reduplicated

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

aurōra, ae, f. [acc. to Curtius, a reduplicated form for ausosa, from Sanscr. ush, to burn; cf. auôs êôs, dawn; hêlios, the sun; and Etrusc. Usil, the god of the sun; but its idea of brightness, splendor, easily connects it with the same group as aurum; v. aes].

A.. The dawn, daybreak, morning (mostly poet.): est autem aurora diei clarescentis exordium et primus splendor aëris, quae Graece êôs dicitur, Isid. Orig. 5, 31, 14:

usque ab aurorā ad hoc quod diei est,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8:

Nec nox ulla diem neque noctem aurora secutast,

Lucr. 2, 578; 4, 538; 4, 711; 5, 657; Cic. Arat. 65:

ad primam auroram,

Liv. 1, 7, 6; Plin. 11, 12, 12, § 30.—

Personified, the goddess of the morning, Gr. Êôs, daughter of Hyperion (hence Hyperionis, Ov. F. 5, 159), wife of Tithonus (hence Tithonia conjunx, Ov. F. 3, 403, and Tithonia, id. ib. 4, 943), and mother of Memnon, Verg. A. 4, 585:

Aurora novo cum spargit lumine terras,

Lucr. 2, 144; imitated by Verg. l.l.;

9, 459: Iamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis,

id. ib. 3, 521; 6, 535;

7, 26: Proxima prospiciet Tithono Aurora relicto,

Ov. F. 1, 461; id. M. 13, 576 sq.;

she robbed Procris of her husband, Cephalus,

id. ib. 7, 703;

but gave him back,

id. ib. 7, 713.—

Meton., the East, the Orient:

ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,

Verg. A. 8, 686:

Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit,

Ov. M. 1, 61:

quae (terrae) sunt a Gadibus usque Auroram et Gangen,

Juv. 10, 2; cf. Verg. A. 7, 606 sq.; so Claud. Laus Seren. Reg. 116; id. in Eutr. 1, 427;

also,

the people of the East, id. Laud. Stil. 1, 154; id. in Rufin. 2, 100; id. B. Gild. 61; id. in Eutr. 2, 527.

furfur, ŭris (abl. furfuri, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27), and furfŭres, um, m., bran [reduplicated form, originally for-for; root ghar-; Sanscr. gharshāmi, rub; Gr. chriô; cf.: far, farina, frio, frico, etc.; v. Corss. Beiträg. p. 206].

Lit.:

qui alunt furfure sues,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

per cribrum effuso furfure,

Plin. 22, 25, 70, § 145:

triticum furfure crasso vestitur,

id. 18, 30, 73, § 304.—In plur.:

hordeacei,

Varr. R. R. 2, 6, 4; Col. 12, 44, 3:

triticei,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 17:

excreti modice a farina,

Col. 8, 4, 1: [p. 796] furfuribus conspersus panis, Phaedr. 4, 18, 4.—

Transf., scurf or scales on the skin, the head, etc.:

foedo cutis furfure,

Plin. 26, 1, 2, § 2.—In plur.:

capitis,

Plin. 20, 9, 39, § 101:

in facie,

id. 22, 21, 30, § 64. —In a pun upon the two meanings:

ex ipsis dominis meis pugnis exculcabo furfures,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 30.

furfur, ŭris (abl. furfuri, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27), and furfŭres, um, m., bran [reduplicated form, originally for-for; root ghar-; Sanscr. gharshāmi, rub; Gr. chriô; cf.: far, farina, frio, frico, etc.; v. Corss. Beiträg. p. 206].

Lit.:

qui alunt furfure sues,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

per cribrum effuso furfure,

Plin. 22, 25, 70, § 145:

triticum furfure crasso vestitur,

id. 18, 30, 73, § 304.—In plur.:

hordeacei,

Varr. R. R. 2, 6, 4; Col. 12, 44, 3:

triticei,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 17:

excreti modice a farina,

Col. 8, 4, 1: [p. 796] furfuribus conspersus panis, Phaedr. 4, 18, 4.—

Transf., scurf or scales on the skin, the head, etc.:

foedo cutis furfure,

Plin. 26, 1, 2, § 2.—In plur.:

capitis,

Plin. 20, 9, 39, § 101:

in facie,

id. 22, 21, 30, § 64. —In a pun upon the two meanings:

ex ipsis dominis meis pugnis exculcabo furfures,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 30.

pār, păris (collat. form of the nom. fem. paris, Atta ap. Prisc. p. 764 P.— Abl. pari and pare, acc. to Charis. p. 14 P.; Prisc. p. 763 ib.; the latter poet. — Gen. plur. usu. parĭum; parum, acc. to Plin. ap. Charis. p. 110 P.), adj. [cf. Sanscr. para, another, and prae], equal (cf.: aequus, similis).

Lit.:

par est, quod in omnes aequabile est,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 67:

par et aequalis ratio,

id. Or. 36, 123:

aequo et pari jure cum civibus vivere,

id. Off. 1, 34, 124:

vita beata... par et similis deorum,

id. N. D. 2, 61, 153:

est finitimus oratori poëta ac paene par,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

pari atque eādem in laude aliquem ponere,

id. Mur. 9, 21:

intelleges de hoc judicium meum et horum par et unum fuisse,

id. Sull. 2, 5:

pares in amore atque aequales,

id. Lael. 9, 32:

libertate esse parem ceteris,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34: verbum Latinum (voluptas) par Graeco (hêdonê) et idem valens, id. Fin. 2, 4, 12:

pares ejusdem generis munitiones,

of equal size, Caes. B. G. 7, 74:

similia omnia magis visa hominibus, quam paria,

Liv. 45, 43:

pares similesque (affectus),

Sen. Ira, 1, 19 et saep.:

quod in re pari valet, valeat in hac, quae par est... valeat aequitas, quae paribus in causis paria jura desiderat,

Cic. Top. 4, 23:

si ingenia omnia paria esse non possunt: jura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se, qui sunt cives in eādem re publicā,

id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:

necesse est eam esse naturam, ut omnia omnibus paribus paria respondeant,

id. N. D. 1, 19, 50; id. Fam. 5, 2, 3:

equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

hi (equites), dum pari certamine res geri potuit, etc.,

i. e. horsemen against horsemen, id. B. C. 1, 51.— Poet., with a respective gen. or inf.:

aetatis mentisque pares,

Sil. 4, 370:

et cantare pares et respondere parati,

Verg. E. 7, 5.—

The thing with which the comparison is made is most freq. added in the dat.:

quem ego parem summis Peripateticis judico,

Cic. Div. 1, 3, 5:

in his omnibus par iis, quos antea commemoravi,

id. Clu. 38, 107:

omni illi et virtute et laude par,

id. Planc. 11, 27:

isti par in belligerando,

id. Font. 12, 26:

par anseribus,

as large as, Juv. 5, 114:

prodigio par,

i. e. extremely rare, id. 4, 97.—In sup.:

QVOIVS FORMA VIRTVTEI PARISVMA FVIT, Epit. of the Scipios,

Inscr. Orell. 550:

parissumi estis hibus,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 20.—Adverb. (colloq. and very rare):

feceris par tuis ceteris factis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 3.—

With gen. (with this case par is treated as a substantive; rare but class.), an equal, counterpart, etc.:

ei erat hospes, par illius, Siculus, etc.,

his counterpart, Plaut. Rud. prol. 49: cujus paucos pares [p. 1300] haec civitas tulit, Cic. Pis. 4, 8:

quem metuis par hujus erat,

Luc. 10, 382:

ubique eum parem sui invenies,

Front. Ep. ad Amic. 1, 6:

vestrae fortitudinis,

Phaedr. 4, 15, 6.—

With abl. (rare):

scalas pares moenium altitudine, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.: in quā par facies nobilitate suā,

Ov. F. 6, 804.—

With cum (class.):

non praecipuam, sed parem cum ceteris fortunae condicionem subire,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, etc.,

id. Lig. 9, 27:

quem tu parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti,

Sall. J. 14, 9 (cited ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.; but in Cic. Phil. 1, 14, 34, read parem ceteris). —

With inter se (class.):

sunt omnes pares inter se,

Cic. Par. 1, 2, 11; id. de Or. 1, 55, 236.—

With et, atque ( ac) (class.):

cum par habetur honos summis et infimis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 53:

omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et Coriolano,

id. Brut. 11, 43:

tametsi haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum,

Sall. C. 3, 2:

quos postea in parem juris libertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant, receperunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28; so with atque, id. ib. 5, 13, 2:

si parem sapientiam hic habet ac formam,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36:

neque mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,

Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:

in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus,

Sall. J. 102, 7.—

The object of comparison is sometimes not expressed:

cui repugno, quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus,

i.e. not equal to the task, able, Cic. Att. 12, 15:

pari proelio,

indecisive, Nep. Them. 3, 3:

pares validaeque miscentur,

Tac. G. 20:

cum paria esse coeperunt,

Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 6:

si periculum par et ardor certaminis eos irritaret,

Liv. 24, 39, 6.—

In partic.

Equal to, a match for any one in any respect:

quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint,

Caes. B. G. 4, 7 fin.: qui pares esse nostro exercitu (dat.) non potuerint, id. ib. 1, 40, 7; cf.:

ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat, et, etc.,

Sall. J. 20, 5:

non sumus pares,

not on an equality, Juv. 3, 104:

exime hunc mihi scrupulum, cui par esse non possum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 2:

habebo, Q. Fabi, parem, quem das, Hannibalem,

an opponent, adversary, Liv. 28, 44:

inter pares aemulatio,

Tac. A. 2, 47:

ope Palladis Tydiden Superis parem,

Hor. C. 1, 6, 15.—

Equal in station or age, of the same rank, of the same age (syn. aequalis):

ut coëat par Jungaturque pari,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 25:

si qua voles apte nubere, nube pari,

Ov. H. 9, 32; Petr. 25, 5.—Prov.:

pares vetere proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur,

i. e. birds of a feather flock together, Cic. Sen. 3, 7.—

Par est, it is fit, meet, suitable, proper, right.

With a subject-clause (class.;

syn.: oportet, aequum, justum est): amorin me an rei opsequi potius par sit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6:

posterius istaec te magis par agere'st,

id. Pers. 5, 2, 21:

canem esse hanc par fuit,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 17:

par est primum ipsum esse virum bonum, tum, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 22, 82:

sic par est agere cum civibus,

id. Off. 2, 23, 83:

dubitans, quid me facere par sit,

id. Att. 9, 9, 2:

quicquid erit, quod me scire par sit,

id. ib. 15, 17, 2:

quibus (ornamentis) fretum ad consulatūs petitionem aggredi par est,

id. Mur. 7, 15; id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31; cf.:

ex quo intellegi par est, eos qui, etc.,

id. Leg. 2, 5, 11. —

Ut par est (erat, etc.;

class.): ita, ut constantibus hominibus par erat,

Cic. Div. 2, 55, 114:

ut par fuit,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 10. —

With ut:

non par videtur neque sit consentaneum... ut, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

Par pari respondere, or par pro pari referre, to return like for like, of a'repartee:

par pari respondet,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 47; id. Merc. 3, 4, 44; id. Pers. 2, 2, 11; cf.:

paria paribus respondimus,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 23:

ut sit unde par pari respondeatur,

id. ib. 16, 7, 6:

par pro pari referto, quod eam mordeat,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 55 Fleck., Umpfenb., cited ap. Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19 (Bentl. ex conject. par, pari; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 281, ed. 5).—

Paria facere, to equalize or balance a thing with any thing, to settle, pay (post-Aug.):

cum rationibus domini paria facere,

to pay. Col. 1, 8, 13; 11, 1, 24. —

Trop.:

cum aliter beneficium detur, aliter reddatur, paria facere difficile est,

to return like for like, to repay with the same coin, Sen. Ben. 3, 9, 2: denique debet poenas: non est quod cum illo paria faciamus, repay him, id. Ira, 3, 25, 1:

nihil differamus, cotidie cum vitā paria faciamus,

settle our accounts with life, id. Ep. 101, 7; Plin. 2, 86, 88, § 202; so,

parem rationem facere,

Sen. Ep. 19, 10.—

Ludere par impar, to play at even and odd, Hor. S. 2, 3, 248: August. ap. Suet. Aug. 71 fin. —

Ex pari, adverb., in an equal manner, on an equal footing (post-Aug.):

sapiens cum diis ex pari vivit,

Sen. Ep. 59, 14.

Transf., subst.

pār, păris, m., a companion, comrade, mate, spouse:

plebs venit, et adcumbit cum pare quisque suo,

Ov. F. 3, 526:

jungi cum pare suā,

id. ib. 3, 193:

edicere est ausus cum illo suo pari, quem omnibus vitiis superare cupiebat, ut, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18.—Esp., a table companion, = omoklinos:

atque ibi opulentus tibi par forte obvenerit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 68 Brix ad loc.:

cedo parem quem pepigi,

id. Pers. 5, 1, 15 (v. also I. A. g. supra).—

pār, păris, n., a pair:

gladiatorum par nobilissimum,

Cic. Opt. Gen. Or. 6, 17:

ecce tibi geminum in scelere par,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 2:

par nobile fratrum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 243:

par columbarum,

Ov. M. 13, 833:

par mularum,

Gai. Inst. 3, 212:

par oculorum,

Suet. Rhet. 5:

tria aut quatuor paria amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

scyphorum paria complura,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47:

paria (gladiatorum) ordinaria et postulaticia,

Sen. Ep. 7, 3: pocula oleaginea paria duo, Lab. Dig. 32, 1, 30.Hence, adv.: părĭter, equally, in an equal degree, in like manner, as well.

In gen.: dispartiantur patris bona pariter, Afran. ap. Non. 375, 1:

ut nostra in amicos benevolentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter aequaliterque respondeat,

Cic. Lael. 16, 56:

laetamur amicorum laetitiā aeque atque nostrā, et pariter dolemus angoribus,

id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

caritate non pariter omnes egemus,

id. Off. 2, 8, 30:

ut pariter extrema terminentur,

id. Or. 12, 38; Phaedr. 5, 2, 10:

et gustandi et pariter tangendi magna judicia sunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146:

nulla pro sociā obtinet, pariter omnes viles sunt,

id. ib. 80, 7; Quint. 9, 3, 102:

cuncta pariter Romanis adversa,

Tac. A. 1, 64: tantumdem est;

feriunt pariter,

all the same, nevertheless, Juv. 3, 298.—

With cum:

Siculi mecum pariter moleste ferent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 173:

pariter nobiscum progredi,

Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1; Verg. A. 1, 572.—

With ut, atque ( ac):

is ex se hunc reliquit filium pariter moratum, ut pater avusque hujus fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21:

pariter hoc fit, atque ut alia facta sunt,

id. Am. 4, 1, 11:

vultu pariter atque animo varius,

Sall. J. 113, 3:

pariter ac si hostis adesset,

id. ib. 46, 6.—

With et... et:

pariterque et ad se tuendum et ad hostem petendum,

Liv. 31, 35:

pariter et habitus et nomina edocebuntur,

Quint. 1, 1, 25; Ov. M. 11, 556.—

With dat. (in late poets, and once in Liv.):

pariter ultimae (gentes) propinquis, imperio parerent,

the remotest as well as the nearest, Liv. 38, 16; Stat. Th. 5, 121; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 166.—

With qualis:

pariter suades, qualis es,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 37. —

In partic.

Like simul, of equality in time or in association, at the same time, together:

nam plura castella Pompeius pariter, distinendae manūs causā, tentaverat,

at the same time, together, Caes. B. C. 3, 52:

pariter decurrere,

Liv. 22, 4, 6:

ut pariter et socii rem inciperent,

id. 3, 22, 6; 10, 5, 7; 26, 48 fin.; cf.:

plura simul invadimus, si aut tam infirma sunt, ut pariter impelli possint, aut, etc.,

Quint. 5, 13, 11; so,

pariter multos invadere,

id. 5, 7, 5:

pariter ire,

id. 1, 1, 14; 1, 12, 4; Tac. H. 4. 56; Plin. 26, 8, 40, § 66.—

With cum (so commonly in Cic.):

conchyliis omnibus contingere, ut cum lunā pariter crescant pariterque decrescant,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33; cf. id. de Or. 3, 3, 10:

studia doctrinae pariter cum aetate crescunt,

id. Sen. 14, 50:

pariter cum vitā sensus amittitur,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit,

Sall. J. 68, 2; 77, 1; 106, 5:

pariter cum collegā,

Liv. 10, 21, 14; 27, 17, 6.—

With et, atque, que:

inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent,

Quint. 10, 5, 14; 1, 1, 25:

quibus mens pariter atque oratio insurgat,

id. 12, 2, 28:

seriis jocisque pariter accommodato,

id. 6, 3, 110.—

With dat. ( poet.), Stat. Th. 5, 122:

pariterque favillis Durescit glacies,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 165.—

In order to give greater vivacity to the expression, reduplicated: pariter... pariter, as soon as ( poet. and in post-Aug prose):

hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydo nius heros Optavit,

Ov. M. 8, 324; Plin. Ep. 8, 23 fin. —

In like manner, likewise, also:

pariterque oppidani agere,

Sall. J. 60, 1:

postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidit,

Ov. M. 2, 445.