
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diaphragm valve
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differential lock valve
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differential pressure control valve
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differential relief valve
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direct-acting valve
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direct-admission valve
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direction selector valve
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directional control valve
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directly operated valve
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discharge valve
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disk valve
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distributing valve
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distribution valve
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diverter valve
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double air-piloted valve
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double-acting valve
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double-check valve
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double-seat valve
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double-solenoid valve
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drain valve
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dual block gate valve
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dual block valve
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dump valve
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duplex valve
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duplicator valve
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eduction valve
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ejection valve
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electric valve
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electric-to-air valve
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electrohydraulic servo valve
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electromagnetic valve
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electronic valve
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emergency closing valve
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emergency valve
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emergency-braking valve
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en-bloc directional control hydraulic valve
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engine start valve
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engineer's brake valve
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equalizing tester valve
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equalizing valve
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escape valve
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evaporator refrigerant valve
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exhaust brake valve
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exhaust valve
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exit-juice valve
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expansion valve
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explosive valve
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extraction valve
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feeding valve
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feed valve
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feedwater valve
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fill valve
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five-port control valve
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five-port valve
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fixed flow control valve
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fixed-dispersion cone valve
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flap valve
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flapper action valve
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flapper valve
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flat gate valve
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flat valve
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flat-scat fuel valve
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Fleming valve
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float valve
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float-controlled gate valve
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float-controlled valve
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flooding valve
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flood valve
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flow control valve
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flow directing valve
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flow dividing valve
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flow metering valve
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flow restrictor valve
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flow safety valve
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flow summarizing valve
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flow-regulating valve
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fluid check valve
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flushing and boost valve
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follow valve
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follower-ring gate valve
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foot valve
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foot-operated pneumatic valve
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force motor valve
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forcing valve
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four/three-way hydraulic directional control valve
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four-port control valve
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four-port valve
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four-way directional control valve
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four-way valve
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free-discharge valve
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fuel shutoff valve
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fuel supply valve
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fuel valve
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fuel-lock valve
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fume valve
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gas charging valve
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gas cylinder valve
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gas lift starting valve
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gas lift valve
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gas reversing valve
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gate valve
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geared valve
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globe valve
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guard valve
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guard's valve
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gulp valve
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hand-operated valve
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heat control valve
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high-head regulating valve
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high-pressure gate valve
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high-pressure relief valve
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holding valve
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hollow-jet valve
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hydraulic copying valve
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hydraulic pressure gage selector valve
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hydraulic valve
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inclined valve
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indirect-action valve
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induction valve
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injection valve
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injector valve
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inlet valve
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in-line air valve
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intake valve
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intercept valve
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interior differential needle valve
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intermediate-plate type valve
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internal check valve
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inverted valve
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ionic valve
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isolation valve
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jet action valve
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jet-pipe valve
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jettison valve
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kelly safety valve
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king valve
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kingston valve
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leak valve
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lever safety valve
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light valve
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liquid-crystal valve
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load dividing pressure control valve
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lock emptying valve
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lock filling valve
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lock valve
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low-cracking check valve
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magnetic valve
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main feedwater control valve
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main loop isolation valve
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main penstock valve
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main pipeline gate valve
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main pipeline valve
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main steam stop valve
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main tester valve
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make-up valve
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maneuvering valve
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manifold air valve
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manifold valve
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manual valve
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masked inlet valve
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master control gate valve
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master gate valve
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master valve
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measuring valve
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membrane valve
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mercury arc valve
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mercury valve
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metering valve
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mixer valve
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mod-logic pneumatic valve
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modular hydraulic valves
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modular-type control valve
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modulating valve
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moisture drain valve
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motor-operated valve
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multiple station isolator valve
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multiple valve
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multiway valve
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mushroom valve
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needle seating action valve
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needle valve
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neutralizer valve
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new fuel entry valve
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nonreturn valve
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nozzle control valve
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nozzle valve
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oil drain valve
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oil-controlled valve
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oil-overflow valve
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oil-pressure relief valve
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oil-pressure valve
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one-port control valve
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one-port valve
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one-stage valve
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one-way control valve
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one-way valve
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on-off valve
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open center valve
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orchard valve
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outboard valve
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outlet valve
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overflow valve
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overlapped valve
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overload valve
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overrun valve
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overspeed valve
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palm button operated pneumatic valve
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penstock valve
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pet valve
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pig scraper launching valve
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pig launching valve
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pig scraper receiver valve
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pig receiver valve
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pilot overspeed valve
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pilot valve
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pilot-actuated valve
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pilot-controlled valve
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pilot-operated check valve
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pilot-operated valve
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pipe valve
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pipeline valves
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piston valve
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piston-operated spool valve
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plug seating action valve
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plug shear action valve
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plug valve
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pneumatic control valve
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pneumatic time delay valve
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pneumatic valve
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poppet valve
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poppet-operated pneumatic valve
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power valve
-
pressure control valve
-
pressure reducing valve
-
pressure regulating valve
-
pressure sequenced valve
-
pressure valve
-
pressure-vacuum vent valve
-
pressure vent valve
-
pressure-and-vacuum valve
-
pressure-compensated flow control valve
-
pressure-compensated valve
-
pressure-limiting valve
-
pressure-operated pneumatic valve
-
pressure-relief valve
-
pressurizer isolation valve
-
pressurizing cabin valve
-
priming valve
-
priority valve
-
production gate valve
-
production valve
-
proportional control hydraulic valve
-
proportional pressure control valve
-
proportioning valve
-
pump discharge valve
-
purge valve
-
push-button operated pneumatic valve
-
push-button valve
-
quarter-turn valve
-
quick exhaust air valve
-
rebound valve
-
rectifier valve
-
reducing valve
-
reed-type valve
-
reed valve
-
re-entry valve
-
register valve
-
regulating valve
-
relay valve
-
release valve
-
relief valve
-
replenishing valve
-
restrictor valve
-
retaining valve
-
retardation valve
-
retarder valve
-
retrievable valve
-
return valve
-
reverse Tainter valve
-
reverse valve
-
reversible flow metering valve
-
revolving valve
-
ride control valve
-
roller-operated pneumatic valve
-
rolling lift valve
-
rotary directional hydraulic valve
-
rotary disk operated pneumatic valve
-
rotary valve
-
safety valve
-
sampling valve
-
sand valve
-
scour valve
-
screw-down valve
-
screw valve
-
scupper valve
-
sea-suction valve
-
seating action valve
-
seat valve
-
selection valve
-
selector directional control valve
-
selector valve
-
self-sealing hydraulic valve
-
sequence valve
-
shaft valve
-
shear action valve
-
shrouded valve
-
shutoff gate valve
-
shutoff valve
-
singe-seat valve
-
single solenoid valve
-
single-acting valve
-
single-stage valve
-
sleeve valve
-
slide valve
-
sliding plate shear action valve
-
sluice valve
-
snap-in valve
-
snort valve
-
sodium-filled exhaust valve
-
solar panel valve
-
solenoid valve
-
solenoid-operated hydraulic valve
-
sphere valve
-
spherical valve
-
sphincter valve
-
spool operated pneumatic valve
-
spool valve
-
spray valve
-
spring centering directional control hydraulic valve
-
spring centralized air valve
-
spring offset valve
-
spring operated valve
-
spring-loaded valve
-
standing valve
-
start valve
-
steam dump valve
-
steam valve
-
steering-damping control valve
-
stop valve
-
straight flow valve
-
straight-through valve
-
suction valve
-
supply valve
-
surface-controlled gas lift valve
-
surge damping valve
-
swing disk seating action valve
-
swing-check valve
-
tank manifold valves
-
tank valves
-
tank-pipeline valve
-
tapered-seat valve
-
taper-seat valve
-
telescopic valve
-
telltale valve
-
thermionic valve
-
thermostatic expansion valve
-
thermostatic valve
-
three-port control valve
-
three-port valve
-
throttle valve
-
throttling direction control valve
-
thyristor valve
-
tidal valve
-
tilting disk check valve
-
time delay valve
-
toggle valve
-
tractor breakaway valve
-
transmission spark control valve
-
traveling valve
-
treadle-operated pneumatic valve
-
trip tester valve
-
tube valve
-
tubing pressure operated gas lift valve
-
tubing safety valve
-
turbine inlet valve
-
turbine shutoff valve
-
twinned-regenerator valve
-
two/two-way hydraulic valve
-
two-port control valve
-
two-port valve
-
two-position pneumatic valve
-
two-stage valve
-
two-way control valve
-
two-way valve
-
uncoupling valve
-
underlapped valve
-
unloading valve
-
vacuum valve
-
vapor valve
-
variable load valve
-
variable valve
-
vent valve
-
ventilation valve
-
venting valve
-
washout valve
-
water valve
-
water-gate valve
-
waveguide valve
-
wedge gate valve
-
wedge valve
-
wedge-action valve
-
wet armature hydraulic valve
-
whistle valve
-
zero-lapped valve -
45 torque
крутящий момент; вращающий момент; изгибающий момент- average output torqueto torque the bolts — заворачивать болты с контролем по крутящему моменту, заворачивать болты с контролем по предельному крутящему моменту
- average-applied torque
- back twisting torque
- braking torque
- breakage torque
- breakdown torque
- centrifugal torque
- controlling torque
- cutting torque
- damping torque
- design input member torque
- disengagement torque
- dissipative torque
- disturbance torque
- drag torque
- drive torque
- exciting torque
- friction torque
- full-load torque
- gravitational torque
- grinding torque
- hydraulic torque
- initial starting torque
- input torque
- interaction torque
- joint torque
- joint-driving torque
- limit torque
- load torque
- loading torque
- maximum motor torque
- motor's instantaneous output torque
- net torque
- no-load torque
- output torque
- peak torque
- pivoting torque
- pull-out torque
- pull-up torque
- rated torque
- rated-load torque
- reaction torque
- reactor torque
- restoring torque
- RMS torque
- rotational torque
- set torque
- slip torque
- starting torque
- test torque
- tightening torque
- tractive effort torque
- transverse force torque
- working torque
- yield torqueEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > torque
-
46 Ford, Henry
[br]b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USAd. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA[br]American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.[br]He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.[br]Bibliography1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.Further ReadingR.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
47 drag
1. noun1) (difficult progress)2. transitive verb,it was a long drag up the hill — der Aufstieg auf den Hügel war ein ganz schöner Schlauch (ugs.)
- gg-1) [herum]schleppendrag one's feet or heels — (fig.) sich (Dat.) Zeit lassen (over, in mit)
2) (move with effort)drag one's feet — [mit den Füßen] schlurfen
3) (fig. coll.): (take despite resistance)he dragged me to a dance — er schleifte mich (ugs.) zu einer Tanzveranstaltung
drag somebody into something — jemanden in etwas (Akk.) hineinziehen
4) (search) [mit einem Schleppnetz] absuchen [Fluss-, Seegrund]5) (Computing) ziehen3. intransitive verb,- gg-1) schleifendrag on or at a cigarette — (coll.) an einer Zigarette ziehen
2) (fig.): (pass slowly) sich [hin]schleppenPhrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/22190/drag_in">drag in- drag on- drag out* * *[dræɡ] 1. past tense, past participle - dragged; verb1) (to pull, especially by force or roughly: She was dragged screaming from her car.) schleppen2) (to pull (something) slowly (usually because heavy): He dragged the heavy table across the floor.) schleppen3) (to (cause to) move along the ground: His coat was so long it dragged on the ground at the back.) schleifen4) (to search (the bed of a lake etc) by using a net or hook: Police are dragging the canal to try to find the body.) (mit einem Schleppnetz) absuchen5) (to be slow-moving and boring: The evening dragged a bit.) sich hinziehen2. noun1) (something which slows something down: He felt that his lack of education was a drag on his progress.) die Hemmung2) (an act of drawing in smoke from a cigarette etc: He took a long drag at his cigarette.) der Zug3) (something or someone that is dull and boring: Washing-up is a drag.) etwas Langweiliges4) (a slang word for women's clothes when worn by men.) die Transvestitenkleidung* * *[dræg]I. n▪ to be a \drag on sb ein Klotz an jds Bein sein, für jdn eine Last seinthat's a bit of a \drag — we've run out of coffee das ist ja echt ätzend — wir haben keinen Kaffee mehr slthe party was an awful \drag die Party war so was von stinklangweilig sl▪ to be in \drag Frauenkleider tragen, einen Fummel anhaben sl6.II. adj attr, inv transvestitisch, Transvestiten-\drag artist Künstler, der in Frauenkleidern auftrittIII. vt<- gg->1. (pull along the ground)▪ to \drag sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin ziehen [o schleifen] [o zerren]the government is \dragging its heels over this issue die Regierung lässt die Sache schleifento \drag oneself somewhere sich akk irgendwohin schleppen2. (take sb somewhere unwillingly)▪ to \drag sb somewhere jdn irgendwohin schleifen [o zerren]we had to \drag him out of the bar wir mussten ihn aus der Bar herausholenI don't want to \drag you away if you're enjoying yourself ich will dich hier nicht wegreißen, wenn du dich gerade amüsierst fam3. (bring up)4. (involve)don't \drag me into your argument! lasst mich bitte aus eurem Streit heraus!5. (force)▪ to \drag sth out of sb etw aus jdm herausbringen [o herausholen]you never tell me how you feel — I always have to \drag it out of you du sagst mir nie, wie du dich fühlst — ich muss dir immer alles aus der Nase ziehento \drag a confession/the truth out of sb jdm ein Geständnis/die Wahrheit entlocken6. (search)to \drag a lake/river einen See/Fluss absuchen7. COMPUT▪ to \drag sth etw [ver]schieben\drag and drop ziehen und ablegenIV. vi<- gg->1. (trail along) schleifen2. ( pej: proceed tediously) sich akk [da]hinziehen [o pej dahinschleppen], schleppend [o zäh] vorangehen pejthis meeting is really starting to \drag dieses Treffen zieht sich allmählich ziemlich in die Längeto \drag to a close schleppend zu Ende gehen* * *[drg]1. n1) (= object pulled along for dredging etc) Suchanker m; (NAUT = cluster of hooks) Dregganker m, Draggen m; (NAUT = dragnet) Schleppnetz nt; (= heavy sledge) Lastschlitten m; (AGR, = harrow) schwere Egge4)(= slow laborious progress)
it was a long drag up to the top of the hill — es war ein langer, mühseliger Aufstieg zum Gipfel, der Aufstieg auf den Gipfel war ein furchtbarer Schlauch (inf)5) (inf= burden)
to be a drag on sth — eine Belastung für etw sein6) (inf)what a drag! (boring) — Mann, ist der/die/das langweilig! (inf); (nuisance) so'n Mist (inf)
what a drag having to go back! — so'n Mist, dass wir zurückmüssen
she thought his girlfriend was a real drag — sie fand, dass seine Freundin echt langweilig war (inf)
7) (inf: pull on cigarette) Zug m (on, at an +dat)give me a drag — lass mich mal ziehen, gib mir mal 'n Zug (inf)
8) (inf: women's clothing worn by men) (von Männern getragene) Frauenkleidung f10) (US inf= street)
the main drag — die Hauptstraße2. vthe dragged her out of/into the car — er zerrte sie aus dem/in das Auto
the dog was dragging its broken leg (behind it) — der Hund schleifte sein gebrochenes Bein hinter sich her
she accused the government of dragging its feet on reforms —
2) river absuchen3. vi3) (fig time, work) sich hinziehen; (play, book) sich in die Länge ziehen; (conversation) sich (mühsam) hinschleppen* * *drag [dræɡ]A s1. Schleppen n, Zerren n2. SCHIFFa) Dragge f, Such-, Dregganker mb) Schleppnetz n3. AGRa) schwere Eggeb) Mistrechen m4. TECHa) starker Roll- oder Blockwagenb) Last-, Transportschlitten m6. Schlepp-, Zugseil n7. Schleife f (zum Steintransport etc)8. TECH Baggerschaufel f, Erdräumer m9. Hemmschuh m, Schleife f:put on the drag den Hemmschuh ansetzen10. TECH Hemmzeug n, -vorrichtung f11. fig Hemmschuh m, Hemmnis n, Belastung f (on für):be a drag on sb’s career jemandes Karriere im Weg stehen12. FLUG, PHYS Luft-, Strömungswiderstand m13. TECH (Faden)Zug m (bei Wickelmaschinen etc)14. umg (etwas) Mühsames:what a drag up these stairs! diese Treppen sind vielleicht ein Schlauch!15. schleppendes Verfahren, Verschleppung f16. umgbe a drag langweilig seinwhat a drag! so ein Mist!17. umga) Langweiler(in), fader Kerlb) lästiger Kerl18. JAGD Streichnetz n (zum Vogelfang)19. JAGDa) Fährte f, Witterung fb) Schleppe f (künstliche Witterung)c) Schleppjagd f20. Angeln:a) Spulenbremse fb) seitlicher Zug (an der Angelschnur)21. US umg Einfluss m, Beziehungen pl:use one’s drag seine Beziehungen spielen lassen22. umg Zug m (at, on an einer Zigarette etc):give me a drag lass mich mal ziehen;take a drag einen Zug machen23. umg (von Männern, besonders von Transvestiten, getragene) Frauenkleidung:in drag in Frauenkleidung24. besonders US umg Straße fB v/t1. schleppen, zerren, schleifen, ziehen:2. nachschleifen:drag one’s feeta) (mit den Füßen) schlurfen,3. a) mit einem Schleppnetz absuchen ( for nach)b) mit einem Schleppnetz finden oder fangen5. einen Teich etc ausbaggern6. eggenhe must drag sex into every conversation er muss in jedes Gespräch (unbedingt) Sex hineinbringen8. umga) jemanden langweilenC v/i1. geschleppt oder geschleift werden2. (am Boden) schleifen:drag (along) on the floor am Boden schleifen (Kleid etc);the anchor drags SCHIFF der Anker findet keinen Halt3. sich schleppen4. schlurfen (Füße)5. figa) sich dahinschleppen:time drags on his hands die Zeit wird ihm langfor nach)10. zerren, heftig ziehen ( beide:at an dat)11. umg ziehen (at, on an einer Zigarette etc)* * *1. noun 2. transitive verb,- gg-1) [herum]schleppendrag one's feet or heels — (fig.) sich (Dat.) Zeit lassen (over, in mit)
drag one's feet — [mit den Füßen] schlurfen
3) (fig. coll.): (take despite resistance)he dragged me to a dance — er schleifte mich (ugs.) zu einer Tanzveranstaltung
drag somebody into something — jemanden in etwas (Akk.) hineinziehen
4) (search) [mit einem Schleppnetz] absuchen [Fluss-, Seegrund]5) (Computing) ziehen3. intransitive verb,- gg-1) schleifendrag on or at a cigarette — (coll.) an einer Zigarette ziehen
2) (fig.): (pass slowly) sich [hin]schleppenPhrasal Verbs:- drag in- drag on- drag out* * *v.nachschleppen v.schleppen v.ziehen v.(§ p.,pp.: zog, ist/hat gezogen) -
48 field
1) поле (1. физическое поле (напр. электромагнитное) 2. величина, характеризующая физическое поле 3. (открытое) пространство; область; зона 4. тлв вчт полукадр (в системах отображения с чересстрочной развёрткой) 5. вчт поименованная группа данных; элемент данных; столбец данных 6. вчт обрабатываемая отдельно группа разрядов 7. вчт кольцо с ненулевыми элементами, образующими абелеву группу по операции умножения 8. сфера деятельности; область интересов) || полевой; относящийся к полю2) опт. поле зрения4) рлк карта местности ( на экране индикатора)5) полигон6) поле боя (напр. в компьютерных играх)•- fields of atom
- field of complex numbers
- field of events
- field of force
- field of functions
- field of order N-
- field of quotients
- field of relations
- field of search
- field of selection
- field of values
- field of view
- field of vision
- field without sources
- field without vortices
- field with sources
- field with vortices
- Abelian field
- ac field
- accelerating field
- acoustoelectric field
- address field
- affine field
- aiding drift field
- alphanumeric field
- alternate fields
- alternating-gradient field
- angular field of view
- anisotropy field
- antenna field
- aperture field
- applied field
- authentication field
- auxiliary field
- avalanche field
- axial field
- backscattered field
- backward field
- base field
- base sweeping field
- bias magnetic field
- biasing magnetic field
- biomagnetic fields
- bit field
- block information field
- blue field
- breakdown field
- built-in field
- calculated field
- canonical field
- card field
- caustic field
- central field
- chain field
- character field
- charge-separation field
- chiral field
- circuital field
- coercive field
- collapse field
- color field
- compressing field
- computed field
- confining field
- conservative field
- constant field
- containing field
- control field
- Coulomb field
- countable field
- counterrotating field
- coupled fields
- critical field
- CRC field
- crossed fields
- crystal field
- crystal lattice field
- crystalline field
- curl field
- curling field
- cusped magnetic field
- cutoff field
- cyclic redundancy check field
- cylinder number field
- data field
- dc field
- decelerating field
- deflection field
- degaussing field
- demagnetizing field
- derived field
- destination field
- diffracted field
- dipole field
- dipole sound field
- display field
- disturbed field
- disturbing field
- domain erasing field
- domain nucleation field
- drift field
- dynamic field
- dynamic threshold field
- E-field
- Earth's electric field
- Earth's magnetic field
- edge diffracted field
- effective field
- effective field of magnetic anisotropy
- electric field
- electromagnetic field
- electrostatic field
- EM field
- emit field
- entrance field
- equilibrium field
- erasure field
- even field
- evoked magnetic fields of brain
- exchange field
- extension field
- external field
- extraneous field
- far field
- far-radiated field
- far-scattered field
- far-zone field
- Fermat field
- file field
- finite field
- first field
- first critical field
- fixed-length field
- flag field
- focusing field
- force-free magnetic field
- forward field
- frame number field
- Fraunhofer field
- free field
- free-space field
- Fresnel field
- fringing field
- fringing field of junction
- frozen field
- gage field
- Galois field
- Galois field pn
- gate-to-drain field
- geometrical optics field
- gradient field
- gravitational field
- green field
- guide field
- guiding field
- H-field
- halaxy magnetic field
- Hall field
- Hall electric field
- harmonic field
- head number field
- heating field
- heating electric field
- helical field
- heliotron magnetic field
- high-frequency field
- holographically reconstructed field
- homogeneous field
- hyperfine field
- I-field
- ID field
- identifier field
- illuminating field
- impressed field
- incident field
- inducing field
- induction field
- infinite field
- information field
- inhomogeneous field
- in-plane field
- instruction field
- integer field
- interlaced field
- internal field
- interplanetary magnetic field
- irrotational field
- jack field
- junction field
- Kerr field
- key field
- label field
- lamellar field
- laser field
- lateral field
- leakage field
- local field
- localized field
- local receptive field
- macroscopic field
- magnetic field
- magnetic fields of eye
- magnetic bias field
- magnetic mirror field
- magnetization reversal field
- magnetizing field
- magnetostatic field
- magnetron critical field
- maximum permeability field
- Mersenne field
- message field
- microscopic field
- mirror field
- modulating field
- modulation field
- molecular field
- monochromatic field
- multibeam field
- multidimensional field
- near field
- near-zone field
- noise field
- noncircuital field
- nonstationary field
- nonuniform field
- normal-mode field
- nucleation field
- numeric field
- nutation field
- object field
- odd field
- orderable field
- ordered field
- operand field
- operation field
- particle switching field
- penumbra field
- periodic field
- perpendicular critical field
- perturbed field
- physical optics field
- piezoelectric field
- polarization field
- poloidal field
- potential field
- primary color field
- prime field
- privilege field
- proper field
- protected field
- pseudoscalar field
- pump field
- pumping field
- punched-card field
- quadrupolar field
- quadrupolar field with X neutral point
- quadrupolar field with X -type neutral point
- quantum field
- quasi-potential field
- quotent field
- radial field
- radiated field
- radiation field
- radio-frequency field
- radio influence field
- reactive field
- receptive field
- reconstructed field
- red field
- rediffracted field
- reference field
- reflected field
- repeating field
- reradiated field
- residual field
- residue class field
- resonance field
- retarding field
- RF field
- rotating field
- rotational field
- satellite's field of view
- scalar field
- scattered field
- second field
- second critical field
- sector number field
- seed field
- self-consistent field
- shadow field
- shaping field
- signal field
- skipped field
- solenoidal field
- sort field
- sound field
- source field
- source-to-drain field
- space-charge field
- spinor field
- spontaneous magnetic fields of brain
- starting field
- static field
- stationary field
- stochastic field
- stray field
- superposed field
- surface superconducting field
- sweeping field
- switching field
- symbol field
- tag field
- television field
- tensor field
- thermal field
- thermal radiation field
- third critical field
- threshold field
- topological field
- transient field
- transition field
- trapped field
- traveling field
- tunneling field
- two-turn field
- uniform field
- unit electric field
- unperturbed field
- vanishing field
- variable field
- variable-length field
- variant field
- vector field
- visual field
- vortex field
- wall creation field
- wave field
- waveguide field
- write field
- zero-approximation field -
49 field
1) поле (1. физическое поле (напр. электромагнитное) 2. величина, характеризующая физическое поле 3. (открытое) пространство; область: зона 4. тлв.; вчт. полукадр (в системах отображения с чересстрочной развёрткой) 5. вчт. поименованная группа данных; элемент данных; столбец данных 6. вчт. обрабатываемая отдельно группа разрядов 7. вчт. кольцо с ненулевыми элементами, образующими абелеву группу по операции умножения 8. сфера деятельности; область интересов) || полевой; относящийся к полю2) опт. поле зрения4) рлк. карта местности ( на экране индикатора)5) полигон6) поле боя (напр. в компьютерных играх)•- ac field
- accelerating field
- acoustoelectric field
- address field
- affine field
- aiding drift field
- alphanumeric field
- alternate fields
- alternating-gradient field
- angular field of view
- anisotropy field
- antenna field
- aperture field
- applied field
- authentication field
- auxiliary field
- avalanche field
- axial field
- backscattered field
- backward field
- base field
- base sweeping field
- bias magnetic field
- biasing magnetic field
- biomagnetic fields
- bit field
- block information field
- blue field
- breakdown field
- built-in field
- calculated field
- canonical field
- card field
- caustic field
- central field
- chain field
- character field
- charge-separation field
- chiral field
- circuital field
- coercive field
- collapse field
- color field
- compressing field
- computed field
- confining field
- conservative field
- constant field
- containing field
- control field
- Coulomb field
- countable field
- counterrotating field
- coupled fields
- CRC field
- critical field
- crossed fields
- crystal field
- crystal lattice field
- crystalline field
- curl field
- curling field
- cusped magnetic field
- cutoff field
- cyclic redundancy check field
- cylinder number field
- data field
- dc field
- decelerating field
- deflection field
- degaussing field
- demagnetizing field
- derived field
- destination field
- diffracted field
- dipole field
- dipole sound field
- display field
- disturbed field
- disturbing field
- domain erasing field
- domain nucleation field
- drift field
- dynamic field
- dynamic threshold field
- E field
- Earth's electric field
- Earth's magnetic field
- edge diffracted field
- effective field of magnetic anisotropy
- effective field
- electric field
- electromagnetic field
- electrostatic field
- EM field
- emit field
- entrance field
- equilibrium field
- erasure field
- even field
- evoked magnetic fields of brain
- exchange field
- extension field
- external field
- extraneous field
- far field
- far-radiated field
- far-scattered field
- far-zone field
- Fermat field
- field of algebraic numbers
- field of complex numbers
- field of events
- field of force
- field of functions
- field of order N
- field of quotients
- field of relations
- field of search
- field of selection
- field of values
- field of view
- field of vision
- field with sources
- field with vortices
- field without sources
- field without vortices
- fields of atom
- file field
- finite field
- first critical field
- first field
- fixed-length field
- flag field
- focusing field
- force-free magnetic field
- forward field
- frame number field
- Fraunhofer field
- free field
- free-space field
- Fresnel field
- fringing field of junction
- fringing field
- frozen field
- gage field
- Galois field pn
- Galois field
- gate-to-drain field
- geometrical optics field
- gradient field
- gravitational field
- green field
- guide field
- guiding field
- H field
- halaxy magnetic field
- Hall electric field
- Hall field
- harmonic field
- head number field
- heating electric field
- heating field
- helical field
- heliotron magnetic field
- high-frequency field
- holographically reconstructed field
- homogeneous field
- hyperfine field
- ID field
- identifier field
- I-field
- illuminating field
- impressed field
- incident field
- inducing field
- induction field
- infinite field
- information field
- inhomogeneous field
- in-plane field
- instruction field
- integer field
- interlaced field
- internal field
- interplanetary magnetic field
- irrotational field
- jack field
- junction field
- Kerr field
- key field
- label field
- lamellar field
- laser field
- lateral field
- leakage field
- local field
- local receptive field
- localized field
- macroscopic field
- magnetic bias field
- magnetic field
- magnetic fields of eye
- magnetic mirror field
- magnetization reversal field
- magnetizing field
- magnetostatic field
- magnetron critical field
- maximum permeability field
- Mersenne field
- message field
- microscopic field
- mirror field
- modulating field
- modulation field
- molecular field
- monochromatic field
- multibeam field
- multidimensional field
- near field
- near-zone field
- noise field
- noncircuital field
- nonstationary field
- nonuniform field
- normal-mode field
- nucleation field
- numeric field
- nutation field
- object field
- odd field
- operand field
- operation field
- orderable field
- ordered field
- particle switching field
- penumbra field
- periodic field
- perpendicular critical field
- perturbed field
- physical optics field
- piezoelectric field
- polarization field
- poloidal field
- potential field
- primary color field
- prime field
- privilege field
- proper field
- protected field
- pseudoscalar field
- pump field
- pumping field
- punched-card field
- quadrupolar field with X neutral point
- quadrupolar field with X-type neutral point
- quadrupolar field
- quantum field
- quasi-potential field
- quotent field
- radial field
- radiated field
- radiation field
- radio influence field
- radio-frequency field
- reactive field
- receptive field
- reconstructed field
- red field
- rediffracted field
- reference field
- reflected field
- repeating field
- reradiated field
- residual field
- residue class field
- resonance field
- retarding field
- RF field
- rotating field
- rotational field
- satellite's field of view
- scalar field
- scattered field
- second critical field
- second field
- sector number field
- seed field
- self-consistent field
- shadow field
- shaping field
- signal field
- skipped field
- solenoidal field
- sort field
- sound field
- source field
- source-to-drain field
- space-charge field
- spinor field
- spontaneous magnetic fields of brain
- starting field
- static field
- stationary field
- stochastic field
- stray field
- superposed field
- surface superconducting field
- sweeping field
- switching field
- symbol field
- tag field
- television field
- tensor field
- thermal field
- thermal radiation field
- third critical field
- threshold field
- topological field
- transient field
- transition field
- trapped field
- traveling field
- tunneling field
- two-turn field
- uniform field
- unit electric field
- unperturbed field
- vanishing field - variant field
- vector field
- visual field
- vortex field
- wall creation field
- wave field
- waveguide field
- write field
- zero-approximation fieldThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > field
-
50 main
1. nounmains [system] — öffentliches Versorgungsnetz; (of electricity) Stromnetz, das
turn the gas/water off at the main[s] — den Haupthahn [für das Gas/Wasser] abstellen
turn the electricity off at the mains — [den Strom] am Hauptschalter abschalten
2)2. attributive adjectivein the main — im allgemeinen; im großen und ganzen
the main doubt/principle — der entscheidende Zweifel/oberste Grundsatz
the main thing is that... — die Hauptsache od. das Wichtigste ist, dass...
* * *[mein] 1. adjective 2. noun((also mains) the chief pipe or cable in a branching system of pipes or cables: The water's been turned off at the main(s); ( also adjective) the mains electricity supply.) die Hauptleitung; Haupt-...- academic.ru/44680/mainly">mainly- mainland
- mainspring
- mainstream* * *main1[meɪn]I. nsewage \main Kanalisation fswitch off the electricity at the \mains before starting work vor Arbeitsbeginn die Stromversorgung am Hauptschalter ausschaltento be on the \mains an das Stromnetz angeschlossen sein▪ the \main das offene Meer, die hohe See4.▶ in the \main im Allgemeinen, im Prinzip▪ \mains Haupt-they bought a house with no \mains supply sie haben ein Haus gekauft, das nicht ans Stromnetz angeschlossen ist\mains electricity Hauptstromschalter mthey have been lacking \mains electricity for three weeks now sie sind seit drei Wochen ohne StromIII. adj attr, inv Haupt-\main cable Hauptkabel nt\main character Hauptperson f, Hauptfigur f\main concern wichtigstes Anliegen\main entrance [or door] Haupteingang mby \main force mit roher Gewalt\main idea Grundidee f\main reason Hauptgrund m\main thing Hauptsache fmain2[meɪn]* * *[meɪn]1. adj attrHaupt-the main idea in this book —
what is the main thing in life? — was ist die Hauptsache im Leben?
the main thing is to... — die Hauptsache ist, dass...
the main thing is you're still alive — Hauptsache, du lebst noch
2. n1) (= pipe) Hauptleitung fthe mains (of town) — das öffentliche Versorgungsnetz; (for electricity) das Stromnetz; (of house) der Haupthahn; (for electricity) der Hauptschalter
the water/gas/electricity was switched off at the mains — der Haupthahn/Hauptschalter für Wasser/Gas/Elektrizität wurde abgeschaltet
2) (poet)the main — das offene Meer, die hohe See
3)4)See:→ might* * *main1 [meın]1. Haupt…, größt(er, e, es), wichtigst(er, e, es), vorwiegend, hauptsächlich:main concern Hauptanliegen n;main entrance Haupteingang m;main exit Hauptausgang m;by main force mit äußerster Kraft, mit (roher) Gewalt;main girder Längsträger m;main meal Hauptmahlzeit f;the main office das Hauptbüro, die Zentrale;main (place of) residence Hauptwohnsitz m;main road Hauptverkehrsstraße f;the main reason der Hauptgrund;main station Hauptbahnhof m;the main thing die Hauptsache;2. poet (weit) offen:the main sea → B 63. LINGa) Haupt…b) des Hauptsatzes4. obsa) gewaltigb) wichtigB s1. a) Haupt(gas-, -wasser) leitung f:gas (water) main;turn the gas off at the mains den Haupthahn für das Gas abstellenb) Hauptstromleitung fc) meist pl Strom(versorgungs)netz n, Netz(leitung) n(f):mains cable Netzkabel n;mains connection Netzanschluss m;mains failure Stromausfall m;main frequency Betriebsfrequenz f;mains-operated Netz…, mit Netzanschluss;mains voltage Netzspannung f2. Hauptleitung f:a) Hauptrohr nb) Hauptkabel n3. US Haupt(eisenbahn)linie f4. obs Kraft f, Gewalt f: → might1 25. Hauptsache f, Kern(punkt) m, (das) Wichtigste:a) im Großen und Ganzen,b) größtenteils, zum größten TeilC v/t sl sich Heroin etc spritzenmain2 [meın] s1. Wurf m (beim Würfeln)2. obs Boxkampf m3. Hahnenkampf m* * *1. noun1) (channel, pipe) Hauptleitung, diemains [system] — öffentliches Versorgungsnetz; (of electricity) Stromnetz, das
turn the gas/water off at the main[s] — den Haupthahn [für das Gas/Wasser] abstellen
turn the electricity off at the mains — [den Strom] am Hauptschalter abschalten
2)2. attributive adjectivein the main — im allgemeinen; im großen und ganzen
the main doubt/principle — der entscheidende Zweifel/oberste Grundsatz
the main thing is that... — die Hauptsache od. das Wichtigste ist, dass...
* * *adj.Haupt- präfix.größt adj.haupt adj.haupt- adj.hauptsächlich adj.primär adj.vorwiegend adj.wichtigst adj. n.Leitung -en f. -
51 work
1) работа; действие; деятельность || работать; действовать2) обработка || обрабатывать3) заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь4) pl завод; мастерские5) pl конструкции, строительные конструкции6) pl подвижные органы; действующие элементы ( конструкции)7) исполнение•work being cut — заготовка, обрабатываемая резанием; разрезаемая заготовка
- angular workwork being turned between centers — деталь, обтачиваемая в центрах; центровая деталь
- assembly work
- axial work
- back work
- back-end work
- bar fed work
- bar work
- batch production work
- batch repetition work
- batch work
- between-centers shaft work
- between-centers work
- boring work
- bright work
- broaching work
- cam work
- C-axis work
- center work
- centerless work
- chucked work
- chucking work
- circuit-board work
- close tolerance work
- combined shaft and chucking work
- contour work
- contour-cutting work
- contouring work
- coordinate grid work
- copying work
- corner-to-corner work
- creep feed work
- cutting work
- cylindrical work
- development work
- diagrammatic work
- die work
- dovetail work
- drilling work
- elementary work of force
- erecting work
- erection work
- expended work
- external work
- facing work
- fine work
- finishing work
- first operation work
- five-axis work
- fixtured work
- flat surface work
- flat work
- frame work
- gaging work
- graphic work
- grinding work
- hard work
- heavy-duty work
- high-volume repetition work
- high-volume work
- horizontal work
- hot work
- in-cycle secong operation work
- information work
- internal work
- investigative work
- irregular work
- key work
- large-batch-size work
- lathe work
- layout work
- light production work
- link work
- load/offload work
- low-level CAD work
- low-volume work
- machine work
- maintaining work
- maintenance work
- mandrel work
- mandrel-held work
- measurement-based work
- medium-batch work
- medium-sized work
- medium-volume work
- milling work
- motion work
- multisided work
- NC milling work
- negative work
- night-unattended work
- nonexacting work
- off-center work
- one-hit work
- ornate scroll work
- out-of-tolerance work
- pallet work
- pallet-mounted work
- parallel work
- piece work
- pilot design work
- planer work
- point-to-point work
- precision work
- prismatic work
- process work
- product development work
- production work
- programming work
- prototype work
- pulling work
- pushing work
- R and D work
- radial work
- reaming work
- repetition work
- robot development work
- rotary work
- rotating tool-type work
- rough work
- roughing work
- round work
- safe work
- scheduled work
- scientific information work
- scientific work
- scroll work
- second-op work
- second-operation work
- semifinishing work
- shaft work
- shift work
- short-batch work
- short-run batch work
- short-run work
- single-shift work
- site work
- sizing work
- small section work
- small-batch work
- small-envelope milling work
- small-sized work
- starting work
- stationary tool-type work
- stop work
- taper work
- tapered work
- thicknessing work
- TL work
- to work off
- to work out
- tool room work
- tool work
- turned work
- useful work
- vertical work
- volume production work
- work of forceEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > work
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52 price
1) цена || назначать цену; оценивать; расценивать2) курс ценных бумаг -
53 price
1. n1) цена
- acceptable price
- accounting price
- accurate price
- acquisition price
- actual price
- adjustable prices
- adjusted price
- administered price
- advanced price
- advertized price
- after price
- after hours price
- agreed price
- agreed-upon price
- aggregate price
- agricultural product prices
- all-in price
- all-round price
- American Selling Price
- anticipated price
- applicable price
- approximate price
- arm's length price
- asked price
- asking price
- attractive price
- average price
- bargain price
- base price
- basic price
- basic point price
- basis price
- bedrock price
- benchmmark price
- best price
- best-performing share prices
- bid price
- black market price
- blanket price
- bona fide selling price
- bond price
- book price
- boom price
- bottom price
- B-share prices
- budget price
- buy-back price
- buyers' price
- buying price
- calculative price
- call price
- carry-over price
- cash price
- catalogue price
- ceiling price
- cheap price
- clearing price
- close prices
- closing price
- closing share price
- coming out price
- commodity price
- common price
- comparable prices
- comparative prices
- competitive price
- competitor's price
- constant price
- consumer prices
- contracted price
- cost price
- cutthroat price
- daily settlement price
- dealer price
- decontrolled prices
- delivered price
- demand price
- derived target price
- determined price
- differential prices
- dirt cheap price
- disbursing price
- discounted price
- distress price
- domestic price
- dropping prices
- dual price
- entry-preventing price
- equation price
- equilibrium price
- equitable price
- equity price
- escalating prices
- escalation prices
- escalator prices
- established price
- estimated price
- estimated total price
- euro price
- exact price
- exceptional price
- excessive price
- exchange price
- exclusive price
- exercise price
- exhaust price
- existing price
- exorbitant price
- external prices
- extra price
- factor price
- factory price
- factory gate price
- factory list price
- fair price
- falling prices
- fancy price
- farm prices
- farm commodity prices
- farm produce prices
- favourable price
- final price
- firm price
- first price
- fixed price
- flat price
- flexible prices
- floor price
- fluctuating price
- foreign price
- forward price
- free market price
- full-cost price
- gilt prices
- global price
- going price
- going market price
- gross price
- grower's price
- guaranteed price
- guideline price
- guiding price
- half price
- hard prices
- heavy price
- high price
- highest price
- hire price
- hire purchase price
- home price
- home market price
- House price
- huge price
- identical price
- implicit price
- import price
- inbound price
- increased price
- individual price
- individual price of production
- individual cost price
- inflated prices
- initial price
- inside price
- internal price
- intervention price
- invoiced price
- irregular prices
- issue price
- item price
- itemized price
- job prices
- just price
- keen price
- kerb prices
- knockdown price
- knockout price
- laid-down price
- land price
- landed price
- last price
- leading price
- limit price
- limited price
- listed price
- live market price
- livestock price
- loaded price
- local price
- local market price
- loco price
- low price
- lowest price
- lump-sum price
- making-up price
- manufacturer's price
- manufacturing price
- marginal price
- markdown price
- marked price
- market price
- market-determined price
- marrying price
- maximum price
- mean price
- median price
- median home prices
- medium price
- mercantile price
- middle price
- minimum price
- moderate price
- monopoly price
- national price
- natural price
- negotiable price
- negotiated price
- net price
- new prices
- nominal price
- nonflexible price
- normal price
- normalized price
- notional price
- offered price
- offering price
- offer of issue price
- official price
- open price
- opening price
- option price
- option price of shares
- original price
- output price
- outside price
- overestimated price
- overhead price
- package price
- packing price
- parity price
- peak price
- pegged price
- piece price
- popular prices
- posted price
- preferential price
- pre-increase price
- preliminary price
- premium price
- present price
- prevailing prices
- probate price
- procurement price
- producer's price
- prohibitive price
- public offering price
- published price
- purchase price
- purchasing price
- put price
- put-and-call price
- quantity price
- quoted price
- raw material price
- real price
- realization price
- reasonable price
- receding prices
- receiving price
- recent prices
- recommended price
- redemption price
- reduced price
- reference price
- regular price
- relative prices
- remunerative price
- rent price
- replacement price
- resale price
- reservation price
- reserve price
- reserved price
- retail price
- revised price
- rising prices
- rock-bottom price
- ruinous price
- ruling price
- sale price
- seasonal price
- sagging price
- saleable price
- secondhand price
- security price
- sellers' price
- selling price
- sensitive prices
- set price
- setting price
- settlement price
- shadow price
- share price
- sinking price
- skyrocketing price
- sliding price
- sliding-scale price
- sluice gate price
- soaring price
- special price
- specific price
- split prices
- spot price
- stable price
- standard price
- standard list price
- standard unit price
- starting price
- state price
- stated price
- state-set price
- stationary price
- steady prices
- sticker price
- stiff price
- stipulated price
- stock price
- stock exchange price
- stopout price
- store prices
- street price
- strictly net price
- strike price
- striking price
- strong price
- subscription price
- suggested price
- supply price
- support price
- surging share prices
- tape prices
- target price
- target asset price
- tariff price
- tax-inclusive prices
- tender price
- threshold price
- top price
- total price
- trade price
- trading price
- transaction price
- transfer price
- trigger price
- two-tier price
- typical price
- uncontrollable prices
- underestimated price
- underselling price
- uniform price
- unit price
- unrealistic price
- unreasonable price
- unsettled price
- unstable price
- upset price
- variable prices
- wholesale price
- wide prices
- world bond price
- world market price
- zone price
- price after hours
- price at the current exchange rate
- price ex store
- price ex warehouse
- price for the account
- price for cash
- price for a quantity unit
- price for the settlement
- price in foreign currency
- price in gold
- prices in the open market
- price in a price list
- price in the quotation
- prices in the region of %
- price of call
- price of currency
- price of day
- price of delivery
- prices of farm products
- price of freight
- price of gold
- prices of industrial goods
- price of labour power
- price of land
- price of money
- price of option
- price of production
- price of services
- prices on the quotation
- prices on the world market
- price per metric ton
- price per piece
- price per set
- price per unit
- at the price
- at bargain prices
- at a firesale price
- at a high price
- at a low price
- at all prices
- in comparable prices
- price current
- price excluding
- price exclusive
- price less discount
- price plus markup
- price subject to change without notice
- price subject to final confirmation
- accept a price
- adjust prices
- advance a price
- advance in price
- alter a price
- amend a price
- arrive at a price
- ask the price
- ask for the price
- bargain over a price
- base a price
- beat down prices
- bolster the price of crude oil
- boost prices
- break down prices
- bring the price back down to earth
- bring prices in line with the cost
- bring the average price
- bring down prices
- bring low prices
- buoy prices
- calculate prices
- change a price
- charge a price
- command a high price
- control prices
- correct a price
- cut prices
- decrease prices
- deduct from a price
- depress prices
- deregulate prices
- determine a price
- differ in prices
- drop in price
- enjoy high prices
- establish a price
- estimate a price
- exceed a price
- fall in price
- fetch a high price
- finalize a price
- fix a price
- force down prices
- force up prices
- freeze prices
- fuel prices
- give a firm price
- go down in price
- go up in price
- guarantee a price
- hold in price
- hold out for a higher price
- hold up prices
- increase prices
- increase in price
- keep prices down
- keep prices up
- kick against high prices
- level prices down
- level prices up
- lift prices
- lift prices from their low
- list prices
- maintain prices
- make a price
- manipulate stock prices
- mark a price
- mark down the price
- match the price
- meet the price
- modify a price
- negotiate a price
- offer a price
- outbid the prices
- pay the price
- prop up prices
- push up prices
- publish prices
- put down prices
- put downward pressure on prices
- put up prices
- quote a price
- raise prices
- ramp up share prices
- realize a price
- recalculate prices
- recover the price
- reduce prices
- refund the price
- revise prices downwards
- revise prices upwards
- rise in price
- retrieve the price
- scale down prices
- save on prices
- sell at a high price
- sell below price
- sell under price
- send prices up
- set a price
- settle a price
- shore up prices
- show prices in dollars
- squeeze prices down
- stabilize prices
- suggest a price
- support prices
- take off the price
- tender a price
- trigger prices
- undercut prices2. vназначать цену; оценивать
- reasonably priced -
54 price
-
55 torque
крутящий момент; вращающий момент; момент вращения; момент силы; изгибающий момент; момент кручения; скручивающий момент; вращающая пара сил; перекашивание; изгибание; закручивание; II вращающий; динамометрический; моментный; свободновихревой; тарированный- torque amplification factor - torque amplifier - torque angle - torque-angle curve - torque arm centre in drive - torque at peak HP - torque beam - torque bridge - torque calculation - torque capacity - torque-carrying capability - torque characteristic - torque coefficient - torque-coil magnetometer - torque command generator - torque consumption - torque control - torque-control - torque control-and-monitoring system - torque-control clutch - torque-control software - torque-control wrench - torque-controlled - torque-controlled clutch - torque-controlled conveyor - torque-controlled machining - torque-controlled wrench - torque controller - torque conversion - torque conversion chart - torque conversion range - torque converter control lever - torque converter-coupling - torque converter drive - torque converter inner hub - torque converter level tell-tale - torque converter lockup - torque converter lockup clutch - torque converter output hub - torque converter reactor - torque converter shaft centerline bearing - torque converter-speeder - torque converter temperature telltale - torque converter with planetary gearbox - torque coupler - torque creep - torque curve - torque cutout - torque data - torque detector - torque diagram - torque distribution - torque divider - torque divider installation beam - torque divider transmission - torque-down seal assembly - torque factor - torque failure - torque feedback - torque-force control - torque gage - torque harmonics - torque hinge hatch cover - torque indicating wrench - torque indicator hand wrench - torque insulator - torque jar - torque limit - torque-limiting - torque-limiting clutch - torque-limiting control - torque limiting fan drive - torque link - torque magnetometer - torque measurement - torque measuring transducer - torque measuring wrench - torque mechanized - torque moment - torque monitor - torque monitoring - torque monitoring of tools - torque-monitoring system - torque output - torque pickup - torque pillar - torque power limit - torque pressure transmitter - torque reaction - torque reaction rod - torque reaction stand - torque rod - torque rod joint - torque screw - torque screw driver - torque-sensing tap holder - torque setting type torque wrench - torque shaping - torque shock - torque shut off point - torque smoothness - torque spanner - torque-speed characteristic - torque-speed curve - torque spring - torque stay - torque strength - torque synchro - torque tension - torque-time curve - torque to... - torque-to-inertia ratio - torque-to-weight ratio - torque-to-yield bolt - torque tool - torque transducer - torque transfer - torque transmission - torque transmitting device - torque tube - torque-tube - torque tube ball - torque-tube bed - torque-tube casting - torque tube flange - torque tube propeller shaft - torque-tube section - torque-turn bolt tightening - torque variator - torque vibration - torque-vs-displacement curve - torque weight ratio - torque wrench - torque yield - actual load torque - average output torque - average-applied torque - back twisting torque - breakdown torque - coupling torque - cranking torque - damping torque - decelerating torque - deep-hinged torque - deflecting torque - differential torque - drive torque - electromagnetic torque - excess torque - gas torque - generator torque - grinding torque - harmonic torque - high torque on drill string - hydraulic torque-sensing - hydrodynamic torque transformer - induction torque - internal torque - limiting overload torque - load torque - locked-rotor torque - makeup torque - maximum torque - maximum permissible torque - motor torque - negative torque - net torque - nominal pull-in torque - operating torque - oscillatory transient torque - positive torque - pull-in torque - pull-out torque - pull-up torque - rated load torque - reactionary torque - rotor torque - slaving torque - specified tightening torque - stal torque - synchronizing torque - synchronous pull-out torque - table torque - transient torque - transmitted torque - trip-out torque - turbine stall torque - working torque -
56 entering
вводить; входить; вступление; вводСинонимический ряд:1. invasion (noun) attack; capture; invasion; occupation; seizure2. admitting (verb) admitting; introducing3. beginning (verb) approaching; beginning; commencing; embarking; embarking on; embarking upon; getting off; inaugurating; initiating; jumping off; kicking off; launching; leading off; opening; set out; set to; setting to; starting; take on; take up; taking up; teeing off; undertaking4. coming in (verb) coming in; going in5. enlisting (verb) enlisting; enrolling; joining; joining up; mustering; sign up; signing on; signing up6. penetrating (verb) come in; go in; penetrating7. recording (verb) inserting; posting; recording; registering -
57 characteristic
характеристика; характеристическая кривая; характерный параметр; характеристический; характерныйcollapsing characteristics of the gear — поведение [характеристики] шасси при поломке (в результате аварии, удара о землю)
explosive characteristics of fuel — взрывоопаспость топлива [горючего]
handling characteristics with autostabilization — характеристики управляемости (ЛА) с системой автостабилизации
handling characteristics without autostabilization — характеристики управляемости (ЛА) без системы автостабилизации
height control response characteristics — верт. характеристики управляемости по высоте
lift and drag characteristics — величины подъёмной силы и лобового сопротивления; зависимости подъёмной силы и лобового сопротивления
rough field handling characteristics — характеристики управляемости при движении по аэродрому с неровной поверхностью
s.f.c. characteristics — характеристики удельного расхода топлива [горючего]
Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > characteristic
-
58 power
power nмощностьaccessory power systemсистема энергопитания оборудованияadjust idle powerрегулировать малый газaft power nacelleхвостовая часть гондолы двигателяaircraft power reductionуменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного суднаaircraft power supplyбортовой источник электропитанияasymmetric engines powerасимметричная тяга двигателейat idle powerна режиме малого газаattain the powerдостигать заданной мощностиaugmented powerфорсированный режимaugment powerфорсировать мощностьauxiliary power supplyвспомогательный источник энергопитанияauxiliary power unitвспомогательная силовая установкаbearing powerнесущая способностьbest economy powerоптимальный режимbus power failureотказ бортовой электрошиныchop the powerвнезапно изменять режимclimbing powerмощность, необходимая для набора высотыcome to takeoff powerвыходить на взлетный режимcontingency powerмощность на чрезвычайном режимеcruising powerкрейсерская мощностьdevelop powerразвивать мощностьdraw powerпередавать мощностьdry powerмощность без впрыска водыelectrical power sourceисточник электропитанияelectric power cartэлектротележкаemergency power supplyаварийный источник энергопитанияemergency power systemсистема аварийного энергопитанияequivalent shaft powerэквивалентная мощность на валуexcess powerизбыточная мощностьexternal electrical powerаэродромное электропитаниеexternal electrical power systemсистема аэродромного электропитанияexternal power connectorразъем аэродромного питанияexternal power not availableаэродромное питание отсутствуетexternal power receptacleразъем аэродромного питанияexternal power relayреле включения внешнего питанияflight idle powerмощность на режиме полетного малого газаfree power turbineсвободная турбинаfull power conditionsмаксимальный режимgain the powerдостигать заданной мощностьgas turbine power plantгазотурбинная силовая установкаground power unitаэродромный пусковой агрегатhydraulic power cylinderгидравлический силовой цилиндрidle power ratingрежим малого газаinduced drag powerмощность на преодоление аэродинамического сопротивленияlifting powerподъемная сила(lift force, lift, ascensional force, buoyancy) maximum continuous powerноминальный режимmove under own powerдвигаться за счет собственной тягиoutput powerвыходная мощностьoutside power unitвнешний источник питанияpneumatic power cylinderпневматический силовой цилиндрpower augmentationфорсирование мощностиpower augmentation controlуправление форсажемpower calibrationтарировка мощностиpower cylinderсиловой цилиндрpower fail relayреле сигнализации отказа питанияpower indicatorуказатель мощностиpower marginзапас мощностиpower offубрать режимpower outputвыходная мощностьpower patrol operationпатрулирование линий электропередач с воздухаpower plantсиловая установкаpower recovery turbineтурбина с приводом от выхлопных газовpower reduction operationуменьшение мощностиpower reversal ejectorотражатель в механизме реверса тягиpower settingустановка мощности(двигателя) power shaftвал приводаpower sourceгенераторpower spinштопор при работающих двигателяхpower strokeрабочий ход(поршня) power supply circuitцепь подачи питанияpower taking-offпроцесс отбора мощностиpower the busвключать шинуpower unitсиловой агрегатprofile drag powerмощность на преодоление профильного сопротивленияprovide powerвыдавать мощностьrated powerноминальная мощностьreheat powerфорсажный режимrequired powerпотребная мощностьrun at idle powerработать на режиме малого газаsecondary power supplyрезервный источник энергопитанияset idle powerвыводить на режим малого газаset takeoff powerустанавливать взлетный режимsound powerзвуковая мощностьspecific powerудельная мощностьstandby power unitзапасной агрегатstarting on external powerзапуск от внешнего источникаtakeoff powerвзлетная мощностьtake off power to the shaftотбирать мощность на валthrust powerтяговая мощностьtransmission power inputмощность, поступающая на вал трансмиссииtransmit powerпередавать мощностьwith rated power flightполет на номинальном расчетном режиме -
59 controller
- орган управления
- контроллер (электрический аппарат)
- контроллер (регулятор)
- контроллер (в системах охраны и безопасности)
- контроллер (в автотранспортных средствах)
- Аппарат управляемой искусственной вентиляции легких
- автоматическое регулирующее устройство
автоматическое регулирующее устройство
контроллер
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
контроллер
Компонент, сконструированный для анализа данных, переданных датчиком (датчиками), и передачи сигнала в модулятор.
[ ГОСТ Р 41.13-2007]Тематики
EN
контроллер
Программируемый прибор управления, считывающий информацию с ее носителя и регистрирующий ее.
[ ГОСТ Р 52551-2006]
контроллер
Программируемый прибор управления, имеющий нормированный ресурс функциональных возможностей, свойств и параметров
[РД 25.03.001-2002]Тематики
EN
контроллер
Электрический аппарат с большим числом контактов для пуска, реверсирования и регулирования нагрузки электродвигателей постоянного и переменного тока.
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
контроллер
Многопозиционный аппарат, предназначенный для управления электрическими машинами и трансформаторами путем коммутации резисторов, обмоток машин и (или) трансформаторов.
[ ГОСТ 17703-72]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
DE
FR
орган управления
Частьсистемыаппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]
орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]
орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]
орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]
орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]
орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]
органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]
орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]
средства оперирования
-
[Интент]EN
actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]
actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]
actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]FR
organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]
organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]
Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]
ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]1.2.2. Control devices
Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.1.2.2. Органы управления
Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.
Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.
Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.
Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.
Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.
Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).
Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.
Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.
From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.
Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.
If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.
Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.
The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.
[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]
Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.
[Перевод Интент]
Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
- actuating member
- actuator
- command unit
- control
- control device
- controller
- controls
- operating control
- operating means
DE
FR
10. Аппарат управляемой искусственной вентиляции легких
Аппарат управляемой ИВЛ
D. Gerat fur eine kontrollierte kunstlichen Lungenventilation
E. Controller
Аппарат искусственной вентиляции легких, который вентилирует легкие пациента независимо от его дыхательного усилия
Источник: ГОСТ 17807-83: Аппараты ингаляционного наркоза и искусственной вентиляции легких. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > controller
-
60 control device
- фонтанная задвижка
- устройство цепи управления
- устройство управления
- устройство контроля
- устройство для регулирования дебета
- управляющее устройство (электропривода)
- управляющее устройство
- орган управления
- контрольное устройство
- контрольно-измерительное оборудование
- аппарат управления
аппарат управления
Контактный коммутационный аппарат для управления аппаратурой распределения или управления, в том числе для сигнализации, электрической блокировки и т. п.
Примечание. Аппарат управления состоит из одного или нескольких контактных элементов с общей системой управления.
МЭК 60050(441-14-46).
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]EN
control switch (for control and auxiliary circuits)
a mechanical switching device which serves the purpose of controlling the operation of switchgear or controlgear, including signalling, electrical interlocking, etc
NOTE – A control switch consists of one or more contact elements with a common actuating system.
[IEV number 441-14-46]FR
auxiliaire de commande (pour circuits auxiliaires de commande)
appareil mécanique de connexion dont la fonction est de commander la manoeuvre d'un appareillage, y compris la signalisation, le verrouillage électrique, etc
NOTE – Un auxiliaire de commande comporte un ou plusieurs éléments de contact et un mécanisme transmetteur commun.
[IEV number 441-14-46]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
Синонимы
EN
DE
FR
контрольно-измерительное оборудование
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
орган управления
Частьсистемыаппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]
орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]
орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]
орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]
орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]
орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]
органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]
орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]
средства оперирования
-
[Интент]EN
actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]
actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]
actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]FR
organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]
organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]
Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]
ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]1.2.2. Control devices
Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.1.2.2. Органы управления
Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.
Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.
Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.
Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.
Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.
Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).
Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.
Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.
From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.
Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.
If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.
Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.
The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.
[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]
Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.
[Перевод Интент]
Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
- actuating member
- actuator
- command unit
- control
- control device
- controller
- controls
- operating control
- operating means
DE
FR
управляющее устройство
Устройство, включенное в цепь управления и используемое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной контрольный переключатель, реле, электромагнитный клапан).
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]EN
DE
FR
управляющее устройство (электропривода)
Устройство, предназначенное для формирования управляющих воздействий в электроприводе.
[ ГОСТ Р 50369-92]Тематики
EN
DE
устройство для регулирования дебета
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
устройство контроля
контрольный прибор
средство контроля
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
приборустройство цепи управления
ПриборУстройство, включенныйое в цепь управления и используемыйое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной выключатель управления, реле, контактор, электромагнитный клапан).
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]EN
control device
device connected into the control circuit and used for controlling the operation of the machine (for example position sensor, manual control switch, relay, contactor, magnetically operated valve)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]
[IEC 60204-1-2006]FR
appareil de commande
appareil raccordé au circuit de commande et servant à commander le fonctionnement de la machine (par exemple un capteur de position, un auxiliaire manuel de commande, un relais, un contacteur, un électrodistributeur)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]Номинальный ток коммутационной аппаратуры выбирают с учетом мощностей, потребляемых всеми устройствами цепи управления.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 8528-4—2005]
Одно устройство для цепи управления может иметь несколько групп механически связанных контактных элементов.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003)]
Электромеханические устройства цепей управления
[МЭК 60947-5-1:2003]
При питании от понижающего трансформатора через выпрямительное устройство цепей управления постоянного тока, имеющих выключатели безопасности, один из полюсов этого устройства на стороне выпрямленного напряжения должен быть заземлен.
[Правила устройства и безопасной эксплуатации лифтов ]
Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Примечание(1)- Мнение автора карточкиТематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- электроустановки
EN
FR
фонтанная задвижка
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
устройство управления (control device): Средство, с помощью которого пользователь управляет креслом-коляской с электроприводом, чтобы двигаться с выбранной скоростью в выбранном направлении.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 7176-22-2004: Кресла-коляски. Часть 22. Правила установки оригинал документа
3.1.14 контрольное устройство (control device): Устройство, показывающее нормальную работу объекта или необходимость приведения его в действие.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 12509-2010: Машины землеройные. Осветительные, сигнальные и габаритные огни и светоотражатели оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > control device
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