-
81 tourist
noun (a person who travels for pleasure: London is usually full of tourists; (also adjective) the tourist industry.) turista; (adjetivo) turísticotourist n turistatr['tʊərɪst]1 turista nombre masulino o femenino1 turístico,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLtourist class clase nombre femenino turistatourist industry turismotourist ['tʊrɪst, 'tər-] n: turista mfadj.• turístico, -a adj.n.• turista s.m.,f.'tʊrəst, 'tʊərɪst, 'tɔːr-noun turista mf; (before n)tourist bureau o office — oficina f de (información y) turismo
tourist class — clase f turista
tourist guide — ( book) guía f turística; ( person) guía mf de turismo or (Méx) de turistas
the tourist industry — el turismo, la industria del turismo
['tʊǝrɪst]tourist information — información y turismo, oficina de turismo
1. N1) (on holiday) turista mf2) (Sport) (=visiting team)2.CPD [attraction, season] turísticotourist agency N — agencia f de turismo
tourist bureau N — = tourist information centre
tourist class N — clase f turista
tourist industry N — industria f del turismo
tourist information N — (=office) oficina f de turismo; (=facts) información f turística
tourist information centre, tourist office N — oficina f de turismo, oficina f de información turística
tourist season N — temporada f del turismo
tourist trap N — sitio m para turistas
tourist visa N — visado m turístico, visa f turística (LAm)
* * *['tʊrəst, 'tʊərɪst, 'tɔːr-]noun turista mf; (before n)tourist bureau o office — oficina f de (información y) turismo
tourist class — clase f turista
tourist guide — ( book) guía f turística; ( person) guía mf de turismo or (Méx) de turistas
the tourist industry — el turismo, la industria del turismo
tourist information — información y turismo, oficina de turismo
-
82 trade
treid
1. noun1) (the buying and selling of goods: Japan does a lot of trade with Britain.) comercio2) ((a) business, occupation, or job: He's in the jewellery trade.) negocio; industria
2. verb1) ((often with in or with) to buy and sell: They made a lot of money by trading; They trade in fruit and vegetables.) comerciar2) (to exchange: I traded my watch for a bicycle.) cambiar•- trader- trademark
- tradename
- tradesman
- trades union
- trade union
- trades unionist
- trade unionist
- trade wind
- trade in
trade1 n1. comercio2. oficio3. negocio / ramotrade2 vb comerciartr[treɪd]1 (commerce) comercio2 (business) negocio; (industry) industria3 (occupation) oficio, profesión nombre femenino4 (people who work in particular industry) comerciantes nombre masculino plural, gente nombre femenino del negocio1 comercial1 (do business) comerciar1 (exchange) cambiar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto do a good/brisk/roaring trade in something hacer un gran negocio con algo, vender algo como pan calientetrade cycle ciclo comercialtrade deficit / trade gap déficit nombre masculino comercialtrade discount descuento comercialtrade fair feria de muestrastrade name nombre nombre masculino comercialtrade price precio al por mayortrade secret secreto industrialtrade union sindicato, gremio obrerotrade unionism sindicalismotrade unionist sindicalista nombre masulino o femeninotrade winds vientos nombre masculino plural alisios: comerciar, negociartrade vtexchange: intercambiar, canjeartrade n1) occupation: oficio m, profesión f, ocupación fa carpenter by trade: carpintero de oficio2) commerce: comercio m, industria ffree trade: libre comerciothe book trade: la industria del libro3) exchange: intercambio m, canje mv.• cambiar v.• comerciar v.• girar v.• mercadear v.• traficar v.• trocar v.n.• canje s.m.• clientela s.f.• comercio s.m.• contratación s.f.• industria s.f.• mercancía s.f.• negocio s.m.• oficio s.m.• traficante s.m.,f.• trueque s.m.• tráfago s.m.• tráfico s.m.treɪd
I
1)a) u (buying, selling) comercio mdomestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior
they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)
trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial
trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria
trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial
b) u (business, industry) industria fthe hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera
c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio mas they say in the trade — como dicen los del gremio or los entendidos
e) u ( customers)2)a) ( exchange)I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio
b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m
II
1.
a) (buy, sell) comerciarthe company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado
to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...
b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje
2.
vta) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiarto trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo
to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien
I wouldn't mind trading places with him — ya quisiera yo estar en su lugar or en su pellejo
b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasarPhrasal Verbs:- trade in- trade on[treɪd]1. N1) (=buying and selling) comercio mdomestic/foreign/world trade — comercio m interior/exterior/internacional
•
to do trade with sb — comerciar con algnto do a good or brisk or roaring trade (in sth) — (Brit) hacer (un) buen negocio (con algo)
•
all trade in ivory is banned — el comercio de todo tipo de or con marfil está prohibidoto be in trade — † ser comerciante
2) (=industry) industria fthe tourist trade — el turismo, el sector turístico
3) (=profession, occupation) oficio m•
he's a butcher by trade — es carnicero de oficio•
known in the trade as... — conocido en el gremio como...tool, trickas we/they say in the trade — como decimos/dicen en el oficio
4) (=people in trade)to sell to the trade — vender al por mayor or (LAm) al mayoreo
5) (=clientele) clientela f•
he hires boats out for the tourist trade — alquila barcas a los turistas6) (esp US) (=exchange) cambio m•
it was fair trade — fue un cambio justo•
I'm willing to do or make a trade with you — estoy dispuesto a hacerte un cambio or a hacer un cambio contigo2.VT (esp US) (=exchange) [+ goods] cambiar; [+ blows, insults, jokes] intercambiar•
to trade sth for sth — cambiar algo por algo•
to trade sth with sb — intercambiar algo con algnmanagers traded places with cleaners for a day — los gerentes y el personal de limpieza se cambiaron los trabajos por un día
3. VI1) (=do business) comerciar•
to cease trading — cerrar•
to trade in sth — comerciar con algoto trade in ivory/hardware — comerciar con marfil/artículos de ferretería
•
he trades under a business name — opera con un nombre comercial•
to trade with sb — comerciar con algn2) (=exchange) (esp US) hacer un cambio3) (=sell) [currency, shares] cotizarse (at a)4.CPDtrade agreement N — acuerdo m comercial, convenio m comercial
trade association N — asociación f gremial, asociación f mercantil
trade balance N — balanza f comercial
trade barriers NPL — barreras fpl arancelarias
trade deficit N — déficit m comercial
Trade Descriptions Act N — (Brit) ley f de protección al consumidor
trade discount N — descuento m comercial
trade embargo N — embargo m comercial
trade fair N — feria f de muestras, feria f comercial
trade figures NPL — estadísticas fpl comerciales
trade journal N — revista f especializada
trade magazine N — = trade journal
trade name N — nombre m comercial
trade price N — precio m al por mayor, precio m de mayoreo (LAm)
trade restrictions NPL — restricciones fpl comerciales
trade route N — ruta f comercial
trade sanctions NPL — sanciones fpl comerciales
trade secret N — secreto m comercial; (fig) secreto m profesional
trades union N — = trade union
Trades Union Congress N — (Brit) Federación f de los Sindicatos
trade surplus N — balanza f comercial favorable, superávit m (en balanza) comercial
trade talks NPL — negociaciones fpl comerciales
trade union N — sindicato m
trade unionism N — sindicalismo m
trade unionist N — sindicalista mf, miembro mf de un sindicato
trade union leader N — líder mf sindicalista
trade union movement N — movimiento m sindical, movimiento m sindicalista
trade union official N — representante mf sindical
trade winds NPL — vientos mpl alisios
- trade in- trade on- trade up* * *[treɪd]
I
1)a) u (buying, selling) comercio mdomestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior
they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)
trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial
trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria
trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial
b) u (business, industry) industria fthe hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera
c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio mas they say in the trade — como dicen los del gremio or los entendidos
e) u ( customers)2)a) ( exchange)I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio
b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m
II
1.
a) (buy, sell) comerciarthe company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado
to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...
b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje
2.
vta) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiarto trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo
to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien
I wouldn't mind trading places with him — ya quisiera yo estar en su lugar or en su pellejo
b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasarPhrasal Verbs:- trade in- trade on -
83 major
'mei‹ə
1. adjective(great, or greater, in size, importance etc: major and minor roads; a major discovery.) mayor, principal
2. noun1) ((often abbreviated to Maj. when written) the rank next below lieutenant-colonel.) comandante2) ((American) the subject in which you specialize at college or university: a major in physics; Her major is psychology.)
3. verb((with in) (American) to study a certain subject in which you specialize at college or university: She is majoring in philosophy.) especializarse en- majority- major-general
- the age of majority
major1 adj1. importante / principal2. serio / gravemajor2 n comandantetr['meɪʤəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (more important, greater) mayor, principal3 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (key, scale) mayor1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL comandante nombre masculino2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (main subject) asignatura principal, especialidad nombre femenino; (student) estudiante <MF< I>que se especializa en una asignatura>\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLmajor league liga nacionalmajor premise premisa mayormajor adj1) greater: mayor2) noteworthy: mayor, notable3) serious: grave4) : mayor (en la música)major n1) : mayor mf, comandante mf (en las fuerzas armadas)2) : especialidad f (universitaria)adj.• comandante (Graduación) adj.• importante adj.• mayor adj.• mayor de edad adj.n.• comandante s.m.• especialidad en la universidad s.f.• mayor s.m.
I 'meɪdʒər, 'meɪdʒə(r)1) <change/client> muy importante; < setback> serio; < revision> a fondo; < illness> grave2) ( Mus) mayorB/C major — si/do mayor
II
3) majors pl (AmE)a) ( companies) grandes or importantes empresas fplb) ( Sport)
III
intransitive verb (AmE Educ)['meɪdʒǝ(r)]to major IN something — especializarse* en algo
1. ADJ1) (=large, important) [city, company] muy importante; [change, role] fundamental, muy importante; [factor] clave, muy importante, fundamental; [problem] serio, grave; [worry] enorme; [breakthrough] de enorme importancia•
the result was a major blow to the government — el resultado fue un duro golpe para el gobierno•
it is a major cause of death — causa un enorme número de muertes•
to be a major factor in sth — ser un factor clave or muy importante or fundamental en algo•
three major issues remained unresolved — quedaron sin resolver tres temas fundamentales or tres temas de enorme importanciathe major issues which affect our lives — las principales cuestiones que afectan nuestras vidas, las cuestiones de mayor importancia or más importantes que afectan nuestras vidas
•
nothing major has happened — no ha pasado nada de importanciagetting him off to school is a major operation hum — llevarlo al colegio es una operación a gran escala hum
•
this represents a major step forward — esto representa un enorme paso hacia delante2) (=principal) [cities, political parties] más importanteour major concern is the welfare of the hostages — nuestra principal preocupación es el bienestar de los rehenes
3) (Mus) [chord, key] mayor4) (Brit)(Scol) †2. N1) (Mil) comandante m, mayor m (LAm)2) (US)(Univ)a) (=subject) asignatura f principalb) (=student)3) (US)(Baseball)3.VIto major in sth — (US) (Univ) especializarse en algo
4.CPDmajor general N — (Mil) general m de división
major-leaguemajor league N — (US) liga f principal
major suit N — (Bridge) palo m mayor
* * *
I ['meɪdʒər, 'meɪdʒə(r)]1) <change/client> muy importante; < setback> serio; < revision> a fondo; < illness> grave2) ( Mus) mayorB/C major — si/do mayor
II
3) majors pl (AmE)a) ( companies) grandes or importantes empresas fplb) ( Sport)
III
intransitive verb (AmE Educ)to major IN something — especializarse* en algo
-
84 centre
'sentə
1. noun1) (the middle point, or middle of anything; the point or area farthest from the edge: the centre of a circle; the city centre.) centro2) (a place having, or designed for, a particular activity, interest etc: a centre of industry; a shopping-centre; a sports-centre.) centro3) (the main point (of interest etc): the centre of attention.) centro
2. verb1) (to place, or to be, at the centre.) centrar2) ((with on) to concentrate round: Her plans always centre on her child.) centrarsecentre n centrotr['sentəSMALLr/SMALL]1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (gen) centro1 (put in centre) centrar■ our attention centres on the forthcoming elections nuestra atención se centra en las próximas elecciones\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be the centre of attention ser el centro de atención, ser el centro de todas las miradascentre forward SMALLSPORT/SMALL delantero centrocentre half SMALLSPORT/SMALL medio centrocentre party SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL partido centristasports centre polideportivoadj.• central adj. (UK)n.• centro s.m.• foco s.m.• nudo s.m.• ombligo s.m. (UK)v.• centrar (Matemática) v.• concentrar v.(US) ['sentǝ(r)]1. N1) (=middle) centro m ; [of chocolate] relleno m2) (=focus) centro m3) (=place for specific activity) centro mhealth centre — centro m de salud, centro m médico
4) (Pol) centro m5) (Sport) (=player, kick) centro m2. VT1) (=place in centre) centrar2) (Sport) [+ ball] pasar al centro, centrar3) (=concentrate) concentrar (on en)3.VIto centre (a)round/in/on — concentrarse en; [hopes etc] cifrarse en
4.CPDcentre court N — (Tennis) pista f central
centre forward N — (Sport) (delantero(-a) m / f) centro mf
centre ground N — (in politics) centro m
to occupy the centre ground — [political party] ser de centro
centre of gravity N — centro m de gravedad
centre party N — (Pol) partido m centrista
centre spread N — (Brit) (Press) páginas fpl centrales
centre stage N — (Theat) centro m del escenario
to take centre stage — adquirir protagonismo, pasar a un primer plano
* * * -
85 investor
сущ.фин. инвестор, вкладчик (капитала) (физическое лицо, частная компания или государственный институт, вкладывающие свои собственные или заемные средства в финансовые или физические активы с целью получения дохода, напр., в ценные бумаги, производственные фонды и т. п.)Ant:accredited investor, active investor, aggressive investor, angel investor, conservative investor, contrarian investor, ethical investor, foreign investor, green investor, growth investor, hands-off investor, hands-on investor, individual investor, institutional investor, international investor, long-term investor, marginal investor, moderate investor, non-accredited investor, passive investor, personal investor, portfolio investor, professional investor, public investor, retail investor, risk-averse investor, risk-loving investor, risk-neutral investor, risk-seeking investor, short-term investor, small investor, sophisticated investor, strategic investor, value investor, American Association of Individual Investors, Investors in Industry, Investors in People, Index of Investor Optimism, investor relations, investee, investment 1)See:accredited investor, active investor, aggressive investor, angel investor, conservative investor, contrarian investor, ethical investor, foreign investor, green investor, growth investor, hands-off investor, hands-on investor, individual investor, institutional investor, international investor, long-term investor, marginal investor, moderate investor, non-accredited investor, passive investor, personal investor, portfolio investor, professional investor, public investor, retail investor, risk-averse investor, risk-loving investor, risk-neutral investor, risk-seeking investor, short-term investor, small investor, sophisticated investor, strategic investor, value investor, American Association of Individual Investors, Investors in Industry, Investors in People, Index of Investor Optimism, investor relations, investee, investment 1)
* * *
инвестор: физическое или юридическое лицо, помещающее свои средства в финансовые или реальные активы в расчете на доход и/или прирост капитала.* * *. Владелец финансовых активов . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *физическое лицо, юридическое лицо или государство, осуществляющее инвестиции в различные проекты -
86 CBI
tr['siː'biː'aɪ]1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL ( Confederation of British Industry) confederación británica de organizaciones empresarialesN ABBR= Confederation of British Industry ≈ CEOE f* * * -
87 clothing
noun (clothes: warm clothing.) ropaclothing n ropa / prendastr['kləʊðɪŋ]1 ropa■ article/item of clothing prenda de vestir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLclothing industry industria de la confecciónclothing ['klo:ðɪŋ] n: ropa f, indumentaria fadj.• textil adj.n.• indumentaria s.f.• ropa (Textil) s.f.• ropaje s.m.• vestido s.m.• vestidos s.m.pl.• vestidura s.f.'kləʊðɪŋmass noun ropa f; (before n)['klǝʊðɪŋ]1.N ropa f, vestimenta farticle of clothing — prenda f de vestir
2.CPDclothing allowance N — extra m para ropa de trabajo
clothing industry N — industria f textil
* * *['kləʊðɪŋ]mass noun ropa f; (before n) -
88 construction
- ʃən1) ((a way of) constructing or putting together: The bridge is still under construction.) construcción2) (something built: That construction won't last long.) construcciónconstruction n construccióntr[kən'strʌkʃən]1 (gen) construcción nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be under construction estar en construcciónto put a wrong construction on something malinterpretar algoconstruction industry industria de la construcciónconstruction site obraconstruction [kən'strʌkʃən] n: construcción fadj.• constructor adj.n.• construcción s.f.• edificación s.f.• explicación s.f.• interpretación s.f.• obra s.f.kən'ʃtrʌkʃən1) ua) ( of building) construcción f; (before n) <industry, worker> de la construcciónb) (Ling, Math) construcción f2) c ( structure) estructura f, construcción f3) c ( interpretation) interpretación f[kǝn'strʌkʃǝn]1. N1) (=act, structure, building) construcción funder construction, in course of construction — en construcción
2) (fig) (=interpretation) interpretación f3) (Ling) construcción f2.CPDconstruction company N — compañía f constructora
construction engineer N — ingeniero(-a) m / f de la construcción
construction industry N — industria f de la construcción
construction site N — obra f
construction worker N — trabajador(a) m / f de la construcción
* * *[kən'ʃtrʌkʃən]1) ua) ( of building) construcción f; (before n) <industry, worker> de la construcciónb) (Ling, Math) construcción f2) c ( structure) estructura f, construcción f3) c ( interpretation) interpretación f -
89 develop
di'veləppast tense, past participle - developed; verb1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) desarrollar(se)2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) contraer, adquirir3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) aparecer4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) revelar•develop vb1. desarrollar2. revelar3. convertirse4. surgir / salirtr[dɪ'veləp]1 (cultivate, cause to grow - gen) desarrollar; (foster - trade, arts) fomentar, promover; (expand - business, industry) ampliar; (build up, improve - skill, ability, talent) perfeccionar2 (elaborate, expand - idea, argument, story) desarrollar; (- theory, plan) desarrollar, elaborar3 (start - roots) echar; (devise, invent - policy, method, strategy) idear, desarrollar; (- drug, product, technology) crear4 (acquire - habit, quality, feature) contraer, adquirir; (- talent, interest) mostrar; (- tendency) revelar, manifestar; (get - illness, disease) contraer; (- immunity, resistance) desarrollar5 (exploit - resources) explotar; (- site, land) urbanizar6 (film, photograph) revelar1 (grow - person, body, nation, region, etc) desarrollarse; (- system) perfeccionarse; (feeling, interest) aumentar, crecer2 (evolve - emotion) convertirse ( into, en), transformarse ( into, en), evolucionar; (plot, novel) desarrollarse3 (appear - problem, complication, symptom) aparecer, surgir; (situation, crisis) producirse4 (of film, photograph) salir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto develop a taste for something cogerle gusto a algodevelop [di'vɛləp] vt1) form, make: desarrollar, elaborar, formar2) : revelar (en fotografía)3) foster: desarrollar, fomentar4) exploit: explotar (recursos), urbanizar (un área)5) acquire: adquirirto develop an interest: adquirir un interés6) contract: contraer (una enfermedad)develop vi1) grow: desarrollarse2) arise: aparecer, surgirv.• revelar (una película) v.v.• desarrollar v.• desenvolver v.• explotar v.• progresar v.• urbanizar v.dɪ'veləp
1.
1)a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollarb) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollarc) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)I've developed a taste for... — le he tomado (el) gusto a...
3) ( Phot) revelar
2.
vi1)a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentarb) ( evolve)to develop INTO something — convertirse* or transformarse en algo
c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresard) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse*[dɪ'velǝp]1. VT1) (=make bigger, stronger etc) [+ mind, body] desarrollar; (fig) [+ argument, idea] desarrollar2) (=generate) [+ plan] elaborar; [+ process] perfeccionar3) (=acquire) [+ interest, taste, habit] adquirir; [+ disease] contraer; [+ tendency] coger, desarrollar; [+ engine trouble] empezar a tener4) (=build on) [+ region] desarrollar, fomentar; [+ land] urbanizar; [+ site] ampliarthis land is to be developed — se va a construir en or urbanizar este terreno
5) (=exploit) [+ resources, mine etc] explotar6) (Phot) revelar2. VI1) (=change, mature) desarrollarseto develop into — convertirse or transformarse en
2) (=progress) [country] desarrollarsehow is the book developing? — ¿qué tal va el libro?
3) (=come into being) aparecer; [symptoms] aparecer, mostrarse4) (=come about) [idea, plan, problem] surgirit later developed that... — más tarde quedó claro que...
* * *[dɪ'veləp]
1.
1)a) (elaborate, devise) \<\<theory/plan\>\> desarrollar, elaborar; \<\<idea\>\> desarrollar; \<\<method\>\> idear, desarrollar; \<\<plot/story/character\>\> desarrollarb) ( improve) \<\<skill/ability/quality\>\> desarrollarc) ( exploit) \<\<land/area\>\> urbanizar*d) ( expand) \<\<business/range\>\> ampliar*e) ( create) \<\<drug/engine\>\> crear2) ( acquire) \<\<immunity/resistance\>\> desarrollar; \<\<disease\>\> contraer* (frml)I've developed a taste for... — le he tomado (el) gusto a...
3) ( Phot) revelar
2.
vi1)a) ( grow) \<\<person/industry\>\> desarrollarse; \<\<interest\>\> crecer*, aumentarb) ( evolve)to develop INTO something — convertirse* or transformarse en algo
c) ( Econ) \<\<nation/region\>\> desarrollarse, progresard) ( unfold) \<\<plot/novel\>\> desarrollarse2) ( appear) \<\<problem/complication\>\> surgir*, aparecer*; \<\<crisis\>\> producirse* -
90 electronics
noun singular (the branch of science that deals with the study of the movement and effects of electrons and with their application to machines etc.) electrónicaelectronics n electrónicatr[ɪlek'trɒnɪks]1 (science, technology) electrónica1 (circuits and devices) componentes nombre masculino plural electrónicos\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLelectronics industry industria electrónicaelectronics [i.lɛk'trɑnɪks] n: electrónica fn.• electrónica s.f.• electrónico s.m.n.inv.• electrónica s.f.ɪ'lek'trɑːnɪks, ˌɪlek'trɒnɪksb) ( circuitry) (+ sing or pl vb) sistema m electrónico[ɪlek'trɒnɪks]1.NSING (=science) electrónica f2.NPL [of machine] componentes mpl electrónicos3.CPDelectronics engineer N — ingeniero(-a) m / f electrónico(-a)
electronics industry N — industria f electrónica
electronics manufacturer N — fabricante mf de productos electrónicos
* * *[ɪ'lek'trɑːnɪks, ˌɪlek'trɒnɪks]b) ( circuitry) (+ sing or pl vb) sistema m electrónico -
91 primary
primary adj principal / primordialtr['praɪmərɪ]1 (main) principal, fundamental2 (first, basic) primario,-a1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL primaria\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLprimary education enseñanza primariaprimary school escuela primariaprimary school teacher maestro,-a, maestro,-a de escuelaprimary ['praɪ.mɛri, 'praɪməri] adj1) first: primario2) principal: principal3) basic: fundamentaladj.• primario, -a adj.• primero, -a adj.• principal adj.n.• color primario s.m.• elección preliminar para nombrar candidatos s.f.• lo principal s.m.
I 'praɪmeri, 'praɪməri1) ( principal) <purpose/role/aim> primordial, principal2)a) (first, basic) <source/energy> primario; < industry> de baseb) < education> primario
II
2) primary (color) color m primario or fundamental3) primary (school) escuela f (de enseñanza) primaria; (before n)['praɪmǝrɪ]primary (school) teacher — maestro, -tra m,f (de escuela)
1. ADJ1) (=chief, main) [reason, purpose, source] principalour primary concern is the well-being of our children — nuestra mayor or principal preocupación es el bienestar de nuestros hijos
2) (=fundamental) primordial3) (=first) primario4) (esp Brit) (Scol) (=elementary) primario2. N2) (=colour) color m primario3) = primary school3.CPDprimary care, primary health care N — atención f sanitaria primaria
primary colour N — color m primario
primary education N — (esp Brit) enseñanza f primaria, educación f primaria
primary election N — (US) elección f primaria, primaria f
primary products NPL — productos mpl primarios
primary school N — (Brit) escuela f primaria; (US) escuela f primaria (de primer ciclo) (6-9 años)
primary school teacher N — (Brit) profesor(a) m / f de enseñanza primaria, maestro(-a) m / f
primary storage N — almacenamiento m primario
PRIMARIES Las elecciones primarias ( primaries) sirven para preseleccionar a los candidatos de los partidos demócrata ( Democratic) y republicano ( Republican) durante la campaña que precede a las elecciones a la presidencia de Estados Unidos. Se inician en New Hampshire y tienen lugar en 35 estados entre los meses de febrero y junio. El número de votos obtenidos por cada candidato determina el número de delegados que votarán en el congreso general ( National Convention) de julio y agosto, en el que se decide el candidato definitivo de cada partido.primary teacher N — (Brit) profesor(a) m / f de enseñanza primaria, maestro(-a) m / f
* * *
I ['praɪmeri, 'praɪməri]1) ( principal) <purpose/role/aim> primordial, principal2)a) (first, basic) <source/energy> primario; < industry> de baseb) < education> primario
II
2) primary (color) color m primario or fundamental3) primary (school) escuela f (de enseñanza) primaria; (before n)primary (school) teacher — maestro, -tra m,f (de escuela)
-
92 recover
1) (to become well again; to return to good health etc: He is recovering from a serious illness; The country is recovering from an economic crisis.) recuperarse2) (to get back: The police have recovered the stolen jewels; He will recover the cost of the repairs through the insurance.) recuperar3) (to get control of (one's actions, emotions etc) again: The actor almost fell over but quickly recovered (his balance).) recuperar(se)•- recoveryrecover vb recuperarse / reponersetr[rɪ'kʌvəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (gen) recuperar; (dead body) rescatar1 recuperarse, reponerse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto recover consciousness recobrar el conocimientorecover [ri'kʌvər] vtregain: recobrarrecover virecuperate: recuperarsev.• curarse v.v.• alentar v.• cobrar v.• ganar un pleito v.• mejorarse v.• recaudar v.• recobrar v.• recuperar v.• reintegrar v.• reponer v.(§pres: -pongo, -pones...) pret: -pus-pp: -puestofut/c: -pondr-•)• reponerse v.• rescatar v.• restablecer v.• retradeshacer v.(§pres: -hago, -haces...) pret: -hic-pp: -hechofut/c: -har-•)• sanar v.rɪ'kʌvər, rɪ'kʌvə(r)
1.
a) ( regain) \<\<consciousness/strength\>\> recuperar, recobrar; \<\<investment/position/lead\>\> recuperarhe was on the point of losing his temper, but recovered himself — estuvo a punto de perder los estribos, pero se contuvo
b) ( retrieve) rescatarc) ( reclaim) \<\<metal/glass/paper\>\> recuperard) ( Law)to recover damages — obtener* indemnización por daños y perjuicios
2.
via) \<\<person\>\>to recover (FROM something) — reponerse* or restablecerse* or recuperarse (de algo)
b) \<\<economy/industry\>\> recuperarse, repuntar, reactivarse[rɪ'kʌvǝ(r)]1. VT1) (=regain) [+ faculty] recuperar, recobrar frmhe fought to recover his balance — luchó por recuperar or frm recobrar el equilibrio
composurerecovering himself with a masterly effort he resumed his narrative — reponiéndose or sobreponiéndose con un esfuerzo sobrehumano, terminó su narración
2) (=retrieve) [+ bodies, wreck] rescatar; [+ debt] cobrar; [+ stolen property, costs, losses, investment] recuperar; (Jur) [+ money] recuperar; [+ property] reivindicar, recuperar; (Comput) [+ data] recobrar, recuperar3) (=reclaim) [+ materials] recuperar2. VI1) (after accident, illness) reponerse, recuperarse, restablecerse ( from de); (after shock, blow) sobreponerse, reponerse ( from de)he recovered from being 4-2 down to reach the semi-finals — se recuperó tras ir perdiendo 4-2 y llegó a las semifinales
2) (Econ) [currency] recuperarse, restablecerse; [shares, stock market] volver a subir; [economy] reactivarse* * *[rɪ'kʌvər, rɪ'kʌvə(r)]
1.
a) ( regain) \<\<consciousness/strength\>\> recuperar, recobrar; \<\<investment/position/lead\>\> recuperarhe was on the point of losing his temper, but recovered himself — estuvo a punto de perder los estribos, pero se contuvo
b) ( retrieve) rescatarc) ( reclaim) \<\<metal/glass/paper\>\> recuperard) ( Law)to recover damages — obtener* indemnización por daños y perjuicios
2.
via) \<\<person\>\>to recover (FROM something) — reponerse* or restablecerse* or recuperarse (de algo)
b) \<\<economy/industry\>\> recuperarse, repuntar, reactivarse -
93 socialize
verb (to mix socially (eg with guests at a party etc).) relacionarse, mezclarse con la gentesocialize vb hacer vida social / relacionarsetr['səʊʃəlaɪz]1 (mix socially) relacionarse, alternar; (at party) circular, mezclarse con la gente1 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL (adapt to society) socializar2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (nationalize) nacionalizar1) nationalize: nacionalizar2) : socializar (en psicología)socialize vi: alternar, circularto socialize with friends: alternar con amigossocialize (US/UK)v.• socializar v.'səʊʃəlaɪz
1.
1) ( Psych) socializar*2) (AmE Pol) \<\<industry/production\>\> nacionalizar*
2.
vi alternar; ( at party) circular['sǝʊʃǝlaɪz]they don't socialize much — no alternan or no salen mucho, no hacen mucha vida social
1.VT socializar2.VI alternar, saliryou should socialize more — deberías alternar or salir más
we don't socialize much these days — últimamente no alternamos or salimos mucho
* * *['səʊʃəlaɪz]
1.
1) ( Psych) socializar*2) (AmE Pol) \<\<industry/production\>\> nacionalizar*
2.
vi alternar; ( at party) circularthey don't socialize much — no alternan or no salen mucho, no hacen mucha vida social
-
94 grain
• rosoisuus• juovaisuus• jyvänen• jyvät• jyvä• juovittaa• hiven• hiukkanen• hitunen• vilja• elo• siemen• purppuraväri• rae• rakeisuus• tehdä rosoiseksi• karheus• muren• murentaaleather industry• martiointileather industry• martio• marmoroida• syy• kuitu• lohkare* * *ɡrein1) (a seed of wheat, oats etc.) jyvä2) (corn in general: Grain is ground into flour.) vilja3) (a very small, hard particle: a grain of sand.) jyvänen4) (the way in which the lines of fibre run in wood, leather etc.) syy5) (a very small amount: There isn't a grain of truth in that story.) hitunen• -
95 grind
I [graɪnd]1) colloq. (hard work) sfacchinata f., sgobbata f., faticaccia f.2) (harsh sound) stridore m., stridio m.3) AE colloq. spreg. (student) secchione m. (-a), sgobbone m. (-a)II 1. [graɪnd]1) (crush) macinare [corn, coffee beans]; schiacciare, pestare [ grain]; triturare [ pebbles]; tritare [ meat]to grind sth. to dust o to a powder ridurre qcs. in polvere; to grind one's teeth — digrignare i denti
3) (turn) girare [ handle]; suonare [ barrel organ]2.1) (make harsh sound) [ machine] stridereto grind to a halt — [ vehicle] fermarsi con stridore di ruote o freni; fig. [industry, production] fermarsi
2) AE colloq. (swot) sgobbare, sfacchinare•- grind on- grind up* * *1. past tense, past participle - ground; verb1) (to crush into powder or small pieces: This machine grinds coffee.) macinare2) (to rub together, usually producing an unpleasant noise: He grinds his teeth.) arrotare; digrignare3) (to rub into or against something else: He ground his heel into the earth.) sfregare2. noun(boring hard work: Learning vocabulary is a bit of a grind.) faticata, sgobbata- grinder- grinding
- grindstone
- grind down
- grind up
- keep someone's nose to the grindstone
- keep one's nose to the grindstone* * *[ɡraɪnd] ground vb: pt, pp1. vt(coffee, corn) macinare, (Am: meat) tritare, macinare, (car gears) grattare, (sharpen: knife) arrotare, (polish: gem, lens) molare2. vistridere, cigolareto grind to a halt — (vehicle) rallentare fino a fermarsi, (fig: talks, scheme) insabbiarsi, (work, production) cessare del tutto
3. n(fam: work) sgobbatathe daily grind fam — il trantran m inv quotidiano
•- grind on- grind up* * *grind /graɪnd/n.1 [u] il macinare; il frantumare; lo stritolare; l'affilare, l'arrotare, ecc.; macinatura; frantumazione (► to grind)2 [u] (fam.) faticata; sfacchinata; sgobbata5 (volg. ingl., antiq.) chiavata, scopata (volg.).(to) grind /graɪnd/(pass. e p. p. ground)A v. t.1 macinare; frantumare; sgretolare; stritolare: to grind wheat, macinare grano; to grind a bone [a stone], stritolare un osso [una pietra]3 fregare; sfregare; stropicciare5 levigare; molare: to grind diamonds, levigare le facce dei diamanti; to grind a lens, molare una lente6 (mecc.) molare; rettificare; smerigliare: to grind a flat surface, rettificare una superficie piana; to grind the valves of an engine, smerigliare le valvole d'un motore8 azionare; girare la manovella di: to grind a coffee mill, girare la manovella di un macinino da caffè; to grind a hand-organ, azionare (o suonare) un organetto9 (fig. fam.) inculcare; insegnare con grande impegno: to grind grammar into a boy's head, sudare sette camicie per insegnare la grammatica a un ragazzo10 (fig.) schiacciare; opprimere; infierire suB v. i.2 frantumarsi; sgretolarsi5 macinarsi: Some wheats grind better than others, certe varietà di grano si macinano meglio di altre● (fig.) to grind the faces of the poor, sfruttare i poveri; sfruttare i lavoratori □ to grind small (o to pieces), frantumare; fare a pezzi □ ( di un veicolo) to grind to a halt (o to a standstill), (mecc.) fermarsi con grande stridore; (fig.) arrestarsi, fermarsi: Public works have ground to a halt, i lavori pubblici si sono fermati □ (fig.) to have an axe to grind, avere un interesse personale, egoistico.* * *I [graɪnd]1) colloq. (hard work) sfacchinata f., sgobbata f., faticaccia f.2) (harsh sound) stridore m., stridio m.3) AE colloq. spreg. (student) secchione m. (-a), sgobbone m. (-a)II 1. [graɪnd]1) (crush) macinare [corn, coffee beans]; schiacciare, pestare [ grain]; triturare [ pebbles]; tritare [ meat]to grind sth. to dust o to a powder ridurre qcs. in polvere; to grind one's teeth — digrignare i denti
3) (turn) girare [ handle]; suonare [ barrel organ]2.1) (make harsh sound) [ machine] stridereto grind to a halt — [ vehicle] fermarsi con stridore di ruote o freni; fig. [industry, production] fermarsi
2) AE colloq. (swot) sgobbare, sfacchinare•- grind on- grind up -
96 proportion
1. nounwhat proportion of candidates pass the exam? — wie groß ist der Anteil der erfolgreichen Prüfungskandidaten?
2) (ratio) Verhältnis, dasthe high proportion of imports to exports — der hohe Anteil der Importe im Vergleich zu den Exporten
in proportion [to something] — [einer Sache (Dat.)] entsprechend
be in proportion [to or with something] — (lit. or fig.) im richtigen Verhältnis [zu od. mit etwas] stehen
try to keep things in proportion — (fig.) versuchen Sie, die Dinge im richtigen Licht zu sehen
be out of proportion/all or any proportion [to or with something] — (lit. or fig.) in keinem/keinerlei Verhältnis zu etwas stehen
get things out of proportion — (fig.) die Dinge zu wichtig nehmen; (worry unnecessarily) sich (Dat.) zu viele Sorgen machen
5) (Math.) Proportion, die2. transitive verbin direct/inverse proportion — direkt/umgekehrt proportional
(make proportionate) proportionierenproportion something to something — etwas einer Sache (Dat.) anpassen; see also academic.ru/108624/proportioned">proportioned
* * *[prə'po:ʃən]2) (the (correct) quantity, size, number etc ( of one thing compared with that of another): For this dish, the butter and flour should be in the proportion of three to four (=eg 300 grammes of butter with every 400 grammes of flour).) das Verhältnis•- proportional- proportionally
- proportionate
- proportionately
- be
- get in proportion to
- get in proportion
- be
- get out of all proportion to
- get out of proportion to
- get out of all proportion
- get out of proportion
- in proportion to* * *pro·por·tion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən, AM -ˈpɔ:r-]nin \proportion to sb/sth im Verhältnis zu jdm/etwto be in/out of \proportion [to sth] im/in keinem Verhältnis zu etw dat stehento be in/out of \proportion [to each other] in den Proportionen [zueinander] stimmen/nicht stimmenI'm all out of \proportion in this picture auf diesem Bild stimmen die Proportionen überhaupt nicht3. (in drawing)▪ \proportions pl Proportionen plto have/keep a sense of \proportion bei etw dat den richtigen Maßstab anlegento blow sth out of [all] \proportion etw maßlos übertreibento keep sth in \proportion etw im richtigen Verhältnis sehen5. (size)▪ \proportions pl Ausmaße pla building of gigantic \proportions ein Gebäude von gewaltigen Ausmaßen* * *[prə'pOːSən]1. n1) (= ratio, relationship in number) Verhältnis nt (of x to y zwischen x und y); (= relationship in size, ART) Proportionen plto be in/out of proportion (to one another) (in number) — im richtigen/nicht im richtigen Verhältnis zueinanderstehen; ( in size, Art ) in den Proportionen stimmen/nicht stimmen; (in time, effort etc) im richtigen/in keinem Verhältnis zueinanderstehen
to be in/out of proportion to or with sth — im Verhältnis/in keinem Verhältnis zu etw stehen; ( in size, Art )
in proportion to what she earns her contributions are very small — im Verhältnis zu dem, was sie verdient, ist ihr Beitrag äußerst bescheiden
in direct/inverse proportion to sth — in direktem/umgekehrtem Verhältnis zu etw; (Math) direkt/indirekt proportional zu etw
to get sth in proportion (Art) — etw proportional richtig darstellen; (fig) etw objektiv betrachten
he has got the arms out of proportion — er hat die Arme proportional falsch dargestellt
sense of proportion (lit, fig) — Sinn m für Proportionen
in proportion as — in dem Maße wie
a man of huge proportions —
2) (= part, amount) Teil mthe proportion of drinkers in our society is rising constantly — der Anteil der Trinker in unserer Gesellschaft nimmt ständig zu
what proportion of the industry is in private hands? — wie groß ist der Anteil der Industrie, der sich in Privathand befindet?
a proportion of the industry is in private hands — ein Teil der Industrie befindet sich in Privathand
2. vt* * *A s1. Verhältnis n (of … to von … zu):in proportion as in dem Maß, wie; je nachdem, wie;in proportion to im Verhältnis zu;be paid in proportion to the number of hours one works nach Arbeitsstunden bezahlt werden;out of all proportion unverhältnismäßig;be out of all proportion to in keinem Verhältnis oder in keiner Relation stehen zu;what proportion of …? wie viel von (oder gen) …?2. richtiges Verhältnis, Gleich-, Ebenmaß n:the painting is out of proportion die Proportionen des Bildes stimmen nicht;see things in (out of) proportion fig die Dinge (nicht) im richtigen Verhältnis sehen3. (verhältnismäßiger) Anteil:in proportion anteilig4. CHEM, MATH Proportion f, Verhältnis n:law of multiple proportions Gesetz n der multiplen Proportionen5. MATHa) Verhältnisgleichung f, Proportion fb) Dreisatz(rechnung) m(f), Regeldetri f6. meist pl Ausmaß(e) n(pl), Größe(nverhältnisse) f(pl), Dimensionen pl7. MUSa) Schwingungsverhältnis nb) Rhythmus m8. figa) Symmetrie fb) Harmonie fB v/t2. verhältnis- oder anteilmäßig verteilen3. symmetrisch oder harmonisch gestalten:well proportioned ebenmäßig, wohlgestaltet, -proportioniert4. proportionieren, bemessen, dimensionieren* * *1. nounwhat proportion of candidates pass the exam? — wie groß ist der Anteil der erfolgreichen Prüfungskandidaten?
2) (ratio) Verhältnis, dasthe high proportion of imports to exports — der hohe Anteil der Importe im Vergleich zu den Exporten
in proportion [to something] — [einer Sache (Dat.)] entsprechend
be in proportion [to or with something] — (lit. or fig.) im richtigen Verhältnis [zu od. mit etwas] stehen
try to keep things in proportion — (fig.) versuchen Sie, die Dinge im richtigen Licht zu sehen
be out of proportion/all or any proportion [to or with something] — (lit. or fig.) in keinem/keinerlei Verhältnis zu etwas stehen
get things out of proportion — (fig.) die Dinge zu wichtig nehmen; (worry unnecessarily) sich (Dat.) zu viele Sorgen machen
5) (Math.) Proportion, die2. transitive verbin direct/inverse proportion — direkt/umgekehrt proportional
(make proportionate) proportionierenproportion something to something — etwas einer Sache (Dat.) anpassen; see also proportioned
* * *n.Anteil -e m.Proportion f.Verhältnis n. -
97 clock
clock [klɒk]1 noun∎ the church clock chimed four l'horloge de l'église sonna quatre heures;∎ it took us fifteen minutes by the clock il nous a fallu quinze minutes montre en main;∎ figurative the clock is ticking le temps passe;∎ to put a clock back/forward retarder/avancer une horloge;∎ to put or turn the clocks back/forward retarder/avancer les pendules;∎ figurative you can't turn the clock back ce qui est fait est fait;∎ this law will put the clock back a hundred years cette loi va nous ramener cent ans en arrière;∎ a race against the clock une course contre la montre;∎ they worked against or to beat the clock ils ont travaillé dur pour finir à temps;∎ Horseriding the jump-off was against the clock il y a eu un barrage contre la montre;∎ to work round the clock travailler vingt-quatre heures sur vingt-quatre;∎ to sleep round the clock faire le tour du cadran;∎ figurative to watch the clock (employee) avoir les yeux rivés sur l'horloge, ne penser qu'à l'heure de la sortie;∎ I don't pay you to come in here and watch the clock je ne vous paie pas pour que vous passiez votre temps à ne rien faire;(b) (taximeter) compteur m, taximètre m∎ a car with 30,000 miles on the clock une voiture qui a 30 000 miles au compteur∎ winds clocked at 50 miles per hour des vents qui ont atteint 50 miles à l'heure;∎ he was clocked at 185 mph ≃ il a atteint les 300 km/h chrono;∎ she's clocked five minutes for the mile elle court le mile en cinq minutes;∎ the fastest time he's clocked this year son meilleur temps cette année∎ she clocked him as soon as he walked in elle l'a repéré dès qu'il est entré►► clock golf jeu m de l'horloge;clock radio radio-réveil m;Computing clock speed fréquence f d'horloge;Computing clock speed doubler doubleur m de fréquence (d'horloge);clock tower tour f (de l'horloge)∎ I clocked in at seven o'clock j'ai pointé à sept heures∎ for the 100 metres she clocked in at nine seconds elle a fait neuf secondes aux 100 mètres;∎ the last of the marathon runners clocked in at six hours le dernier marathonien a effectué le parcours en six heuresIndustry pointer (à la sortie), dépointerIndustry (employee) pointer (à l'arrivée)Industry pointer (à la sortie), dépointer∎ Cars she clocked up 300 miles elle a fait 300 miles au compteur -
98 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain
[br]b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), Franced. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France[br]French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.[br]Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.[br]Further ReadingAndré Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).KM -
99 Crompton, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, Englandd. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of the spinning mule.[br]Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.[br]Further ReadingH.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).RLH -
100 Strutt, Jedediah
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 July 1726 South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, Englandd. 7 May 1797 Derby, England[br]English inventor of a machine for making ribbed knitting.[br]Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.[br]Bibliography1758. British patent no. 722 (Derby rib machine). 1759. British patent no. 734 (Derby rib machine).Further ReadingFor the involvement of Strutt in Arkwright's spinning ventures, there are two books, the earlier of which is R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester, which has most of the details about Strutt's life. This has been followed by R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for a general background to the textile industry of the period).W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (covers Strutt's knitting inventions).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
small industry — small workshops … English contemporary dictionary
Small business — Small businesses on Dalrymple Street in Greenock, Scotland A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned… … Wikipedia
Small Business Administration — Seal of the SBA … Wikipedia
Industry of the People's Republic of China — Industry produced 53.7 percent of the People s Republic of China’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction, and power) contributed 46.8 percent of GDP in 2010 and occupied 27 percent of the… … Wikipedia
Industry of China — Industry produced 53.1 percent of China’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005. Industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction, and power) contributed 52.9 percent of GDP in 2004 and occupied 22.5 percent of the workforce. The… … Wikipedia
Small and medium enterprises — or small and medium sized enterprises (also: Small and Medium sized Enterprises; acronym in the plural: SMEs; small and medium businesses or small and medium sized businesses, acronym: SMBs; and variations thereof) are companies whose headcount… … Wikipedia
Industry Loss Warranties — Industry Loss Warranties, often referred to as ILWs, are a type of reinsurance or derivative contract through which one party will purchase protection based on the total loss arising from an event to the entire insurance industry rather than… … Wikipedia
small arm — small armed, adj. Usually, small arms. a firearm designed to be held in one or both hands while being fired: in the U.S. the term is applied to weapons of a caliber of up to one in. (2.5 cm). [1680 90] * * * ▪ military technology Introduction… … Universalium
Small wind turbine — Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty watt generator for boat or caravan use. Small units often have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind. Larger,… … Wikipedia
small — [smɔːl ǁ smɒːl] adjective 1. not large in size or amount: • Boeing doesn t make a small, 100 seat plane. • The recent fare increases are small. • For a small fee, we can sell your shares for you. 2. unimportant or easy to deal with: • The company … Financial and business terms
small-scale — ˈsmall scale adjective small in size or limited in degree: • small scale enterprises • small scale industrial activities * * * small scale UK US /ˌsmɔːlˈskeɪl/ adjective [before noun] ► not involving a lot of people, things, or activity, or… … Financial and business terms