Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

several-fold

  • 1 parokrotn|y

    adj. 1. [zwycięzca, mistrz] several-time
    - parokrotne próby several attempts
    - parokrotne pukanie do drzwi repeated knocks at the door
    2. (o kilka razy) [wzrost] several-fold

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > parokrotn|y

  • 2 изменяться в несколько раз

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > изменяться в несколько раз

  • 3 в разы

    General subject: several-fold (АД), by times, manyfold (by many times; by multiples - The state's highway expenses have increased manyfold in the past decade.), many times

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в разы

  • 4 изменяться в несколько раз

    Mathematics: vary several-fold

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > изменяться в несколько раз

  • 5 раз

    раз м. мат.
    time
    в два ра́за бо́льше — two times [twice] as large, as much again
    в де́сять раз ме́ньше — one-tenths (of) its (previous) value
    в не́сколько раз бо́льше … — is greater by several fold
    в пять раз ме́ньше — one-fifth (of) its (previous) value

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > раз

  • 6 изменяться в несколько раз

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > изменяться в несколько раз

  • 7 в несколько раз

    В несколько раз-- The use of an ultraclean fabrication system may improve bearing life several-fold.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в несколько раз

  • 8 cruzar

    v.
    1 to cross.
    cruzó la calle corriendo he ran across the street
    esta carretera cruza varios pueblos this road goes through several towns
    un río que cruzar todo el país a river that flows the length of the country
    El viejito cruzó la calle The old man crossed the street.
    Ella cruza patos con gansos She crosses ducks with geese.
    2 to cross (piernas, brazos).
    3 to cross (animales).
    4 to exchange (unas palabras).
    5 to cross over, to go over, to get over.
    Ella cruzó y se salvó She crossed over and saved herself.
    6 to go across, to cross.
    Ella cruza el puente She goes across the bridge.
    7 to breed, to cross, to interbreed.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to cross
    2 (poner atravesado) to lay across; (estar atravesado) to lie across
    3 (en geometría) to intersect
    4 (animales) to cross
    5 (miradas, palabras) to exchange
    1 (encontrarse) to cross, pass each other
    2 (intercambiarse) to exchange
    \
    cruzar a nado to swim across
    cruzar apuestas to make bets
    cruzar con una raya to draw a line across
    cruzar los brazos to fold one's arms
    cruzarle la cara a alguien figurado to slap somebody's face
    cruzarse en el camino de alguien figurado to cross somebody's path
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ calle, río, frontera, puente] to cross

    al cruzar la puerta o el umbral del palacio — when you set foot inside the palace

    2) [arrugas, líneas]
    3) (=poner cruzado)

    • cruzar los dedos — (lit, fig) to cross one's fingers

    el equipo se juega la Copa -cruzo los dedos- mañana — the team is playing for the Cup tomorrow - (I'm keeping my) fingers crossed

    • cruzar las piernas — to cross one's legs

    4) [+ palabras] to exchange
    5) [+ apuestas] to place, make
    6) (Bio) [+ plantas, razas] to cross
    7) (Náut) to cruise
    8) esp LAm (Agr) to plough a second time in a criss-cross pattern
    9) And, Cono Sur (=atacar) to fight, attack
    10) Ven
    2.
    VI [peatón] to cross

    cruza ahora, que no vienen coches — cross now, there are no cars coming

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( atravesar) <calle/mar/puente> to cross
    2) < piernas> to cross

    con los brazos cruzados — with my/your/his arms crossed o folded

    3) < cheque> to cross
    4) ( tachar) to cross out
    5) <palabras/saludos> to exchange
    6) ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc)... across
    7) <animales/plantas> to cross
    2.
    cruzar vi ( atravesar) to cross
    3.
    cruzarse v pron
    1) (recípr)
    a) caminos/líneas to intersect, meet
    b) (en un viaje, un camino)

    seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino — ( nos veremos) we're sure to meet o pass each other on the way; ( no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way

    cruzarse con alguien — to see o pass somebody

    * * *
    = cross, fall across, walk across, intersect, cross-pollinate, throw across, interbreed.
    Ex. Some of the cases presented in this book are concerned with broad policy issues, while others are less encompassing and present some of the narrower problems that cross the library manager's desk.
    Ex. A shaft of yellow sunshine fell across the carpet.
    Ex. Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.
    Ex. Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.
    Ex. The purpose of the conference is to cross-pollinate the research of all fields that endeavor to inform clients.
    Ex. The gangplank (illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 1) can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command, as long as this relationship is advisory and not policy making = La pasarela (ilustrada por la línea de puntos de la Figura 1) se puede cruzar sin debilitar la cadena de mando, en tanto en cuanto esta relación sea consultiva y no para la elaboración de políticas.
    Ex. Our human ancestors were still interbreeding with their chimp cousins long after first splitting from the chimpanzee lineage, a genetic study suggests.
    ----
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night), like passing ships (in the night).
    * cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.
    * cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.
    * cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.
    * cruzar la línea = cross + the line.
    * cruzar la línea divisoria = cross + the boundary, cross + the great divide, cross + the dividing line, cross + the line.
    * cruzar la línea que separa = cross over + the line separating.
    * cruzar la mente = shoot through + Posesivo + mind.
    * cruzar la meta = cross + the finish line.
    * cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * cruzar las líneas divisorias que separan + Nombre = cross + Adjetivo + lines.
    * cruzar las piernas = cross + Posesivo + legs, fold + Posesivo + legs.
    * cruzar los brazos = fold + Posesivo + arms.
    * cruzar los dedos = cross + Posesivo + fingers.
    * cruzarse con = run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzarse de brazos = sit back, fold + Posesivo + arms, go along with + the flow.
    * cruzarse de piernas = fold + Posesivo + legs.
    * cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.
    * cruzar una mirada = exchange + glance.
    * el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( atravesar) <calle/mar/puente> to cross
    2) < piernas> to cross

    con los brazos cruzados — with my/your/his arms crossed o folded

    3) < cheque> to cross
    4) ( tachar) to cross out
    5) <palabras/saludos> to exchange
    6) ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc)... across
    7) <animales/plantas> to cross
    2.
    cruzar vi ( atravesar) to cross
    3.
    cruzarse v pron
    1) (recípr)
    a) caminos/líneas to intersect, meet
    b) (en un viaje, un camino)

    seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino — ( nos veremos) we're sure to meet o pass each other on the way; ( no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way

    cruzarse con alguien — to see o pass somebody

    * * *
    = cross, fall across, walk across, intersect, cross-pollinate, throw across, interbreed.

    Ex: Some of the cases presented in this book are concerned with broad policy issues, while others are less encompassing and present some of the narrower problems that cross the library manager's desk.

    Ex: A shaft of yellow sunshine fell across the carpet.
    Ex: Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.
    Ex: Contingency plans can be devised to intersect at several points on this time continuum.
    Ex: The purpose of the conference is to cross-pollinate the research of all fields that endeavor to inform clients.
    Ex: The gangplank (illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 1) can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command, as long as this relationship is advisory and not policy making = La pasarela (ilustrada por la línea de puntos de la Figura 1) se puede cruzar sin debilitar la cadena de mando, en tanto en cuanto esta relación sea consultiva y no para la elaboración de políticas.
    Ex: Our human ancestors were still interbreeding with their chimp cousins long after first splitting from the chimpanzee lineage, a genetic study suggests.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night), like passing ships (in the night).
    * cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.
    * cruzar la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalking, jaywalk.
    * cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.
    * cruzar la línea = cross + the line.
    * cruzar la línea divisoria = cross + the boundary, cross + the great divide, cross + the dividing line, cross + the line.
    * cruzar la línea que separa = cross over + the line separating.
    * cruzar la mente = shoot through + Posesivo + mind.
    * cruzar la meta = cross + the finish line.
    * cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * cruzar las líneas divisorias que separan + Nombre = cross + Adjetivo + lines.
    * cruzar las piernas = cross + Posesivo + legs, fold + Posesivo + legs.
    * cruzar los brazos = fold + Posesivo + arms.
    * cruzar los dedos = cross + Posesivo + fingers.
    * cruzarse con = run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzarse de brazos = sit back, fold + Posesivo + arms, go along with + the flow.
    * cruzarse de piernas = fold + Posesivo + legs.
    * cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.
    * cruzar una mirada = exchange + glance.
    * el que no se aventura no cruza el mar = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * persona que cruza la carretera por un sitio no autorizado = jaywalker.

    * * *
    cruzar [A4 ]
    vt
    A (atravesar) ‹calle› to cross; ‹mar/desierto/puente› to cross, go/come across
    cruzó el río a nado she swam across the river
    esta calle no cruza Serrano this street doesn't intersect with Serrano
    B ‹piernas› to cross
    se sentó y cruzó las piernas she sat down and crossed her legs
    con los brazos cruzados with my/your/his arms crossed o folded
    crucemos los dedos let's keep our fingers crossed
    C ‹cheque› to cross
    D (tachar) to cross out
    E ‹palabras/saludos› to exchange
    no crucé ni una palabra con él we didn't say a single word to each other, we didn't exchange a single word
    F (llevar al otro lado) to take ( o carry etc) … across
    la madre cruzó a los niños the mother took the children across
    el barquero nos cruzó the boatman took o ferried us across
    G ‹animales/plantas› to cross
    ■ cruzar
    vi
    (atravesar) to cross
    cruzaron por el puente they went over o across the bridge
    A ( recípr)
    1 «caminos/líneas» to intersect, meet, cross
    2
    (en un viaje, un camino): los trenes se cruzaron a mitad de camino the trains passed each other half way
    espero no cruzármelo nunca más I hope I never set eyes on him again, I hope we never cross paths again
    nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar our letters must have crossed in the post
    seguro que nos cruzaremos por el camino (nos veremos) we're sure to meet o see o pass each other on the way; (no nos veremos) we're sure to miss each other along the way
    cruzarse CON algn to see o pass sb
    me crucé con él al salir de la estación I saw o passed o met him as I came out of the station
    me cruzo con ella todos los días I see her o we pass each other everyday
    B
    (interponerse): se le cruzó una moto y no pudo frenar a motorcycle pulled out in front of him and he couldn't brake in time
    se nos cruzó otro corredor y nos caímos todos another runner cut in front of us and we all fell
    * * *

     

    cruzar ( conjugate cruzar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( atravesar) ‹calle/mar/puente› to cross
    2 ‹ piernas› to cross;
    ‹ brazos› to cross, fold
    3
    a) ‹ cheque› to cross


    c) ‹palabras/saludos› to exchange

    4 ( llevar al otro lado) to take (o carry etc) … across
    5 ‹animales/plantas› to cross
    verbo intransitivo ( atravesar) to cross;

    cruzarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( recípr)
    a) [caminos/líneas] to intersect, meet

    b) (en viaje, camino):

    ◊ nos cruzamos en el camino we met o passed each other on the way;

    nuestras cartas se han debido de cruzar our letters must have crossed in the post;
    cruzarse con algn to see o pass sb
    2 ( interponerse):

    se me cruzó otro corredor another runner cut in front of me
    cruzar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to cross
    (las piernas) to cross one's legs
    (los brazos) to fold one's arms
    2 (dirigir unas palabras, miradas) to exchange
    3 (animal, planta) to cross, crossbreed
    II verbo intransitivo (atravesar) to cross
    ' cruzar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cariño
    - empeñarse
    - franquear
    - isleta
    - ojo
    - cruzado
    - lado
    - luz
    - mano
    - pasar
    English:
    across
    - come through
    - cross
    - fold
    - get across
    - go across
    - go over
    - hold on
    - intersect
    - jaywalk
    - jaywalking
    - jump across
    - scramble
    - see
    - single-breasted
    - span
    - swim
    - unsafe
    - walk across
    - get
    - jay
    - pass
    - stepping-stone
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [calle, río] to cross;
    cruzó el Atlántico en velero he sailed across the Atlantic;
    nos cruzó al otro lado del río en su barca he took us across to the other side of the river in his boat;
    cruzó el río a nado she swam across the river;
    cruzó la calle corriendo he ran across the street;
    esta carretera cruza varios pueblos this road goes through several towns;
    un río que cruza todo el país a river that flows the length of the country
    2. [interponer]
    cruzaron un autobús para detener el tráfico they put a bus across the road to stop the traffic
    3. [piernas, brazos] to cross;
    crucemos los dedos let's keep our fingers crossed
    4. [unas palabras] to exchange
    5. [en fútbol]
    marcó cruzando la pelota he scored with a cross-shot;
    cruzó demasiado la pelota he pulled his shot wide
    6. [animales, plantas] to cross
    7. [cheque] to cross
    8. Comp
    Fam
    cruzar la cara a alguien to slap sb across the face;
    como no te estés quieto te voy a cruzar la cara if you don't keep still I'm going to slap you
    * * *
    v/t cross
    * * *
    cruzar {21} vt
    1) : to cross
    2) : to exchange (words, greetings)
    3) : to cross, to interbreed
    * * *
    cruzar vb
    1. (en general) to cross
    2. (intercambiar) to exchange

    Spanish-English dictionary > cruzar

  • 9 múltiple

    adj.
    multiple, manifold, multiplex.
    * * *
    1 multiple
    2 (muchos) many, a number of, numerous
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [colisión, embarazo, fractura] multiple
    2) pl múltiples (=muchos) [aplicaciones, problemas, ocasiones] many, numerous

    esta mesa tiene múltiples usos — this table has many o numerous uses, this is a multipurpose table

    3) (Inform)
    * * *
    1) <aplicaciones/causas> many, numerous
    2) <flor/imagen/fractura> multiple
    * * *
    = manifold, multifarious, multiple, multi-fold, multipronged [multi-pronged], several.
    Ex. Title indexes, despite their manifold weaknesses, have two important points in their favour which make them attractive for some library and information applications.
    Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex. A dual dictionary, as distinct from card-based indexes, can be produced in multiple copies.
    Ex. The novelty of this service is multi-fold.
    Ex. This quarterly theme-based publication was launched as part of a multipronged effort connect research and practice in the field of adult education.
    Ex. There may be several entries per document, or merely one.
    ----
    * acceso múltiple = multiple access.
    * análisis de regresión múltiple = multiple regression analysis.
    * búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.
    * búsqueda en múltiples ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * colisión múltiple = pile-up.
    * concepto de múltiples palabras = multiple-word concept.
    * conversación telefónica múltiple = telephone conferencing.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * de múltiples palabras = multiple-word.
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * entrada múltiple = multiple entry.
    * lector múltiple de CD-ROM = jukebox.
    * paginación múltiple = complex pagination.
    * personalidad múltiple = split personality, multiple personality.
    * regresión múltiple = multiple regression.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * * *
    1) <aplicaciones/causas> many, numerous
    2) <flor/imagen/fractura> multiple
    * * *
    = manifold, multifarious, multiple, multi-fold, multipronged [multi-pronged], several.

    Ex: Title indexes, despite their manifold weaknesses, have two important points in their favour which make them attractive for some library and information applications.

    Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex: A dual dictionary, as distinct from card-based indexes, can be produced in multiple copies.
    Ex: The novelty of this service is multi-fold.
    Ex: This quarterly theme-based publication was launched as part of a multipronged effort connect research and practice in the field of adult education.
    Ex: There may be several entries per document, or merely one.
    * acceso múltiple = multiple access.
    * análisis de regresión múltiple = multiple regression analysis.
    * búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.
    * búsqueda en múltiples ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * colisión múltiple = pile-up.
    * concepto de múltiples palabras = multiple-word concept.
    * conversación telefónica múltiple = telephone conferencing.
    * de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.
    * de múltiples palabras = multiple-word.
    * de uso múltiple = all-purpose.
    * entrada múltiple = multiple entry.
    * lector múltiple de CD-ROM = jukebox.
    * paginación múltiple = complex pagination.
    * personalidad múltiple = split personality, multiple personality.
    * regresión múltiple = multiple regression.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.

    * * *
    A ‹aplicaciones/problemas/causas› many, numerous
    un esfuerzo que dará múltiples ventajas an effort which will yield numerous o a great many advantages
    B
    1 ‹flor› multiple
    2 ‹eco/imagen› multiple
    3 ‹apuesta› multiple
    4 ‹fractura› multiple
    * * *

    múltiple adjetivo
    1 ‹aplicaciones/causas› many, numerous
    2 ‹flor/imagen/fractura› multiple
    múltiple adjetivo
    1 (fractura, partida de ajedrez) multiple
    accidente múltiple, pile up 2 múltiples, (muchos) many
    en múltiples ocasiones, many times
    ' múltiple' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acceso
    - esclerosis
    - ladrón
    - ladrona
    - múltipla
    - múltiplo
    - carambola
    - choque
    - test
    English:
    gang bang
    - hook-up
    - multiple
    - multiple sclerosis
    - pile-up
    - adapter
    - MS
    - personal
    - pileup
    - test
    * * *
    1. [variado] multiple;
    una colisión múltiple a multiple collision, a pile-up
    2.
    múltiples [numerosos] many, numerous
    * * *
    adj multiple;
    de múltiple uso re-useable
    * * *
    : multiple

    Spanish-English dictionary > múltiple

  • 10 croiser

    croiser [kʀwaze]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. [+ bras, jambes, fils] to cross
    • croisons les doigts ! fingers crossed!
       b. ( = couper) [+ route, ligne] to cross
       c. ( = passer à côté de) [+ véhicule, passant] to pass
       d. [+ races] to crossbreed
       e. (Sport) [+ tir, coup droit] to angle
    2. intransitive verb
    [bateau] to cruise
    3. reflexive verb
       a. [chemins, lignes] to cross
    • nos regards or nos yeux se croisèrent our eyes met
       b. [personnes, véhicules] to pass each other
    * * *
    kʀwɑze
    1.
    1) ( mettre l'un sur l'autre) to cross [objets, jambes]

    croiser les bras/mains — to fold one's arms/hands

    croiser les doigts — fig to keep one's fingers crossed

    2) ( couper) [rue, voie] to cross [rue, voie]
    3) ( passer à côté de) [véhicule, piéton]

    croiser quelqu'un/quelque chose — to pass somebody/something (coming the other way); ( rencontrer) to meet

    mon regard croisa le sien — our eyes met, my gaze met his/hers

    4) Biologie to cross(breed) [espèces, animaux]

    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) [bretelles] to cross; [veste] to cross over
    2) [navire] gén to cruise; ( pour surveiller) to be on patrol

    3.
    se croiser verbe pronominal [piétons, véhicules] to pass each other; [lettres] to cross (in the post GB ou mail US); [routes] to cross
    * * *
    kʀwaze
    1. vt
    1) [voiture] to pass, [personne] to bump into

    J'ai croisé Anne-Laure dans la rue. — I bumped into Anne-Laure in the street.

    2) [route] to cross, to cut across
    3) [cables, poutres] to cross
    4) BIOLOGIE to cross
    2. vi
    NAVIGATION to cruise
    * * *
    croiser verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( mettre l'un sur l'autre) to cross [objets, câbles]; croiser les bras/mains to fold one's arms/hands; croiser les jambes to cross one's legs; croiser les doigts (pour que ça réussisse) fig to keep one's fingers crossed;
    2 ( couper) [rue, voie] to cross [rue, voie];
    3 ( passer à côté de) [véhicule, piéton] croiser qn/qch to pass sb/sth (coming the other way); ( rencontrer) to meet; on a croisé un car we passed a coach GB ou bus (coming the other way); j'ai croisé leur bateau en sortant du port I passed their boat (coming in) as I left the harbourGB; une voiture nous a croisés à vive allure a car flashed past us in the opposite direction; mon regard croisa le sien our eyes met, my gaze met his/hers;
    4 Biol to cross(breed) [espèces, animaux]; croiser A avec B to cross A with B;
    5 Sport ( au tennis) croiser un coup to play a cross-court stroke; ( au football) croiser son tir to make a diagonal pass.
    B vi
    1 Cout, Mode [bretelles] to cross; [veste] to cross over; la veste croise mal parce qu'il a grossi the jacket pulls across the front because he's put on weight;
    2 Naut gén to cruise; ( pour surveiller) to be on patrol; croiser dans le golfe to patrol the gulf; croiser au large des côtes africaines to cruise off the coast of Africa.
    C se croiser vpr
    1 ( passer à côté) [piétons, véhicules, navires] to pass each other; [colis, lettres] to cross (in the post GB ou mail US);
    2 ( se couper) [routes, lignes] to cross; nos regards se sont croisés our eyes met;
    3 Hist to go on a crusade.
    [krwaze] verbe transitif
    1. [mettre en croix - baguettes, fils] to cross
    croiser les bras to cross ou to fold one's arms
    croiser le fer ou l'épée avec quelqu'un (sens propre & figuré) to cross swords with somebody
    2. [traverser] to cross, to intersect, to meet
    là où la route croise la voie ferrée where the road and the railway cross, at the junction of the road and the railway
    3. [rencontrer] to pass, to meet
    ————————
    [krwaze] verbe intransitif
    1. [vêtement] to cross over
    ————————
    se croiser verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)
    1. [se rencontrer] to come across ou to meet ou to pass each other
    2. [aller en sens opposé - trains] to pass (each other) ; [ - lettres] to cross ; [ - routes] to cross, to intersect
    nos chemins se sont croisés, nos routes se sont croisées our paths met
    ————————
    se croiser verbe pronominal transitif
    ————————
    se croiser verbe pronominal intransitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > croiser

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 cerrar

    v.
    María cerró la puerta Mary closed the door.
    2 to close (negocio, colegio) (a diario).
    el gobierno cerrará dos centrales nucleares the government is to close down two nuclear power stations
    3 to close.
    4 to close the door (person).
    ¡cierra, que entra frío! close the door, you're letting the cold in!
    5 to close (negocio, colegio) (a diario).
    ¿a qué hora cierra? what time do you close?
    6 to turn off (grifo, llave de gas).
    Ricardo cerró el agua Richard turned off the water.
    7 to fill, to block (up) (agujero, hueco).
    8 to block (carretera, calle).
    la policía cerró la calle the police closed off the street
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block somebody's way
    9 to close.
    la orquesta cerraba el desfile the orchestra closed the procession
    10 to fence (off), to enclose.
    11 to heal, to close up.
    12 to close down, to close, to lock up, to shut.
    Ellos cierran de noche They close at night.
    13 to block off, to blank off.
    Los huelguistas bloquearon el edificio The strikers blanked off the building
    14 to balance out, to match correctly, to check out correctly, to close.
    Mi contador cierra mis cuentas My accountant balances out my accounts.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 to close, shut
    2 (grifo, gas) to turn off; (luz) to turn off, switch off
    3 (cuenta) to close
    4 (cremallera) to zip (up)
    5 (un negocio) to close; (- definitivamente) to close down
    6 (carta) to seal
    7 (discusión) to end, finish
    8 (compra) to close, conclude
    9 (agujero) to plug; (grieta) to fill
    10 (paraguas) to close, shut, put down
    11 (los puños) to clench, close
    12 (frontera, puerto) to close; (camino) to block
    13 (en dominó) to block
    1 to close, shut
    2 (punto) to cast off
    3 (una herida) to close up, heal
    1 to close, shut
    2 (una herida) to close up, heal
    3 AUTOMÓVIL (meterse) to cut in
    4 METEREOLOGÍA to cloud over
    5 figurado (obstinarse) to dig one's heel in, stand fast; (ponerse en actitud intransigente) to close one's mind (a, to)
    \
    cerrar con siete llaves figurado to lock and double-lock
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block somebody's way, bar somebody's way
    cerrar el pico familiar to shut one's trap
    cerrar la boca to shut up
    cerrar la puerta en las narices figurado to shut the door in somebody's face
    cerrar las filas figurado to close ranks
    cerrarse de golpe to slam shut
    * * *
    verb
    1) to close, shut
    2) lock
    4) seal
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [hablando de un objeto abierto] [+ puerta, ventana, boca] to close, shut; [+ cremallera] to do up; [+ camisa] to button, do up; [+ cortina] to draw; [+ paraguas, válvula] to close; [+ carta] to seal; [+ costura, herida] to sew up

    no puedo cerrar esta maleta — I can't close o shut this suitcase

    cierra los ojos — close o shut your eyes

    cerró el libro de golpe — she banged o slammed the book shut

    • cerré la puerta con llave — I locked the door

    • cierra el pico — * shut your trap **

    • cerrar el puño — to clench one's fist

    fila 3), b)
    2) (=desconectar) [+ gas, grifo, radiador] to turn off
    3) (=bloquear) [+ agujero, brecha, tubo] to block (up); [+ frontera, puerto] to close

    • cerrar el paso a algn — to block sb's way

    trató de entrar, pero le cerraron el paso — he tried to get in, but they blocked o barred his way

    4) [+ tienda, negocio] [al final de la jornada] to close, shut; [para siempre] to close, close down
    5) [+ jardín, terreno] [con cerca] to fence in; [con muro] to wall in
    6) (=poner fin a)
    a) [+ debate, narración, programa] to close, end

    cerrar el sistema — (Inform) to shut down the system

    b) [+ desfile] to bring up the rear of
    7)

    • cerrar un trato — to seal a deal

    2. VI
    1) [hablando de un objeto abierto] [puerta, ventana] to close, shut; [bragueta] to do up; [paraguas, válvula] to close; [herida] to close up
    2) [persona]

    cierra, que se va a escapar el gato — close o shut the door or the cat will get out

    3) [tienda, negocio] to close, shut

    ¿a qué hora cierran las tiendas el sábado? — what time do the shops close o shut on Saturday?

    4) (Econ) [en la Bolsa] to close
    5) [en dominó] to block; [en Scrabble] to use one's tiles up

    ¡cierro! — I'm out!

    6) (=atacar)

    cerrar con o contra algn — to grapple with sb

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <puerta/ventana> to close, shut; <ojos/boca> to shut, close
    b) < botella> to put the top on/cork in; < frasco> to put the lid on
    c) <paraguas/abanico/mano> to close; < libro> to close, shut; < puño> to clench
    d) < cortinas> to close, draw; < persianas> to lower, pull down; < abrigo> to fasten, button up; < cremallera> to do up
    2) <grifo/agua/gas> to turn off; < válvula> to close, shut off
    3)
    a) <fábrica/comercio/oficina> (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) <aeropuerto/carretera/frontera> to close
    4) < cuenta bancaria> to close; <caso/juicio> to close; <acuerdo/negociación> to finalize
    5)
    a) <acto/debate> to bring... to an end; < jornada> to end
    b) <desfile/cortejo> to bring up the rear of
    c) < circuito> to close
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to close
    2.
    cerrar vi
    1) (hablando de puerta, ventana)

    cierra, que hace frío — close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold

    ¿cerraste con llave? — did you lock up?

    2) puerta/ventana/cajón to close, shut; grifo/llave de paso to turn off; abrigo/vestido to fasten, do up (BrE)
    3) comercio/oficina (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    4) (Fin) dolar/peso to close
    5) ( en dominó) to block; ( en naipes) to go out
    3.
    cerrarse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana (+ compl) to shut, close

    la puerta se cerró sola/de golpe — the door closed by itself/slammed shut

    b) ojos (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    c) flor/almeja to close up
    d) herida to heal (up)
    2) (refl) < abrigo> to fasten, button up
    3) ( terminar) acto/debate/libro to end, conclude; jornada/año to end
    4) (mostrarse reacio, intransigente)

    se cerró en su actitud — he dug his heels in

    cerrarse a algo: sería cerrarse a la evidencia it would be turning our back on the evidence; se cierran a todo cambio — they're not open to change

    * * *
    = close, close down, seal off, shut down, shut off, zip, fold, fold up + shop.
    Ex. The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.
    Ex. In this case, however, summer vacation resulted in universities and other institutions closing down completely right in the middle of her stay.
    Ex. In the case of vast and rapidly growing copyright libraries where the stock is sealed off from the public, specific classification is not worth the effort.
    Ex. Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex. Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex. The study investigated the use of a video to teach 3 self-help skills (cleaning sunglasses, putting on a wristwatch, and zipping a jacket) to 3 elementary students with mental disabilities.
    Ex. By the mid-eighties, two of the big companies folded, but were replaced by a handful of small, independent firms = A mediados de los ochenta, dos de las grandes compañías quebraron, pero fueron sustituidas por un puñado de pequeñas empresas independientes.
    Ex. Why talented and passionate business people so often fold up shop while their less talented, less skilled brethren continue to thrive.
    ----
    * cerrar con candado = padlock.
    * cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.
    * cerrar con llave = lock.
    * cerrar con tablas = board up.
    * cerrar definitivamente = close down + operations, close + Posesivo + doors.
    * cerrar de golpe = slam.
    * cerrar de un portazo = slam.
    * cerrar el catálogo = close + the catalogue.
    * cerrar el negocio = fold up + shop.
    * cerrar filas = close + ranks.
    * cerrar herméticamente = seal.
    * cerrar las escotillas = batten down + hatches.
    * cerrar los postigos = shutter.
    * cerrar muy bien = close + tight.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * cerrar una ventana = switch off + window.
    * cerrar un negocio = go out of + business.
    * cerrar un trato = close + deal.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = put a sock in it!.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * en una abrir y cerrar de ojos = at the flick of a switch, at the drop of a hat.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * forzar a cerrar un Negocio = drive out of + business.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * paréntesis que cierra = right parenthesis.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.
    * que se cierra automáticamente mediante un muelle = spring-loaded.
    * sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <puerta/ventana> to close, shut; <ojos/boca> to shut, close
    b) < botella> to put the top on/cork in; < frasco> to put the lid on
    c) <paraguas/abanico/mano> to close; < libro> to close, shut; < puño> to clench
    d) < cortinas> to close, draw; < persianas> to lower, pull down; < abrigo> to fasten, button up; < cremallera> to do up
    2) <grifo/agua/gas> to turn off; < válvula> to close, shut off
    3)
    a) <fábrica/comercio/oficina> (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) <aeropuerto/carretera/frontera> to close
    4) < cuenta bancaria> to close; <caso/juicio> to close; <acuerdo/negociación> to finalize
    5)
    a) <acto/debate> to bring... to an end; < jornada> to end
    b) <desfile/cortejo> to bring up the rear of
    c) < circuito> to close
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to close
    2.
    cerrar vi
    1) (hablando de puerta, ventana)

    cierra, que hace frío — close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold

    ¿cerraste con llave? — did you lock up?

    2) puerta/ventana/cajón to close, shut; grifo/llave de paso to turn off; abrigo/vestido to fasten, do up (BrE)
    3) comercio/oficina (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    4) (Fin) dolar/peso to close
    5) ( en dominó) to block; ( en naipes) to go out
    3.
    cerrarse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana (+ compl) to shut, close

    la puerta se cerró sola/de golpe — the door closed by itself/slammed shut

    b) ojos (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    c) flor/almeja to close up
    d) herida to heal (up)
    2) (refl) < abrigo> to fasten, button up
    3) ( terminar) acto/debate/libro to end, conclude; jornada/año to end
    4) (mostrarse reacio, intransigente)

    se cerró en su actitud — he dug his heels in

    cerrarse a algo: sería cerrarse a la evidencia it would be turning our back on the evidence; se cierran a todo cambio — they're not open to change

    * * *
    = close, close down, seal off, shut down, shut off, zip, fold, fold up + shop.

    Ex: The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.

    Ex: In this case, however, summer vacation resulted in universities and other institutions closing down completely right in the middle of her stay.
    Ex: In the case of vast and rapidly growing copyright libraries where the stock is sealed off from the public, specific classification is not worth the effort.
    Ex: Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex: Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex: The study investigated the use of a video to teach 3 self-help skills (cleaning sunglasses, putting on a wristwatch, and zipping a jacket) to 3 elementary students with mental disabilities.
    Ex: By the mid-eighties, two of the big companies folded, but were replaced by a handful of small, independent firms = A mediados de los ochenta, dos de las grandes compañías quebraron, pero fueron sustituidas por un puñado de pequeñas empresas independientes.
    Ex: Why talented and passionate business people so often fold up shop while their less talented, less skilled brethren continue to thrive.
    * cerrar con candado = padlock.
    * cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.
    * cerrar con llave = lock.
    * cerrar con tablas = board up.
    * cerrar definitivamente = close down + operations, close + Posesivo + doors.
    * cerrar de golpe = slam.
    * cerrar de un portazo = slam.
    * cerrar el catálogo = close + the catalogue.
    * cerrar el negocio = fold up + shop.
    * cerrar filas = close + ranks.
    * cerrar herméticamente = seal.
    * cerrar las escotillas = batten down + hatches.
    * cerrar los postigos = shutter.
    * cerrar muy bien = close + tight.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * cerrar una ventana = switch off + window.
    * cerrar un negocio = go out of + business.
    * cerrar un trato = close + deal.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = put a sock in it!.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * en una abrir y cerrar de ojos = at the flick of a switch, at the drop of a hat.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * forzar a cerrar un Negocio = drive out of + business.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * paréntesis que cierra = right parenthesis.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.
    * que se cierra automáticamente mediante un muelle = spring-loaded.
    * sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.

    * * *
    cerrar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹armario/puerta/ventana› to close, shut
    cerró la puerta de un portazo she slammed the door
    2 ‹ojos/boca› to shut, close
    3 ‹maleta› to close; ‹sobre/paquete› to seal
    4 ‹botella› to put the top on/cork in; ‹frasco› to put the top ( o lid etc) on
    un frasco herméticamente cerrado an airtight container
    5 ‹paraguas› to close, put … down; ‹abanico› to close; ‹libro› to close, shut; ‹puño› to clench; ‹mano› to close
    6 ‹cortinas› to close, draw; ‹persianas› to lower, pull down; ‹abrigo› to fasten, button up, do up ( BrE)
    ciérrame la cremallera can you zip me up?, can you do my zip up? ( BrE)
    B ‹grifo› to turn off; ‹válvula› to close, shut off; ‹agua/gas› to turn off
    C
    1 ‹fábrica/comercio/oficina› (en el quehacer diario) to close, shut; (por obras, vacaciones) to close; (definitivamente) to close, close down
    2 ‹aeropuerto/carretera› to close; ‹frontera› to close
    la calle está cerrada al tráfico the street is closed to traffic
    3 ‹terreno› to fence off
    D
    1 (en labores de punto) to cast off; (en costura) to sew up
    2 ( fam) (al operar) to close … up
    E
    1 ‹plazo/matrícula›
    han cerrado el plazo de inscripción the enrollment period has closed o finished
    2 ‹cuenta bancaria› to close
    3 ‹caso/juicio› to close; ‹acuerdo/negociación› to finalize
    F
    1 (poner fin a) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end; ‹jornada› to end
    antes de cerrar nuestra programación de hoy … before ending today's programs …, before bringing today's programs to a close …
    los trágicos acontecimientos que han cerrado el año the tragic events with which the year has ended
    estas declaraciones cerraron una jornada tensa these statements ended o came at the end of a tense day
    2 ‹desfile/cortejo› to bring up the rear of
    3 ‹circunferencia› to close up; ‹circuito› to close
    4 ‹paréntesis/comillas› to close
    ■ cerrar
    vi
    A
    (hablando de una puerta, ventana): cierra, que hace frío close o shut the door ( o window etc), it's cold
    ¿cerraste con llave? did you lock the door?, did you lock up?
    B «puerta/ventana/cajón» to close, shut; «grifo/llave de paso» to turn off; «abrigo/vestido» to fasten, do up ( BrE)
    la puerta no cierra bien the door won't shut o close properly, the door doesn't shut o close properly
    esta botella no cierra bien I can't get the top back on this bottle properly, the top won't go on properly
    ¿la falda cierra por detrás o por el lado? does the skirt fasten at the back or at the side?
    C «comercio/oficina» (en el quehacer diario) to close, shut; (por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; (definitivamente) to close, close down, shut down
    ¿a qué hora cierran? what time do you close?
    no cerramos al mediodía we are open o we stay open at lunchtime, we don't close for lunch
    [ S ] cerramos los lunes closed Mondays, we are closed on Mondays
    D (en labores de punto) to cast off
    E ( Fin) to close
    el dólar cerró a … the dollar closed at …
    F (en dominó) to block; (en naipes) to go out
    A
    1
    «puerta/ventana» (+ compl): la puerta se cerró de golpe/sola the door slammed shut/closed by itself
    2 «ojos» (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    se me cierran los ojos de cansancio I'm so tired I can't keep my eyes open
    3 «flor/almeja» to close up
    4 «herida» to heal, heal up, close up
    B ( refl) ‹abrigo› to fasten, button up, do up ( BrE)
    ciérrate la cremallera zip yourself up, zip up your dress ( o jacket etc), do your zip up ( BrE)
    C (terminar) «acto/debate» to end, conclude; «jornada» to end
    el libro se cierra con unas páginas dedicadas a … the book ends o closes o concludes with a few pages on the subject of …
    otro año que se cierra sin que se resuelva another year ends o comes to an end without a solution
    D
    (mostrarse reacio, intransigente): se cerró y no quiso saber nada más she closed her mind and refused to listen to any more about it
    se cerró en su actitud he dug his heels in
    cerrarse A algo:
    sería cerrarse a la evidencia negar que … we would be turning our back on the evidence if we were to deny that …
    se cerró a todo lo nuevo she refused to consider anything new, she closed her mind to anything new
    * * *

     

    cerrar ( conjugate cerrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹puerta/ventana› to close, shut;

    ‹ojos/boca› to shut, close;

    b) ‹ botella› to put the top on/cork in;

    ‹ frasco› to put the lid on;
    ‹ sobre› to seal
    c) ‹paraguas/abanico/mano› to close;

    ‹ libro› to close, shut;
    ‹ puño› to clench
    d) ‹ cortinas› to close, draw;

    ‹ persianas› to lower, pull down;
    ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
    ‹ cremallera› to do … up
    e) ‹grifo/agua/gas› to turn off;

    ‹ válvula› to close, shut off
    2
    a) ‹fábrica/comercio/oficina› ( en el quehacer diario) to close;

    ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) ‹aeropuerto/carretera/frontera› to close

    3

    b) ‹caso/juicio› to close

    c) ‹acuerdo/negociación› to finalize

    d) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (hablando de puerta, ventana):
    ◊ cierra, que hace frío close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold;

    ¿cerraste con llave? did you lock up?
    2 [puerta/ventana/cajón] to close, shut
    3 [comercio/oficina] ( en el quehacer diario) to close, shut;
    ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    cerrarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [puerta/ventana] to shut, close;


    b) [ ojos] to close;


    c) [flor/almeja] to close up


    2 ( refl) ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
    ‹ cremallera› to do … up
    3 [acto/debate/jornada] to end
    cerrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to shut, close
    (con llave) to lock
    (un grifo abierto) to turn off
    (el ordenador) to turn off, switch off
    (subir una cremallera) to do up
    (un sobre) to seal
    (los puños) to clench
    2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
    (definitivamente) to close down
    3 (un trato, un acuerdo) to finalize
    (liquidar una cuenta bancaria) to close
    4 (un acceso, un servicio de transporte) to close
    (bloquear) cerrarle el paso a alguien, to block sb's way
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to close, shut
    2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
    (definitivamente) to close down
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cerrar el pico, to shut one's trap
    ' cerrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - abrochar
    - cerrada
    - cerrado
    - cierre
    - ojo
    - pico
    - sellar
    - amabilidad
    - bondad
    - canilla
    - cierra
    - cierro
    - correr
    - cuenta
    - doble
    - grifo
    - junta
    - juntar
    - llave
    - paréntesis
    - trato
    English:
    attendant
    - bargain
    - barricade
    - block in
    - bolt
    - clinch
    - close
    - close down
    - closed
    - draw
    - enter into
    - fasten
    - fasten down
    - lock
    - lock up
    - padlock
    - push to
    - seal
    - seal off
    - seal up
    - secure
    - shut
    - shut down
    - shut up
    - slam
    - snap
    - stick together
    - strike
    - tight
    - to
    - trice
    - turn off
    - twinkling
    - wall in
    - whisk away
    - whisk off
    - wind up
    - zip up
    - board
    - business
    - cast
    - conclude
    - fold
    - main
    - time
    - turn
    - will
    - wind
    - wrap
    - zip
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [en general] to close;
    [puerta, cajón, boca, tienda] to shut, to close; Informát [archivo] to close; [con llave] to lock; [grifo, llave de gas] to turn off; [botella] to put the top on; [tarro] to put the lid o top on; [carta, sobre] to seal; [cortinas] to draw, to close; [persianas] to pull down; [agujero, hueco] to fill, to block (up); [puños] to clench;
    cierra el gas cuando salgas turn the gas off when you leave;
    una corriente de aire cerró la puerta a draught blew the door shut;
    Fam
    ¡cierra el pico! shut your trap!
    2. [negocio, colegio] [a diario] to close;
    [permanentemente] to close down;
    el gobierno cerrará dos centrales nucleares the government is to close down two nuclear power stations
    3. [vallar] to fence (off), to enclose;
    cerraron el balcón para convertirlo en comedor they closed o walled off the balcony and converted it into a dining room
    4. [carretera, calle] to close off;
    también Fig
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block sb's way;
    una valla les cerraba la salida a fence blocked their way out
    5. [manifestación, desfile] to bring up the rear of;
    cerrar la marcha [ir en última posición] to bring up the rear;
    la orquesta cerraba el desfile the orchestra closed the procession
    6. [gestiones, acuerdo] to finalize;
    han cerrado un trato para… they've reached an agreement o made a deal to…;
    cerraron el trato ayer they wrapped up the deal yesterday;
    cerraron las conversaciones sin ningún acuerdo they ended the talks without reaching an agreement
    7. [cicatrizar] to heal, to close up
    8. Elec [circuito] to close
    9. [circunferencia, círculo] to complete;
    cerraron la carretera de circunvalación they completed the Br ring road o US beltway
    10. [signo ortográfico] to close;
    cerrar comillas/paréntesis to close inverted commas/brackets
    11. [posibilidades] to put an end to;
    el último atentado cierra cualquier esperanza de acuerdo the most recent attack puts an end to any hopes of an agreement
    12. [terminar] to close;
    el discurso del Presidente cerró el año legislativo the President's speech brought the parliamentary year to a close;
    esta corrida cierra la temporada taurina this bullfight rounds off the bullfighting season;
    cerró su participación en el torneo con una derrota they lost their last game in the tournament
    13. [plegar] to close up;
    cerró el paraguas he closed his umbrella
    14. Prensa
    el periódico cerró la edición más tarde de lo normal the newspaper went to press later than usual
    ♦ vi
    1. [en general] to close;
    [tienda] to close, to shut; [con llave, pestillo] to lock up;
    este cajón no cierra bien this drawer doesn't shut properly;
    la Bolsa cerró con pérdidas the stock market closed down several points;
    RP Fam
    ¡cerrá y vamos!: si no quieren ayudarnos, ¡cerrá y vamos! if they don't want to help us, let's not waste any more time over this
    2. [persona] to close the door;
    ¡cierra, que entra frío! close the door, you're letting the cold in!;
    me olvidé de cerrar con llave I forgot to lock the door
    3. [negocio, colegio] [a diario] to close;
    [definitivamente] to close down;
    ¿a qué hora cierra? what time do you close?;
    la biblioteca cierra a las ocho the library closes at eight;
    cerramos los domingos [en letrero] closed on Sundays
    4. [en juego de cartas] to go out;
    [en dominó] to block
    5. [herida] to close up, to heal
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 close; para siempre close down;
    cerrar al tráfico close to traffic
    2 tubería block
    3 grifo turn off
    4 terreno, finca enclose; frontera close
    5 acuerdo close
    II v/i close; para siempre close down;
    la puerta no cierra bien the door doesn’t shut properly;
    al cerrar el día at the end of the day
    * * *
    cerrar {55} vt
    1) : to close, to shut
    2) : to turn off
    3) : to bring to an end
    cerrar vi
    1) : to close up, to lock up
    2) : to close down
    * * *
    cerrar vb
    1. (en general) to close / to shut
    ¿a qué hora cerráis? what time do you close?
    2. (con llave) to lock
    ¿has cerrado la puerta con llave? have you locked the door?
    3. (gas, grifo) to turn off
    cerrar de golpe to slam [pt. & pp. slammed]
    cerrar la cremallera to zip up [pt. & pp. zipped]

    Spanish-English dictionary > cerrar

  • 13 vez

    f.
    1 time.
    de vez en cuando from time to time, now and again
    vete de una vez just go, for heaven's sake
    en vez de instead of
    érase una vez once upon a time
    muchas veces often, a lot
    otra vez again
    pocas veces, rara vez rarely, seldom
    por última/enésima vez for the last/umpteenth time
    tal vez perhaps, maybe
    una vez más once again
    una vez que once, after
    una y otra vez time and again
    una vez once
    ¿te acuerdas de una vez (en) que fuimos a pescar? do you remember that time we went fishing?
    dos veces twice
    tres veces three times
    ¿has estado allí alguna vez? have you ever been there?
    a mi/tu/etc vez in my/your/etc turn
    a la vez (que) at the same time (as)
    alguna que otra vez occasionally
    a veces, algunas veces sometimes, at times
    cada vez (que) every time
    cada vez más more and more
    resulta cada vez más difícil it's getting harder and harder
    cada vez menos less and less
    cada vez la veo más feliz she seems happier and happier
    de una vez in one go
    de una vez para siempre o por todas once and for all
    2 turn (turno).
    ¿quién lleva o da la vez? who's the last in the queue o (British) line? (United States)
    voy a pedir la vez I'm going to ask who's last
    * * *
    1 time
    2 (turno) turn; (ocasión) occasion
    \
    a la vez at the same time, at once
    a su vez in turn
    a veces sometimes
    alguna que otra vez on the odd occasion
    alguna vez sometimes 2 (en pregunta) ever
    ■ ¿has estado alguna vez allí? have you ever been there?
    algunas veces sometimes
    cada vez every time, each time
    cada vez más more and more, increasingly
    cada vez peor worse and worse
    de una vez (de un acto) in one go 2 (definitivamente) once and for all
    ■ ¡acabémoslo de una vez! let's get it over with!
    de una vez para siempre once and for all
    de vez en cuando from time to time, now and again, every now and then, every so often
    en vez de instead of
    érase una vez... / había una vez... (en cuentos) once upon a time...
    otra vez again
    ■ tócala otra vez, Sam play it again, Sam
    perder la vez to lose one's turn
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) time
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ocasión) time

    por esta vez — this time, this once

    •a la vez, hablaban todos a la vez — they were all talking at once o at the same time

    canta a la vez que toca — she sings and plays at the same time, she sings while she plays

    •¿has estado alguna vez en...? — have you ever been to...?

    alguna que otra vez — occasionally, now and again

    • las más de las veces — mostly, in most cases

    • por primera vez — for the first time

    • toda vez que... — since..., given that...

    • por última vez — for the last time

    ¿cuándo lo viste por última vez? — when was the last time you saw him?, when did you see him last?

    tal 3., 3)

    ¿cuántas veces al año? — how many times a year?

    es cinco veces más caro — it's five times more expensive, it costs five times as much

    •a veces, [algunas] veces — sometimes, at times

    • contadas veces — seldom

    • de vez en cuando — now and again, from time to time, occasionally

    •¿ cuántas veces? — how often?, how many times?

    • dos veces — twice

    •en... veces, se fríen las patatas en dos veces — fry the potatoes in two batches

    • por enésima vez — for the umpteenth time *

    • muchas veces — often

    • otra vez — again

    • pocas veces — seldom, rarely

    • rara vez, [raras] veces — seldom, rarely

    • repetidas veces — again and again, over and over again

    • una vez — once

    una vez dice que sí y otra que no — first he says yes and then he says no, one time he says yes, the next he says no

    érase o había una vez una princesa... — once upon a time there was a princess...

    "una vez al año no hace daño" — once in a while can't hurt

    • varias veces — several times

    cada 2)

    • de una vez — (=en una sola ocasión) in one go; (=definitivamente) once and for all *

    ¡acabemos de una vez! — let's get it over with (once and for all)! *

    ¡cállate de una vez! — for the last time, shut up! *

    ¡dilo de una vez! — just say it!

    •en vez de — instead of

    • hacer las veces de — to serve as

    • una vez que — once

    una vez que me lo dijo se fue — once he had told me, he left

    una vez que se hayan marchado todos me iré yo — once they've all left, I'll go too

    • de una vez para siempre, de una vez por [todas] — once and for all *, for good

    4) (=turno) turn, go

    • ceder la vez — (gen) to give up one's turn; (en cola) to give up one's place

    • pedir la vez — to ask who's last in the queue

    • quitar la vez a algn — to push in in front of sb

    5) (Mat)
    * * *
    1) ( ocasión) time

    una vez/dos veces — once/twice

    una vez por semana/año — once a week/year

    me acuerdo de una/aquella vez cuando... — I remember once/that time when...

    la última/primera vez que lo vi — the last/first time I saw him

    mil veces or miles de veces — a thousand times o thousands of times

    ¿te has arrepentido alguna vez? — have you ever regretted it?

    la de veces or las veces que se lo dije! — the (number of) times I told him!

    érase or había una vez — (liter) once upon a time (liter)

    ¿por qué no lo dejamos para otra vez? — why don't we leave it for another time o day?

    repetidas veces — again and again, time and again

    a mi/tu/su vez — for my/your/his part

    ... quien a su vez depende del director —... who in turn reports to the director

    cada vez — every o each time

    de una vez — ( expresando impaciencia) once and for all; ( simultáneamente) in one go

    de vez en cuando — from time to time, every now and then

    rara vez — seldom, hardly ever

    una vez que hayan terminado — once o when you have finished

    hacer las veces de algo — caja/libro to serve as something; persona to act as something

    3) (Mat)
    4) (Esp) ( turno en una cola)

    ¿quién tiene or me da la vez? — who's last?

    * * *
    = turn, moment.
    Ex. In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex. There were moments when he could be almost affectionate, moments when his thoughts did not seem to be turned inward upon his own anxious solicitudes.
    ----
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunas veces = sometimes, from time to time, occasionally.
    * alguna vez = ever, on any one occasion.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a veces = at times, sometimes, at various times, from time to time, on occasion(s).
    * a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.
    * a veces sales jodido = shit happens.
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * cada vez = at a time, each time, every time [everytime].
    * cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.
    * cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.
    * cada vez más abultado = swelling.
    * cada vez más + Adjetivo = ever + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * cada vez más fácil = ever easier.
    * cada vez más lejos = further and further.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster.
    * cada vez más restringido = tightening.
    * cada vez más tenue = fading.
    * cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].
    * cada vez mayor = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, deepening, swelling, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening.
    * cada vez mejor = from strength to strength.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, waning, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * cada vez menos = less and less.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = exploding, fast-increasing.
    * cada vez peor = worsening.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cien veces = hundred-fold.
    * cuantas veces se quiera = any number of times.
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure.
    * demasiadas veces = one too many times.
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * de una sola vez = once-only, at one pull, at one whack, in one shot, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.
    * de una vez = at one blow, at one time, in one action, in one step, in a single step, at one whack, in a single phase, in one shot, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.
    * de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.
    * de vez en cuando = from time to time, now and then, now and again, once in a while, every once in a while, at various times, occasionally, off and on, on and off, occasional, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * diez veces = tenfold.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and.
    * distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * dos veces = doubly, twice.
    * dos veces al año = twice yearly [twice-yearly], semiannual [semi-annual].
    * dos veces a la semana = twice-weekly, biweekly [bi-weekly], twice a week.
    * editar varias veces = go into + a number of editions.
    * en la mayoría de las veces = in most cases, mostly.
    * entrada de datos sólo una vez = one-time entry.
    * en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.
    * en vez de = in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * esta vez = this time around/round, this time.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganarle la vez a = outdo, trump.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.
    * ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, go from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * la mayoría de las veces = most of the time, more often than not.
    * la mayor parte de las veces = more often than not.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * las cosas sólo pasan una vez = lightning never strikes twice.
    * la segunda vez = the second time around.
    * la última vez = last time.
    * la última vez que = the last time.
    * más de una vez = more than once.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * ni siquiera una vez = not once (did).
    * ni una sola vez = not once (did).
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * Número + veces más = Número + times as many.
    * Número + veces más de = Número + times the number of.
    * ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.
    * Ordinal + vez = Ordinal + time around/round.
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * pagar dos veces = double-pay.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * pero a la vez = but then again.
    * población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].
    * popularidad cada vez mayor = growing popularity.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * pospuesto una y otra vez = ever-postponed.
    * práctica cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.
    * preocupación cada vez mayor (por) = growing concern (about).
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * próxima vez, la = next time.
    * pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.
    * que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.
    * que sucede sólo una vez = one-off.
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * repetidas veces = repeatedly, time after time, time and again, time and time again.
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * si alguna vez lo fue = if it ever was.
    * si es que sucede alguna vez = if ever.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * sólo se vive una vez = you only live once.
    * todo a la vez = all at once.
    * todo de una vez = in one lump.
    * tres veces = thrice, three times.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una segunda vez = a second time around, a second time.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * una vez = once, one time.
    * una vez al año = annually, once a year.
    * una vez a la semana = once a week.
    * una vez al mes = once a month.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cumplimentado = completed.
    * una vez en la vida = once in a lifetime.
    * una vez en + Posesivo + vida = once in + Posesivo + lifetime.
    * una vez más = again, yet again.
    * una vez + Participio = upon + Nombre.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado = having + Participio Pasado, having + just + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado + Nombre = with + Nombre + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez que = when.
    * una vez que + Frase = once + Frase.
    * una vez quincenalmente = once a fortnight.
    * una vez relleno = completed.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repeatedly, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, time and again, over and over again.
    * un conjunto cada vez mayor de = a growing body of, a growing body of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of, a growing body of.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * variar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.
    * veinte veces = twenty-fold.
    * verificar dos veces = double-check [doublecheck].
    * y a la vez = cum, yet.
    * * *
    1) ( ocasión) time

    una vez/dos veces — once/twice

    una vez por semana/año — once a week/year

    me acuerdo de una/aquella vez cuando... — I remember once/that time when...

    la última/primera vez que lo vi — the last/first time I saw him

    mil veces or miles de veces — a thousand times o thousands of times

    ¿te has arrepentido alguna vez? — have you ever regretted it?

    la de veces or las veces que se lo dije! — the (number of) times I told him!

    érase or había una vez — (liter) once upon a time (liter)

    ¿por qué no lo dejamos para otra vez? — why don't we leave it for another time o day?

    repetidas veces — again and again, time and again

    a mi/tu/su vez — for my/your/his part

    ... quien a su vez depende del director —... who in turn reports to the director

    cada vez — every o each time

    de una vez — ( expresando impaciencia) once and for all; ( simultáneamente) in one go

    de vez en cuando — from time to time, every now and then

    rara vez — seldom, hardly ever

    una vez que hayan terminado — once o when you have finished

    hacer las veces de algo — caja/libro to serve as something; persona to act as something

    3) (Mat)
    4) (Esp) ( turno en una cola)

    ¿quién tiene or me da la vez? — who's last?

    * * *
    = turn, moment.

    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.

    Ex: There were moments when he could be almost affectionate, moments when his thoughts did not seem to be turned inward upon his own anxious solicitudes.
    * a la vez = at once, at one time, at similar times, at the same time, concurrently, side-by-side, simultaneously, at the same instant, in parallel, in tandem, at the one time, in a tandem fashion, at a time, in unison.
    * a la vez que = hand in hand (with), cum, in conjunction with, in unison with.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunas veces = sometimes, from time to time, occasionally.
    * alguna vez = ever, on any one occasion.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a su vez = Verbo + further, in turn, in its/their turn.
    * a veces = at times, sometimes, at various times, from time to time, on occasion(s).
    * a veces las cosas salen mal = shit happens.
    * a veces sales jodido = shit happens.
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * cada vez = at a time, each time, every time [everytime].
    * cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.
    * cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.
    * cada vez más abultado = swelling.
    * cada vez más + Adjetivo = ever + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * cada vez más fácil = ever easier.
    * cada vez más lejos = further and further.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster.
    * cada vez más restringido = tightening.
    * cada vez más tenue = fading.
    * cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].
    * cada vez mayor = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, deepening, swelling, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening.
    * cada vez mejor = from strength to strength.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, waning, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * cada vez menos = less and less.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = exploding, fast-increasing.
    * cada vez peor = worsening.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cien veces = hundred-fold.
    * cuantas veces se quiera = any number of times.
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure.
    * demasiadas veces = one too many times.
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * de una sola vez = once-only, at one pull, at one whack, in one shot, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.
    * de una vez = at one blow, at one time, in one action, in one step, in a single step, at one whack, in a single phase, in one shot, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.
    * de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.
    * de vez en cuando = from time to time, now and then, now and again, once in a while, every once in a while, at various times, occasionally, off and on, on and off, occasional, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * diez veces = tenfold.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and.
    * distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * dos veces = doubly, twice.
    * dos veces al año = twice yearly [twice-yearly], semiannual [semi-annual].
    * dos veces a la semana = twice-weekly, biweekly [bi-weekly], twice a week.
    * editar varias veces = go into + a number of editions.
    * en la mayoría de las veces = in most cases, mostly.
    * entrada de datos sólo una vez = one-time entry.
    * en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.
    * en vez de = in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * esta vez = this time around/round, this time.
    * ganar cada vez más importancia = grow from + strength to strength.
    * ganarle la vez a = outdo, trump.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.
    * ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, go from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * la mayoría de las veces = most of the time, more often than not.
    * la mayor parte de las veces = more often than not.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * las cosas sólo pasan una vez = lightning never strikes twice.
    * la segunda vez = the second time around.
    * la última vez = last time.
    * la última vez que = the last time.
    * más de una vez = more than once.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * ni siquiera una vez = not once (did).
    * ni una sola vez = not once (did).
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * Número + veces más = Número + times as many.
    * Número + veces más de = Número + times the number of.
    * ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.
    * Ordinal + vez = Ordinal + time around/round.
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * pagar dos veces = double-pay.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * pero a la vez = but then again.
    * población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].
    * popularidad cada vez mayor = growing popularity.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * pospuesto una y otra vez = ever-postponed.
    * práctica cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.
    * preocupación cada vez mayor (por) = growing concern (about).
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * próxima vez, la = next time.
    * pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.
    * que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.
    * que sucede sólo una vez = one-off.
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * repetidas veces = repeatedly, time after time, time and again, time and time again.
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * si alguna vez lo fue = if it ever was.
    * si es que sucede alguna vez = if ever.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * sólo se vive una vez = you only live once.
    * todo a la vez = all at once.
    * todo de una vez = in one lump.
    * tres veces = thrice, three times.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * una segunda vez = a second time around, a second time.
    * una última vez = one last time.
    * una vez = once, one time.
    * una vez al año = annually, once a year.
    * una vez a la semana = once a week.
    * una vez al mes = once a month.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cumplimentado = completed.
    * una vez en la vida = once in a lifetime.
    * una vez en + Posesivo + vida = once in + Posesivo + lifetime.
    * una vez más = again, yet again.
    * una vez + Participio = upon + Nombre.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado = having + Participio Pasado, having + just + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez + Participio Pasado + Nombre = with + Nombre + Participio Pasado.
    * una vez que = when.
    * una vez que + Frase = once + Frase.
    * una vez quincenalmente = once a fortnight.
    * una vez relleno = completed.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repeatedly, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, time and again, over and over again.
    * un conjunto cada vez mayor de = a growing body of, a growing body of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of, a growing body of.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * variar de una vez a otra = vary + from time to time.
    * veinte veces = twenty-fold.
    * verificar dos veces = double-check [doublecheck].
    * y a la vez = cum, yet.

    * * *
    A (ocasión) time
    lo leí una vez/dos veces/tres veces I read it once/twice/three times
    una vez por semana/año once a week/year
    me acuerdo de una/aquella vez cuando … I remember once/that time when …
    es la última vez que te lo pido I'm not going to ask you again
    ésa fue la última vez que lo vi that was the last time I saw him
    se lo he dicho mil veces or miles de veces I've told him a thousand times o thousands of times
    alguna vez me he sentido tentada there have been times o there has been the odd time when I've been tempted
    algunas veces me dan ganas de dejarlo at times o sometimes I feel like leaving him, there are times when I feel like leaving him
    ¿alguna vez te has arrepentido? have you ever regretted it?
    ¡la de veces or las veces que le dije que no lo hiciera! the (number of) times I told him not to do it!
    érase or había una vez ( liter); once upon a time ( liter)
    por primera vez for the first time
    no es la primera vez que sucede it's not the first time it's happened
    ¡cuéntamelo otra vez! tell me again!
    ¿por qué no lo dejamos para otra vez? why don't we leave it for another time o day?
    me lo he preguntado repetidas veces I've asked myself again and again o time and again
    por enésima vez for the umpteenth time
    por esta vez pase we'll forget it this time
    la próxima vez lo haces tú next time you can do it
    no nos tocó nada — bueno, otra vez será … we didn't get anything — never mind, maybe next time o there's always next time
    una vez más se salió con la suya once again she got her own way
    agradeciéndole una vez más su cooperación ( Corresp) thanking you once again o once more for your cooperation
    las más de las veces llega tarde he's late more often than not
    B ( en locs):
    a la vez at the same time
    todos hablaban a la vez they were all talking at once o at the same time
    a mi/tu/su vez for my/your/his part
    el gobernador, a su vez, agregó que … the governor, for his part, added that …
    luego hay un jefe de sección que a su vez depende del director de ventas then there's a head of department who in turn reports to the sales director
    a veces sometimes
    a veces me pregunto si no tendrá razón sometimes I wonder o there are times when I wonder if she might be right
    cada vez: cada vez que viene nos peleamos every time o whenever he comes we fight, we always fight when he comes
    este método se está utilizando cada vez más this method is being used increasingly o more and more
    lo encuentro cada vez más viejo he looks older every time I see him
    se nota cada vez menos it's becoming less and less noticeable
    cada vez es más difícil encontrar trabajo it's getting more and more difficult o it's getting increasingly difficult to find work
    ¡a ver si se callan de una vez! once and for all, will you be quiet!
    a ver si solucionamos este problema de una vez (por todas) let's see if we can solve this problem once and for all
    apagó todas las velas de una vez she blew out all the candles in one go
    de vez en cuando from time to time, now and again, every now and then
    en vez de instead of
    en vez de ayudar molesta instead of helping he gets in the way
    rara vez rarely, seldom, hardly ever
    rara vez se equivoca she hardly ever o seldom o rarely makes a mistake
    una vez once
    una vez transcurridos dos años once two years have passed, after two years
    una vez frío, cubrir con mayonesa once o when cool, cover with mayonnaise
    una vez que hayan terminado se pueden retirar once o when you have finished you may leave
    hacer las veces de algo «caja/libro» to serve as sth;
    «persona» to act as sth
    una vez al año no hace daño once in a while doesn't do any harm
    tal3 adv B. (↑ tal (3))
    C ( Mat):
    cabe una vez y sobran dos it goes once and two left over
    diez veces más grande que la nuestra ten times bigger than ours
    D
    ( Esp) (turno en una cola): ¿quién tiene or me da la vez? who's last in line ( AmE) o ( BrE) in the queue?
    hay que pedir la vez you have to ask who's last
    * * *

     

    vez sustantivo femenino
    1 ( ocasión) time;
    ◊ una vez/dos veces once/twice;

    una vez por semana once a week;
    me acuerdo de una/aquella vez cuando … I remember once/that time when …;
    la última vez que lo vi the last time I saw him;
    mil veces or miles de veces a thousand times, thousands of times;
    algunas veces sometimes;
    ¿te has arrepentido alguna vez? have you ever regretted it?;
    érase una vez (liter) once upon a time (liter);
    por primera vez for the first time;
    otra vez again;
    déjalo para otra vez leave it for another time o day;
    otra vez será maybe next time;
    una vez más once again
    2 ( en locs)

    a veces sometimes;
    cada vez every o each time;
    cada vez más more and more;
    lo encuentro cada vez más viejo he looks older every time I see him;
    cada vez menos less and less;
    de una vez ( expresando impaciencia) once and for all;

    ( simultáneamente) in one go;

    en vez de instead of;
    rara vez seldom, hardly ever;
    una vez once;
    una vez que hayas terminado once o when you have finished
    3 (Esp) ( turno en una cola): ¿quién tiene or me da la vez? who's last?;

    vez f (pl veces)
    1 (ocasión, tiempo en que sucede algo) time
    una vez, once
    dos veces, twice
    tres veces seguidas, three times running
    a veces/algunas veces, sometimes ➣ Ver nota en sometimes; a la vez, at the same time
    cada vez, every o each time
    cada vez más/cada vez menos, more and more/less and less
    de vez en cuando/de vez en vez/alguna que otra vez, from time to time o every now and then
    de una vez, (sin interrupción) in one go
    (expresando impaciencia) ¡terminemos de una vez!, let's have done with it!
    de una vez por todas/de una vez para siempre, once and for all
    en vez de, instead of
    otra vez, again
    otra vez será, maybe next time
    rara vez, seldom, rarely
    te lo he dicho repetidas veces, I've told you time after time
    una y otra vez, time and (time) again
    érase o había una vez..., once upon a time there was...
    tal vez, perhaps, maybe ➣ Ver nota en maybe 2 Mat 4 veces 6, 4 times 6
    3 (funcionar como algo) hacer las veces de, to act as, serve as
    4 (turno en una cola, etc) turn
    ' vez' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - asomar
    - cada
    - conocer
    - contigo
    - cuando
    - definitivamente
    - dejarse
    - día
    - enésima
    - enésimo
    - escachifollarse
    - excusa
    - gallina
    - haber
    - historiada
    - historiado
    - jamás
    - jurarse
    - más
    - menos
    - mientras
    - ni
    - par
    - para
    - pegarse
    - poltrona
    - repetirse
    - reventa
    - sobria
    - sobrio
    - sola
    - solo
    - solventar
    - tabla
    - tacada
    - tal
    - año
    - aplazamiento
    - aplazar
    - bueno
    - callar
    - estrenar
    - finalizar
    - golpe
    - intentar
    - mejor
    - mes
    English:
    A
    - again
    - agent
    - amazing
    - and
    - anew
    - annoy
    - be
    - better
    - busy signal
    - butt in
    - card
    - circle
    - clean
    - clog up
    - consider
    - day
    - deserve
    - dig out
    - do
    - downhill
    - each
    - elapse
    - election
    - ever
    - every
    - expect
    - first
    - first-time
    - flower
    - for
    - goings-on
    - goof
    - growing
    - herself
    - himself
    - hundredth
    - increasingly
    - instead
    - last
    - less
    - lieu
    - lifetime
    - maybe
    - misspell
    - monthly
    - more
    - neither
    - never
    - next
    * * *
    vez nf
    1. [ocasión] time;
    ¿te acuerdas de una vez (en) que fuimos a pescar? do you remember that time we went fishing?;
    ¿has estado allí alguna vez? have you ever been there?;
    hay veces (en) que es mejor callarse there are times when o sometimes it's better to keep quiet;
    a mi/tu/su vez: él a su vez se lo dijo a su mujer he, in turn, told his wife;
    yo a mi vez haré lo que pueda I, for my part, will do whatever I can;
    a la vez at the same time;
    a la vez podríamos hacer la compra we could do the shopping at the same time;
    así a la vez que leo, estudio this way, while I'm reading, I'm also studying;
    de una (sola) vez in one go;
    de una vez (para siempre o [m5] por todas) once and for all;
    ¡cállate de una vez! why don't you just shut up!;
    vete de una vez just go, for heaven's sake;
    érase una vez once upon a time;
    ha llamado otra vez she called again;
    déjalo para otra vez leave it for another time;
    otra vez será maybe next time;
    por enésima vez for the umpteenth time;
    por esta vez pase I'll let you off this time o just this once;
    por primera vez, por vez primera for the first time;
    por última vez for the last time;
    Formal
    toda vez que since;
    una vez más once again;
    una vez que hayas terminado once you've finished;
    una vez dorada la carne…, una vez que la carne está dorada… once the meat is golden brown…
    2. [para expresar frecuencia]
    una vez once;
    una vez al día/mes once a day/month;
    dos veces twice;
    tres veces three times;
    te lo he dicho muchas/mil veces I've told you many/a thousand times;
    alguna que otra vez occasionally;
    a veces, algunas veces sometimes, at times;
    cada vez every time;
    cada vez que lo veo every time (that) I see him;
    cada vez más more and more;
    cada vez menos less and less;
    cada vez la veo más/menos feliz she seems happier and happier/less and less happy;
    resulta cada vez más difícil it's getting harder and harder;
    de vez en cuando from time to time, now and again;
    muy de vez en cuando very occasionally;
    muchas veces [con frecuencia] often;
    pocas veces rarely, seldom;
    rara vez rarely, seldom;
    repetidas veces repeatedly, time and again;
    una y otra vez time and again
    3. [substitución]
    en vez de instead of;
    en vez de trabajar tanto deberías salir un poco más you should go out more instead of working so hard;
    hacer las veces de [persona] to act as;
    [objeto, aparato, mueble] to serve as
    4. [en multiplicaciones, divisiones] time;
    es tres veces mayor it's three times as big;
    estas pilas producen diez veces más energía que las normales these batteries produce ten times as much energy as ordinary ones
    5. [turno] turn;
    ¿quién da o [m5] lleva la vez? who's the last in the Br queue o US line?;
    voy a pedir la vez I'm going to ask who's last
    * * *
    f
    1 time;
    a la vez at the same time;
    ¿cuántas veces? how many times?, how often?;
    esta vez this time;
    la otra vez the other time;
    otra vez será some other time;
    cada vez que every time that;
    de vez en cuando from time to time;
    otra vez again;
    una vez once;
    érase una vez once upon a time, there was;
    una vez no cuenta just once doesn’t count o matter;
    una vez más once again;
    una vez que hayamos llegado … once we’ve arrived …;
    de una vez para siempre once and for all;
    una y otra vez time and time again;
    a veces sometimes;
    ninguna vez never;
    rara vez seldom, rarely;
    tantas veces so many times, so often;
    varias veces several times;
    de una sola vez in just one shot;
    por primera vez for the first time;
    2 ( turno)
    :
    es mi vez it’s my turn
    3
    :
    hacer las veces de de objeto serve as; de persona act as;
    tal vez perhaps, maybe;
    a su vez for his/her part;
    en vez de instead of
    * * *
    vez nf, pl veces
    1) : time, occasion
    a la vez: at the same time
    a veces: at times, occasionally
    de vez en cuando: from time to time
    2) (with numbers) : time
    una vez: once
    de una vez: all at once
    de una vez para siempre: once and for all
    dos veces: twice
    3) : turn
    a su vez: in turn
    en vez de: instead of
    hacer las veces de: to act as, to stand in for
    * * *
    vez n
    1. (en general) time
    2. (turno) turn
    a la vez at the same time / at once

    Spanish-English dictionary > vez

  • 14 πτύσσω

    πτύσσω, - ομαι
    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to plead, to fold (up)', midd. `to fold round oneself' (Il.).
    Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, περι-, προσ-.
    Derivatives: 1. πτυκτός `folded' (Ζ 169 a.o.; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 13) with πυκτή f. ( Cod. lnst.), πυκτ-ίς f. (AP, Gal.), - ίον n. (sch., Suid.) `tablet' (dissim. from πτ-; Schwyzer 260). 2. πτύγμα ( πρόσ-, περί- u.a.) n. `fold, loop of a garment, compress' (Ε 315, E., Arist., medic.) with ( προσ-)πτυγμάτ-ιον n. `compress' (medic. 3. πτύξις ( ἀνά-, διά- a.o.) f. `the folding, fold' (Hp., Arist.). -- Besides πτύχ-ες pl., acc. - ας, sg. dat. -ί (Hom.), acc. -α (E. in lyr.) f.; with enlargement πτυχ-ή, mostly pl. - αί f. (posthom. poet.) `fold, ply, layer', metaph. `gorge, valley'; it functions also as verbal noun to πτύσσω, esp. to the prefixcompp. (e.g. ἀνα-πτύσσω: ἀναπτυχ-ή); as 2. member in δί-, τρί-, πολύ-πτυχος (Il.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 65 f.), with transfer in the σ-stems, partly taken as verbal, in περι-πτυχ-ής `folding round' (S.), δι-πτυχ-ής (Arist.) a.o. From πτυχή: 1. πτυχ-ίς, - ίδος ( ὑπο-) f. `layer, joint' (Plu.); 2. - ιον n. `folded table etc.' (Hdn. Gr., pap.), - ιος = πτυκτός (EM); 3. - ώδης `fold-like, ply-like' (Arist.); 4. Πτυχ-ία f. n. of an island near Corcyra (Th.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]
    Etymology: Beside πτύσσω there are also quite rarely forms with - ττ- ( δια-πτύττω Pl. Legg. 858e, προσ-ανα- πτύσσω Arist.); so - σσ- rather Ionism than to avoid τ: ττ (Schwyzer 319 n. 1; cf. 755 n. 2) ? As Yot-present πτύσσω stands for *πτύχ-ι̯ω; so it can be taken as denominative to πτύχ-ες. --Etymolog. unclear. The connection with the unclear Skt. pyúkṣṇa- (only in the comp. pyúkṣṇa-veṣṭita-), which goes back on Brugmann Grundr.2 I 277, is for several reasons very suspect; s. Mayrhofer s.v. On other hypothesen s. Bq s.v., WP. 1, 189, W.-Hofmann s. fugiō (everywhere rightly rejected). Cf. also Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 57. -- Furnée 318 considers the word a Pre-Greek, which may well be correct, but his connection with πυκ-νός etc. is not convincing.
    Page in Frisk: 2,616-617

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτύσσω

  • 15 admitir

    v.
    1 to admit, to allow in.
    admitir a alguien en to admit somebody to
    Ricardo admitió su participación Richard admitted his participation.
    El guarda admitió a los clientes The guard admitted=let in the customers.
    2 to admit.
    admito que estaba equivocado I admit I was wrong
    3 to accept.
    admitimos todas las tarjetas de crédito we accept all credit cards
    4 to allow, to permit.
    no admite ni un error he won't stand for a single mistake
    la sala admite doscientas personas the room holds o has room for two hundred people
    6 to admit to, to acknowledge to.
    Ricardo admitió saber esto Richard admitted to knowing this.
    7 to admit of, to allow of.
    Esto no admite explicación alguna This admits of no explanation.
    8 to tolerate, to bear.
    * * *
    1 (dar entrada) to admit, let in
    2 (aceptar) to accept, admit
    ■ 'No se admiten propinas' "No tipping", "Tipping not allowed"
    ■ 'No se admiten cheques' "No cheques accepted"
    3 (permitir) to allow
    4 (reconocer) to admit
    * * *
    verb
    2) acknowledge, concede
    3) allow, permit
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=dejar entrar) [en organización] to admit, accept; [en hospital] to admit
    2) (=aceptar) [+ opinión, regalo] to accept

    ¿ha admitido la Academia esa palabra? — has the Academy accepted that word?

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    3) (=permitir) to allow, permit frm

    el contenido de plomo admitido en las gasolinas — the permitted lead content of petrol, the amount of lead allowed o permitted frm in petrol

    • esto no admite demora — this cannot be put off, this will brook no delay frm

    • no admite discusión — it is indisputable

    4) (=reconocer) [+ culpabilidad, error] to admit
    5) (=tener cabida para) to hold
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( aceptar) to accept

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    b) ( permitir) to allow

    admite varias interpretaciones — it allows of o admits of several different interpretations (frml)

    2) (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    3) ( dar cabida a) local to hold

    el estadio admite 4.000 personas — the stadium holds 4,000 people

    * * *
    = admit, concede, own, own up, intromit, intake.
    Ex. This theory would ensure that the basic framework of the scheme would appropriately admit every subject.
    Ex. Only an incurable pessimist would refuse to concede that the future will be longer than the past.
    Ex. 'I don't know what to say,' she owned and lapsed into silence.
    Ex. But let's not forget that he owned up for what he did and even gave all his betting money to charity.
    Ex. During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    Ex. As a general rule of thumb, you want front and side fans to intake, rear and top to exhaust.
    ----
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * admitirlo = come out with + it.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * no admitir discusión = be out of the question.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * que no admite reserva = unreserved.
    * readmitir = re-admit [readmit].
    * triste de admitir = sad to relate.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( aceptar) to accept

    se admiten tarjetas de crédito — we take o accept credit cards

    b) ( permitir) to allow

    admite varias interpretaciones — it allows of o admits of several different interpretations (frml)

    2) (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    3) ( dar cabida a) local to hold

    el estadio admite 4.000 personas — the stadium holds 4,000 people

    * * *
    = admit, concede, own, own up, intromit, intake.

    Ex: This theory would ensure that the basic framework of the scheme would appropriately admit every subject.

    Ex: Only an incurable pessimist would refuse to concede that the future will be longer than the past.
    Ex: 'I don't know what to say,' she owned and lapsed into silence.
    Ex: But let's not forget that he owned up for what he did and even gave all his betting money to charity.
    Ex: During copulation, hamster females maintain lordosis for hundreds of seconds, while the male mounts and intromits repeatedly.
    Ex: As a general rule of thumb, you want front and side fans to intake, rear and top to exhaust.
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * admitirlo = come out with + it.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * no admitir discusión = be out of the question.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * que no admite reserva = unreserved.
    * readmitir = re-admit [readmit].
    * triste de admitir = sad to relate.

    * * *
    admitir [I1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (aceptar) ‹candidato› to accept; ‹comportamiento/excusa› to accept
    no lo admitieron en el colegio he wasn't accepted by the school
    no fue admitido en el club he wasn't accepted for membership of the club, his application for membership of the club was rejected
    el recurso fue admitido a trámite leave was granted for an appeal to a higher court
    no pienso admitir que llegues a estas horas I will not have you coming home at this time
    [ S ] no se admiten propinas no gratuities accepted, no tipping allowed
    [ S ] se admiten tarjetas de crédito we take o accept credit cards
    [ S ] admite monedas de 1 euro accepts 1 euro coins
    2
    (dar cabida a): un discurso que admite varias interpretaciones a speech which may be interpreted in several different ways, a speech which allows of o admits of several different interpretations ( frml)
    la situación no admite paralelo con la del año pasado the present situation cannot be compared with the situation last year
    lo que dijo no admite discusión there can be no arguing with what she said
    el asunto no admite demora the matter must be dealt with immediately
    B (confesar, reconocer) to admit
    admitió su culpabilidad she admitted her guilt
    admito que me equivoqué I admit I was wrong o that I made a mistake
    admitió haberla visto he admitted having seen her
    C «local» to hold
    el estadio admite 4.000 personas the stadium holds 4,000 people o has a capacity of 4,000
    * * *

     

    admitir ( conjugate admitir) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( on signs) se admiten tarjetas de crédito we take o accept credit cards


    2 ( dar cabida a) [ local] to hold
    admitir verbo transitivo
    1 to admit, let in
    2 (dar por bueno) to accept: por favor, admite mis disculpas, please accept my apologies
    3 (permitir) to allow: no se admiten mascotas, no pets allowed
    4 (convenir, dar la razón) to admit, acknowledge: admito que hice una tontería, I admit I did a silly thing
    ' admitir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acoger
    - conceder
    - empacho
    - recibir
    - coger
    - confesar
    English:
    accept
    - acknowledge
    - care
    - exclude
    - grant
    - support
    - take
    - admit
    - recognize
    * * *
    1. [dejar entrar] to admit, to allow in;
    admitir a alguien en to admit sb to;
    lo admitieron en la universidad he was accepted by the university;
    no se admiten perros [en letrero] no dogs;
    no se admite la entrada a menores de 18 años [en letrero] no admittance for under-18s
    2. [reconocer] to admit;
    admitió la derrota she admitted defeat;
    admito que estaba equivocado I admit I was wrong
    3. [aceptar] to accept;
    se admiten propinas [en letrero] gratuities at your discretion;
    admitimos tarjetas de crédito we accept all major credit cards;
    admitieron a trámite la solicitud they allowed the application to proceed
    4. [permitir, tolerar] to allow, to permit;
    no admite ni un error he won't stand for a single mistake;
    este texto no admite más retoques there can be no more changes to this text;
    es una situación que no admite comparación this situation cannot be compared to others;
    su hegemonía no admite dudas their dominance is unquestioned
    5. [tener capacidad para] to hold;
    este monovolumen admite siete pasajeros this people mover seats seven passengers;
    la sala admite doscientas personas the room holds o has room for two hundred people
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( aceptar) accept;
    admitir en pago accept as payment
    2 ( reconocer) admit
    :
    el poema admite varias interpretaciones the poem can be interpreted in different ways, the poem admits of various interpretations fml ;
    no admite duda there’s no doubt about it
    * * *
    1) : to admit, to let in
    2) : to acknowledge, to concede
    3) : to allow, to make room for
    la ley no admite cambios: the law doesn't allow for changes
    * * *
    1. (aceptar) to accept
    2. (reconocer, dejar entrar) to admit [pt. & pp. admitted]

    Spanish-English dictionary > admitir

  • 16 כפל

    כָּפַל(b. h.; cmp. כפף) to bend over, fold, double. Ber.63a כּוֹפְלִין לווכ׳ his means of support will be doubled to him. Gen. R. s. 95, end כל מי שכ׳ שמווכ׳ every one whose name the Scripture mentions twice in the blessings of Moses; (B. Kam.92a אותן שהוּכְפְּלוּ בשמות). Succ.III, 11 מקום … לִכְפּוֹל יִכְפּוֹל where it is customary to recite twice (each verse of Ps. 118:21–29), let one do so. Tosef.Pes.X, 9 רבי היה כּוֹפֵל בה דברים Rabbi used to repeat certain words (in singing the Hallel); Pes.119b; Succ.39a מוסיף לכפול מאודךוכ׳ adds (to Rabbis repetitions) by doubling the verses from Odkha (Ps. l. c.). Sifra Vayikra, Ndabah, Par. 10, ch. XII; Men.VI, 4 (75b) כופל אחדוכ׳ (Bab. ed. קופל) he folds it twice over and breaks it (into four parts). Ned.61b יכפלו, v. קָפַל. Gitt.62a כּוֹפְלִין שלוםוכ׳ we must double the greeting (say twice shalom) B. Mets. 104b לכפולוכ׳ where it is costumary to write out the Kthubah for double the amount of the dowry, half the amount is collected; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּל, f. כְּפוּלָה; pl. כְּפוּלִים, כְּפוּלִין; כְּפוּלוֹת. Kel. XXVII, 5 נמדד כ׳ is measured as it is doubled (folded). Ib. 6.Ohol. XI, 3 כ׳ Var. in R. S. a. l. (ed. ק׳) folded up one above the other. Ned.66b כ׳ הן her ears are bent over (deformed).Treat. Sofrim II, 11 אותיות הכ׳ letters which have two forms ( מנצפך); a. fr.תנאי כ׳, v. תְּנַאי. Nif. נִכְפַּל to be doubled. Y.Kil.IX, 32c top נִכְפְּלוּ לו שניו his years of life were doubled to him. Gen. R. s. 30, beg.; Tanḥ. Shmoth 18, a. e. כל מישנ׳ שמו every one whose name appears twice in immediate succession (as Noah Noah, Gen. 6:9); a. fr. Hif. הִכְפִּיל to double, fold up. Ned.61b, sq., v. קָפַל. Hof. הוּכְפָּל to be doubled, bent. Ib., v. קָפַל. M. Kat. 25b (in a poetic eulogy) קאת … הוּכְפְּלוּ לראותוכ׳ pelican and owl were bent upon looking (took pains to see, cmp. next w. Ithp.).B. Kam.92a, v. supra.Part. pass. מוּכְפָּל (Pu. מְכוּפָּל) doubly guarded, surrounded. Yalk. Lev. 557 מוכ׳ כמה כְפֵלוֹת; Lev. R. s. 16 מכו׳ בכמה כפולות (the tongue) is guarded by several folding doors (teeth, lips). Pi. כִּיפֵּל to fold. Sifra l. c.; Men. l. c. לא היה מְכַפְּלָהּ (Bab. ed. מק׳) he did not fold it (in four parts, v. supra).

    Jewish literature > כפל

  • 17 כָּפַל

    כָּפַל(b. h.; cmp. כפף) to bend over, fold, double. Ber.63a כּוֹפְלִין לווכ׳ his means of support will be doubled to him. Gen. R. s. 95, end כל מי שכ׳ שמווכ׳ every one whose name the Scripture mentions twice in the blessings of Moses; (B. Kam.92a אותן שהוּכְפְּלוּ בשמות). Succ.III, 11 מקום … לִכְפּוֹל יִכְפּוֹל where it is customary to recite twice (each verse of Ps. 118:21–29), let one do so. Tosef.Pes.X, 9 רבי היה כּוֹפֵל בה דברים Rabbi used to repeat certain words (in singing the Hallel); Pes.119b; Succ.39a מוסיף לכפול מאודךוכ׳ adds (to Rabbis repetitions) by doubling the verses from Odkha (Ps. l. c.). Sifra Vayikra, Ndabah, Par. 10, ch. XII; Men.VI, 4 (75b) כופל אחדוכ׳ (Bab. ed. קופל) he folds it twice over and breaks it (into four parts). Ned.61b יכפלו, v. קָפַל. Gitt.62a כּוֹפְלִין שלוםוכ׳ we must double the greeting (say twice shalom) B. Mets. 104b לכפולוכ׳ where it is costumary to write out the Kthubah for double the amount of the dowry, half the amount is collected; a. fr.Part. pass. כָּפוּל, f. כְּפוּלָה; pl. כְּפוּלִים, כְּפוּלִין; כְּפוּלוֹת. Kel. XXVII, 5 נמדד כ׳ is measured as it is doubled (folded). Ib. 6.Ohol. XI, 3 כ׳ Var. in R. S. a. l. (ed. ק׳) folded up one above the other. Ned.66b כ׳ הן her ears are bent over (deformed).Treat. Sofrim II, 11 אותיות הכ׳ letters which have two forms ( מנצפך); a. fr.תנאי כ׳, v. תְּנַאי. Nif. נִכְפַּל to be doubled. Y.Kil.IX, 32c top נִכְפְּלוּ לו שניו his years of life were doubled to him. Gen. R. s. 30, beg.; Tanḥ. Shmoth 18, a. e. כל מישנ׳ שמו every one whose name appears twice in immediate succession (as Noah Noah, Gen. 6:9); a. fr. Hif. הִכְפִּיל to double, fold up. Ned.61b, sq., v. קָפַל. Hof. הוּכְפָּל to be doubled, bent. Ib., v. קָפַל. M. Kat. 25b (in a poetic eulogy) קאת … הוּכְפְּלוּ לראותוכ׳ pelican and owl were bent upon looking (took pains to see, cmp. next w. Ithp.).B. Kam.92a, v. supra.Part. pass. מוּכְפָּל (Pu. מְכוּפָּל) doubly guarded, surrounded. Yalk. Lev. 557 מוכ׳ כמה כְפֵלוֹת; Lev. R. s. 16 מכו׳ בכמה כפולות (the tongue) is guarded by several folding doors (teeth, lips). Pi. כִּיפֵּל to fold. Sifra l. c.; Men. l. c. לא היה מְכַפְּלָהּ (Bab. ed. מק׳) he did not fold it (in four parts, v. supra).

    Jewish literature > כָּפַל

  • 18 grupo

    m.
    1 group (conjunto).
    en grupo in a group
    grupo ecologista environmental group
    grupo de estudio study group
    grupo de presión (politics) pressure group, lobby
    grupo de riesgo group at risk
    grupo de rock rock group
    2 group of people, bevy, circle, group.
    * * *
    1 group
    2 TÉCNICA unit, set
    \
    en grupo together, en masse
    grupo electrógeno power plant
    grupo sanguíneo blood group
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) band
    •
    * * *
    SM
    1) [gen] group; (=equipo) team; [de árboles] cluster, clump

    grupo de contacto — (Pol) contact group

    grupo de estafas — (Policía) fraud squad

    grupo de estupefacientes — (Policía) drug squad

    grupo de homicidios — (Policía) murder squad

    grupo de investigación — research team, team of researchers

    grupo de presión — pressure group, special interest group (EEUU)

    2) (Elec, Téc) unit, plant; (=montaje) assembly

    grupo electrógeno, grupo generador — generating set, power plant

    3) Cono Sur (=trampa) trick, con *
    * * *
    a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clump

    en grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups

    b) (Mús) tb

    grupo musical — group, band

    * * *
    = aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.
    Ex. The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.
    Ex. The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.
    Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex. The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.
    Ex. This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.
    Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.
    Ex. This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.
    Ex. This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.
    Ex. SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.
    Ex. The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.
    Ex. In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.
    Ex. They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.
    Ex. Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.
    Ex. In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.
    Ex. If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.
    Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.
    Ex. Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.
    Ex. These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.
    Ex. DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.
    Ex. It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    Ex. Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.
    Ex. No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.
    Ex. The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.
    Ex. The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.
    Ex. In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.
    ----
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.
    * atacar en grupo = swarm.
    * camaradería de grupo = group ride.
    * cena de grupo = dinner party.
    * cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * debate de grupo = group discussion.
    * debate en grupo = group discussion.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.
    * empresa de un grupo = operating company.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * entre grupos sociales = intergroup.
    * entrevista en grupo = group interview.
    * formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.
    * formar un grupo = set up + group.
    * formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.
    * G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * grupo activista = faction group.
    * grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.
    * grupo alimenticio = food group.
    * grupo asesor = advisory group.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * grupo chantajista = extortion racket.
    * grupo cívico = civic group.
    * grupo consultivo = advisory group.
    * grupo coordinador = steering group.
    * grupo cultural = cultural group.
    * grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.
    * grupo de amigos = clan of friends.
    * grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.
    * grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.
    * grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.
    * grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.
    * grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.
    * grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.
    * grupo de consumidores = consumer group.
    * grupo de control = control group.
    * grupo de datos = data set [dataset].
    * grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * grupo de discusión = discussion group.
    * grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].
    * grupo de empresas = business group.
    * grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.
    * grupo defensor = interest group.
    * grupo de gestión = management team.
    * grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.
    * grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.
    * grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.
    * grupo de investigación = research group.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * grupo de la oposición = opposition group.
    * grupo de los 20 = G-20.
    * grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.
    * grupo de normalización = standards group.
    * grupo de opinión = focus group.
    * grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.
    * grupo de poder = power group.
    * grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.
    * grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.
    * grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.
    * grupo de recursos = clump.
    * grupo de referencia = reference group.
    * grupo de representantes = focus group.
    * grupo de rock = rock group.
    * grupo de seguidores = fandom.
    * grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * grupo de tres = threesome.
    * grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.
    * grupo dominante = dominant group.
    * grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.
    * grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.
    * grupo especial = special interest group.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * grupo etario = age bracket.
    * grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.
    * grupo experimental = experimental group.
    * grupo extremista = extremist group.
    * grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.
    * grupo influyente = force.
    * grupo instrumental = ensemble.
    * grupo integrante = constituent group.
    * grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.
    * grupo intérprete = executant body.
    * grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.
    * grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.
    * grupo mayoritario = majority group.
    * grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.
    * grupo minoritario = minority group.
    * grupo mixto = cross-functional team.
    * grupo musical en directo = live band.
    * grupo político = political group.
    * grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.
    * grupo profesional = occupational group.
    * grupo racial = racial group.
    * grupo racista = hate group.
    * grupo referente = reference group.
    * grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.
    * grupos = quarters.
    * grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.
    * grupos de diez = tens of.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * grupo social = community group, social group.
    * grupo supervisor = steering group.
    * grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.
    * grupo terrorista = terrorist group.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * presión del grupo = peer pressure.
    * relativo a un grupo = group-related.
    * reunión de grupo = group meeting.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * rodear en grupo = swarm.
    * SDI por grupos = group SDI.
    * sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.
    * sesión de grupo = group session.
    * tarifa de grupo = group rate.
    * técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.
    * terapia de grupo = group therapy.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.
    * un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.
    * un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.
    * un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo variado de = a collection of.
    * violación en grupo = gang rape.
    * * *
    a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clump

    en grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups

    b) (Mús) tb

    grupo musical — group, band

    * * *
    = aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.

    Ex: The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.

    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.
    Ex: The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.
    Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex: The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.
    Ex: This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.
    Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex: The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.
    Ex: This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.
    Ex: This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.
    Ex: SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.
    Ex: The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.
    Ex: In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.
    Ex: They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.
    Ex: Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.
    Ex: In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.
    Ex: If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.
    Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.
    Ex: Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.
    Ex: These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.
    Ex: DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.
    Ex: It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    Ex: Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.
    Ex: No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.
    Ex: The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.
    Ex: The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.
    Ex: In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.
    * admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.
    * análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.
    * atacar en grupo = swarm.
    * camaradería de grupo = group ride.
    * cena de grupo = dinner party.
    * cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * debate de grupo = group discussion.
    * debate en grupo = group discussion.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.
    * empresa de un grupo = operating company.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * entre grupos sociales = intergroup.
    * entrevista en grupo = group interview.
    * formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.
    * formar un grupo = set up + group.
    * formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.
    * G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * grupo activista = faction group.
    * grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.
    * grupo alimenticio = food group.
    * grupo asesor = advisory group.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * grupo chantajista = extortion racket.
    * grupo cívico = civic group.
    * grupo consultivo = advisory group.
    * grupo coordinador = steering group.
    * grupo cultural = cultural group.
    * grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.
    * grupo de amigos = clan of friends.
    * grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.
    * grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.
    * grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.
    * grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.
    * grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.
    * grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.
    * grupo de consumidores = consumer group.
    * grupo de control = control group.
    * grupo de datos = data set [dataset].
    * grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * grupo de discusión = discussion group.
    * grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].
    * grupo de empresas = business group.
    * grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.
    * grupo defensor = interest group.
    * grupo de gestión = management team.
    * grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.
    * grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.
    * grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.
    * grupo de investigación = research group.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * grupo de la oposición = opposition group.
    * grupo de los 20 = G-20.
    * grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.
    * grupo de normalización = standards group.
    * grupo de opinión = focus group.
    * grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.
    * grupo de poder = power group.
    * grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.
    * grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.
    * grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.
    * grupo de recursos = clump.
    * grupo de referencia = reference group.
    * grupo de representantes = focus group.
    * grupo de rock = rock group.
    * grupo de seguidores = fandom.
    * grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * grupo de tres = threesome.
    * grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.
    * grupo dominante = dominant group.
    * grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.
    * grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.
    * grupo especial = special interest group.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * grupo etario = age bracket.
    * grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.
    * grupo experimental = experimental group.
    * grupo extremista = extremist group.
    * grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.
    * grupo influyente = force.
    * grupo instrumental = ensemble.
    * grupo integrante = constituent group.
    * grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.
    * grupo intérprete = executant body.
    * grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.
    * grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.
    * grupo mayoritario = majority group.
    * grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.
    * grupo minoritario = minority group.
    * grupo mixto = cross-functional team.
    * grupo musical en directo = live band.
    * grupo político = political group.
    * grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.
    * grupo profesional = occupational group.
    * grupo racial = racial group.
    * grupo racista = hate group.
    * grupo referente = reference group.
    * grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.
    * grupos = quarters.
    * grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.
    * grupos de diez = tens of.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * grupo social = community group, social group.
    * grupo supervisor = steering group.
    * grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.
    * grupo terrorista = terrorist group.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * presión del grupo = peer pressure.
    * relativo a un grupo = group-related.
    * reunión de grupo = group meeting.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * rodear en grupo = swarm.
    * SDI por grupos = group SDI.
    * sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.
    * sesión de grupo = group session.
    * tarifa de grupo = group rate.
    * técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.
    * terapia de grupo = group therapy.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.
    * un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.
    * un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.
    * un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.
    * un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.
    * un grupo variado de = a collection of.
    * violación en grupo = gang rape.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de personas) group; (de empresas, países) group; (de árboles) clump
    los grupos sociales marginados marginalized social groups
    un grupo de casas a group o cluster of houses
    se dividieron en grupos de (a) cuatro they split into groups of four
    en grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groups
    2 ( Mús) tb
    grupo musical group, band
    3 ( Quím) group
    Compuestos:
    support group
    advisory group, think tank
    construction consortium
    control group
    consortium
    hotel chain
    ● grupo de interés or presión
    pressure group
    jazz group o band
    internet forum
    press consortium
    ( Pol) Group of Eight
    newsgroup
    working party
    user group
    generator
    ● grupo fónico/tónico
    phonic/tonic group
    target group
    ( frml); peer group
    parliamentary group
    blood group
    tener el grupo sanguíneo Rh or Rhesus positivo/negativo to be Rhesus positive/negative
    ¿qué grupo sanguíneo tiene? what blood group are you?
    tengo el grupo sanguíneo A/AB/B positivo/negativo I'm blood group A/AB/B positive/negative
    control group
    B ( Chi arg) (mentira) lie; (engaño) trick
    * * *

     

    grupo sustantivo masculino
    a) (de personas, empresas, países) group;

    ( de árboles) clump;

    grupos sociales social groups;
    de grupo ‹terapia/trabajo› group ( before n);
    en grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groups
    b) (Mús) tb


    grupo sustantivo masculino
    1 g roup: no queda sangre del groupo B+, there is no B+ blood left
    tiene mi grupo sanguíneo, he has the same blood group as I do
    grupo de trabajo, working party
    terapia de grupo, group therapy
    2 Mús group, band
    3 Elec grupo electrógeno, power generator o electric generating set
    ' grupo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aparato
    - argot
    - beatería
    - cada
    - clase
    - comando
    - componente
    - conjunta
    - conjunto
    - contra
    - cuerpo
    - delirio
    - descolgarse
    - desfilar
    - dirigirse
    - disolver
    - disolverse
    - dispersar
    - dispersarse
    - ecologista
    - entrada
    - equipo
    - escolta
    - estamento
    - exclusión
    - figurar
    - fuerza
    - GEO
    - guerrilla
    - incorporarse
    - iniciar
    - jerga
    - junta
    - manifestarse
    - maquinaria
    - mayoría
    - minoritaria
    - minoritario
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - núcleo
    - nutrido-a
    - panel
    - paquete
    - patrulla
    - pertenencia
    - pesar
    - piña
    - readmitir
    - relevo
    English:
    address
    - army
    - back
    - band
    - bear down on
    - blood group
    - body
    - bracket
    - breakaway
    - bunch
    - camp
    - chain gang
    - class
    - cliquey
    - clump
    - cluster
    - collection
    - collective
    - combine
    - come under
    - commission
    - contra
    - crowd
    - demo
    - dense
    - drummer
    - dynamics
    - fervent
    - flagship
    - flock
    - foursome
    - fraternity
    - frenzied
    - gather
    - group
    - guard
    - heterogeneous
    - homogeneous
    - huddle
    - inbred
    - Ivy League
    - join
    - knot
    - lead
    - leadership
    - lobby
    - make up
    - manager
    - manageress
    - motley
    * * *
    grupo nm
    1. [conjunto] group;
    [de árboles] cluster;
    grupo (de empresas) (corporate) group;
    en grupo in a group;
    el grupo de cabeza [en carrera] the leading group
    Pol grupo de contacto contact group; Econ grupo de control control group; Informát grupo de discusión discussion group;
    grupo ecologista environmental group;
    grupo de edad age group;
    grupo empresarial (business) group o combine;
    grupo de estudio study group;
    Pol grupo mixto = independent MPs and MPs from minor parties in Spanish parliament; Informát grupo de noticias newsgroup;
    grupo parlamentario parliamentary group;
    Pol grupo de presión pressure group, lobby;
    grupo de riesgo group at risk;
    UE Grupo de Sabios Committee of Wise Men;
    grupo sanguíneo blood group;
    Informát grupo de usuarios user group
    2. [de músicos] group, band
    3. Tec unit, set
    Elec grupo electrógeno generator
    4. Quím group
    5. Ling grupo consonántico consonant cluster;
    grupo fónico phonic group;
    grupo nominal noun phrase;
    grupo de palabras word group;
    grupo vocálico vowel cluster
    * * *
    m group;
    en grupos in groups
    * * *
    grupo nm
    : group
    * * *
    grupo n group

    Spanish-English dictionary > grupo

  • 19 अग्निः _agniḥ

    अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.']
    1 Fire कोप˚, चिन्ता˚, शोक˚, ज्ञान˚, राज˚, &c.
    -2 The God of fire.
    -3 Sacrificial fire of three kinds (गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय and दक्षिण); पिता बै गार्हपत्यो$ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी ॥ Ms. 2.232.
    -4 The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.
    -5 Bile (नाभेरूर्ध्व हृदयादधस्तादामाशयमाचक्षते तद्गतं सौरं तेजः पित्तम् इत्याचक्षते).
    -6 Cauterization (अग्नि- कर्मन्).
    -7 Gold.
    -8 The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (पञ्चत्रिंशत्) Mb.13.17.26.
    -9 N. of various plants: (a) चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक; (c) भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक Citrus Acida.
    -1 A mystical substitute for the letter र्. In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि is changed to अग्ना, as ˚विष्णू, ˚मरुतौ, or to अग्नी, ˚पर्जन्यौ, ˚ वरुणौ, ˚षोमौ
    -11 पिङगला नाडी; यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः, (इडा) सहाग्निना (अग्निः पिङ्गला) Mb.14.2.1.
    -12 Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28.
    -13 Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.
    [Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛigveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his three- fold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics: धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and + produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers.
    Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons - Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṁśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव].
    -Comp. -अ (आ) गारम् -रः, -आलयः, -गृहम् [अग्निकार्याय अगारम् शाक˚ त.] a fire- sanctuary, house or place for keeping the sacred fire; वसंश्चतुर्थो$ग्निरिवाग्न्यगारे R.5.25. रथाग्न्यगारं चापार्चीं शरशक्तिगदे- न्धनम् Mb.11.25.14.
    -अस्त्रम् fire-missile, a rocket,
    -आत्मक a. [अग्निरात्मा यस्य] of the nature of fire सोमा- त्मिका स्त्री, ˚कः पुमान्.
    -आधानम् consecrating the fire; so ˚आहिति.
    -आधेयः [अग्निराधेयो येन] a Brāhmana who maintains the sacred fire. (
    -यम्) =
    ˚आधानम्. -आहितः [अग्निराहितो येन, वा परनिपातः P.II.2.37.] one who maintains the sacred fire; See आहिताग्नि.
    -इध् m. (अग्नीध्रः) [अग्निम् इन्द्धे स अग्नीध्] the priest who kindles fire (mostly Ved).
    -इन्धनः [अग्निरिध्यते अनेन] N. of a Mantra. (नम्) kindling the fire; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्याम् Ms.2.18.
    -उत्पातः [अग्निना दिव्यानलेन कृतः उत्पातः] a fiery portent, meteor, comet &c. In Bṛ. S.33 it is said to be of five kinds: दिवि भुक्तशुभफलानां पततां रूपाणि यानि तान्युल्काः । धिष्ण्योल्का- शनिविद्युत्तारा इति पञ्चधा भिन्नाः ॥ उल्का पक्षेण फलं तद्वत् धिष्ण्याशनिस्त्रिभिः पक्षैः । विद्युदहोभिः ष़ड्भिस्तद्वत्तारा विपाचयति ॥ Different fruits are said to result from the appearances of these portents, according to the nature of their colour, position &c.
    -उद्धरणम्, -उद्धारः 1 producing fire by the friction of two araṇis.
    -2 taking out, before sun-rise, the sacred fire from its cover of ashes previous to a sacrifice.
    -उपस्थानम् worship of Agni; the Mantra or hymn with which Agni is worshipped (अग्निरुपस्थीयते$नेन) अग्निस्त्रिष्टुभ् उपस्थाने विनियोगः Sandhyā.
    -एधः [अग्निमेधयति] an incendiary.
    -कणः; -स्तोकः a spark.
    -कर्मन् n. [अग्नौ कर्म स. त.]
    1 cauterization.
    -2 action of fire.
    -3 oblation to Agni, worship of Agni (अग्निहोत्र); so ˚कार्य offering oblations to fire, feeding fire with ghee &c.; निर्वर्तिताग्निकार्यः K.16.; ˚र्यार्धदग्ध 39, Ms.3.69, अग्निकार्यं ततः कुर्यात्सन्ध्ययोरुभयोरपि । Y.1.25.
    -कला a part (or appearance) of fire; ten varieties are mentioned धूम्रार्चिरुष्मा ज्वलिनी ज्वालिनी विस्फु- लिङ्गिनी । सुश्री: सुरूपा कपिला हव्यकव्यवहे अपि ॥ यादीनां दश- वर्णानां कला धर्मप्रदा अमूः ।).
    -कारिका [अग्निं करोति आधत्ते करणे कर्तृत्वोपचारात् कर्तरि ण्वुल्]
    1 the means of consecrating the sacred fire, the Ṛik called अग्नीध्र which begins with अग्निं दूतं पुरो दधे. 2. = अग्निकार्यम्.
    -काष्ठम् अग्नेः उद्दीपनं काष्ठं शाक ˚त.] agallochum (अगुरु)
    -कुक्कुटः [अग्नेः कुक्कुट इव रक्तवर्णस्फुलिङ्गत्वात्] a firebrand, lighted wisp of straw.
    -कुण्डम [अग्नेराधानार्थं कुण्डम्] an enclosed space for keeping the fire, a fire-vessel.
    -कुमारः, -तनयः; सुतः 1 N. of Kārttikeya said to be born from fire; Rām.7. See कार्त्तिकेय.
    -2 a kind of preparation of medicinal drugs.
    -कृतः Cashew-nut; the plant Anacardium occidentale. [Mar.काजू]
    -केतुः [अग्नेः केतुरिव]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of two Rākṣasas on the side of Rāvaṇa and killed by Rāma.
    -कोणः -दिक् the south-east corner ruled over by Agni; इन्द्रो वह्निः पितृपतिर्नौर्ऋतो वरुणो मरुत् । कुबेर ईशः पतयः पूर्वादीनां दिशां क्रमात् ॥
    -क्रिया [अग्निना निर्वर्तिता क्रिया, शाक. त.]
    1 obsequies, funeral ceremonies.
    -2 branding; भेषजाग्निक्रियासु च Y.3.284.
    -क्रीडा [तृ. त.] fire-works, illuminations.
    -गर्भ a. [अग्निर्गर्भे यस्य] pregnant with or containing fire, having fire in the interior; ˚र्भां शमीमिव Ś 4.3. (
    --र्भः) [अग्निरिव जारको गर्भो यस्य]
    1 N. of the plant Agnijāra.
    -2 the sun stone, name of a crystal supposed to contain and give out fire when touched by the rays of the sun; cf Ś2.7.
    -3 the sacrificial stick अरणि which when churned, gives out fire.
    (-र्भा) 1 N. of the Śamī plant as containing fire (the story of how Agni was discovered to exist in the interior of the Śamī plant is told in chap. 35 of अनु- शासनपर्व in Mb.)
    -2 N. of the earth (अग्नेः सकाशात् गर्भो यस्यां सा; when the Ganges threw the semen of Śiva out on the Meru mountain, whatever on earth &c. was irradiated by its lustre, became gold and the earth was thence called वसुमती)
    -3 N. of the plant महा- ज्योतिष्मती लता (अग्निरिव गर्भो मध्यभागो यस्याः सा) [Mar. माल- कांगोणी]
    -ग्रन्थः [अग्निप्रतिपादको ग्रन्थः शाक. त.] the work that treats of the worship of Agni &c.
    -घृतम् [अग्न्युद्दीपनं घृतं शाक. त.] a kind of medicinal preparation of ghee used to stimulate the digestive power.
    -चित् m. अग्निं चितवान्; चि-भूतार्थे क्विप् P.III.2.91] one who has kept the sacred fire; यतिभिः सार्धमनग्निमग्निचित् R.8.25; अध्वरे- ष्वग्निचित्वत्सु Bk.5.11.
    -चयः, -चयनम्, -चित्या. arranging or keeping the sacred fire (अग्न्याधान); चित्याग्निचित्ये च P.III.1.132.
    -2 (
    -यः, -यनः) the Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 a heap of fire
    -चित्वत् [अग्निचयनम् अस्त्यस्मिन् मतुप्; मस्य वः । तान्तत्वान्न पद- त्वम् Tv.] having अग्निचयन or अग्निचित्.
    -चूडः A bird having a red tuft.
    -चर्णम् gunpowder. कार्यासमर्थः कत्यस्ति शस्त्रगोलाग्निचूर्णयुक् Śukranīti 2.93.
    -ज, -जात a. produced by or from fire, born from fire.
    (-जः, -जातः) 1 N. of the plant अग्निजार (अग्नये अग्न्युद्दीपनाय जायते सेवनात् प्रभवति).
    1 N. of Kārttikeya पराभिनत्क्रौञ्चमिवाद्रिमग्निजः Mb.8.9. 68.3. Viṣṇu. (
    -जम्, -जातम) gold; so ˚जन्मन्.
    -जित् m. God; Bhāg.8.14.4.
    -जिह्व a.
    1 having a fiery tongue.
    -2 one having fire for the tongue, epithet of a God or of Visṇu in the boar incarnation. (
    -ह्वा)
    1 a tongue or flame of fire.
    -2 one of the 7 tongues of Agni (कराली धूमिनी श्वेता लोहिता नीललोहिता । सुवर्णा पद्मरागा च जिह्वा: सप्त विभावसोः
    -3 N. of a plant लाङ्गली (अग्नेर्जिह्वेव शिखा यस्याः सा); of another plant (जलपिप्पली) or गजपिप्पली (विषलाङ्गला) (Mar. जल-गज पिंपळी)
    -ज्वाला 1 the flame or glow of fire.
    -2 [अग्नेर्ज्वालेव शिखा यस्याः सा] N. of a plant with red blossoms, chiefly used by dyers, Grislea Tomentosa (Mar. धायफूल, धायटी).
    -तप् a. [अग्निना तप्यते; तप्-क्विप्] having the warmth of fire; practising austerities by means of fire.
    -तपस् a. [अग्निभिः तप्यते]
    1 practising very aus- tere penance, standing in the midst of the five fires.
    -2 glowing, shining or burning like fire (तपतीति तपाः अग्निरिव तपाः) hot as fire
    -तेजस् a. having the lustre or power of fire. (अग्नेरिव तेजो यस्य). (
    -स् n.) the lustre of fire. (
    -स् m.) N. of one of the 7 Ṛiṣis of the 11th Manvantara.
    -त्रयम् the three fires, See under अग्नि.
    -द a. [अग्निं दाहार्थं गृहादौ ददाति; दा. -क.]
    1 giving or supplying with fire
    -2 tonic, stomachic, producing appetite, stimulating digestion.
    -3 incendiary; अग्निदान् भक्तदांश्चैव Ms.9.278; अग्निदानां च ये लोकाः Y.2.74; so ˚दायक, ˚दायिन्. यदग्निदायके पापं यत्पापं गुरुतल्पगे. Rām.2.75.45.
    -दग्ध a.
    1 burnt on the funeral pile; अग्निदग्धाश्च ये जीवा ये$प्यदग्धाः कुले मम Vāyu. P.
    -2 burnt with fire.
    -3 burnt at once without having fire put into the mouth, being destitute of issue (?); (pl.) a class of Manes or Pitṛis who, when alive, kept up the household flame and presented oblations to fire.
    -दमनी [अग्निर्दम्यते$नया; दम्-णिच् करणे ल्युट] a narcotic plant, Solanum Jacquini. [Mar. रिंगणी]
    -दातृ [अग्निं विधानेन ददाति] one who performs the last (funeral) ceremonies of a man; यश्चाग्निदाता प्रेतस्य पिण्डं दद्यात्स एव हि.
    -दीपन a. [अग्निं दीपयति] stimulating digestion, stomachic, tonic.
    -दीप्त a. [तृ. त्त.] glowing, set on fire, blazing (
    -प्ता) [अग्निर्जठरानलो दीप्तः सेवनात् यस्याः सा] N. of a plant ज्योतिष्मती लता (Mar. मालकांगोणी), which is said to stimulate digestion.
    -दीप्तिः f. active state of digestion.
    -दूत a. अग्निर्दूत इव यस्मिन् यस्य वा] having Agni for a messenger, said of the sacrifice or the deity invoked; यमं ह यज्ञो गच्छत्यग्निदूतो अरंकृतः Rv.1.14.13.
    -दूषितः a. branded.
    -देवः [अग्नि- रेव देवः] Agni; a worshipper of Agni.
    -देवा [अग्निर्देवो यस्याः] the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades (कृत्तिका).
    -द्वारम् the door on the south-east of a building; पूर्व- द्वारमथैशाने चाग्निद्वारं तु दक्षिणे । Māna.9.294-95.
    -धानम् [अग्निर्धियते$स्मिन्] the place or receptacle for keeping the sacred fire, the house of अग्निहोतृ; पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने Rv. 1.165.3.
    -धारणम् maintaining the sacred fire; व्रतिनां ˚णम् K. 55.
    -नयनम् = ˚प्रणयनम्.
    -निर्यासः [अग्नेर्ज- ठरानलस्येव दीपको निर्यासो यस्य] N. of the plant अग्निजार.
    -नेत्र a. [अग्निर्नेता यस्य] having Agni for the leader or conveyer of oblations, an epithet of a god in general.
    -पदम् 1 the word Agni.
    -2 fire-place.
    -3 N. of a plant.
    -परिक्रि-ष्क्रि-या care of the sacred fire, worship of fire, offering oblations; गृहार्थो$ग्निपरिष्क्रिया Ms.2.67.
    -परिच्छदः the whole sacrificial apparatus; गृह्यं चाग्निपरिच्छदम् Ms.6. 4.
    -परिधानम् enclosing the sacrificial fire with a kind of screen.
    -परीक्षा [तृ. त.] ordeal by fire.
    -पर्वतः [अग्निसाधनं पर्वतः] a volcano; महता ज्वलता नित्यमग्निमेवाग्नि- पर्वतः Rām.5.35.43.
    -पुच्छः [अग्नेः अग्न्याधानस्थानस्य पुच्छ इव]. tail or back part of the sacrificial place; the extinction of fire.
    -पुराणम् [अग्निना प्रोक्तं पुराणम्] one of the 18 Purāṇas ascribed to Vyāsa. It derives its name from its having been communicated originally by Agni to the sage Vasiṣṭha for the purpose of instructing him in the two-fold knowledge of Brahman. Its stanzas are said to be 145. Its contents are varied. It has portions on ritual and mystic worship, cosmical descriptions, chapters on the duties of Kings and the art of war, a chapter on law, some chapters on Medicine and some treatises on Rhetoric, Prosody, Grammar, Yoga, Brahmavidyā &c. &c.
    -प्रणयनम् bringing out the sacrificial fire and consecrating it according to the proper ritual.
    -प्रणिधिः Incendiary. Dk.2.8.
    -प्रतिष्ठा consecration of fire, especially the nuptial fire.
    -प्रवेशः; -शनम [स. त.] entering the fire, self-immolation of a widow on the funeral pile of her husband.
    -प्रस्कन्दनम् violation of the duties of a sacrificer (अग्निहोमाकरण); ˚परस्त्वं चाप्येवं भविष्यसि Mb.1.84.26.
    -प्रस्तरः [अग्निं प्रस्तृणाति अग्नेः प्रस्तरो वा] a flint, a stone producing fire.
    -बाहुः [अग्ने- र्बाहुरिव दीर्घशिखत्वात्]
    1 smoke.
    -2 N. of a son of the first Manu; Hariv. N. of a son of Priyavrata and Kāmyā. V. P.
    -बीजम् 1 the seed of Agni; (fig.) gold (रुद्रतेजः समुद्भूतं हेमबीजं विभावसोः)
    -2 N. of the letter र्.
    -भम [अग्नि- रिव भाति; भा-क.]
    1 'shining like fire,' gold.
    -2 N. of the constellation कृत्तिका.
    -भु n. [अग्नेर्भवति; भू-क्विप् ह्रस्वान्तः]
    1 water.
    -2 gold.
    -भू a. [अग्नेर्भवतिः भू-क्विप्] produced from fire.
    (भूः) 1 'fire-born,' N. of Kārttikeya.
    -2 N. of a teacher (काश्यप) who was taught by Agni.
    -3 (arith.) six.
    -भूति a. produced from fire. (
    -तिः) [अग्निरिव भूतिरैश्वर्यं यस्य] N. of a pupil of the last Tīrthaṅkara. (
    -तिः) f. the lustre or might of fire.
    -भ्राजस् a. Ved. [अग्निरिव भ्राजते; भ्राज्-असुन्] shining like fire. अग्निभ्राजसो विद्युतः Ṛv.5.54.11.
    -मणिः [अग्नेरुत्थापको मणिः शाक. त.] the sunstone.
    -मथ् m. [अग्निं मथ्नाति निष्पादयति; मन्थ्-क्विप्- नलोपः]
    1 the sacrificer who churns the fuel-stick.
    -2 the Mantra used in this operation, on the अरणि itself.
    -मन्थः, -न्थनम्, producing fire by friction; or the Mantra used in this operation. (
    -न्थः) [अग्निर्मथ्यते अनेन मन्थ्-करणे घञ्] N. of a tree गणिकारिका (Mar. नरवेल) Premna Spinosa (तत्काष्ठयोर्घर्षणे हि आशु वह्निरुत्पद्यते),
    -मान्द्यम् slowness of digestion, loss of appetite, dyspepsia.
    -मारुतिः अग्निश्च मरुच्च तयोरपत्यं इञ् ततो वृद्धिः इत् च; द्विपदवृद्धौ पृषो. पूर्वपदस्य ह्रस्वः Tv.] N. of the sage Agastya.
    -मित्रः N. of a king of the Śunga dynasty, son of Puṣypamitra who must have flourished before 15 B. C. -the usually accepted date of Patañjali-as the latter mentions पुष्यमित्र by name.
    -मुखः a. having Agni at the head. (
    -खः) [अग्निर्मुखमिव यस्य]
    1 a deity, god, (for the gods receive oblations through Agni who is, therefore, said to be their mouth; अग्निमुखा वै देवाः; अग्निर्मुखं प्रथमं देवतानाम् &c; or अग्निर्मुखे अग्रे येषाम्, for fire is said to have been created before all other gods.)
    -2 [अग्निर्मुखं प्रधानमुपास्यो यस्य] one who maintains the sacred fire (अग्निहोतृद्विज)
    -3 a Brāhmaṇa in general (अग्निर्दाहकत्वात् शापाग्निर्मुखे यस्य for Brāhmaṇas are said to be वाग्वज्राः).
    -4 N. of two plants चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica and भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium अग्निरिव स्पर्शात् दुःखदायकं मुखमग्रम् यस्य, तन्निर्यासस्पर्शेन हि देहे क्षतोत्पत्तेस्थयोस्तथात्वम्)
    -5 a sort of powder or चूर्ण prescribed as a tonic by चक्रदत्त
    -6 'fire- mouthed, sharp-biting, an epithet of a bug. Pt. 1. (
    -खी) अग्निरिव मुखमग्रं यस्याः; गौरादि-ङीष्]
    1 N. of a plant भल्लातक (Mar. बिबवा, भिलावा) and लाङ्गलिका (विषलाङ्गला).
    -2 N. of the Gāyatri Mantra (अग्निरेव मुखं मुखत्वेन कल्पितं यस्याः सा, or अग्नेरिव मुखं प्रजापतिमुखं उत्पत्ति- द्वारं यस्याः, अग्निना समं प्रजापतिमुखजातत्वात्; कदाचिदपि नो विद्वान् गायत्रीमुदके जपेत् । गायत्र्याग्निमुखी यस्मात्तस्मादुत्थाय तां जपेत् ॥ गोभिल).
    -3 a kitchen [पाकशाला अग्निरिव उत्तप्तं मुखं यस्याः सा].
    -मूढ a. [तृ. त.] Ved. made insane or stupefied by lightning or fire.
    -यन्त्रम् A gun अग्नियन्त्रधरैश्चक्रधरैश्च पुरुषैर्वृतः Śivabhārata 12.17.
    -यानम् An aeroplane. व्योमयानं विमानं स्यात् अग्नियानं तदेव हि । अगस्त्यसंहिता.
    -योगः See पञ्चाग्निसाधन. अग्नियोगवहो ग्रीष्मे विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा । चीर्त्वा द्वादशवर्षाणि राजा भवति पार्थिवः ॥ Mb.13.14,2.43.
    -योजनम् causing the sacrificial fire to blaze up.
    -रक्षणम् 1 con- secrating or preserving the sacred (domestic) fire or अग्निहोत्र.
    -2 [अग्निः रक्ष्यते अनेन अत्र वा] a Mantra securing for Agni protection from evil spirits &c.
    -3 the house of an अग्निहोतृ.
    -रजः, -रजस् m. [अग्निरिव रज्यते दीप्यते; रञ्ज्-असुन् नलोपः]
    1 a scarlet insect by name इन्द्रगोप.
    -2 (अग्नेः रजः) the might or power of Agni.
    -3 gold. Mb.3. 16.86.7
    -रहस्यम् mystery of (worshipping &c.) Agni; N. of the tenth book of Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.
    -राशिः a heap of fire, burning pile.
    -रुहा [अग्निरिव रोहति रुह्-क] N. of the plant मांसादनी or मांसरोहिणी (तदङ्कुरस्य वह्नितुल्य- वर्णतया उत्पन्नत्वात्तथात्वं तस्याः).
    -रूप a. [अग्नेरिव रूपं वर्णो यस्य] fire-shaped; of the nature of fire.
    -रूपम् the nature of fire.
    -रेतस् n. the seed of Agni; (hence) gold.
    -रोहिणी [अग्निरिव रोहति; रुह्-णिनि] a hard inflammatory swelling in the armpit.
    -लोकः the world a Agni, which is situated below the summit of Meru; in the Purāṇas it is said to be in the अन्तरिक्ष, while in the Kāśī Khaṇḍa it is said to be to the south of इन्द्रपुरी; एतस्या दक्षिणे भागे येयं पूर्दृश्यते शुभा । इमामर्चिष्मतीं पश्य वीतिहोत्रपुरीं शुभाम् ॥
    -वधूः Svāhā, the daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Agni
    -वर्चस् a. [अग्नेर्वर्च इव वर्चो यस्य] glowing or bright like fire. (n.) the lustre of Agni. (-m.) N. of a teacher of the Purāṇas.
    -वर्ण a. [अग्नेरिव वर्णो यस्य] of the colour of fire; hot; fiery; सुरां पीत्वा द्विजो मोहादग्निवर्णां सुरां पिबेत् Ms.11.9; गोमूत्रमग्निवर्णं वा पिबेदुदकमेव वा 91.
    (र्णः) 1 N. of a prince, son of Sudarśana.
    -2 N. of a King of the solar race, See R.19.1. the colour of fire. (
    -र्णा) a strong liquor.
    -वर्धक a. stimulating digestion, tonic.
    (-कः) 1 a tonic.
    -2 regimen, diet (पथ्याहार).
    -वल्लभः [अग्नेर्वल्लभः सुखेन दाह्यत्वात्]
    1 the Śāla tree, Shorea Robusta.
    -2 the resinous juice of it.
    -वासस् a. [अग्निरिव शुद्धं वासो यस्य] having a red (pure like Agni) garment. (n.) a pure garment.
    -वाह a. [अग्निं वाहयति अनुमापयति वा]
    1 smoke.
    -2 a goat.
    -वाहनम् a goat (छाग).
    -विद् m.
    1 one who knows the mystery about Agni.
    -2 an अग्निहोत्रिन् q. v.
    -विमोचनम् ceremony of lowering the sacrificial fire.
    -विसर्पः pain from an inflamed tumour, inflammation.
    -विहरणम्, -विहारः 1 taking the sacrificial fire from आग्नीध्र to the उत्तरवेदि.
    -2 offering oblations to fire; प्रत्यासन्ना ˚वेला K.348.
    -वीर्यम् 1 power or might of Agni.
    -2 gold.
    -वेतालः Name of Vetāla (connected with the story of Vikra- māditya).
    -वेशः [अग्नेर्वेश इव] N. of an ancient medical authority (चरक).
    -वेश्मन् m. the fourteenth day of the karma-ṃāsa; Sūryaprajñapti.
    -वेश्यः 1 N. of a teacher, Mbh.
    -2 Name of the 22nd muhūrta; Sūryapraj- ñapti. धौम्य cf. Mb 14.64.8.
    -शरणम्, -शाला-लम् a fire-sanctuary; ˚मार्गमादेशय Ś.5; a house or place for keeping the sacred fire; ˚रक्षणाय स्थापितो$हम् V.3.
    -शर्मन् a. [अग्निरिव शृणाति तीव्रकोपत्वात् शॄ-मनिन्] very passionate. (-m.) N. of a sage.
    -शिख a. [अग्नेरिव अग्निरिव वा शिखा यस्य] fiery, fire-crested; दहतु ˚खैः सायकैः Rām.
    (-खः) 1 a lamp.
    -2 a rocket, fiery arrow.
    -3 an arrow in general.
    -4 safflower plant.
    -5 saffron.
    -6 जाङ्गलीवृक्ष.
    (-खम्) 1 saffron.
    -2 gold.
    (-खा) 1 a flame; शरैरग्निशिखोपमैः Mb.
    -2 N. of two plants लाङ्गली (Mar. वागचबका or कळलावी) Gloriosa Superba; of other plants (also Mar. कळलावी) Meni- spermum Cordifolium.
    -शुश्रूषा careful service or worship of fire.
    -शेखर a. fire-crested. (
    -रः) N. of the कुसुम्भ, कुङ्कुम and जाङ्गली trees (
    -रम्) gold,
    -शौच a. [अग्नेरिव शौचं यस्य] bright as fire; purified by fire K.252.
    -श्री a. [अग्नेरिव श्रीर्यस्य] glowing like fire; lighted by Agni
    -ष्टुत्, -ष्टुभ, -ष्टोम &c. see ˚ स्तुत्, ˚स्तुभ् &c.
    -ष्ठम् 1 kitchen; अग्निष्ठेष्वग्निशालासु Rām.6.1.16.
    -2 a fire-pan.
    -संयोगाः explosives. Kau. A.2.3.
    -ष्वात्तः see स्वात्तः
    -संस्कारः 1 consecration of fire.
    -2 hallowing or con- secrating by means of fire; burning on the funeral pile; यथार्हं ˚रं मालवाय दत्वा Dk.169; नास्य कार्यो$ग्निसंस्कारः Ms.5.69, पितरीवाग्निसंस्कारात्परा ववृतिरे क्रियाः । R.12.56.
    -सखः; -सहायः 1 the wind.
    -2 the wild pigeon (smoke- coloured).
    -3 smoke.
    -सम्भव a. [प. ब.] sprung or pro- duced from fire.
    (-वः) 1 wild safflower.
    -2 lymph, result of digestion. (
    -वम्) gold.
    -साक्षिक [अग्निः साक्षी यत्र, कप्] a. or adv. keeping fire for a witness, in the presence of fire; पञ्चबाण˚ M.4.12. ˚मर्यादो भर्ता हि शरणं स्त्रियाः H.1.v. l, R.11.48.
    -सारम् [अग्नौ सारं यस्य अत्यन्तानलोत्तापनेपि सारांशादहनात् Tv.] रसाञ्जन, a sort of medical preparation for the eyes. (
    -रः -रम्) power or essence of fire.
    -सुतः Kārttikeya; त्वामद्य निहनिष्यामि क्रौञ्चमग्निसुतो यथा । Mb.7.156.93.
    -सूत्रम् a thread of fire.
    -2 a girdle of sacrificial grass (मौञ्जीमेखला) put upon a young Brāhmaṇa at the time of investiture.
    -सूनुः (See -सुतः), (सेनानीरग्निभूर्गुहः । Amar.); देव्यङ्कसंविष्ट- मिवाग्निसूनुम् । Bu. ch.1.67.
    -स्तम्भः 1 stopping the burning power of Agni.
    -2 N. of a Mantra used in this operation.
    -3 N. of a medicine so used.
    -स्तुत् m. (अग्निष्टुत्) [अग्निः स्तूयते$त्र; स्तु-आधारे क्विप् षत्वम्] the first day of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; N. of a por- tion of that sacrifice which extends over one day; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा । अभिजिद्विश्वजिद्भ्यां वा त्रिवृता- ग्निष्टुतापि वा ॥ Ms.11.74.
    -स्तुभ् (˚ष्टुभ्) m. [अग्निः स्तुभ्यते$त्र; स्तुभ्-क्विप् षत्वम्]
    1 = अग्निष्टोम.
    -2 N. of a son of the sixth Manu.
    -रतोमः (˚ष्टोमः) [अग्नेः स्तोमः स्तुतिसाधनं यत्र]
    1 N. of a protracted ceremony or sacrificeial rite extending over several days in spring and forming an essential part of the ज्योतिष्टोम.
    -2 a Mantra or Kalpa with reference to this sacrifice; ˚मे भवो मन्त्रः ˚मः; ˚मस्य व्याख्यानम्, कल्पः ˚मः P.IV.3.66. Vārt.
    -3 N. of the son of the sixth Manu.
    -4 a species of the Soma plant; ˚सामन् a part of the Sāma Veda chanted at the conclu- sion of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice.
    -सावर्णिः Name of Manu.
    -स्थ a. (ष्ठ) [अग्नौ स्थातुमर्हति; स्था-क षत्वम्] placed in, over, or near the fire. (ष्ठः) an iron frying-pan; in the अश्वमेध sacrifice the 11th Yūpa which of all the 21 is nearest the fire.
    -स्वात्तः (written both as ˚स्वात्त and ˚ष्वात्त) (pl.) [अग्नितः i. e. श्राद्धीयविप्रकर- रूपानलात् सुष्ठु आत्तं ग्रहणं येषां ते] N. of a class of Pitṛs or Manes who, when living on earth, maintained the sacred or domestic fires, but who did not perform the Agniṣṭoma and other sacrifices. They are regarded as Manes of Gods and Brāhmaṇas and also as descen- dants of Marīchi; Ms.3.195. अग्निष्वात्ताः पितर एह गच्छत Tsy.2.5.12.2. (मनुष्यजन्मन्यग्निष्टोमादियागमकृत्वा स्मार्तकर्मनिष्ठाः सन्तो मृत्वा च पितृत्वं गताः इति सायणः).
    -हुत्, -होतृ Ved. sacrificing to Agni, having Agni for a priest; Rv.1.66.8.
    -होत्रम् [अग्नये हूयते$त्र, हु-त्र, च. त.]
    1 an oblation to Agni (chiefly of milk, oil and sour gruel.).
    -2 maintenance of the sacred fire and offering oblation to it; (अग्नये होत्रं होमो$स्मिन् कर्मणीति अग्निहोत्रमिति कर्मनाम); or the sacred fire itself; तपोवनाग्निहोत्रधूमलेखासु K.26. होता स्यात् ˚त्रस्य Ms.11.36. ˚त्रमुपासते 42; स्त्रीं दाहयेत् ˚त्रेण Ms.5.167,6.4, दाहयित्वाग्निहोत्रेण स्त्रियं वृत्तवतीम् Y.1.89. The time of throwing oblations into the fire is, as ordained by the sun himself, evening (अग्नये सायं जुहुयात् सूर्याय प्रातर्जुहुयात्). Agnihotra is of two kinds; नित्य of constant obligation (यावज्जीवमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति) and काम्य occasional or optional (उपसद्भिश्चरित्वा मासमेकमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति). (
    -त्र) a. Ved.
    1 destined for, connected with, Agnihotra.
    -2 sacrificing to Agni. ˚न्यायः The rule according to which the नित्यकर्मन्s (which are to be performed यावज्जीवम्) are performed at their stipulated or scheduled time only, during one's life time. This is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर at Ms.6. 2.23-26. in connection with अग्निहोत्र and other कर्मन्s. ˚हवनी (णी) a ladle used in sacrificial libations, or अग्निहोत्रहविर्ग्रहणी ऋक् Tv.; See हविर्ग्रहणी; ˚हुत् offering the अग्निहोत्र; ˚आहुतिः invocation or oblation connected with अग्निहोत्र.
    -होत्रिन् a. [अग्निहोत्र-मत्वर्थे इनि]
    1 one who practises the Agnihotra, or consecrates and maintains the sacred fire.
    -2 one who has prepared the sacrifi- cial place.
    -होत्री Sacrificial cow; तामग्निहोत्रीमृषयो जगृहु- र्ब्रह्मवादिनः Bhāg.8.8.2.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अग्निः _agniḥ

  • 20 Hürde

    f; -, -n
    1. SPORT hurdle; eine Hürde nehmen take ( oder clear) a hurdle; 400 m Hürden Wettkampf: the 400 m hurdles; sie siegte über 400 m Hürden she came first in the 400 m hurdles
    2. (Pferch, Viehzaun) fold, pen
    3. fig. (Hindernis) hurdle, obstacle; wir standen vor schier unüberwindlichen Hürden we were faced with virtually insurmountable obstacles; wenn du das Projekt durchsetzen willst, hast du einige Hürden zu überwinden you’ll have a few obstacles to overcome if you want to carry the project through
    * * *
    die Hürde
    wattle; hurdle; dam
    * * *
    Hụ̈r|de ['hʏrdə]
    f -, -n
    1) (SPORT fig) hurdle

    eine Hürde nehmen — to take or clear a hurdle

    2) (= Viehzaun) fold, pen
    * * *
    die
    1) (a frame to be jumped in a race.) hurdle
    2) (a problem or difficulty: There are several hurdles to be got over in this project.) hurdle
    3) (an obstacle to be jumped over: Her horse fell at the third jump.) jump
    * * *
    Hur·de
    <-, -n>
    [ˈhʊrdə]
    f SÜDD, SCHWEIZ fruit and vegetable rack
    * * *
    die; Hürde, Hürden
    (Leichtathletik, fig.) hurdle

    eine Hürde nehmen — clear a hurdle; (fig.) get over a hurdle

    * * *
    Hürde f; -, -n
    1. SPORT hurdle;
    eine Hürde nehmen take ( oder clear) a hurdle;
    400 m Hürden Wettkampf: the 400 m hurdles;
    sie siegte über 400 m Hürden she came first in the 400 m hurdles
    2. (Pferch, Viehzaun) fold, pen
    3. fig (Hindernis) hurdle, obstacle;
    wir standen vor schier unüberwindlichen Hürden we were faced with virtually insurmountable obstacles;
    wenn du das Projekt durchsetzen willst, hast du einige Hürden zu überwinden you’ll have a few obstacles to overcome if you want to carry the project through
    * * *
    die; Hürde, Hürden
    (Leichtathletik, fig.) hurdle

    eine Hürde nehmen — clear a hurdle; (fig.) get over a hurdle

    * * *
    -n f.
    hurdle n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Hürde

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