Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

progress+engineer

Толкование Перевод

1 travail

travail (plural - aux) [tʀavaj, o]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = activité) le travail work

• il est en plein travail he's in the middle of something

• se mettre au travail to get down to work

• avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do

• j'ai un travail fou en ce moment (inf) I'm up to my eyes in work at the moment (inf)

• horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes

• conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch

• à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work

• améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!

   b. ( = tâche) work uncount, job ; ( = résultat) work uncount

• c'est un travail de spécialiste (difficile à faire) it's a job for a specialist ; (bien fait) it's the work of a specialist

• tu as fait du beau travail you've done a really good job

• travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work

• faire faire des travaux dans la maison to have some work done in the house

• les grands travaux présidentiels the major projects undertaken by the president

• « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"

• il y a des travaux (sur la chaussée) there are roadworks in progress

• « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)

   c. ( = métier, profession) job ; ( = situation) work uncount, job

• avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job

• apprendre un travail to learn a job

• être sans travail

• ne pas avoir de travail to be out of work

• travail de bureau office work

• travail d'équipe or en équipe team work

• travail en usine factory work

• reprendre le travail to go back to work

• le monde du travail the world of work

   d. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working

• le travail du marbre requiert une grande habileté working with marble requires great skill

   e. ( = accouchement) labour (Brit), labor (US)

• le travail n'a pas encore commencé she hasn't gone into labour yet

2. compounds

► travaux agricoles farm work

► travaux d'aiguille needlework

► travail à la chaîne assembly-line work

► travaux dirigés (University) tutorial

► travail à distance remote work

► travaux forcés hard labour

► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job

► travaux manuels (School) handicrafts

► travaux ménagers housework

► travail au noir undeclared work ; (en plus d'un autre) moonlighting

► travaux personnels encadrés multidisciplinary school project

► travaux pratiques (en classe) practical work ; (en laboratoire) lab work (Brit), lab (US)

► travaux publics civil engineering

• ingénieur des travaux publics civil engineer

* * *

1.

pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin

1) ( contraire de repos) work

être en plein travail — to be busy working

2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]

j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on

les gros travaux — the heavy work

qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? — what do you call this?

et voilà le travail! — that's that done!

3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work

conditions de travail — working conditions

4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]

division du travail — division of labour [BrE]

5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]

le travail musculaire — muscular effort

6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)

7) ( façonnage)

le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]

apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork

8) (technique, exécution) workmanship

un travail superbe — a superb piece of workmanship

9) Physique work

10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)

11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping

12) Médecine ( pendant un accouchement) labour [BrE]

2.

travaux nom masculin pluriel

1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] US

travaux de construction — construction work [U]

travaux de terrassement — earthworks

‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’

‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’

2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)

3) ( débats) deliberations

4) ( opérations de même nature)

les travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]

travaux de couture — needlework [U]

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- travail à la chaîne

- travail au noir

- travaux dirigés

- travaux forcés

- travaux manuels

- travaux ménagers

- travaux pratiques

- travaux publics

* * *
tʀavaj, o travaux pl
1. nm

1) (= activité, effort) work

J'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.

C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.

faire du bon travail — to do a good job

se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work

outils de travail — working tools, work tools

réunion de travail — working meeting

2) (= tâche spécifique) job

Donne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.

un travail de recherche — a research job

des travaux de recherche — research work

un travail de traduction — a translation job

des travaux de traduction — translation work

les douze travaux d'Hercules — the twelve labours of Hercules

3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no pl

Il a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.

être sans travail — to be out of work

Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.

4) (= lieu) work

aller à son travail — to go to work

Au travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.

5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

la législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation

6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

entrer en travail — to go into labour

être en travail — to be in labour

7) (= façonnage)

le travail du bois — working with wood

le travail du métal — working with metal

2. travaux nmpl

(= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building

* * *

I.

travail, pl - aux

A nm

1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;

2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;

3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;

4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labour^GB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labour^GB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labour^GB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;

5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;

6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;

7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;

8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;

9 Mécan, Phys work;

10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;

11 ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping;

12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labour^GB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labour^GB; salle de travail labour^GB ward.

B travaux nmpl

1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;

2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;

3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;

4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.

Composés

travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labour^GB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labour^GB (sg); fig slave labour^GB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.

II.

travail, pl travails nm ( appareil) trave.

I

( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculin

A.[ACTION]

1. [occupation]

le travail work

le travail de bureau office work

le travail de jour/nuit day/night work

je finis le travail à cinq heures I stop ou finish work at five

écrire un dictionnaire est un travail collectif writing a dictionary involves working as a team

travail de force hard physical work

un travail de longue haleine a long-term work ou project

le travail posté ou par roulement shift work

le travail à domicile outwork

travail d'intérêt général DROIT community service

le travail manuel manual work ou labour

le travail au noir

a. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlighting

b. [comme pratique généralisée] black economy

travail à la pièce piecework

le travail saisonnier seasonal work

le travail salarié paid work

le travail temporaire

a. [généralement] temporary work

b. [dans un bureau] temping

2. [tâches imposées] work

donner du travail à quelqu'un to give somebody (some) work to do

3. [tâche déterminée] job

faire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translation

c'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking job

c'est un travail de fourmi it's a painstaking task

c'est un travail de Romain ou de Titan it's a colossal job

et voilà le travail! (familier) and Bob's your uncle!

4. [efforts] (hard) work

c'est du travail d'élever cinq enfants! bringing up five children is a lot of (hard) work!

il a encore du travail s'il veut devenir champion he's still got a lot of work to do if he wants to be champion

5. [exécution] work

admirez le travail du pinceau admire the brushwork

on lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of it

regarde-moi ce travail! just look at this mess!

je ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?

et voilà le travail! (familier) and Bob's your uncle!

6. [façonnage] working

elle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk

7. [poste] job, occupation, post

[responsabilité] job

chercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a job

sans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work

8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour

9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action

10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labour

le travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour

[activité] work

réduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneys

11. MÉCANIQUE & PHYSIQUE work

12. PSYCHOLOGIE work, working through

travail du deuil grieving process

B.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]

1. [écrit] piece

il a publié un travail très intéressant sur Proust he published a very interesting piece on Proust

2. [transformation - généralement] work

[modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] working

C.[LIEU D'ACTIVITÉ PROFESSIONNELLE] work, workplace

aller à son travail to go to (one's) work

travaux nom masculin pluriel

1. [tâches] work, working

gros travaux heavy work

j'ai fait des petits travaux I did some odd jobs

ils font des travaux après le pont there are roadworks after the bridge

‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’

‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’

travaux domestiques ou ménagers housework

travaux d'aiguille COUTURE needlework

travaux d'approche

a. MILITAIRE approaches

b. (figuré) manoeuvring

travaux de construction building work

travaux forcés hard labour

travaux d'Hercule

a. MYTHOLOGIE labours of Hercules

b. (figuré) Herculean tasks

travaux manuels

a. [généralement] arts and crafts

b. ÉDUCATION handicraft

travaux pratiques

a. [généralement] practical work

b. [en laboratoire] lab work

travaux d'utilité collective ≃ YTS

grands travaux large-scale public works

les Travaux publics civil engineering

entrer aux Travaux publics to become a civil engineer

2. [d'une commission] work

nous publierons le résultat de nos travaux we'll publish our findings

————————

au travail locution adverbiale

1. [en activité] at work, working

se mettre au travail to get down ou to set to work

allez, au travail! come on, get to work!

2. [sur le lieu d'activité] at work, in the workplace

je vous donne mon numéro au travail I'll give you my work number

————————

de travail locution adjectivale

1. [horaire, séance] working

[vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)

mes instruments de travail the tools of my trade

contrat de travail employment contract

2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)

————————

du travail locution adjectivale

[accident, sociologie, législation] industrial

conflit du travail employment dispute

droit du travail employment law

————————

en travail adverbe

PHYSIOLOGIE in labour

entrer en travail to go into ou to start labour

II

( pluriel travails) [travaj] nom masculin

MÉDECINE VÉTÉRINAIRE trave

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > travail
2 técnico

adj.

1 technical, expert.

2 technical.

m.

1 technician, technicist, technical expert.

2 repairperson, repairman.

* * *

técnico

► adjetivo

1 technical

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 technician, technical expert

* * *
1. (f. - técnica)
adj.

technical
2. (f. - técnica)
noun

technician, engineer

* * *
técnico, -a
1.

ADJ technical

2. SM / F

1) [en fábrica, laboratorio] technician

técnico/a de laboratorio — laboratory technician, lab technician *

técnico/a de mantenimiento — maintenance engineer

técnico/a de sonido — sound engineer, sound technician

técnico/a de televisión — television engineer, television repairman

técnico/a informático/a — computer programmer

2) (=experto) expert, specialist

es un técnico en la materia — he's an expert on the subject

3) (Dep) trainer, coach
técnica
* * *
I
- ca adjetivo technical
II
- ca masculino, femenino, técnico masculino y femenino

a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

* * *
I
- ca adjetivo technical
II
- ca masculino, femenino, técnico masculino y femenino

a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

* * *

técnico¹

¹ = technician, techie, tech, tech guy, technie.

Ex: They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.

Ex: The article 'CD-ROMs for techies' profiles CD-ROM based tools providing personal computer technical support.

Ex: Dell had me jumping through hoops for two and a half days to no avail and ultimately sent a human tech here to fix my system.

Ex: Our tech guys are currently working on a solution.

Ex: The information superhighway is more than just a technies' playground.

* técnico de audiovisuales = audiovisual technician.

* técnico de sonido = sound technician.

* técnico encargado del proceso de datos = data-processing professional.

* técnico informático = data-processing professional, computer technician.

técnico²

= technical, under-the-hood.

Ex: Some subjects have both common and technical names, and the different names must be recognised, and reflected in the index in accordance with the audience for whom the index is intended.

Ex: As a Web user, you aren't likely to see the scheme in action on your screen because it's an under-the-hood way of communicating the identity of an information asset to a Web application.

* alfabetización técnica = technical literacy, technical literacy.

* apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.

* asesoramiento técnico = technical advice.

* asesor técnico de bibliotecas = library consultant.

* asesor técnico en construcción de bibliot = library building consultant.

* asesor técnico en construcción de bibliotecas = library building consultant.

* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.

* aspecto técnico = technical aspect.

* avance técnico = technical advance.

* bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.

* biblioteca técnica = technical library.

* características técnicas = technical specification, technical features, technical data.

* conocimiento técnico = know-how, technical knowledge.

* cuestión técnica = technical issue.

* demostración técnica = technical presentation.

* departamento de procesos técnicos = processing department.

* desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.

* desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.

* dibujo técnico = architectural rendering, engineering drawing, technical drawing.

* dificultad técnica = technical difficulty.

* diseño técnico = technical design.

* documentación técnica = technical documentation.

* documento técnico = technical document.

* económico-técnico = economic-technical.

* experto técnico = technical expert.

* hoja técnica = bluesheet, fact sheet.

* información científica y técnica = scientific and technical information (STI).

* información técnica = technical information.

* informe técnico = technical report.

* manual técnico = technical book.

* no técnico = non-technical.

* pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.

* personal técnico = technical staff.

* personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.

* personas sin conocimientos técnicos, las = non-technical, the.

* presentación técnica = technical presentation.

* problema técnico = technical difficulty, technical problem.

* proceso técnico = technical process.

* proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.

* secretaría técnica del congreso = conference secretariat.

* servicio técnico = technical service.

* suministrar conocimientos técnicos = supply + know-how.

* técnicas documentales = documentation techniques.

* validez técnica = technical soundness, technical validity.

* * *

técnico¹ -ca

adjective

technical

por razones técnicas for technical reasons

técnico² -ca

masculine, feminine

, técnico

masculine and feminine

1 (en una fábrica) technician

2 (de lavadoras, etc) repairman ( AmE), engineer ( BrE)

3 ( Dep) trainer, coach ( AmE), manager ( BrE)

Compuestos:

● técnico de grabación

recording engineer

● técnico de sonido

sound technician o engineer

* * *

técnico
◊ -ca adjetivo

technical
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
a) ( en fábrica) technician

b) (de lavadoras, etc) repairman (AmE), engineer (BrE)

c) (Dep) trainer, coach (AmE), manager (BrE)

técnico,-a
I adjetivo technical
un problema técnico, a technical hitch
II sustantivo masculino y femenino technician, technical expert
' técnico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ATS
- diccionario
- error
- fallo
- ingeniera
- ingeniero
- refrigeración
- técnica
- tecnicismo
- término
- taller
- vulgar
English:
advice
- electrical engineer
- repairman
- technical
- technical drawing
- technical hitch
- technicality
- technician
- work-to-rule
- coach
- engineer
- hitch
- manager
- professional
- quantity
- repairer
- repair
- technically

* * *

técnico, -a

♦ adj

1. [estudio, palabra, diccionario] technical;

hubo un problema técnico there was a technical hitch o problem

2. [persona] technically proficient, with a good technique;

es un futbolista muy técnico he's a very technical player

♦ nm,f

1. [mecánico] technician;

un técnico en iluminación a lighting technician;

vino el técnico a arreglar la lavadora the repairman came to fix the washing machine

Comp
técnico agrícola agronomist;
técnico electricista electrical engineer;

técnico de laboratorio laboratory o lab technician;

técnico de sonido sound technician

2. [entrenador] coach, Br manager

3. [experto] expert

* * *

técnico

I adj technical

II m/f

1 technician; de televisor, lavadora etc repairman;

técnico de sistemas INFOR systems technician

2 en fútbol coach, manager

* * *

técnico, -ca adj

: technical

♦ técnicamente adv

técnico, -ca n

: technician, expert, engineer

* * *

técnico¹ adj technical

el progreso técnico technical progress

técnico² n technician / engineer

el técnico lo reparó the engineer repaired it

Spanish-English dictionary > técnico
3 технолог

1) General subject: technologist, RA manager (stands for "regulatory affairs manager"), manufacturing technician

2) Engineering: machine-shop manager, process man, production manager, tooling engineer, process planner (инженер)

3) Railway term: processman

4) Law: production engineer

5) Economy: progress clerk

6) Insurance: processor

7) Metallurgy: process manager

8) Coolers: engineer

9) Sakhalin energy glossary: process engineer

10) Production: (инженер-) production engineer

11) Automation: industrial engineer, (инженер-) job preparation man, machine shop manager, manufacturing engineer, (инженер-) manufacturing man, (инженер-) planner, production designer

12) Makarov: product engineer (инженер, занятый разработкой изделия)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > технолог
4 Norton, Charles Hotchkiss

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

b. 23 November 1851 Plainville, Connecticut, USA

d. 27 October 1942 Plainville, Connecticut, USA

[br]

American mechanical engineer and machine-tool designer.

[br]

After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.

In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.

In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

City of Philadelphia, John Scott Medal 1925.

Bibliography

Norton was granted more than one hundred patents and was author of Principles of Cylindrical Grinding, 1917, 1921, Worcester, Mass.

Further Reading

Robert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (contains biographical information and details of the machines designed by Norton).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
5 Chanute, Octave Alexandre

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 18 February 1832 Paris, France

d. 24 November 1910 Chicago, USA

[br]

American engineer, developer of successful hang-gliders in the 1890s and disseminator of aeronautical information.

[br]

Chanute was born in Paris, but from the age of 6 he lived in the United States, where he became a prominent railway engineer. He developed an interest in aviation relatively late in life, and in fact built his first glider at the age of 64. Before that, he had collected all the information he could find on aviation, especially on the work of Otto Lilienthal in Germany. In 1894 he published an account of these researches in a classic work, Progress in Flying Machines.

By 1896 Chanute was ready to carry out practical experiments of his own and designed a series of hang-gliders. He started with a Lilienthal-type monoplane and progressed to his very successful biplane glider. He used a bridge-truss method of cross-bracing to give his wings the required strength, a system used by many of his successors, including the Wright brothers. Chanute's gliders were flown on the shore of Lake Michigan by his two young assistants A.M.Herring and W.Avery. The biplane glider made some seven hundred flights without mishap, covering up to 100 m (110 yds). In 1898 Herring fitted an engine into a modified glider and claimed to have made two short hops.

In 1900 the Wright brothers made contact with Chanute and sought his advice, which he readily gave, indeed, he became one of their most trusted advisors. In 1903 Chanute travelled to Paris and gave an illustrated lecture describing his own and the Wrights' gliding successes, generating much interest amongst European aviators.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1910.

Bibliography

1894, Progress in Flying Machines, New York (Chanute's classic work).

Further Reading

C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1986, Aviation, London.

—1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (both describe Chanute's place in the history of aviation).

T.D.Crouch, A Dream of Wings, Americans and the Airplane 1875–1905 (includes several chapters on Chanute and a comprehensive bibliography).

Chanute is also mentioned in most of the biographies of the Wright brothers.

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Chanute, Octave Alexandre
6 Clark, Edwin

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

[br]

b. 7 January 1814 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England

d. 22 October 1894 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England

[br]

English civil engineer.

[br]

After a basic education in mathematics, latin, French and geometry, Clark was articled to a solicitor, but he left after two years because he did not like the work. He had no permanent training otherwise, and for four years he led an idle life, becoming self-taught in the subjects that interested him. He eventually became a teacher at his old school before entering Cambridge, although he returned home after two years without taking a degree. He then toured the European continent extensively, supporting himself as best he could. He returned to England in 1839 and obtained further teaching posts. With the railway boom in progress he decided to become a surveyor and did some work on a proposed line between Oxford and Brighton.

After being promised an interview with Robert Stephenson, he managed to see him in March 1846. Stephenson took a liking to Clark and asked him to investigate the strains on the Britannia Bridge tubes under various given conditions. This work so gained Stephenson's full approval that, after being entrusted with experiments and designs, Clark was appointed Resident Engineer for the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Straits. He not only completed the bridge, which was opened on 19 October 1850, but also wrote the history of its construction. After the completion of the bridge—and again without any professional experience—he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. He was consulted by Captain Mark Huish of the London \& North Western Railway on a telegraphic system for the railway, and in 1853 he introduced the Block Telegraph System.

Clark was engaged on the Crystal Palace and was responsible for many railway bridges in Britain and abroad. He was Engineer and part constructor of the harbour at Callao, Peru, and also of harbour works at Colón, Panama. On canal works he was contractor for the marine canal, the Morskoy Canal, in 1875 between Kronstadt and St Petersburg. His great work on canals, however, was the concept with Edward Leader Williams of the hydraulically operated barge lift at Anderton, Cheshire, linking the Weaver Navigation to the Trent \& Mersey Canal, whose water levels have a vertical separation of 50 ft (15 m). This was opened on 26 July 1875. The structure so impressed the French engineers who were faced with a bottleneck of five locks on the Neuffossée Canal south of Saint-Omer that they commissioned Clark to design a lift there. This was completed in 1878 and survives as a historic monument. The design was also adopted for four lifts on the Canal du Centre at La Louvière in Belgium, but these were not completed until after Clark's death.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Clark, Edwin
7 technisch

technisch I adj GEN technical technisch II adv GEN technically • technisch ausgereift IND high-tech • technisch fortgeschritten IND, WIWI technologically advanced • technisch möglich IND technically feasible
* * *

adj < Geschäft> technical

adv < Geschäft> technically ■ technisch ausgereift < Ind> high-tech ■ technisch fortgeschritten <Ind, Vw> technologically advanced ■ technisch möglich < Ind> technically feasible

* * *
technisch
technical, engineering;
• technisch bewandert techno-savvy;
• technische Abteilung engineering department;
• technisch bedingte Arbeitslosigkeit technological unemployment;
• großer technischer Aufwand major engineering;
• technische Ausbildung technical training;
• technische Ausführung technique;
• technischer Außendienst customer engineering;
• technischer Berater technical consultant (adviser);
• technischer Beruf technical profession;
• technische Beschaffenheit technicality;
• technische Betriebsabteilung technical (engineering) department;
• technischer Betriebsleiter chief engineer;
• technisches Büro engineering department, technical office;
• technische Daten engineering data;
• technische Einrichtungen engineering facilities;
• technische Einzelheiten technicalities, technical details;
• technische Errungenschaft technical feat;
• technische Formalitäten legal formalities;
• technischer Fortschritt technological progress (advance);
• technische Herausforderung engineering challenge;
• technische Hilfeleistungen technical aid;
• technischer Kaufmann sales engineer;
• technischer Leiter technical manager (director);
• technische Messe engineering fair;
• technische Neuerungen technical innovations;
• technische Normenvorschriften engineering standards;
• technische Nothilfe Organization for the Maintenance of Supplies (Br.), Office of Emergency Preparedness (US);
• technisches Personal engineering (technical) staff;
• technische Produktionsanlagen production facilities;
• technischer Rückstand technological gap;
• technischer Stab engineering force (staff);
• technischer Überwachungsverein (TÜV) technical control board;
• technische Unterlagen technical data;
• technische Unterstützung engineering support;
• technische Verbesserung technical improvement;
• technischer Verkäufer salesman engineer;
• technisches Versagen breakdown;
• technische Versicherung engineering insurance;
• technischer Zeichner tracer, draughtsman, draftsman;
• technische Zusammenarbeit technical collaboration;
• technischer Zustand technicality;
• technische Zuverlässigkeitsbescheinigung roadworthiness test certificate.
ausgefeilt, technisch
sophisticated.

Business german-english dictionary > technisch
8 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

[br]

b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlands

d. 4 February 1656 probably London, England

[br]

Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.

[br]

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.

Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.

In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.

In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.

While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1628.

Further Reading

L.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-

Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.

KM / LRD

Biographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius
9 Vertriebsbüro

Vertriebsbüro n LOGIS distribution office, DO, dock operations, DO
* * *

n < Transp> distribution office (DO), dock operations (DO)

* * *
Vertriebsbüro
selling agency;
• sich immer mehr dem Vertriebsdenken zuwenden to grow in marketing mindedness;
• Vertriebsdirektor marketing director, merchandising manager;
• Vertriebseinrichtungen distribution equipment (facilities), marketing (sales) facilities, sales devices;
• Vertriebserfahrung[en] marketing know-how (experience);
• Vertriebsergebnis sales result;
• Vertriebsfachleute marketing people, distributive salesman;
• Vertriebsfachmann marketing specialist (man, economist, expert), distributive salesman;
• Vertriebsfeinheiten marketing touches;
• Vertriebsfirma distributing company;
• Vertriebsförderung sales promotion;
• Vertriebsfunktionen marketing functions;
• Vertriebsgebiet sales (trading) territory, distribution outlet;
• großräumiges Vertriebsgebiet large-scale distribution operation;
• Vertriebsgebiet erschließen to make up a market;
• Vertriebsgemeinkosten selling expenses;
• verrechnete Vertriebsgemeinkosten allocated sales overhead expenses;
• Vertriebsgemeinschaft sales combine (syndicate, group);
• Vertriebsgenossenschaft cooperative marketing association;
• Vertriebsgesellschaft trading (agency, marketing) company, sales organization (company, association), distributive enterprise, distributing agency, marketing subsidiary (corporation, US);
• Vertriebsgesetzgebung marketing legislation;
• Vertriebsgewinn sales profit;
• unabhängiger Vertriebshändler independent distributor;
• Vertriebsidee sales idea;
• Vertriebsingenieur salesman engineer, engineer salesman;
• Vertriebskalkulation sales estimate;
• Vertriebskanäle trade channels, channels and outlets;
• elektronische Vertriebskanäle electronic distribution channels;
• neue Vertriebskanäle aufbauen to develop new distribution channels;
• Vertriebskartell marketing cartel;
• Vertriebskaufmann sales promoter;
• Vertriebskenntnisse market skill;
• Vertriebskennzahlen distribution indices;
• Vertriebskontrolle sales progress (marketing) control, orderly marketing (US);
• Vertriebskosten cost (expense) of marketing, marketing (distribution, sales, selling) costs (expense), cost of sales, costs of distribution;
• Vertriebskostenanalyse distribution-cost analysis;
• Vertriebskunde marketing;
• Vertriebslager sales stock;
• Vertriebslagerbestände products for sale;
• Vertriebsleiter sales (distribution) manager, marketing director (manager), market functionary, (für Markenartikel) brand manager, (Verlagshaus) circulation manager;
• Vertriebsleitung marketing management;
• Vertriebslenkung controlled distribution;
• Vertriebsmaßnahmen marketing transactions;
• Vertriebsmathematik mathematics of distribution;
• Vertriebsmethoden distribution (sales, marketing, selling) methods;
• Vertriebsmitarbeiter sales force;
• Vertriebsmöglichkeiten distribution opportunities;
• Vertriebsmonopol sales monopoly;
• Vertriebsnetz distribution (sales) network;
• Vertriebsniederlassung sales (distributive) agency, branch sales office;
• Vertriebsorganisation sales (merchandising) organization, distributor;
• Vertriebs- und Kundendienstorganisation sales and service organization;
• Vertriebsorientierung marketing orientation;
• Vertriebspersonal marketing personnel;
• Vertriebsplan distribution (sales) plan;
• Vertriebsplanung marketing mix (US).

Business german-english dictionary > Vertriebsbüro
10 Flettner, Anton

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 1 November 1885 Eddersheim-am-Main, Germany

d. 29 December 1961 New York, USA

[br]

German engineer and inventor who produced a practical helicopter for the German navy in 1940.

[br]

Anton Flettner was an engineer with a great interest in hydraulics and aerodynamics. At the beginning of the First World War Flettner was recruited by Zeppelin to investigate the possibility of radio-controlled airships as guided missiles. In 1915 he constructed a small radio-controlled tank equipped to cut barbed-wire defences; the military experts rejected it, but he was engaged to investigate radio-controlled pilotless aircraft and he invented a servo-control device to assist their control systems. These servo-controls, or trim tabs, were used on large German bombers towards the end of the war. In 1924 he invented a sailing ship powered by rotating cylinders, but although one of these crossed the Atlantic they were never a commercial success. He also invented a windmill and a marine rudder. In the late 1920s Flettner turned his attention to rotating-wing aircraft, and in 1931 he built a helicopter with small engines mounted on the rotor blades. Progress was slow and it was abandoned after being damaged during testing in 1934. An autogiro followed in 1936, but it caught fire on a test flight and was destroyed. Undeterred, Flettner continued his development work on helicopters and in 1937 produced the Fl 185, which had a single rotor to provide lift and two propellers on outriggers to combat the torque and provide forward thrust. This arrangement was not a great success, so he turned to twin contra-rotating rotors, as used by his rival Focke, but broke new ground by using intermeshing rotors to make a more compact machine. The Fl 265 with its "egg-beater" rotors was ordered by the German navy in 1938 and flew the following year. After exhaustive testing, Flettner improved his design and produced the two-seater Fl 282 Kolibri, which flew in 1940 and became the only helicopter to be used operationally during the Second World War.

After the war, Flettner moved to the United States where his intermeshing-rotor idea was developed by the Kaman Aircraft Corporation.

[br]

Bibliography

1926, Mein Weg zum Rotor, Leipzig; also published as The Story of the Rotor, New York (describes his early work with rotors—i.e. cylinders).

Further Reading

W.Gunston and J.Batchelor, 1977, Helicopters 1900–1960, London.

R.N.Liptrot, 1948, Rotating Wing Activities in Germany during the Period 1939–45, London.

K.von Gersdorff and K.Knobling, 1982, Hubschrauber und Tragschrauber, Munich (a more recent publication, in German).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Flettner, Anton
11 Ilgner, Karl

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 27 July 1862 Neisse, Upper Silesia (now Nysa, Poland)

d. 18 January 1921 Berthelsdorf, Silesia

[br]

German electrical engineer, inventor of a transformer for electromotors.

[br]

Ilgner graduated from the Gewerbeakademie (the forerunner of the Technical University) in Berlin. As the representative of an electric manufacturing company in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) from 1897, he was confronted with the fact that there were no appropriate drives for hoisting-engines or rolling-plants in steelworks. Two problems prevented the use of high-capacity electric motors in the mining as well as in the iron and steel industry: the reactions of the motors on the circuit at the peak point of stress concentration; and the complicated handling of the control system which raised the risks regarding safety. Having previously been head of the department of electrical power transmission in Hannover, he was concerned with the development of low-speed direct-current motors powered by gas engines.

It was Harry Ward Leonard's switchgear for direct-current motors (USA, 1891) that permitted sudden and exact changes in the speed and direction of rotation without causing power loss, as demonstrated in the driving of a rolling sidewalk at the Paris World Fair of 1900. Ilgner connected this switchgear to a large and heavy flywheel which accumulated the kinetic energy from the circuit in order to compensate shock loads. With this combination, electric motors did not need special circuits, which were still weak, because they were working continuously and were regulated individually, so that they could be used for driving hoisting-engines in mines, rolling-plants in steelworks or machinery for producing tools and paper. Ilgner thus made a notable advance in the general progress of electrification.

His transformer for hoisting-engines was patented in 1901 and was commercially used inter alia by Siemens \& Halske of Berlin. Their first electrical hoisting-engine for the Zollern II/IV mine in Dortmund gained international reputation at the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1902, and is still preserved in situ in the original machine hall of the mine, which is now a national monument in Germany. Ilgner thereafter worked with several companies to pursue his conception, became a consulting engineer in Vienna and Breslau and had a government post after the First World War in Brussels and Berlin until he retired for health reasons in 1919.

[br]

Bibliography

1901, DRP no. 138, 387 1903, "Der elektrische Antrieb von Reversier-Walzenstraßen", Stahl und Eisen 23:769– 71.

Further Reading

W.Kroker, "Karl Ilgner", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. X, pp. 134–5. W.Philippi, 1924, Elektrizität im Bergbau, Leipzig (a general account).

K.Warmbold, 1925, "Der Ilgner-Umformer in Förderanlagen", Kohle und Erz 22:1031–36 (a detailed description).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Ilgner, Karl
12 Williamson, David Theodore Nelson

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

[br]

b. 15 February 1923 Edinburgh, Scotland

d. 1992 Italy

[br]

Scottish engineer, inventor of the Williamson Amplifier and computer-controlled machine tools.

[br]

D.T.N.Williamson was educated at George Heriot's School, Edinburgh, and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh and electrical engineering at Heriot-Watt College (now Heriot-Watt University), Edinburgh. He joined the MO Valve Company in London in 1943 and worked in his spare time on improving the sound reproduction for gramophones, and in 1946 invented the "Williamson Amplifier".

That same year Williamson returned to Edinburgh as a development engineer with Ferranti Ltd, where he was employed in developing computer-controlled machining systems. In 1961 he was appointed Director of Research and Development at Molins Ltd, where he continued work on computer-controlled machine tools. He invented the Molins System 24, which employed a number of machine tools, all under computer control, and is generally acknowledged as a significant step in the development of manufacturing systems. In 1974 he joined Rank Xerox and became Director of Research before taking early retirement to live in Italy. Between 1954 and 1979 he served on numerous committees relating to computer-aided design, manufacturing technology and mechanical engineering in general.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1968.

Bibliography

Williamson was author of several papers and articles, and contributed to the Electronic

Engineers' Reference Book (1959), Progress in Automation (1960) and the Numerical Control Handbook (1968).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Williamson, David Theodore Nelson
13 conseil

conseil [kɔ̃sεj]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = recommandation) piece of advice

• donner des conseils à qn to give sb some advice

• demander conseil à qn to ask sb's advice

• c'est un conseil d'ami it's just a friendly piece of advice

• il est de bon conseil he gives good or sound advice

   b. ( = profession) consultancy

• cabinet or société de conseil firm of consultants

   c. ( = personne) consultant (en in)

• conseil juridique legal consultant or adviser

• conseil en communication communications or media consultant

• ingénieur-conseil engineering consultant

   d. ( = assemblée) board

2. compounds

► conseil d'administration [de société anonyme] board of directors ; [d'hôpital, école] board of governors

► conseil de classe staff meeting (to discuss the progress of individual members of a class)

► Conseil constitutionnel Constitutional Council

► conseil de discipline (School) disciplinary committee

► conseil d'établissement (School) ≈ governing board (Brit), ≈ board of education (US)

► Conseil économique et social Economic and Social Council

► Conseil d'État Council of State

► Conseil de l'Europe Council of Europe

► Conseil européen European Council

► Conseil fédéral (en Suisse) Federal Council

► conseil général (French) departmental council ≈ county council (Brit), ≈ county commission (US)

► Conseil des ministres council of ministers

► conseil municipal town council

► conseil régional regional council

► Conseil de sécurité Security Council

► Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel French broadcasting regulatory body

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

CONSEIL

In France, the « Conseil constitutionnel » is an official body that ensures that the constitution is respected in matters of legislation and during elections. The « Conseil d'État » examines bills before they are submitted to the « Conseil des ministres », a weekly meeting which some or all ministers attend. → ARRONDISSEMENT COMMUNE DÉPARTEMENT RÉGION

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL

Each « département » of France is run by a Conseil général, whose remit covers transport, housing, secondary schools, social welfare, and cultural and economic development. The council is made up of « conseillers généraux », each of whom represents a « canton » and is elected for a six-year term. Half of the council's members are elected every three years.

* * *
kɔ̃sɛj
nom masculin

1) ( avis) advice [U]

conseil d'ami — piece of friendly advice

quelques conseils de prudence — a few words of caution ou warning

donner à quelqu'un le conseil de faire — to advise somebody to do

il est de bon conseil — he always gives good advice

2) ( assemblée) council

tenir conseil — to hold a meeting

3) ( conseiller) consultant

conseil en gestion — management consultant

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- conseil d'administration

- conseil de classe

- conseil de discipline

- conseil de famille

- conseil général

- conseil de guerre

- conseil des ministres

- conseil de révision

- conseil de surveillance

- conseil d'université

- Conseil d'État

- Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel

- Conseil supérieur de la magistrature

* * *
kɔ̃sɛj
1. nm

1) (= avis) piece of advice, advice no pl

donner un conseil à qn — to give sb some advice, to give sb a piece of advice

donner des conseils à qn — to give sb some advice

demander conseil à qn — to ask sb's advice, to ask sb for advice

Est-ce que je peux te demander conseil? — Can I ask your advice?, Can I ask you for some advice?

prendre conseil — to take advice

prendre conseil auprès de qn — to take advice from sb

2) (= assemblée) council

tenir conseil — to hold a meeting

3) (= expert) consultant

conseil en recrutement — recruitment consultant

2. adj

ingénieur-conseil — engineering consultant

* * *

conseil nm

1 ( avis) advice ¢; un conseil a piece of advice; des conseils some advice; beaucoup de conseils a lot of advice; donner un conseil à qn to give sb advice; demander conseil à qn to ask (for) sb's advice; suivre/écouter les conseils de qn to follow/to listen to sb's advice; un petit conseil a little piece of advice; un bon conseil a piece of good advice; conseil d'ami piece of friendly advice; un conseil gratuit a piece of free advice; quelques conseils de prudence a few words of caution ou warning; sur les conseils de qn on sb's advice; donner à qn le conseil de faire to advise sb to do; il est de bon conseil he always gives good advice; conseils d'entretien cleaning ou care instructions; ⇒ nuit;

2 ( assemblée) council; réunir le conseil to convene the council; tenir conseil to hold a meeting;

3 ( conseiller) consultant; conseil en gestion management consultant.

Composés

conseil d'administration Entr board of directors; conseil de classe Scol staff meeting (for all those teaching a given class); conseil de discipline Admin, Mil, Scol disciplinary committee; conseil de famille Jur Board of Guardians; ( non officiel) family meeting ou gathering; conseil général Pol council of a French department; conseil de guerre Mil council of war; conseil des ministres Pol gén council of ministers; ( au Royaume-Uni) Cabinet meeting; conseil municipal Pol town council; conseil régional Pol regional council; conseil de révision Mil medical board (assessing fitness for military service); conseil de surveillance Entr supervisory board; conseil d'université Univ senate; Conseil constitutionnel Jur Constitutional Council; Conseil économique et social Pol Economic and Social Council; Conseil d'État Pol Council of State (advising government on administrative matters); Conseil de l'Europe, CE Pol Council of Europe; Conseil de sécurité (de l'ONU) Pol (UN) Security Council; Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, CSA Radio, TV body which monitors broadcasting; Conseil supérieur de la langue française body responsible for the regulation and advancement of the French language; Conseil supérieur de la magistrature, CSM Jur High Council for the Judiciary.

ⓘ Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel The body which appoints the heads of the public broadcasting systems, licenses private contractors, monitors advertising and oversees all matters concerning impartiality, freedom of speech, quality and the promotion of French language and culture in the broadcast media.

[kɔ̃sɛj] nom masculin

1. [avis] piece of advice, counsel (soutenu)

un conseil d'ami a friendly piece of advice

des conseils

a. [d'ami] advice

b. [trucs] tips, hints

agir sur/suivre le conseil de quelqu'un to act on/to take somebody's advice

demander conseil à quelqu'un to ask somebody's advice, to ask somebody for advice

prendre conseil auprès de quelqu'un to take advice from somebody

2. [conseiller] adviser, consultant

conseil conjugal marriage-guidance counsellor

conseil en publicité advertising consultant

conseil en organisation organizational consultant

conseil fiscal tax consultant

conseil juridique legal adviser

(comme adjectif; avec ou sans trait d'union)

ingénieur conseil consultant engineer

avocat conseil legal consultant

3. [assemblée] board

[réunion] meeting

tenir conseil to hold a meeting

conseil d'administration

a. [d'une société] board of directors

b. [d'une organisation internationale] governing body

conseil de cabinet cabinet council, council of ministers

le Conseil constitutionnelFrench government body ensuring that laws, elections and referenda are constitutional

le Conseil économique et social consultative body advising the government on economic and social matters

le Conseil d'État the (French) Council of State

le Conseil de l'Europe the Council of Europe

le Conseil européen the European Council

conseil de famille board of guardians

conseil général ≃ county council

conseil de guerre

a. [réunion] war council ≃ War Cabinet

b. [tribunal] court-martial

passer en conseil de guerre to be court-martialled

conseil interministériel interministerial council

le Conseil des ministres ≃ the Cabinet

conseil municipal

a. [en ville] ≃ town council, ≃ local (urban) council

b. [à la campagne] ≃ parish council (UK), ≃ local (rural) council

conseil de prud'hommes industrial arbitration court ≃ ACAS (UK)

conseil régional regional council

conseil de révision MILITAIRE recruiting board, draft board (US)

le Conseil de sécurité the Security Council

le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature French state body that appoints members of the judiciary

4. ÉDUCATION

conseil de classe staff meeting (concerning a class)

conseil de discipline disciplinary committee

conseil d'école committee responsible for internal organization of a primary school

conseil d'établissement ≃ board of governors (UK), ≃ board of education (US)

conseil des maîtres teachers' committee at a primary school

conseil des professeurs termly meeting of teachers to discuss progress made by individual pupils

conseil d'UFR departmental (management) committee

Conseil d'Université ≃ university Senate (UK), ≃ Board of Trustees (US)

————————

de bon conseil locution adjectivale

un homme de bon conseil a man of sound advice, a wise counsellor

demande-lui, elle est de bon conseil ask her, she's good at giving advice

LE CONSEIL CONSTITUTIONNEL

The Conseil constitutionnel, which ensures that new laws do not contravene the constitution, has nine members appointed for a nine-year period; it also includes the surviving former Presidents of France. The President of the Republic and any member of parliament can refer laws to the Conseil Constitutionnel for scrutiny.

LE CONSEIL D'ÉTAT

The French Council of State acts both as the highest court to which the legal affairs of the state can be referred, and as a consultative body to which bills and rulings are submitted by the government prior to examination by the Conseil des ministres. It has 200 members.

CONSEIL DES MINISTRES

The President himself presides over the Conseil des ministres, which traditionally meets every Wednesday morning; strictly speaking, when ministers assemble in the sole presence of the Prime Minister, this is known as le Conseil du cabinet.

CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL

The body responsible for the administration of a département. Members are elected for a six-year term, with one councillor per canton, and are headed by the président du conseil général.

CONSEIL RÉGIONAL

The committee body for the administration of a région. Members are elected for a six-year term and are headed by the président du conseil régional. They decide on matters of planning, construction, regional development and education.

CONSEIL SUPÉRIEUR DE LA MAGISTRATURE

This state body advises on the appointment of members of the magistrature, and on specific points of law concerning the judiciary. It is also consulted when the president wishes to exercise his official pardon. It has ten members: the Minister of Justice and nine others appointed by the President of the Republic.

CONSEIL MUNICIPAL

The town council is elected during the municipales (local elections). Elected members, or conseillers municipaux, oversee the administration of a commune in conjunction with the mayor.

les conseils

Demander conseil

What should I do? Qu'est-ce que je dois faire ?

What would you do, if you were me? Qu'est-ce que tu ferais si tu étais moi ?

What would you do in my place? Qu'est-ce que tu ferais à ma place ?

Do you think I should tell him? Tu crois que je devrais le lui dire ?

I could do with ou I need some advice. J'aurais besoin d'un conseil

Donner un conseil

Why don't you (just) tell her? Pourquoi ne pas le lui dire (carrément) ?

Take my advice and say nothing to her. Je te conseille de ne rien lui dire

If I were you, I'd phone him. Si j'étais toi, je l'appellerais

If you ask me, I think you should resign. Si tu veux mon avis, je pense que tu devrais démissionner

Perhaps ou Maybe you should warn him. Peut-être que tu devrais le prévenir

I'd think twice about going. Je réfléchirais à deux fois avant d'y aller

You could always try writing to him. Ce serait peut-être pas mal de lui écrire

It might be better to do it yourself. Ce serait peut-être mieux que tu le fasses toi-même

Now listen to me: you really must go and see a doctor. Écoute, il faut absolument que tu ailles voir un médecin

If you want my advice, you'll pretend it never happened. Si tu veux mon avis, fais comme si rien ne s'était passé

I hope you won't take this the wrong way, but... Ne le prends pas mal, mais...

It's not really any of my business, but... Je sais que ça ne me regarde pas, mais...

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > conseil
14 réalisation

réalisation [ʀealizasjɔ̃]

feminine noun

   a. [de projet] realization ; [d'exploit] achievement

• plusieurs projets sont en cours de réalisation several projects are under way

• c'est la réalisation d'un rêve it's a dream come true

   b. [de meuble, bijou] making ; [de sondage] carrying out

• j'étais chargé de la réalisation de cette étude I was asked to carry out this study

   c. ( = création) achievement

• c'est la plus belle réalisation de l'architecte it is the architect's finest achievement

   d. [de film] direction ; [d'émission de radio, de télévision] production

• « réalisation: John Huston » "directed by John Huston"

* * *
ʀealizasjɔ̃
nom féminin

1) (de rêve, d'ambition) (action, résultat) fulfilment [BrE]

2) (d'étude, de sondage) carrying out

conception et réalisation — (de meuble, satellite, hôtel) design and construction

projet en cours de réalisation — project in progress

amener un projet jusqu'à sa réalisation — ( après sa conception) to get a project underway; ( terminer) to bring a project to completion

3) ( ce qui est réalisé) achievement

4) Cinéma, Radio, Télévision production; ( film) film

* * *
ʀealizasjɔ̃ nf
1) [projet, opération] carrying out, realization

2) [rêve, souhait] fulfilment

la réalisation d'un rêve — the fulfilment of a dream, a dream come true

3) [exploit] accomplishment

4) [film, émissions] making

la réalisation des films — film making

La réalisation a été confiée à un jeune français. — A young French director has been chosen to make the movie.

5) (= œuvre, création) work

* * *

réalisation nf

1 (de rêve, d'ambition) (action, résultat) fulfilment^GB;

2 (d'étude, de sondage) carrying out; conception et réalisation [de meuble, satellite, hôtel] design and construction; se lancer dans la réalisation d'un projet to become involved in a project; projet en cours de réalisation project in progress; amener un projet jusqu'à sa réalisation ( après sa conception) to get a project underway; ( terminer) to bring a project to completion;

3 ( ce qui est réalisé) achievement; les réalisations d'entreprises régionales achievements of local firms; des réalisations mieux adaptées à notre région construction projects more suited to our region;

4 TV, Radio, Cin production; ( film) film.

[realizasjɔ̃] nom féminin

1. [d'un projet] carrying out, execution

[d'un rêve] fulfilment

[d'un exploit] achievement

2. [chose réalisée] achievement

être en cours de réalisation to be under way

3. DROIT [d'un contrat] fulfilment

COMMERCE [d'une vente] clinching, closing

FINANCE [liquidation] realization

4. CINÉMA & TÉLÉVISION [mise en scène] directing, filmmaking

[film] production, film (UK), movie (US)

‘réalisation (de) George Cukor’ ‘directed by George Cukor’

la réalisation de ce film coûterait trop cher making this film would cost too much

5. RADIO [émission] production

[enregistrement] recording

à la réalisation, Fred X sound engineer, Fred X

6. MUSIQUE realization

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > réalisation
15 De Forest, Lee

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA

d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA

[br]

American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.

[br]

De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.

Bibliography

1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).

1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).

De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.

Further Reading

G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).

I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).

E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).

W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.

C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.

V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.

KF / JW

Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee
16 Straßenbau

Straßenbau m WIWI road building, road construction
* * *

m <Vw> road building, road construction

* * *
Straßenbau
road building, road-making, road (highway) construction (engineering);
• Straßenbauamt overseers of highways, Road Board (Br.), highways department;
• Straßenbauarbeiten road-works in progress;
• Straßenbaubehörde highway authority;
• Straßenbaubezirk highway parish;
• Straßenbauetat road budget;
• Straßenbaufonds road (Br.) (road-building) fund;
• Straßenbauingenieur highway engineer;
• Straßenbaukosten cost of roadbuilding;
• Straßenbauprogramm road[-building] program(me);
• Straßenbauunternehmen road builder (contractor);
• Straßenbauverband road district;
• Straßenbauwesen highway engineering.

Business german-english dictionary > Straßenbau
17 Verkaufsgebühr

Verkaufsgebühr
sales charge;
• Verkaufsgegenstand item, article of sale;
• Verkaufsgegenstände saleswork;
• Verkaufsgegenstand beschädigen to injure an article of merchandise;
• Verkaufsgehilfe shopmate;
• Verkaufsgelände sales location;
• Verkaufsgelegenheit sales opportunity;
• günstige Verkaufsgelegenheit vorübergehen lassen to lose a market;
• Verkaufsgemeinschaft sales combine (group), merketing association;
• Verkaufsgenehmigung sales permit, licence to sell;
• Verkaufsgenie star (top) salesman;
• Verkaufsgenossenschaft cooperative selling (sales) association, marketing cooperative, (Landwirte) producer cooperative;
• Verkaufsgerüchte rumo(u)rs of a bid;
• Verkaufsgeschäfte vermitteln to negotiate contracts of sale;
• Verkaufsgesellschaft sales association (company), agency company, distributing agency;
• Verkaufsgesellschaft von Firmenmänteln shell company;
• Verkaufsgesichtspunkt sales approach (angle);
• Verkaufsgesichtspunkte selling points;
• Verkaufsgespräch sales (dealer’s) talk, selling conversation, sales interview;
• Verkaufsgewandtheit [personal] salesmanship;
• Verkaufsgewicht selling weight;
• Verkaufsgewinn sales profit;
• Verkaufsgewohnheit selling habit;
• Verkaufsgrenze sales limit;
• Verkaufsgrundlage sales base;
• Verkaufsgruppe sales team;
• Verkaufshandbuch sales manual;
• Verkaufsherrichtung adapting for sale;
• Verkaufshilfe (Werbung) selling (display, dealer) aid, sales tool, promotion matter, visual;
• audiovisuelle Verkaufshilfen audiovisual aids;
• Verkaufshinweis sales notice;
• Verkaufsidee sales idea;
• Verkaufsimpuls sales incentive (stimulant);
• Verkaufsindex retail-price index;
• Verkaufsingenieur sales[man] engineer, technical sales representative;
• Verkaufsinserat advertisement of a sale;
• Verkaufsinstrument sales instrument;
• Verkaufsinteresse selling interest, inclination to sell;
• Verkaufsinterview sales interview;
• Verkaufsjahr sales year;
• Verkaufsjournal sales register;
• Verkaufskalkulation sales estimate;
• Verkaufskampagne sales campaign;
• neue Verkaufskanäle new remarketing channels;
• Verkaufskanone top (star) salesman;
• Verkaufskartell sales syndicate, price ring;
• Verkaufskatalog sale catalog(ue), shopping guide;
• derzeit gültiger Verkaufskatalog current catalog(ue);
• Verkaufsklima sales climate, market atmosphere;
• Verkaufskommission selling brokerage, commission on sales effected;
• Verkaufskommissionär selling agent, factor;
• Verkaufskonsortium (Emission) selling group, underwriting (selling) syndicate;
• Verkaufskontingent sales contingent (quota);
• regionales Verkaufskontingent territory quota;
• Verkaufskontingentierung rationing of sales;
• Verkaufskonto trading account, account sales;
• Verkaufskontor selling agency;
• Verkaufskontrolle sales progress control, orderly marketing (US);
• Verkaufskonzeption marketing conception;
• Verkaufskonzession für etw. haben to be licensed to sell s. th.;
• Verkaufskosten selling costs, sales (selling) expense, cost of sales, (Versicherungsgesellschaft) acquisition cost (expense);
• unmittelbare Verkaufskosten direct selling costs;
• Verkaufs-, Verwaltungs- und allgemeine Kosten (Bilanz) administrative and general selling expenses (US);
• Verkaufskraft shop assistant;
• Verkaufskräfte shop staff, salespeople (US);
• Verkaufskunst selling technique, salesmanship;
• Verkaufskurs asked price, (Devisen) selling rate;
• Verkaufskurs ohne Deckungserhöhung (Börse) exhaust price (US);
• Verkaufskurve sales curve (chart), distribution curve;
• Verkaufsladen shop (Br.), store (US);
• betriebseigener (werkseigener) Verkaufsladen own (industrial) retail store (shop);
• an eine Firma gebundener Verkaufsladen tie-up shop;
• Verkaufslager stock, depot (Br.);
• Verkaufsland country of origin;
• Verkaufslawine avalanche of selling;
• Verkaufslehrgang sales training course;
• Verkaufsleistung sales (market) performance, sales vigo(u)r;
• Verkaufsleiter sales executive (supervisor, manager, promoter), director of sales, (Markenartikel) brand manager;
• einfallsreicher Verkaufsleiter aggressive sales manager;
• Verkaufsleitung sales management;
• Verkaufslenkung sales control, control of the market;
• Verkaufslimit selling limit;
• Verkaufsliste sales list;
• Verkaufsliteratur sales literature;
• Verkaufslizenz licence to sell, selling licence;
• Verkaufslokal salesroom;
• Verkaufslücke sales lag;
• Verkaufsmakler selling broker;
• Verkaufsmannschaft sales force (US);
• Verkaufsmarge profit margin;
• Verkaufsmarkt market, outlet;
• Verkaufsmesse fair.

Business german-english dictionary > Verkaufsgebühr
18 p|ójść

pf (pójdę, pójdziesz, poszedł, poszła, poszli) Ⅰ vi 1. (skierować się) to go, to walk
- pójść do domu to go home

- pójść na skróty to take a short cut także przen.

- pójść na przełaj to walk cross-country

- pójść szybkim/wolnym krokiem w kierunku czegoś to walk fast/slowly towards sth
2. (wyjść) to go
- już (sobie) poszedł he’s already gone
3. (wybrać się) to go
- pójść do kogoś z wizytą to visit sb

- pójść do kogoś na skargę to go to complain to sb

- pójść do kogoś po radę to go to sb for advice

- pójść do kina/teatru/kościoła to go to the cinema/the theatre/church

- pójść do lekarza/dentysty to go to the doctor’s/the dentist’s

- pójść na spacer/wycieczkę to go for a walk/a trip

- pójść na zakupy to go shopping

- pójść na koncert/wystawę to go to a concert/an exhibition

- pójść na grzyby/ryby/polowanie to go mushroom picking/fishing/hunting

- pójść spać to go to bed

- pójść popływać to go swimming

- pójść pograć w tenisa/spotkać się z kimś/zobaczyć coś to go to play tennis/meet sb/see sth

- pójdę umyć ręce/się ubrać I’ll go and wash my hands/get dressed

- pójść po piwo/chleb to go to get a. to go for some beer/bread

- pójść po krzesło/drabinę to go to fetch a. to go and fetch a chair/ladder

- pójść z kimś do łóżka to go to bed with sb
4. (rozpocząć nowy okres w życiu) to go
- pójść do szpitala/więzienia to go to hospital/prison

- pójść na operację to go for an operation

- pójść pod sąd [przestępca] to be brought to justice; [żołnierz] to be court-marshalled

- pójść na wojnę to go to war

- pójść do wojska (dobrowolnie) to join the army; (z poboru) to be called up (to the army)

- pójść do klasztoru to enter a monastery/a convent

- pójść na uniwersytet a. studia/do szkoły to go to college/school

- pójść na prawo/medycynę to go to study law/medicine

- pójść na księdza/inżyniera pot. to become a priest/engineer

- pójść w dyrektory/ministry pot. to become a manager/minister

- pójść na emeryturę to retire

- pójść na urlop/zwolnienie to go on holiday/to take sick leave

- pójść do niewoli to be taken prisoner

- pójść na wygnanie to go into exile

- pójść za mąż [kobieta] to get married

- pójść na bruk (stracić mieszkanie) to be thrown out on the street; (stracić pracę) to be thrown out of work
5. (rozpocząć czynność) pójść do ataku to attack
- pójść w tany to start dancing
6. (postąpić według wzoru) pójść za czyimś przykładem/czyjąś radą to follow sb’s example/advice
- pójść w czyjeś ślady to follow in sb’s footsteps

- nie wiedzieli, w jakim kierunku mają pójść they didn’t know which way to go
7. (odbyć się) to go
- jak ci poszło? how did it go?

- wszystko poszło dobrze/zgodnie z planem everything went well/according to plan

- cała akcja poszła jak z płatka a. jak po maśle the whole operation went like clockwork

- nie poszło jej na egzaminie she didn’t do too well in the exam

- łatwo się zrażał, jak coś mu nie poszło he was easily put off

- jak tak dalej pójdzie… the way things are going…

- jeżeli wszystko dobrze pójdzie… if everything goes well…

- a jeżeli coś pójdzie nie tak? what if something goes wrong?
8. (zostać wysłanym) to go
- paczka już poszła the parcel has already been sent

- poszła depesza do Warszawy a telegram was dispatched to Warsaw

- po okolicy poszła wiadomość, że… the rumour spread locally that…
9. (przemieścić się) to go
- pójść na dno [statek] to go down

- balon poszedł w górę the balloon went up

- kula poszła bokiem the bullet went wide

- śmiech poszedł po sali a roar of laughter went round the hall
10. (pociec) [woda] to run
- krew mu poszła z nosa blood ran from his nose
11. pot. (zostać sprzedanym) to go
- obraz poszedł za sto tysięcy the painting went for a hundred thousand

- wszystkie egzemplarze już poszły all copies have sold
12. (zostać zużytym, wykorzystanym) wszystkie pieniądze poszły na… all the money went on…
- poszły już wszystkie pieniądze the money has all gone

- poszło na to strasznie dużo cukru an awful lot of sugar was put into it
13. (zostać umieszczonym, poprowadzonym) ulica pójdzie dołem/tunelem the street will run underneath/in a tunnel
- kanapa poszła na górę/na strych the sofa went upstairs/to the attic; (nastąpić) po hymnie poszły przemówienia pot. the anthem was followed by the speeches
14. (zmienić się) pójść w górę/w dół [cena, wartość] to go up/down
- pójść naprzód [nauka, medycyna] to advance
15. (zostać opublikowanym) pójść na antenie [reklama, rozmowa] to be put on the air
- artykuł poszedł w całości the article was printed in full
16. (zgodzić się) to agree
- pójść na coś to agree to sth

- pójść na kompromis w sprawie czegoś to compromise on sth

- pójść na ustępstwa wobec kogoś to make concessions to sb

- pójść na współpracę to agree to cooperate
17. pot. (zepsuć się) [żarówka, pasek, bezpiecznik, dach] to go
- poszła nam opona we got a flat tyre

- poszło jej oczko w pończochach her stocking has laddered
Ⅱ v imp. (być powodem kłótni) o co im poszło? why did they fall out
- poszło im o jakiś drobiazg they fell out over some trifle

■ pójść na szubienicę to go to the scaffold

- pójść na złom/na śmietnik to be scrapped/thrown away

- pójść na bok a. w kąt to be put aside

- pójść w drzazgi/strzępy to be smashed into matchwood/ripped to shreds

- pójść z dymem to go up in smoke

- wszystko poszło na jego konto (zasługi) he took all the credit; (winy) he got all the blame

- pójść za głosem serca to follow one’s heart

- pójść za postępem to keep up with progress

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > p|ójść
19 Albert, Prince Consort

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 26 August 1819 The Rosenau, near Coburg, Germany

d. 14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, England

[br]

German/British polymath and Prince Consort to Queen Victoria.

[br]

Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.

Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.

In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.

[br]

Further Reading

Sir Theodore Martin, 1875–80, The Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort, 5 vols, London; German edn 1876; French edn 1883 (the classic life of the Prince).

R.R.James, 1983, Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton (the standard modern biography).

L.R.Day, 1989, "Resources for the study of the history of technology in the Science Museum Library", IATUL Quarterly 3:122–39 (provides a short account of the rise of South Kensington and its institutions).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Albert, Prince Consort
20 Fabre, Henri

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 29 November 1882 Marseilles, France

d. June 1984 France

[br]

French engineer, designer of the first seaplane, in which he made the first flight from water.

[br]

After obtaining a degree in engineering, Fabre specialized in hydrodynamics. Around 1904 he developed an interest in flying and followed the progress of early French aviators such as Archdeacon, Voisin and Blériot who were experimenting with float-gliders. Fabre carried out many experiments during the following years, including airflow tests on various surfaces and hydrodynamic tests on different designs for floats. He also built a propeller-driven motor car to develop the most efficient design for a propeller. In 1909 he built his first "hydro-aeroplane", but it failed to fly. By March 1910 he built a new float plane which was very different from contemporary French aeroplanes. It was a tail-first (canard) monoplane and had unusual Warren girder spars exposed to the airstream. The engine was a conventional Gnome rotary mounted at the rear of the machine. On 28 March 1910 Fabre, who had no previous experience of flying, decided he was ready to test his hydro-aeroplane. First he made several straight runs to test the planing properties of his three floats, then he made several short hops. In the afternoon Fabre took off from the harbour at La Mède near Marseille before official witnesses: he was able to claim the first flight by a powered seaplane. His hydro-aeroplane is preserved in the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris.

Despite several accidents, Fabre continued to improve his design and in October of 1910 Glenn Curtiss, the American designer, visited Fabre to compare notes. A year later Curtiss built the first of his many successful seaplanes. Fabre did not continue as an aircraft designer, but he went on to design and manufacture floats for other people.

[br]

Bibliography

1980, J'ai vu naître l'aviation, Grenoble (autobiography).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Fabre, Henri

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

Progress (Big Youth album) — Infobox Album | Name = Progress Type = Album Artist = Big Youth Released = 1979 Recorded = Genre = Reggae Length = Label = Nicola Delita Producer = Big Youth | Reviews = | Last album = Isaiah First Prophet Of Old (1978) This album = Progress… … Wikipedia
Engineer In Transition — The Engineer In Transition (A.K.A. E.I.T.) program, at Rockwell Automation (formerly Allen Bradley) is a 6 month training program for newly hired Engineers. [ [http://www.controldesign.com/articles/2008/037.html?page=2 Industrial Automation… … Wikipedia
progress certificate — A certificate issued by an architect or engineer during the course of construction of a building or other improvement, prepared for the information of the owner concerning performance by the contractor, particularly in reference to payments to be … Ballentine's law dictionary
332nd Engineer General Service Regiment (United States) — Infobox Military Unit unit name=332nd Engineer General Service Regiment caption=332nd Engineer General Service Regiment dates=May 6 1942 to January 28 1947 June 1950 to August 1953 country=United States of America branch=Army type=Engineer… … Wikipedia
Investment specific technological progress — refers to progress that requires investment in new equipment and structures embodying the latest technology in order to realize its benefits.IntroductionTo model how something is produced, think of a box that in one end takes in inputs such as… … Wikipedia
Order of the Engineer — An engineer receiving his ring in a ceremony at Wayne State University. The Order of the Engineer is an association for graduate and professional engineers in the United States that emphasizes pride and responsibility in the engineering… … Wikipedia
Savage Progress — Infobox musical artist | Name = Savage Progress Img capt = Savage Progress Heart Begin To Beat 12 single cover (reverse) From top: Kenton, Morant, Isaacs, Edge. Img size = Background = group or band Birth name = Alias = Born = Died = Origin =… … Wikipedia
Mud engineer — A mud engineer (correctly called a Drilling Fluids Engineer, but most often referred to as the Mud Man ) works on an oil well or gas well drilling rig, and is responsible ensuring the properties of the drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud,… … Wikipedia
John Coode (engineer) — Infobox Engineer image width = 150px caption = A woodcut of John Coode made after his death name = John Coode nationality = English birth date = November 11 1816 birth place = Bodmin, Cornwall death date = Death date and age|1892|3|2|1816|11|11… … Wikipedia
George Rennie (engineer) — George Rennie (3 December 1791 ndash; 30 March, 1866) was an engineer born in London, England. He was the son of the Scottish engineer John Rennie and the brother of Sir John Rennie.Born in the parish of Christchurch, Blackfriars Road, London, on … Wikipedia
certificate of architect or engineer — A formal approval in writing by architect or engineer of the performance by the contractor under a building contract, usually required under the terms of a building or construction contract as a condition of the contractor s right to compensation … Ballentine's law dictionary

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

progress+engineer

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на английский

progress+engineer

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: