slaves

al-lĭgo ( adl-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

A.. Lit., to bind to something:

ad statuam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 90:

ad palum,

id. ib. 2, 5, 28, § 71;

so in the witticism of Cic.: Quis generum meum ad gladium adligavit?

Macr. S. 2, 3:

leones adligati,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 13. —In Col. of binding the vine to trees or other supports, 4, 13; so id. 4, 20.—

In gen., to bind, to bind up, bind round:

dolia,

Cato, R. R. 39. So of the binding up of wounds: vulnus, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 39:

adligatum vulnus,

Liv. 7, 24:

oculus adligatus,

Cic. Div. 1, 54, 123.—Of the binding of the hands, feet, etc.:

adliga, inquam, colliga,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 26:

cum adligāsset Isaac filium,

Vulg. Gen. 22, 9; ib. Act. 21, 11:

adligari se ac venire patitur,

Tac. G. 24:

adligetur vinculo ferreo,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 12:

catenis,

ib. Act. 21, 33.—Hence, allĭgāti ( adl-) (sc. servi), slaves that are fettered, Col. 1, 9.—Of other things:

adligare caput lanā,

Mart. 12, 91: adligat (naves) ancora, makes or holds fast, Verg. A. 1, 169.—In Plin. of fixing colors, to fix, make fast: (alga) ita colorem adligans, ut elui postea non possit, 32, 6, 22, § 66; 9, 38, 62, § 134.— Poet.:

lac adligatum,

curdled, Mart. 8, 64.—

Trop., to bind, to hold fast, to hinder, detain; or in a moral sense, to bind, to oblige, lay under obligation (cf. obligo;

very freq., but in the class. per. for the most part only in more elevated prose): caput suum,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 33:

jure jurando adligare aliquem,

id. Rud. prol. 46; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 58:

hic furti se adligat,

shows himself guilty, id. Eun. 4, 7, 39 (astringit, illaqueat, et obnoxium facit, Don.; cf. Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 27:

homo furti se astringet,

Cic. Fl. 17; for this gen. cf. Roby, §

1324): adligare se scelere,

Cic. Planc. 33:

adligatus sponsu,

Varr. L. L. 6, 7 med.:

nuptiis adligari,

Cic. Clu. 179:

lex omnes mortales adligat,

id. ib. 54:

non modo beneficio sed etiam benevolentiae significatione adligari,

id. Planc. 33, 81:

stipulatione adligari,

id. Q. Rosc. 34:

more majorum,

id. Sest. 16:

ne existiment ita se adligatos, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

ne forte quā re impediar et adliger,

id. Att. 8, 16 al. — With dat. (eccl. Lat.):

adligatus es uxori,

Vulg. 1 Cor. 7, 27:

legi,

ib. Rom. 7, 2; ib. 1 Cor. 7, 39 (= lege).—

*

Adligatus calculus, in games of chess,

a piece that cannot be moved, Sen. Ep. 17 fin.

ănĭma, ae, f. ( gen. animāï, Lucr. 1, 112; 3, 150 et saep.; cf. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 12; Lachm. ad Lucr. 1, 29; dat. and abl. plur. regul. animis, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; Lact. Inst. 6, 20, 19; 7, 2, 1; Arn. 2, 18; 2, 30; 2, 33; Aug. Civ. Dei, 13, 18; 13, 19; id. Ver. Relig. 22, 43:

animabus, only in eccl. and later Lat.,

Vulg. Exod. 30, 12; ib. Psa. 77, 18; ib. Matt. 11, 29; ib. Heb. 13, 17 et saep.; Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 34; id. Anim. 33 al.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 19, 23; Prud. c. Symm. 1, 531; Aus. Rer. Odyss. 11; Serv. ad Verg. A. 6, 136 al.; Neue, Formenl. I. p. 29) [v. animus], pr. that which blows or breathes; hence,

Lit., air, a current of air, a breeze, wind (mostly poet.):

ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23 sq.: vela ventorum animae immittere, Att. ap. Non. p. 234, 9 (Trag. Rel. p. 137 Rib.):

aurarum leves animae,

Lucr. 5, 236:

prece quaesit Ventorum pavidus paces animasque secundas,

he anxiously implores a lull in the winds and a favoring breeze, id. 5, 1229:

impellunt animae lintea,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 2:

Ne dubites quin haec animaï turbida sit vis,

Lucr. 6, 693: Quantum ignes animaeque [p. 121] valent (of the wind in the workshop of Vulcan), Verg. A. 8, 403.—Also of a flame of fire (blowing like the air): noctilucam tollo, ad focum fero, inflo; anima reviviscit, Varr. ap. Non. p. 234, 5.—

Transf.

In gen., the air, as an element, like fire, water, and earth (mostly poet.): aqua, terra, anima et sol, Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 1:

qui quattuor ex rebus posse omnia rentur, Ex igni, terrā atque animā, procrescere et imbri,

Lucr. 1, 715:

ut, quem ad modum ignis animae, sic anima aquae, quodque anima aquae, id aqua terrae proportione redderet. Earum quattuor rerum etc.,

Cic. Tim. 5:

utrum (animus) sit ignis, an anima, an sanguis,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 124:

si anima est (animus), fortasse dissipabitur,

id. Tusc. 1, 1, 24; 1, 25, 6:

si deus aut anima aut ignis est, idem est animus hominis,

id. ib. 1, 26, 65:

animus ex inflammatā animā constat, ut potissimum videri video Panaetio,

id. ib. 1, 18, 42:

Semina terrarumque animaeque,

Verg. E. 6, 32.—

The air inhaled and exhaled, breath (concr.); while spiritus denotes orig. breathing (abstr.; very freq. in prose and poetry); cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 44:

animam compressi, aurem admovi,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 28 Ruhnk.:

animam recipe,

take breath, id. Ad. 3, 2, 26:

cum spiritus ejus (sc. Demosthenis) esset angustior, tantum continendā animā in dicendo est assecutus, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261:

ne circuitus ipse verborum sit longior quam vires atque anima patiatur,

id. ib. 3, 49, 191; 3, 46, 181; id. N. D. 2, 54, 136: fetida anima nasum oppugnat, Titin. ap. Non. p. 233, 5 (Com. Rel. p. 136 Rib.); Caecil. ib. 9:

qui non modo animum integrum, sed ne animam quidem puram conservare potuisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58: animas et olentia Medi Ora fovent illo, with this the Medes correct their breath, etc., Verg. G. 2, 134:

respiramen iterque Eripiunt animae,

Ov. M. 12, 143; cf. id. F. 1, 425:

animae gravitas,

bad smell of the breath, Plin. 20, 9, 35, § 91; cf. id. 11, 37, 72, § 188; 22, 25, 64, § 132 al.:

artavit clusitque animam,

Luc. 4, 370; so Tac. A. 6, 50:

spes illorum abominatio animae,

Vulg. Job, 11, 20.—Of breath exhaled:

inspirant graves animas,

Ov. M. 4, 498.— Of the air breathed into a musical instrument, a breath of air, Varr. ap. Non. p. 233. 13.—Since air is a necessary condition of life,

1.. The vital principle, the breath of life:

animus est, quo sapimus, anima, quā vivimus,

Non. p. 426, 27 (hence anima denotes the animal principle of life, in distinction from animus, the spiritual, reasoning, willing principle; very freq. in Lucr. and class.): Mater est terra, ea parit corpus, animam aether adjugat, Pac. ap. Non. p. 75, 11 (Trag. Rel. p. 88 Rib.):

tunc cum primis ratione sagaci, Unde anima atque animi constet natura, videndum,

whence spring life and the nature of the mind, Lucr. 1, 131; 3, 158 sq.; so id. 3, 417 sq.; 3, 565; 3, 705; 2, 950; 4, 922; 4, 944; 4, 959; 6, 798; 6, 1223;

6, 1233 et saep.: deus totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14 Jan:

quaedam (animantia) animum habent, quaedam tantum animam,

Sen. Ep. 58:

anima omnis carnis in sanguine est,

Vulg. Lev. 17, 14 al. —Hence,

In gen., life:

cum anima corpus liquerit,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 214 Rib.:

Animae pauxillulum in me habet,

Naev. Com. Rel. p. 14 Rib.: Date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 37 Rib.): me dicabo atque animam devōvo (i. e. devovero) hostibus, Att. ap. Non. p. 98, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.):

conficit animam vis volneris,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 209 Rib.:

adimere animam,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 137; so id. Men. 5, 5, 7:

exstinguere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 16:

relinquere,

id. ib. 3, 4, 52:

edere,

Cic. Sest. 38:

de vestrā vitā, de conjugum vestrarum ac liberorum animā judicandum est,

id. Cat. 4, 9, 18:

si tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

id. Rosc. Am. 50:

libertas et anima nostra in dubio est,

Sall. C. 52, 6:

pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris, etc.,

id. J. 14, 15; cf.

retinere,

id. ib. 31, 20:

de manu viri et fratris ejus requiram animam hominis,

Vulg. Gen. 9, 5; ib. Matt. 2, 20; ib. 1 Cor. 14, 7:

animam agere,

to give up the ghost, to die, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19;

so also efflare,

to expire, id. ib.; id. Mil. 18 fin.; Suet. Aug. 99; so,

exhalare,

Ov. M. 15, 528; and, exspirare, id. ib. 5, 106 (cf. in Gr. thumon apopneein, psuchên ekpneein, bion apopsuchein, etc.):

deponere,

Nep. Hann. 1, 3:

ponere,

Vulg. Joan. 10, 17; 13, 27:

amittere,

Lucr. 6, 1233:

emittere,

Nep. Epam. 9, 3 Br. (so in Gr. aphienai tên psuchên):

proicere,

Verg. A. 6, 436:

purpuream vomit ille animam, said of a wounded man,

id. ib. 9, 349.—In Vulg. Matt. 16, 25 and 26, anima in v. 25 seems to pass to the higher meaning, soul, (cf. infra, II. D.) in v. 26, as hê psuchê in the original also can do.— Poet.:

anima amphorae,

the fumes of wine, Phaedr. 3, 1: Ni ego illi puteo, si occepso, animam omnem intertraxero, draw up all the life of that well, i. e. draw it dry, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 41.— Trop.:

corpus imperii unius praesidis nutu, quasi animā et mente, regeretur,

Flor. 4, 3:

accentus quasi anima vocis est,

Pompon. p. 67 Lind.—Prov.: animam debere, to owe life itself, of one deeply in debt:

quid si animam debet?

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56 (Graecum proverbium: kai autên tên psuchên opheilei, Don.).—Metaph., applied to plants and other things possessing organic life, Sen. Ep. 58; so Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 152; 31, 1, 1, § 3; 14, 1, 3, § 16 al.—

Meton., a creature endowed with anima, a living being: ova parere solet genu' pennis condecoratum, non animam, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 18:

hi (deos) fibris animāque litant,

Stat. Th. 2, 246; Vulg. Gen. 2, 7; ib. Josh. 11, 11; ib. Luc. 9, 56; ib. Act. 2, 43 et saep.:

animae rationis expertes,

Lact. 3, 8.—So esp. of men (as we also say souls for persons; poet. or in post-Aug. prose):

egregias animas, quae sanguine nobis Hanc patriam peperere suo, etc.,

Verg. A. 11, 24:

animae quales nec candidiores, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 41; Luc. 5, 322:

vos Treveri et ceterae servientium animae,

ministering spirits, Tac. H. 4, 32.—So in enumerations in eccl. Lat.:

hos genuit Jacob sedecim animas,

Vulg. Gen. 46, 18; 46, 22; ib. Act. 2, 41; 7, 14.—Of slaves (eccl. Lat.):

merces animarum hominum,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 13 (after the use of hê psuchê and). —Hence, also, souls separated from the body, the shades of the Lower World, manes: Unde (ex Averno) animae excitantur, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

tu pias laetis animas reponis Sedibus,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 17; cf. id. S. 1, 8, 29:

animamque sepulcro Condimus,

Verg. A. 3, 67; Ov. M. 7, 612; so id. ib. 8, 488; 10, 41; 14, 411; 15, 158; Suet. Caes. 88; so,

vita: tenuīs sine corpore vitas volitare,

Verg. A. 6, 292.—So in eccl. Lat. of departed spirits:

timete eum, qui potest animam et corpus perdere in Gehennam,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 28 bis:

non derelinques animam meam in Inferno,

ib. Act. 2, 27; ib. Apoc. 6, 9; 20, 4.—

As expressive of love:

vos, meae carissimae animae,

my dearest souls, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; 14, 18:

Pro quā non metuam mori, Si parcent animae fata superstiti,

the dear surviving life, Hor. C. 3, 9, 12; cf.:

animae dimidium meae,

id. ib. 1, 3, 8:

meae pars animae,

id. ib. 2, 17, 5.—

Sometimes for animus, as the rational soul of man.

The mind as the seat of thought (cf. animus, II. A.):

anima rationis consiliique particeps,

Cic. N.D.1, 31, 87:

causa in animā sensuque meo penitus affixa atque insita,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 53:

ingenii facinora, sicut anima, immortalia sunt,

Sall. J. 2, 2.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

ad te Domine, levavi animam meam,

Vulg. Psa. 24, 1; 102, 1; 118, 129:

magnificat anima mea Dominum,

ib. Luc. 1, 46; ib. Act. 15, 24 al.—

As the seat of feeling (cf. animus, II. B.): sapimus animo, fruimur animā: sine animo anima est debilis, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 29 (Trag. Rel. p. 175 Rib.):

desiderat anima mea ad te, Deus,

Vulg. Psa. 41, 2:

tristis est anima mea,

ib. Matt. 26, 38; ib. Joan. 10, 27 et saep.—

For consciousness (cf. animus, II. A. 3. and conscientia, II. A.):

cum perhibetur animam liquisse,

Lucr. 3, 598; in this phrase animus is more common.

ars, artis, f. [v. arma], skill in joining something, combining, working it, etc., with the advancement of Roman culture, carried entirely beyond the sphere of the common pursuits of life, into that of artistic and scientific action, just as, on the other hand, in mental cultivation, skill is applied to morals, designating character, manner of thinking, so far as it is made known by external actions (syn.: doctrina, sollertia, calliditas, prudentia, virtus, industria, ratio, via, dolus).

Skill in producing any material form, handicraft, trade, occupation, employment (technê).

Lit.:

Zeno censet artis proprium esse creare et gignere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 57:

quarum (artium) omne opus est in faciendo atque agendo,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 22; id. Off. 2, 3, 12 sq.—

Transf.

With the idea extended, any physical or mental activity, so far as it is practically exhibited; a profession, art ( music, poetry, medicine, etc.); acc. to Roman notions, the arts were either liberales or ingenuae artes, arts of freemen, the liberal arts; or artes illiberales or sordidae, the arts, employments, of slaves or the lower classes.

In gen.:

Eleus Hippias gloriatus est nihil esse ullā in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret: nec solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem et poëtarum, atque illa, quae de naturis rerum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de rebus publicis dicerentur, sed anulum, quem haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se suā manu confecisse,

Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 127:

Jam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut feneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercenariorum omniumque, quorum operae, non artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis... Opificesque omnes in sordidā arte versantur... Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia major inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, hae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150 sq.; cf. id. Fam. 4, 3:

artes elegantes,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

laudatae,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 9:

bonae,

Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 32:

optimae,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 111:

magnae,

id. Or. 1, 4:

maximae,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

gravissimae,

id. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

leviores artes,

id. Brut. 1, 3:

mediocres,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

omnis artifex omnis artis,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 22:

artifices omnium artium,

ib. 1 Par. 22, 15.—

Esp., of a single art, and,

With an adj. designating it:

ars gymnastica,

gymnastics, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 73:

ars duellica,

the art of war, id. Ep. 3, 4, 14:

ars imperatoria,

generalship, Quint. 2, 17, 34:

(artes) militares et imperatoriae,

Liv. 25, 9, 12:

artes civiles,

politics, Tac. Agr. 29:

artes urbanae,

i. e. jurisprudence and eloquence, Liv. 9, 42:

ars grammatica,

grammar, Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 128:

rhetorica,

Quint. 2, 17, 4:

musica,

poetry, Ter. Hec. prol. 23:

musica,

music, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 93:

medicae artes,

the healing art, medicine, Ov. H. 5, 145; so,

ars Apollinea,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 10:

magica,

Verg. A. 4, 493, and Vulg. Sap. 17, 7; so,

maleficis artibus inserviebat,

he used witchcraft, ib. 2 Par. 33, 6 al.—

With a gen. designating it:

ars disserendi,

dialectics, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

ars dicendi,

the art of speaking, id. ib. 1, 23, 107, and Quint. 2, 17, 17; so,

ars eloquentiae,

id. 2, 11, 4:

ars medendi,

Ov. A. A. 2, 735:

ars medentium,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 158:

medicorum ars,

Vulg. 1 Par. 16, 12:

pigmentariorum ars,

the art of unguents, ib. 2 Par. 16, 4:

ars armorum,

the art of war, Quint. 2, 17, 33:

ars pugnae,

Vulg. Judith, 5, 27; so in plur.:

belli artes,

Liv. 25, 40, 5:

ars gubernandi,

navigation, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24; Quint. 2, 17, 33; so,

ars gubernatoris,

Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 42.—Sometimes the kind of art may be distinguished by the connection, so that ars is used absol. of a particular art:

instruere Atriden num potes arte meā? i. e. arte sagittandi,

Ov. H. 16, 364:

tunc ego sim Inachio notior arte Lino, i. e. arte canendi,

Prop. 3, 4, 8:

fert ingens a puppe Notus: nunc arte (sc. navigandi) relictā Ingemit,

Stat. Th. 3, 29; so Luc. 7, 126; Sil. 4, 715:

imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte (sc. rhetoricā) viros,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 16:

ejusdem erat artis, i. e. artis scaenofactoriae,

Vulg. Act. 18, 3.—

Science, knowledge:

quis ignorat, ii, qui mathematici vocantur, quantā in obscuritate rerum et quam reconditā in arte et multiplici subtilique versentur,

Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 10:

nam si ars ita definitur, ex rebus penitus perspectis planeque cognitis atque ab opinionis arbitrio sejunctis, scientiāque comprehensis, non mihi videtur ars oratoris esse ulla,

id. ib. 1, 23, 108: nihil est quod ad artem redigi possit, nisi ille prius, qui illa tenet. quorum artem instituere vult, habeat illam scientiam (sc. dialecticam), ut ex iis rebus, quarum ars nondum sit, artem efficere possit, id. ib. 1, 41, 186:

ars juris civilis,

id. ib. 1, 42, 190:

(Antiochus) negabat ullam esse artem, quae ipsa a se proficisceretur. Etenim semper illud extra est, quod arte comprehenditur... Est enim perspicuum nullam artem ipsam in se versari, sed esse aliud artem ipsam, aliud, quod propositum sit arti,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9; id. Cael. 30, 72; id. Or. 1, 4:

vir bonus optimisque artibus eruditus,

Nep. Att. 12, 4: ingenium docile, come, ap-tum ad artes optimas, id. Dion, 1, 2 al.—

The theory of any art or science: ars est praeceptio, quae dat certam viam rationemque faciendi aliquid, Auct. ad Her. 1, 1;

Asper, p. 1725 P.: non omnia, quaecumque loquimur, mihi videntur ad artem et ad praecepta esse revocanda,

not every thing is to be traced back to theory and rules, Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 44: res mihi videtur esse facultate ( in practice) praeclara, arte ( in theory) mediocris;

ars enim earum rerum est, quae sciuntur: oratoris autem omnis actio opinionibus, non scientiā continetur,

id. ib. 2, 7, 30; id. Ac. 2, 7, 22.—In later Lat. ars is used,

Absol. for grammatical analysis, grammar:

curru non, ut quidam putant, pro currui posuit, nec est apocope: sed ratio artis antiquae, etc.,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 156; 1, 95: et hoc est artis, ut (vulgus) masculino utamur, quia omnia Latina nomina in us exeuntia, si neutra fuerint, tertiae sunt declinationis, etc., id. ad eund. ib. 1, 149: secundum artem dicamus honor, arbor, lepor: plerumque poëtae r in s mutant, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 153 al.—Hence also,

As a title of books in which such theories are discussed, for rhetorical and, at a later period, for grammatical treatises.

Rhetorical:

quam multa non solum praecepta in artibus, sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt!

Cic. Fin. 4, 3, 5:

ipsae rhetorum artes, quae sunt totae forenses atque populares,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4: neque eo dico, quod ejus (Hermagorae) ars mihi mendosissime scripta videatur; nam satis in eā videtur ex antiquis artibus ( from the ancient works on rhetoric) ingeniose et diligenter electas res collocāsse, id. Inv. 1, 6 fin.:

illi verbis et artibus aluerunt naturae principia, hi autem institutis et legibus,

id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

artem scindens Theodori,

Juv. 7, 177.—

Grammar:

in artibus legimus superlativum gradum non nisi genitivo plurali jungi,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 96: ut in artibus lectum est, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 535.—So Ars, as the title of the later Lat. grammars: Donati Ars Grammatica, Cledonii Ars, Marii Victorini Ars, etc.; v. the grammarians in Gothofred., Putsch., Lindem., Keil.—

The knowledge, art, skill, workmanship, employed in effecting or working upon an object (Fr. adresse):

majore quādam opus est vel arte vel diligentiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14 fin.:

et tripodas septem pondere et arte pares,

Ov. H. 3, 32: qui canit arte, canat;

qui bibit arte, bibat,

id. A. A. 2, 506:

arte laboratae vestes,

Verg. A. 1, 639:

plausus tunc arte carebat,

was void of art, was natural, unaffected, Ov. A. A. 1, 113.—

(Concr.) The object artistically formed, a work of art:

clipeum efferri jussit Didymaonis artis,

Verg. A. 5, 359:

divite me scilicet artium, Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 5; id. Ep. 1, 6, 17.—

Artes (personified), the Muses:

artium chorus,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 19.—

Transf. from mind to morals, the moral character of a man, so far as it is made known by actions, conduct, manner of acting, habit, practice, whether good or bad:

si in te aegrotant artes antiquae tuae,

your former manner of life, conduct, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 35; cf. Hor. C. 4, 15, 12; Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6 Lind.:

nempe tuā arte viginti minae Pro psaltriā periere,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 24:

quid est, Quod tibi mea ars efficere hoc possit amplius?

my assiduity, id. And. 1, 1, 4:

Hac arte (i. e. constantiā, perseverantiā) Pollux et vagus Hercules Enisus arces attigit igneas,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 9:

multae sunt artes (i. e. virtutes) eximiae, hujus administrae comitesque virtutis (sc. imperatoris),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 13; id. Fin. 2, 34, 115; id. Verr. 2, 4, 37 Zumpt:

nam imperium facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est,

Sall. C. 2, 4 Kritz; so id. ib. 5, 7:

cultusque artesque virorum,

Ov. M. 7, 58:

mores quoque confer et artes,

id. R. Am. 713: praeclari facinoris aut artis [p. 167] bonae famam quaerere, Sall. C. 2, 9; so id. ib. 10, 4:

animus insolens malarum artium,

id. ib. 3, 4; so Tac. A. 14, 57.—Hence also, absol. in mal. part. as in Gr. technê for cunning, artifice, fraud, stratagem:

haec arte tractabat virum,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 125 (cf. Ov. H. 17, 142):

capti eādem arte sunt, quā ceperant Fabios,

Liv. 2, 51; 3, 35:

at Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat Consilia,

Verg. A. 1, 657; so id. ib. 7, 477:

ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasgā,

id. ib. 2, 152:

talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis Credita res, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 195:

fraudes innectere ponto Antiquā parat arte,

Luc. 4, 449:

tantum illi vel ingenii vel artis vel fortunae superfuit,

Suet. Tit. 1:

fugam arte simulantes,

Vulg. Jud. 20, 32: regem summis artibus pellexit, pasêi mêchanêi, Suet. Vit. 2.

cădāver, ĕris, n. [cado, I. B. 2.; cf. Isid. Orig. 11, 2, 35, and the Gr. ptôma, from piptô].

Lit., a dead body of man or brute, a corpse, carcass (class.).

Of man:

taetra cadavera,

Lucr. 2, 415; 3, 719; 4, 682; 6, 1154;

6, 1273: aqua cadaveribus inquinata,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 97.—Freq. of the bodies of slaves, criminals, etc., Cic. Mil. 13, 33; Hor. S. 1, 8, 8; 2, 5, 85.—Of the dead bodies of those who fell in war, Caes. B. G. 7, 77; Sall. C. 61, 4; 61, 8; id. J. 101 fin.; Flor. 2, 6, 18; 3, 2, 85; Val. Max. 7, 6, 5.—Of the body of Caligula, Suet. Calig. 59:

semiustum,

id. Dom. 15 al.:

informe,

Verg. A. 8, 264.—Esp., as med. t. t. for a corpse:

recentia,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233; 11, 37, 70, § 184; Val. Max. 9, 2, ext. 10; Sen. Contr. 10, 34.—

Of brutes:

aggerat ipsis In stabulis turpi dilapsa cadavera tabo,

Verg. G. 3, 557.—Hence, as a term of reproach of a despised, worthless man, a carcass:

ab hoc ejecto cadavere quidquam mihi aut opis aut ornamenti expetebam?

Cic. Pis. 9, 19; 33, 82.—

Meton., the remains, ruins of desolated towns: tot oppidŭm cadavera, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4.

vēnālis, e, adj. [2. venus], of or belonging to selling, to be sold, for sale, purchasable.

Lit.

In gen.:

aedes,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 67:

aedis venalis hasce inscribit litteris,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 131:

horti,

Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58:

venales ac proscriptae possessiones,

id. Agr. 3, 4, 15:

cibus uno asse,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 54:

ut ne opera quidem pistoria proponi venalia sinerent,

Suet. Tib. 34:

essedum,

id. Claud. 16:

cibumque coctum venalem proponi vetuit,

Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:

vox,

i. e. of a public crier, Cic. Quint. 3, 13:

otium non gemmis venale,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 7:

postremo dixisse (Jugurtham), Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit,

Sall. J. 35, 10:

ubi non sit, quo deferri possit venale, non expediat colere (hortos),

Varr. R. R. 1, 16, 3:

familia,

i. e. a gang of slaves for sale, Quint. 7, 2, 26.—

In partic.: vēnālis, is, m., a young slave offered for sale, Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 4; id. Rud. 4, 3, 35; id. Trin. 2, 2, 51 al.; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 146; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3; id. Ep. 80, 8; Hor. S. 1, 1, 47; Plin. 35, 17, 57, § 199; cf. Quint. 8, 2, 8.—Hence, Caesărī vēnāles (or as one word, Caesărĭvēnāles), ium, m., a name given to the inhabitants of Castulo, in Spain, Plin. 3, 3, 4, § 25.—

Transf., that can be bought by bribes or presents, venal:

quae ipse semper habuit venalia, fidem, jus jurandum, veritatem, officium, religionem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

fidem cum proposuisses venalem in provinciā,

id. ib. 2, 2, 32, §

78: juris dictio,

id. ib. 2, 2, 48, §

119: multitudo pretio,

Liv. 35, 50, 4:

amicae ad munus,

Prop. 2, 16 (3, 8), 21:

cena,

Mart. 3, 60, 1:

animae,

Sil. 15, 500:

amici,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.

vēnālis, e, adj. [2. venus], of or belonging to selling, to be sold, for sale, purchasable.

Lit.

In gen.:

aedes,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 67:

aedis venalis hasce inscribit litteris,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 131:

horti,

Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58:

venales ac proscriptae possessiones,

id. Agr. 3, 4, 15:

cibus uno asse,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 54:

ut ne opera quidem pistoria proponi venalia sinerent,

Suet. Tib. 34:

essedum,

id. Claud. 16:

cibumque coctum venalem proponi vetuit,

Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:

vox,

i. e. of a public crier, Cic. Quint. 3, 13:

otium non gemmis venale,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 7:

postremo dixisse (Jugurtham), Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit,

Sall. J. 35, 10:

ubi non sit, quo deferri possit venale, non expediat colere (hortos),

Varr. R. R. 1, 16, 3:

familia,

i. e. a gang of slaves for sale, Quint. 7, 2, 26.—

In partic.: vēnālis, is, m., a young slave offered for sale, Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 4; id. Rud. 4, 3, 35; id. Trin. 2, 2, 51 al.; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 146; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3; id. Ep. 80, 8; Hor. S. 1, 1, 47; Plin. 35, 17, 57, § 199; cf. Quint. 8, 2, 8.—Hence, Caesărī vēnāles (or as one word, Caesărĭvēnāles), ium, m., a name given to the inhabitants of Castulo, in Spain, Plin. 3, 3, 4, § 25.—

Transf., that can be bought by bribes or presents, venal:

quae ipse semper habuit venalia, fidem, jus jurandum, veritatem, officium, religionem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

fidem cum proposuisses venalem in provinciā,

id. ib. 2, 2, 32, §

78: juris dictio,

id. ib. 2, 2, 48, §

119: multitudo pretio,

Liv. 35, 50, 4:

amicae ad munus,

Prop. 2, 16 (3, 8), 21:

cena,

Mart. 3, 60, 1:

animae,

Sil. 15, 500:

amici,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.

cătasta, ae, f. [katastasis] (postAug.), a scaffold, stage,

On which slaves were exposed for sale, Tib. 2, 3, 60; Pers. 6, 77 Schol.; Plin. 35, 18, 58, § 200; Suet. Gram. 13; Stat. S. 2, 1, 72.—

For the public burning ( of criminals, martyrs, etc.), Prud. steph. 1, 56; 2, 399 al.—

For delivering a lecture, Rutil. 1, 393; Cypr. Ep. 28.

cella, ae, f. [cf. celo, oc-cul-o, clam, v. Varr. L. L. 5, 33, 45; Fest. p. 50], a storeroom, chamber.

In agricult. lang., a place for depositing grain or fruits, or for the abode of animals, a granary, stall, etc.:

olearia, vinaria, penaria, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 3, 2; Varr. R. R. 1, 11, 2; Col. 1, 6, 9; 12, 18, 3; Cic. Sen. 16, 56; id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5; 2, 3, 87, § 200 sq. al.; cf. id. Pis. 27, 67; Verg. G. 2, 96; Hor. C. 1, 37, 6; id. S. 2, 8, 46; Vitr. 6, 9:

columbarum,

dovecotes, Col. 8, 8, 3:

anserum,

id. 8, 14, 9.— Also of the cells of bees, Verg. G. 4, 164; id. A. 1, 433; Plin. 11, 11, 10, § 26.—Hence, dare, emere, imperare aliquid in cellam, to furnish, purchase, procure the things necessary for a house, for the kitchen, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 87, § 201 sq.; id. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30. —Facetiously:

cella promptuaria = carcer,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 4; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 3:

reliqui in ventre cellae uni locum,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 17.-

Transf., of the small, simple dwelling apartments of men, a chamber, closet, cabinet, hut, cot, etc., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 13;

esp. of servants,

Cato, R. R. 14: ostiarii, the porter ' s lodge, Vitr. 6, 10; Petr. 29, 1; 77, 4;

and of slaves,

Cic. Phil. 2, 27, 67; Hor. S. 1, 8, 8 al.—Of a poor man's garret, Mart. 7, 20, 21; 8, 14, 5: cella pauperis, a chamber for self-denial, etc., Sen. Ep. 18, 7; 100, 6; cf. Mart. 3, 48.—

The part of a temple in which the image of a god stood, the chapel, Vitr. 3, 1; 4, 1; Cic. [p. 310] Phil. 3, 12, 30; Liv. 5, 50, 6; 6, 29, 9 al.—

An apartment in a bathing-house, Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 11; Pall. 1, 40, 4; Veg. 2, 6, 3.—

A room in a brothel, Petr. 8, 4; Juv. 6, 122; 6, 128:

inscripta,

Mart. 11, 45, 1.

cerdo, ōnis, m., = kerdôn [kerdos], a handicraftsman, Juv. 4, 153; 8, 182:

sutor,

a cobbler, Mart. 3, 59; cf. id. 3, 16.—

A proper name, esp. of slaves, Dig. 38, 1, 42; Inscr. Orell. 4161.

cĭtŏ, adv., v. cieo, P. a. fin.

cĭto, āvi, ātum ( part. perf. gen. plur. citatūm, Att. ap. Non. p. 485; inf. pass. citarier, Cat. 61, 42), 1, v. freq. a. [cieo].

To put into quick motion, to move or drive violently or rapidly, to hurl, shake, rouse, excite, provoke, incite, stimulate, promote, etc. (mostly post-Aug. and poet.; in earlier authors usu. only in P. a.):

citat hastam,

Sil. 4, 583:

arma,

Stat. Th. 8, 124:

gradum,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 510:

urinam,

Cels. 2, 19:

pus,

id. 5, 28, n. 13:

umorem illuc,

id. 4, 6:

alvum,

Col. 7, 9, 9:

ubi luctandi juvenes animosa citavit gloria,

Stat. Th. 6, 834. —

Of plants, to put or shoot forth:

virgam,

Col. 3, 6, 2; 4, 15, 2:

radices,

id. 5, 5, 5; id. Arb. 10, 3; Pall. Feb. 9, 6.—

Trop.:

isque motus (animi) aut boni aut mali opinione citetur,

be called forth, Cic. Tusc. 3, 11, 24 Orell. N. cr. (cf.:

motus cieri,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20).—

(Like cieo, 2.) With reference to the termination ad quem, to urge to, call or summon to (class.; esp. freq. in lang. of business;

syn.: voco, adesse jubeo): patres in curiam per praeconem ad regem Tarquinium citari jussit,

Liv. 1, 47, 8; id. 3, 38, 6 and 12:

senatum,

id. 9, 30, 2:

in fora citatis senatoribus,

id. 27, 24, 2:

tribus ad sacramentum,

Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Cat. 61, 43:

judices citati in hunc reum consedistis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 19:

citari nominatim unum ex iis, etc., i. e. for enrollment for milit. service,

Liv. 2, 29, 2; id. Epit. libr. 14; Val. Max. 6, 3, 4.—

Esp.

In law, to call the parties, to see whether they are present (syn.:

in jus vocare, evocare): citat reum: non respondet. Citat accusatorem... citatus accusator non respondit, non affuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 98; 2, 2, 38, § 92; id. Div. in Caecil. 13, 41;

so of those accused,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 92; id. Mil. 19, 50; Suet. Tib. 11; 61.—And of the roll of a gang of slaves:

mancipia ergastuli cottidie per nomina,

Col. 11, 1, 22 al. —Hence, to accuse:

cum equester ordo reus a consulibus citaretur,

Cic. Sest. 15, 35; Vitr. 7 praef.;

and facetiously,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 6.—With gen. of the charge or penalty:

omnes ii... abs te capitis C. Rabirii nomine citantur,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 11, 31; cf.:

ne proditi mysterii reus a philosophis citaretur,

Lact. 3, 16, 5.—Of witnesses:

in hanc rem testem totam Siciliam citabo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 146; Suet. Caes. 74; Quint. 6, 4, 7.—

Beyond the sphere of judicial proceedings: testem, auctorem, to call one to witness, to call upon, appeal to, quote, cite:

quamvis citetur Salamis clarissimae testis victoriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 75:

quos ego testes citaturus fui rerum a me gestarum,

Liv. 38, 47, 4:

poëtas ad testimonium,

Petr. 2, 5:

libri, quos Macer Licinius citat identidem auctores,

Liv. 4, 20, 8.— To call for votes or opinions in the senate, haec illi, quo quisque ordine citabantur, Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 18.—Of an appeal to a god for aid, etc., Ov. F. 5, 683; Cat. 61, 42.—

(Like cieo, II. C.) In gen., to mention any person or thing by name, to name, mention, call out, proclaim, announce (rare but class.;

syn. laudo): omnes Danai reliquique Graeci, qui hoc anapaesto citantur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 6, 18: victorem Olympiae citari; cf. Nep. praef. § 5; Liv. 29, 37, 9; Stat. Th. 6, 922:

paeanem,

to rehearse, recite, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251:

io Bacche,

to call, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7 (cf.:

triumphum ciere,

Liv. 45, 38, 12, infra cieo, II. C. 2.); Col. 11, 1, 22.—Hence, cĭtātus, a, um, part., driven, urged on, hastened, hurried; and P a., quick, rapid, speedy, swift (opp. tardus; class.).

Prop., freq.:

citato equo,

at full gallop, Caes. B. C. 3, 96; Liv. 1, 27, 7; 3, 46, 6; so,

equis,

id. 1, 5, 8; cf. Verg. A. 12, 373 al.:

jumentis,

Suet. Ner. 5:

pede,

Cat. 63, 2:

tripudiis,

id. 63, 26:

citato gradu,

Liv. 28, 14, 17:

passibus,

Sen. Hippol. 9:

axe,

Juv. 1, 60:

citatum agmen,

Liv. 35, 30, 1:

citatiore agmine ad stativa sua pervenit,

id. 27, 50, 1; so,

citatissimo agmine,

id. 22, 6, 10 al.:

amnis citatior,

id. 23, 19, 11:

flumen,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 178:

nautae,

Prop. 1, 8, 23:

rates,

Sen. Hippol. 1048; Luc. 8, 456:

currus,

Sil. 8, 663:

Euro citatior,

Sil. 4, 6:

alvus citatior,

Plin. 7, 15, 13, § 63.—Also instead of an adv. (cf. citus, B.):

Rhenus per fines Trevirorum citatus fertur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 10:

ferunt citati signa,

Liv. 41, 3, 8:

penna citatior ibat,

Sil. 10, 11.—

Trop., quick, rapid, vehement, impetuous:

argumenta acria et citata,

Quint. 9, 4, 135;

and transf. to persons: in argumentis citati atque ipso etiam motu celeres sumus,

id. 9, 4, 138:

Roscius citatior, Aesopus gravior fuit,

id. 11, 3, 111; 11, [p. 346] 3, 17:

pronuntiatio (opp. pressa),

id. 11, 3, 111:

citatior manus (opp. lenior),

id. 11, 3, 102:

soni tum placidi tum citati,

Gell. 1, 11, 15.— Adv.: cĭtātē, quickly, speedily, nimbly, rapidly (perh. only in the two foll. examples):

piscatores citatius moventur,

Quint. 11, 3, 112:

ut versus quam citatissime volvant,

id. 1, 1, 37.

col-lēga ( conl-), ae, m. [1. lego].

Lit., one who is chosen at the same time with another:

collegae, qui una lecti,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 66 Müll.—Hence,

Esp., a partner in office, a colleague (freq. and class.):

bis una consules, collegae in censurā,

Cic. Lael. 11, 39:

Pericles cum haberet collegam in praeturā Sophoclem,

id. Off. 1, 40, 144:

in consulatu,

Plin. 19, 8, 45, § 156:

consulatūs,

Vell. 2, 56, 4:

habere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34, 85: ibi M. Marcellum, conlegam nostrum, conveni, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 1 sq.; Hor. S. 1, 6, 40:

dare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 3, 1; 7, 1:

esse alicui,

Tac. H. 3, 66:

se consulatui ejus destinavit,

id. A. 2, 42.—

Transf., of an associate in other than official position, a colleague, associate, companion, fellow:

Metrodorus, Epicuri collega sapientiae,

Cic. N. D. 1, 40, 114; a fellow-member of a club or sodalitia, Cic. Sull. 2, 7; a joint-guardian, Dig. 26, 7, 13 and 45; fellow-slaves, Plaut. As. 3, 2, 10 and 30; a fellow-actor, Juv. 8, 197; joint-heirs, Dig. 27, 1, 41; 42 and 46 al.

cŏlumna, ae, f. [root cel- of excello; v. columen, of which it is orig. a collat. form].

A projecting object, a column, pillar, post (very freq.), Vitr. 4, 1, 1 sq.; 3, 3; Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 11:

columnae et templa et porticus sustinent, tamen habent non plus utilitatis quam dignitatis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 180; id. Verr. 2, 1, 51, §§ 133 and 134; Quint. 5, 13, 40:

columnae Doricae, Ionicae, Tuscanicae, Corinthiae, Atticae,

Plin. 36, 22, 56, § 178 sq.; Vitr. 4, 1, 1 sqq.: Rostrata, a column ornamented with beaks of ships, erected in honor of Duellius, the conqueror of the Carthaginians, Quint. 1, 7, 12 Spald.; fragments of the inscription on it are yet extant, v. in the Appendix: Maenia, also absol. Columna, a pillory in the Forum Romanum, where thieves, criminal slaves, and debtors were judged and punished, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 16, 50 Ascon.— Absol.: ad columnam pervenire. Cic. Clu. 13, 39:

adhaerescere ad columnam,

id. Sest. 8, 18; cf. Dict. of Antiq. s. v. columna.— Plur.:

columnae, as the sign of a bookseller's shop,

Hor. A. P 373 Orell. ad loc.—From the use of pillars to designate boundaries of countries:

Columnae Protei = fines Aegypti,

Verg. A. 11, 262; and:

Columnae Herculis, i. e. Calpe et Abyla,

Mel. 1, 5, 3; 2, 6, 8; Plin. 3, prooem. § 4; Tac. G. 34.—Prov.:

incurrere amentem in columnas,

Cic. Or. 67, 224.—

Trop., a pillar, support; of Augustus, Hor. C. 1, 35, 14.—

Transf., of objects resembling a pillar; so,

Of the arm (comice):

ecce autem aedificat: columnam mento suffigit suo,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 54. —

A water-spout, Lucr. 6, 426; 6, 433; Plin. 2, 49, 50, § 134.—

Of fire, a meteor, Sen. Q. N. 7, 20, 2; cf.

of the pillar of cloud and of fire which guided the Exodus,

Vulg. Exod. 13, 21 sq. —

Membrum virile, Mart. 6, 49; 11, 51; Auct. Priap. 9, 8.—

Narium recta pars eo quod aequaliter sit in longitudine et rotunditate porrecta, columna vocatur, Isid. Orig. 11, 1, 48.—

The top, summit; so only once of the dome of heaven, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 12, 21; cf. columen.

col-lēga ( conl-), ae, m. [1. lego].

Lit., one who is chosen at the same time with another:

collegae, qui una lecti,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 66 Müll.—Hence,

Esp., a partner in office, a colleague (freq. and class.):

bis una consules, collegae in censurā,

Cic. Lael. 11, 39:

Pericles cum haberet collegam in praeturā Sophoclem,

id. Off. 1, 40, 144:

in consulatu,

Plin. 19, 8, 45, § 156:

consulatūs,

Vell. 2, 56, 4:

habere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34, 85: ibi M. Marcellum, conlegam nostrum, conveni, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 1 sq.; Hor. S. 1, 6, 40:

dare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 3, 1; 7, 1:

esse alicui,

Tac. H. 3, 66:

se consulatui ejus destinavit,

id. A. 2, 42.—

Transf., of an associate in other than official position, a colleague, associate, companion, fellow:

Metrodorus, Epicuri collega sapientiae,

Cic. N. D. 1, 40, 114; a fellow-member of a club or sodalitia, Cic. Sull. 2, 7; a joint-guardian, Dig. 26, 7, 13 and 45; fellow-slaves, Plaut. As. 3, 2, 10 and 30; a fellow-actor, Juv. 8, 197; joint-heirs, Dig. 27, 1, 41; 42 and 46 al.