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process+control+equipment

  • 81 Steuerung

    f
    1. (Tätigkeit) steering; FLUG. piloting; TECH., ETECH., allg. und fig. control; der Steuerung bedürfen fig. need guidance
    2. (Vorrichtung) control system; MOT. (Lenkung) steering; FLUG. controls Pl.
    * * *
    die Steuerung
    steerage; control; drive; steering; timing
    * * *
    Steu|e|rung ['ʃtɔyərʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    1) no pl (= das Steuern) (von Schiff) steering, navigation; (von Flugzeug) piloting, flying; (fig) (von Politik, Wirtschaft) running, control, management; (COMPUT) control; (= Regulierung) control, regulation; (= Bekämpfung) control
    2) (= Steuervorrichtung) (AVIAT) controls pl; (TECH) steering apparatus or mechanism; (elektronisch) control

    automatische Stéúerung (Aviat) — automatic pilot, autopilot; (Tech) automatic steering (device)

    * * *
    (the equipment or apparatus for steering a ship or car etc: The steering is faulty.) steering
    * * *
    Steu·e·rung1
    <->
    f kein pl (Regulierung) control no indef art, no pl
    die \Steuerung des Produktionsprozesses erfolgt von diesem Raum aus the production process is steered [or controlled] from this room
    \Steuerung der Geldmenge ÖKON control of the money supply
    Steu·e·rung2
    <-, -en>
    f
    die \Steuerung [einer S. gen [o von etw dat]]
    1. LUFT piloting [or flying] [sth] no art, no pl
    die \Steuerung übernehmen to take over control
    2. NAUT steering [sth] no art, no pl
    * * *
    die; Steuerung, Steuerungen
    1) (System) controls pl.
    2) o. Pl. s. steuern 1. 1), 3), 4): steering; piloting; flying; control; regulation; steering; influencing
    * * *
    1. (Tätigkeit) steering; FLUG piloting; TECH, ELEK, allg und fig control;
    der Steuerung bedürfen fig need guidance
    2. (Vorrichtung) control system; AUTO (Lenkung) steering; FLUG controls pl
    * * *
    die; Steuerung, Steuerungen
    1) (System) controls pl.
    2) o. Pl. s. steuern 1. 1), 3), 4): steering; piloting; flying; control; regulation; steering; influencing
    * * *
    (Flugzeug) f.
    piloting n. f.
    control n.
    control system n.
    controls n.
    drive n.
    steerage n.
    steering n.
    supervision n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Steuerung

  • 82 digital

    1 adj
    COMP&DP digital
    ELECTRON digital, numérico
    2

    English-Spanish technical dictionary > digital

  • 83 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 84 блок


    unit, block;
    - (агрегат)unit
    - (ролик, тросовый) — pulley
    - (такелажный, погрузочный) — pulley block
    - а, д, е (бытовых приборов) — unit а, d, е
    - аварийных и предупреждающих сигналов (бап) — warning/caution signal unit
    - автоматики (ба, инерц. сист.) — automatic control unit
    - автоматического триммирования (бат), автотриммирования — autotrim control unit
    -, антенно-электронный — antenna/electronic unit
    - баланса (электрического баланса, системы сп-50) — balance control unit
    -, балансировки (бб) — stable platform gyro bias drift
    дпя компенсации систематической составляющей собственного дрейфа гироскопов гироплатформы по трем осям. — compensator
    - ввода начальных данных (пв, инерциальной системы) — control display unit (cdu)
    - воздушных параметров (бвп)air data unit
    -, "врубной" — plug-in unit
    - bcmb (системы cbc, вычислитепь скорости, чиспа м и высоты) — air data computer
    -, вычислительно-усилительный (вуб, инерциальной системы) — computer-amplifier unit
    - гиромагнитной коррекции (бгмк) — gyro/mag monitor
    -, гидравлический — hydraulic unit (pack)
    - датчиков угловых скоростей — rate gyro unit /group/
    - демпфирующих гироскоповrate gyro unit
    - дистанционной (дискретной) коррекции (бдк)navigation computer correction selector
    задатчик, устанавливаемый на приборной доске и служащий для компенсации систематической погрешности курсовой системы или цепи счисления пути в нав. вычислитепь (нву) (рис. 69). — selector is installed on сopilot's instrument panel, and is used to compensate systematic errors оf compass system or а/с position reckoning circuit in navigation computer.
    - добавочного сопротивления (для ограничения токов в цепи якоря электродвигателя.) — additional resistance unit
    - заданной информации по траектории полетаflight path data storage unit (fdsu)
    - задатчика скорости (приборной)ias selector unit
    - задающий (в сист. управления) — master unit
    - зажиганияignition unit
    -, законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - защиты двигателя (бзд)engine protection unit
    - защиты и управления (бзу)protection and control unit
    -, инерциально-навигационный (с гироплатформой) — inertial navigation unit (inu)
    - искрогашения (рад.) — spark quench unit
    -, исполнительный — actuating unit
    - камеры сгоранияcombustion section
    - кислородного питания, переносной — portable oxygen unit
    - кислородного питания (бкп), переносной (аварийный баллон с редуктором и манометром) — (emergency) portable /walkaround/ oxygen cylinder
    - кислородного питания (бкп), стационарный — oxygen supply cylinder (unit)
    - кислородного оборудования (бко состоит из укладочного блока и кислородной маски) — oxygen unit
    - коммутацииswitching unit
    - коммутации навигационного оборудования (бкн)navigation equipment switching unit
    - коммутации шин (автомат переключения шин)bus tie relay (unit)
    -, конструктивно-законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - контроляmonitor
    - контроля (переносного типа "тестер") — tester
    - контроля исправности (системы) — (system) integrity monitor /monitoring unit/
    - контроля кренов (бкк) (сравнивает углы крена и тангажа, индицируемые на обоих пкп и измеряемые резервной курсовертикалью, и при необходимости вырабатывает сигнал отказа.) — attitude monitor (атт mntr)
    - коррекции и связи (бкс, инерциальной навигационной системы) — coupler
    - кресел (пассажирских)seat unit
    - кресел, двухместный — double-place seat unit
    - кресел, трехместный — triple-place seat unit
    -, легкосъемный (со штырьевым разъемом) — plug-and-socket quick release unit
    - масляных насосов (маслоагрегат)oil pump block
    -, модульный — module
    - на твердых схемах (электронный) — solid state circuitry unit (all-solid state circuitry is used in many key chassis areas.)
    - наведения (бн)guidance unit
    в системе сау для управления механизмом триммерного эффекта продольного канала. — directs an aircraft with referеncе 'to selection of a flight path.
    -, натяжной (для регулирования натяжения тросовой проводки) — cable tensioning pulley
    -, натяжной (оттяжной, тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
    - неуправляемых ракет (подвесной)rocket pod
    - ограничения режимов (автопилота, бор) — mode limiter
    - опасной высоты (автопилота,бов) — preselected radio altitude unit
    - оперативной памяти (устройство) — random-access memory (ram) ram output data is transferred on the memory bus.
    - (иммитации) отказов (системы сау)failure simulator
    - отключения генератора (бог)generator cut-out unit
    -, оттяжной (тросовой проводки) — idle pulley block
    - очередности (очереди работы озу) — queue control block (а block that is used to regulate the sequential use of a programmer.)
    - памяти (внешней)storage unit
    - памяти воздушных сигналовair data storage unit
    - передачи данныхdata transmitter
    -, перекидной (роликовый) — guide pulley block
    - переключения потребителей (бпп)load monitor relay (unit) (lmr)
    - переключения шин (автомат)bus tie relay unit (btr)
    - перекрестных связей (бпс)cross-coupling unit
    - питанияpower unit
    - питания потребителей (бпп)power unit
    - пластин (аккумулятора), отрицательный — negative plate group
    - пластин (аккумулятора), положительный — positive plate group
    -, погрузочный (тросовой проводки с лебедкой) — (cargo) loading /handling/ pulley block
    - подрыва (сро)destructor (unit)
    - подшипника, внутренний — bearing inner race and cage assembly
    -, полностью собранный на транзисторах — all-transistorized unit
    - полупроводниковых приборов(бпп)semiconductor module
    - постоянной памяти (устройство) — read-only memory (rom) rom output data is transferred on the memory bus.
    - постоянной памяти (внешнее устройство)permanent storage
    - преобразования (системы свс)converter
    - преобразования сигналов (системы мсрп)signal conditioning unit
    - приема данныхdata receiver
    - приема и обработки сигналов (навигац.системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
    -,приемо-вычислительный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu)
    -,приемо-процессорный (системы "омега") — receiver processor unit (rpu) contains the circuitry to process the received omega and vlf signals.
    -, процессорно-вычислительный (пb, системы "омега") — receiver-processor unit (rpu)
    - разовых команд (брк)event signal unit
    - распределения углов (бру, крена, курса, тангажа инерциальной системы) — pitch, roll and heading angular information distributor (used to transfer pitch, roll and heading angular information to respective systems.)
    - растормаживания (блок тормоза)brake retraction mechanism
    - реактивных орудий (подвесной)rocket pod
    - регулирования частоты генератора (брч)generator frequency control unit
    - регулировочно-коммутационный (автопилота)coupler
    - речевой информации (ри)voice warning unit (vwu)
    - речевых команд (брк)voice warding unit (vwu)
    - (2-х) роликовый(twin) pulley block
    -,рулевой (рб,автопилота) — servo (unit)
    - ручного триммированияmanual trim control unit
    - связи — coupling unit, coupler
    -, связи аналого-цифровой (ацбс) — analog-digital coupler
    служит для преобразования входных данных в цифровой код и цифрового кода в выходные данные. — converts input data into digital code, and then digital code into output signals.
    - связи, антенный (системы "омега") — antenna coupler (acu)
    - связи низкой частоты доплеровского измерителя скорости и сносаdoppler lf coupler
    - связи с антеннойantenna coupler unit
    - связи с курсовой системой — compass system coupling unit /coupler/
    - связи с радиолокационным оборудованием — radar coupling unit /coupler/
    - сигнализации нарушения питания (снп)power fail relay (unit)
    - сигнализации предельных кренов (бспк для включения табло крен лев (прав) велик) — limit bank warn(ing) unit (to operate high l(r) bank annunciators)
    - сигналов отказа (бсо)failure signal unit
    - сидений (кресел, двух-трехместный) — (double-, triple-place) seat unit
    - скоростных гироскопов — rate gyro unit/group/
    - собранный на транзисторахtransistorized unit
    - согласования (автопилота)synchronizer
    - согласования (сарпп)signal conditioning unit
    - согласования (сист. высотноскоростных параметров) — synchronizer
    - согласования курса (бск, сист. бскв) — heading synchronizer
    - согласующих устройств (бсу, системы мсрп) — signal conditioning unit
    - сопряжения антенн (системы омега)antenna coupler unit (acu)
    - специализированного питания (бсп, инерциональной системы) — power unit
    - сравненияcomparator
    - сравнения гировертикалей (бсг) — vertical gyro comparator, vg comparator
    - сравнения сигналов компасовcompass signal comparator
    - страницpage block

    а normal blank page within a page block (e.g. the back of a fold-out page) shall be identified as follows. pages 823/824 (ata-1oo, 1-1-1, p.2)
    - страниц раздела технология обслуживания, включает: обслуживание (стр. 301-400) демонтаж/монтаж (стр. 401-500) регулировка/испытание (стр. 501-600) осмотр/проверка (стр. 601-700) очистка/окраска (стр. 701-800) 1 текущий ремонт (стр. 801-900) — maintenance practices page number blocks are as follows: servicing (pages 301-400) removal/installation (401-500) adjustment/test (501-600) inspection/check (601-700) cleaning/painting (701-800) approved repairs (801-900)
    - страниц, стандартный — standard page number block

    standard page number blocks to be used for the maintenance manual are as follows:
    (напр. описание и работа стр. 1-1oo — description and operation, pages 1 to 100
    отыскание неисправности стр. 101-200 и т.д.) — trouble shooting, pages 101-200

    maintenance practices, pages 201-300 servicing pages 301-400 (ata-1oo, 2-1-1 p.2)
    - суммарного измерения (топливомера (бси)fuel quantity totalizer
    - суммарной сигнализации (топливомера) (бсс)total fuel indication unit
    - (-) схемаblock diagram
    блок-схемы используются в описательной части руководств для общего ознакомления с работой и соединениями сложной эпектрической или электронной системы (рис. 95). — the block diagram shall be used in the descriptive portion of the manuals to simplify complex circuits to understand the system function and operation.
    - (-) схема (подрисуночная надпись, напр. "блоксхема доплеровекого измерителя) — block schematic туре 72 doppler - block schematic
    - топливомера (электронный)fuel quantity unit
    - тормоза (колеса)brake unit
    - траекторного управления (бту системы сту) — flight director unit, fd unit
    - трансформаторно-выпрямительный — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, tru, t/r;
    -, укладочный (для кислородной маски и шланга) — (oxygen mask) container
    -, унифицированный (уб для pc) — rocket pod (rkt pod)
    - управленияcontrol unit
    - управления и индикации (нав. сист. "омега") — control display unit (cdu)
    - управления и индикации расстояния до пункта назначения и отклонения от курса — along/across track display controller
    - управления сигнализациейwarning system control unit
    - усилителя сервопривода крена (бус крена)aileron servo amplifier (unit)
    - усилителя сервопривода тангажа (бус тангажа)elevator servo amplifier (unit)
    - усилителей сервоприводов (бус, автопилота) — servo amplifier unit, autopilot amplifier unit

    provides power outputs to drive the control surface servos.
    -, усилительный (автопилота) — autopilot amplifier
    -, усилительный, крена (тангажа, рыскания) — roll (pitch, yaw) channel amplifier unit
    - формирования (сигналов) и контроляsignal conditioning and monitor unit
    бфк, формирует сигналы h, m, vпр) и вырабат. сигналы отказа датчиков
    -, функционально-законченный — definite-purpose unit
    - центровки самолета (сист. топливомера) (бцс) — fuel equalizer
    - цилиндровcylinder block
    соединение нескольких цилиндров в общем конструктивном узле
    - цилиндров (тормоза колеса) (рис. 32) — cylinder block
    силовой узел тормоза, воздействующий при подаче давления на нажимной диск, сжимающий тормозные (вращающиеся и неподвижные) диски, — the two sets of four piston and cylinder assemblies are incorporated in the torque plate of the cylinder block to provide fully dupplicated and independent application of brake.
    - чередования фаз (бчф)phase-sequence (relay) unit
    - электроники (бэ, инерц. сист.) — electronic unit

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > блок

  • 85 работа


    work
    (выполняемая человеком или совершаемая машиной) — instructions for accomplishing the work.
    указания no выполнению работ(ы). содержание работы, тепловая энергия горячего воздуха, подаваемого в турбохолодильник, преобразуется в работу, вызывая охлажние воздуха на выходе из tх — description of work. h energy passing through the cooling turbine is converted into work, thus causing a temperature drop across the turbine.
    - (нагруженного элемента конструкции)stress carrying
    "-" (надпись у выключателя противопожарной системы) — (fire) agent arm
    - (обрабатываемая заготовка или деталь) тиски применяются для зажима обрабатываемого материала или работы. — job. vices are used to grip firmly the material or job upon which work is being done.
    "-" (положение рычага останова двигателя) — run, fuel on, open
    "-" (режим работы навигационной инерциальной системы) — navigate (nav) mode. set the ins mode selector switch to nav position.
    - (фунхционирование, действие, операция) — operation, action
    данная глава содержит щие сведения о принципе работы насоса. — this chapter contains general information on principle of the pump operation.
    - абсу в штурвальном рожимеafcs operation under manual control
    -, автоматическая — automatic operation
    -, автоматическая (двигателя после нар) — (engine) governed run
    - агрегатаunit operation
    -, безотказная (бееперебой — trouble-free operation
    -, бесшумная — noise-free operation
    - в автоматическом режимеautomatic operation
    - (выполняемая) в заводских условиях или в мастерскихshop work
    инструкции по ремонту составлены для механизмов, выполняющих работу в стационарных мастерских, а не дпя механиков-эксплуатационников. — the overhaul instructions are prepared for mechanic who normally performs shop work and not for the aircraft service mechanic.
    -, внерегламентная — unscheduled maintenance check
    -, внеочередная регламентная — unscheduled maintenance check
    - в ручном режимеmanual operation
    - выполняемая при нахождении самолета вне эксплуатации сроком до (одного) mесяца — maintenance of aircraft during an inaction period of (one) month
    -, выполняемая своими силами (на своих базах) — work accomplished "in house"
    работа, выполняется своими силами, вместо того, чтобы выполнять эту работу силами изготовителя. — work accomplished in house versus "return to vendor" philosophy.
    - генераторов, непараллельная — unparalleled operation of generators
    - генераторов, непараллельная (табло) — unparalleled generators: generators unparalleled (gen unparl'd)
    - генераторов, параллельная — paralleled operation of generators, generators operating paral leled
    - генераторов, параллельная (табло) — paralleled generators, generators paralleled (gen parl'd)
    - генераторов, раздельная (в отличие от параллельной) — independent operation of generators
    - двигателя — engine operation /running/
    работа двигателя во всем диапазоне эксплуатационных (полетных) режимов, — the engine operation throughout the flight power range.
    - двигателя (этап)engine run
    30-часовой этап работы двигателя на чередующихся режимах: взлетном и мпр. — 30-hour run (of engine) consisting of alternate periods at takeoff power and at maximum cruising power.
    -, заключительная — conclusive operation
    - летчика (нагрузка)pilot work load
    наличие автоматического включения реверса тяги облегчает работу летчика при посадке, — installation of automatic thrust reversal control reduces pilot work load during landing.
    - на большом газе (двиг.) — engine run /operation/ at full throttle
    - на валуshaft work
    - на взлетном режиме (двиг.) — (engine) operation at takeoff power, takeoff power operation
    -, надежная — reliable /dependable/ operation
    - на завышенных оборотах (двиг.) (этап испытаний) — overspeed run
    работа двигателя на завыщенных оборотах должна чередоваться с работой на стабилизирующих режимах. — the overspeed runs must be alternated with stabilizing runs.
    - на максимальном продолжительном режиме (мпр) (двиг.) — engine operation at maximum continuous power
    - на малом газе (двиг.) — (engine) operation at idle power, idling
    работа на возможно малых оборотах, не приводящая к останову двигателя, — engine running at lowest speed possible, without stopping.
    - на малых оборотах (двиг.) — engine low speed operation
    - на "номинальном" режиме (на mпp) (двиг.) — (engine) operation at maximum continuous power
    - (вертолета) на привязи(helicopter) tie-down run
    -, научно-исследовательская — research work
    -, на холостом ходу (двиг.) — idling
    -, непрерывная — continuous operation
    -, неустойчивая — unstable operation
    -, осмотровая — inspection
    -, плановая (оперативная по регламенту техобслуживания) — line maintenance
    -, погрузочно-разгрузочная — cargo handling (operation)
    -, подготовительная работа по подготовке обо_ рудования к установке на ла. — preparatory procedure
    -, полезная — useful work
    - по разработке бортового оборудования лаdevelopment work on airborne equipment
    - по техническому обслуживанию (осмотру) — inspection and maintenance work /action/
    -, профилактическая (техобслуживания) — preventive maintenance operation
    -, регламентная — scheduled maintenance action /check, inspection/
    выполнение программы надежности является лучшим методом для обеспечения надежности работы систем в периоды между регламентными работами. — the reliability program is the best method of controlling the interval between scheduled maintenance actions.
    -, регламентная (50-) часовая — (50-)hour scheduled maintenance check
    -, регламентная (50-) часовая (в летных часах) — (50-)flight hour (fh) maintenаncе cheek
    -, ремонтная (текущий ремонт) — repair work
    -, совместная — work in unison

    systems operate conjointly or in unison.
    -, с перебоями (двиг.) — rough (engine) operation
    двигатель работает с перебоями при неисправности системы зажигания или питания топливом, — an engine that is running or firing unevenly, usually due to а faulty condition in either the fuel or ignition systems.
    -, строго регламентированная — hard-time (ht) process /action/
    вид профилактической технической проверки в результате которой изделие (агрегат) должен быть снят с самолета и направлен в ремонт до истечения срока регламентных работ по данному изделию, — нт is а failure preventive primary maintenance (overhaul control) process which requires that the item be removed from the airplane and overhauled (or replaced) before exceeding the specified time (interval).
    - схемы (раздел описания работы электр. схемы системы блока и т.п.) — detailed circuit description
    -, текущая — current work
    -, типовая — routine
    - "уравновешивающая" (этап испытаний двиг.) — stabilizing run
    работа двигателя на повышенном режиме должна чередоваться е работой на уравновешивающем режиме. — overspeed runs must be alternated with stabilizing runs.
    - установившаясяsteady operation
    -, устойчивая — stable operation
    -, экспериментальная — experimental work
    .нарушение нормальной р. (агрегата системы) — malfunction
    объем р. — scope of work
    описание и р. (раздел руководства) — description and operation
    порядок выполнения р. (раздел бюллетеня) — accomplishment instructions
    при р. с (на) прибором, (самелете) — when working on indicator (airplane)
    схема р. — functional diagram
    часы р. — hours of operation
    выполнять р. — accomplish work
    выполнять р. на агрегате (работать с агрегатом) — perform work on unit
    зажимать р. в тисках — grip а job in the vice
    нарушать нормальную р. (агрегата, системы) — cause malfunction
    проводить р. на /с/... — work оп...

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > работа

  • 86 system

    система; устройство; установка; план, расположение; схема system of forces система сил ablative - абляционная система system active thermal control - система активного терморегулирования system additive injection - устройство для введения добавок system air-return - рециркуляционная система воздушного отопления system aisle - система расположения проходов system alarm and special extinguishing - система пожарной сигнализации и специальные средства пожаротушения system alarm (signal) - аварийная сигнализация; система тревожной сигнализации system alerting and call-out - система тревожной сигнализации и вызова (пожарной команды) system alternate wet and dry pipe - водовоздушная (спринклерная) система пожаротушения system analytic - аналитическая система (система определения степени риска при страховании от огня) system arson (pattern) recognition - система опознавания при стереотипных ситуациях поджога system automatic control - автоматическая система управления system automatic foam - автоматическая система пенного пожаротушения system automatic powder - автоматическая система порошкового пожаротушения system automatic sprinkler - автоматическая спринклерная система пожаротушения system auxiliary fire alarm - резервная или дополнительная система пожарной сигнализации system balanced - of ventilation система приточно-вытяжной вентиляции system base injection - система подачи пены под слой горючего system building hydrant - система пожарных кранов в здании system carbon-dioxide - автоматическая система газового пожаротушения system central communications - центральная система связи system combustion - система сжигания топлива; топливное устройство system command and control - система передачи команд и проверки исполнения system compressed-air - пневматическая система system continuous flow - дыхательный аппарат с постоянной подачей кислорода system continuous pressure - дыхательный аппарат с постоянным давлением в маске system control - система управления или регулирования system cooling - система охлаждения system cooling-equipment - система холодильного оборудования system cooling-water - система водяного охлаждения system coordinate - система координат system deicing - противообледенительная система system delivery - система доставки; подающая система (напр. водопровода) system deluge - спринклерная система пожаротушения с терморегулируемым пуском system detection - система обнаружения; система пожарной сигнализации system detection-suppression - система пожарной сигнализации и пожаротушения system detector - система пожарной сигнализации system detector-actuated automatic sprinkler - автоматическая спринклерная система пожаротушения system diluter-demand oxygen - кислородная система типа «легочный автомат» с подсосом воздуха system disaster control - аварийная система управления system distribution - (водо) распределительная система system double-pipe riser - двухтрубная система со стояками водяного отопления system downward - of ventilation система вентиляции с подачей воздуха в верхней зоне и удалением в нижней зоне помещения system draw-in - of ventilation система приточной вентиляции system dry-chemical extinguishing - (автоматическая) система порошкового пожаротушения system dry-pipe - воздушная наполненная, сухотрубная) система system dry sprinkler - воздушная (не-наполненная) спринклерная система system duplex - дуплексная (двойная) система, система с двумя одновременно работающими независимыми каналами system early-warning - система раннего обнаружения (предупреждения) system ejector - эжекторная система system electrical - электрическая система system electronic foam - система пенного пожаротушения с электронным управлением system emergency escape - система аварийного покидания system emergency lighting - система аварийного освещения system exhaust - of ventilation система вытяжной вентиляции system explosion suppression - система взрывозащиты (топливных баков) system extinguishing - система пожаротушения system feed - система подачи или загрузки; устройство подачи; автомат загрузки system fire - пожарная система; система обеспечения пожарной -безопасности system fire-alarm - система пожарной сигнализации system fire-alarm sounding - система звуковой пожарной сигнализации system fire-attack - система пожаротушения system fire data - система обработки данных о пожарах или поиска справочных данных по пожарной охране system fire-detecting (fire-detector) - система пожарной сигнализации system fire drainage - система пожарного дренирования system fire-extinguisher (fire-extinguishing) - система пожаротушения system fire-fighter - система пожарной охраны system fire management - система управления пожаротушением system fire-prevention - пожарно-профилактическая система system fire-protection - система пожарных мероприятий; служба пожарной охраны system fire-protection water - система пожарного водоснабжения system fire safety - система обеспечения пожарной безопасности; пожарная система system fire-sprinkling - пожарная спринклерная система system fire suppression - система тушения пожара system fire-warning - система пожарной сигнализации system fire wire detection - система пожарной сигнализации с линейными пожарными извещателями system fixed dry chemical extinguishing - стационарная система порошкового пожаротушения system fixed fire-attack - стационарная система пожаротушения system fixed steam smothering - стационарная система парового пожаротушения system flood(ing) - система затопления system foam (-extinguishing) (foam firefighter) - система пенного пожаротушения system foaming - пенообразующая система system foam-mixing - система выработки пены system foam-water sprinkler - спринк-лерная система водопенного тушения system forced drainage - принудительная система пожарного дренирования system forest fire - пожарное устройство лесов, комплекс мероприятий и средств пожарной защиты лесов system fuel dispersal - система аварийного слива топлива system gelled water - система тушения загущенной водой system ground sprinkler - спринклерная система пожаротушения с головками в покрытии пола (для подачи струй огнетушаще-го вещества вверх) system hand-hose - рукавная система пожаротушения system hazard information - система идентификация опасных материалов system heat-detection - система пожарной сигнализации с - тепловыми извещателями system heat-exchange - система теплообмена (теплопередачи) system heat(ing) - система отопления или подогрева system heat-protection - система теплозащиты system heat-responsive - система с тепловым извешателем (датчиком) system heat-sink - теплопоглощающая система; водонаполненная система защиты от пожара; водонаполненные строительные конструкции (напр. балки и колонны) system heat-transfer - система теплообмена (теплопередачи) system heterogeneous - гетерогенная -система system high-perfomance thermal protection - система теплоизоляции с высокими характеристиками system high-pressure - система высокого давления system high-temperature fatigue test - установка для испытаний на выносливость при высоких температурах system high-temperature thermal-protection - высокотемпературная защитная система system high-temperature warning - система сигнализации перегрева system homogeneous - гомогенная система system hose - рукавная система (пожаротушения) system hydrant refuel(l)ing - система выдачи топлива через гидранты system hydraulic (power) - гидравлическая система, гидросистема system hydraulic storage - хранение (горючего) в емкостях с водяной подушкой system ignition - система зажигания system impregnation - система пропитки system indirect central heating - пароводяная или водоводяная система центрального отопления system inerting - система флегматиза-ции (инертирования) (в топливном баке) system insulating - изоляционная (изолирующая) система system integrated municipal information - единая муниципальная система информации system ionization (detector) - система пожарной сигнализации с извещателями ионизационного типа system label(l)ing - система знаков (предупреждения об опасности) system life safety - система обеспечения безопасности system light-operated valve osition indicating - система световой индикации положений клапанов system liquid propellant - система жидкого ракетного топлива system local (fire) alarm (signal(l)ing) - местная система пожарной сигнализации; внутренняя (автономная) система пожарной сигнализации system localized - локализованная система; система для отдельного объекта system localized protective - локализованная защитная система; система защиты отдельного объекта system local water - местная система водоснабжения; местный водопровод system loss data - система регистрации ущерба (потерь) от пожаров system manual emergency - система тревожной сигнализации (и тушения) с ручным включением system marking - система маркировки (напр. опасных материалов) system mechanical exhaust - of ventilation искусственная (механическая) вытяжная вентиляция system mechanical ventilation - система искусственной (механической) вентиляции system miscellaneous extinguishing -s смешанные системы пожаротушения system modular airborne fire-fighting - модульная самолетная система пожаротушения (сливанием жидкости в полете) system multicycle sprinkler - спринклерная система циклического действия system multifrequency - многочастотная система system municipal water - система водоснабжения населенного пункта; городской водопровод system mutual aid - система взаимодействия (пожарных частей); правила взаимодействия (при работе на тушении пожара) system national fire data - национальная информационная пожарная система system network - (распределительная) сеть system nonflowing gaseous - s статические газовые системы system occupational safety standards - сборник нормативных актов по обеспечению безопасности в зданиях (помещениях) с пребыванием людей system open-head - сиринклерная система с открытыми головками system overall (protective) - общая система защиты; система защиты комплекса помещений system paint - система краски; система окраски (нанесения покрытия) system passive restraint - пассивная система защиты; комплекс пассивных мер обеспечения безопасности system periodic - периодическая система элементов Менделеева system petroleum pipeline - система (сеть) нефтяных трубопроводов; нефтепровод system pipe - трубопроводная система (сеть); трубопровод system platoon - посменное дежурство или организация службы (пожарной охраны) system pneumatic fire detection - пневматический датчик системы обнаружения пожара system power - энергетическая система; силовая сеть system pre-action - автоматическая спринклерная система с предварительным заполнением труб до вскрытия головок system pressurization - система обеспечения избыточного давления (в помещении, здании, на лестничной клетке) system private fire-suppression - автономная система пожаротушения system process piping - система (сеть) технологических трубопроводов system propellant - система ракетного топлива system proprietary alarm - автономная система пожарной сигнализации system protective - система защиты; защита system protective coating - система защитного покрытия system public address - трансляционная сеть system radio controlled - радиоуправляемая система system range-safety - система обеспечения безопасности на полигоне system rapid water - система введения в пожарный водопровод добавки для уменьшения гидравлических потерь system refurnishable ablative thermal protection - восстанавливаемая абляционная система тепловой защиты system relay - система подачи воды вперекачку (автонасосами) system safety - система аварийной защиты или обеспечения безопасности system semisubmersible - полупогружная система (пенного тушения резервуара) system signal-responsive control - автоматическая сигнальная система с обратной связью system smoke detection - система пожарной сигнализации с дымовыми извещателями system sound - безбатарейный телефон system sprinkler - спринклерная система system standard sprinkler - стандартная спринклерная система system standby power - резервная энергетическая система или силовая сеть system standpipe and hose - пожарный стояк с кранами для рукавных линий system suppression - система тушения (пожара) system suspended maneuvering - подвесная система пожаротушения (на вертолете) system tail dry pipe - система пожаротушения с воздушными концевыми трубопроводами system tail end alternate wet and dry pipe - система пожаротушения с воздушно-водяными концевыми трубопроводами system telegraphic fire alarm - телеграфная система пожарной сигнализации system temperature control (thermal control) - система терморегулирования system thermal-protection - система теплозащиты system thermoregulating - система терморегулирования system three-dimensional - пространственная система system three-phase - трехфазная система system three-wire - трехпроводная система system total flooding - система пожаротушения общим затоплением system traffic signal remote control - дистанционная система управления транспортом на перекрестках (для обеспечения беспрепятственного движения пожарных и полицейских машин) system transportation - система перевозок system two-phase - двухфазная система system two-platoon - организация службы в две смены, двухсменное дежурство (пожарной охраны) system warm air - система воздушного отопления system water - система водоснабжения; водопроводная сеть; водопровод system water deluge - дренчерная система пожаротушения system water-distribution - водораспределительная система system water-spray - система пожаротушения распыленной водой system water-spray cooling - система охлаждения распыленной водой system water-spray fixed - стационарная система пожаротушения распыленной водой system water-spray smoke suppression - система осаждения дыма распыленной водой system wet pipe - водонаполненная спринклерная система

    Англо-русский пожарно-технический словарь > system

  • 87 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 88 ACP

    1. adaptive control process - процесс адаптивного управления;
    2. advanced computational processor - усовершенствованный вычислительный процессор;
    3. aerospace computer program - программа создания ЭВМ авиационно-космического применения;
    4. Agricultural Conservation Program - Программа помощи фермерам в сохранении почвенных, водных и лесных ресурсов;
    5. airborne command post - воздушный командный пункт;
    6. aircraft communications procedure - технология осуществления самолетной связи;
    7. alignment control panel - пульт управления центровкой;
    8. allied communications pamphlet - справочник по связи объединенных вооруженных сил НАТО;
    9. allied communications publication - инструкция по связи объединенных вооруженных сил НАТО;
    10. alternate command post - запасный командный пункт; ЗКП;
    11. analyzer control processor - управляющий процессор анализатора;
    12. ancillary control processor - вспомогательный управляющий процессор;
    13. area command post - командный пункт района;
    14. armament control panel - пульт управления вооружением;
    15. astronaut control panel - пульт управления космонавта;
    16. attack center panel - приборная панель главного командного пункта корабля; приборная панель поста атаки;
    17. attitude control program - программа системы управления ориентацией;
    18. audio center equipment - аппаратура акустического центра;
    19. auxiliary command post - запасный командный пункт, ЗКП;
    20. auxiliary control panel - вспомогательная панель управления; запасный пульт управления;
    21. azimuth change pulses - импульсы, содержащие данные об изменении азимута

    Англо-русский словарь технических аббревиатур > ACP

  • 89 ERP

    1) Компьютерная техника: Expensive Redundant Processing
    2) Биология: early receptor potential
    6) Шутливое выражение: Everyday Rob People
    8) Математика: Error Reduction Parameter
    10) Страхование: extended reporting period
    11) Биржевой термин: Exchange Rate Protection
    12) Грубое выражение: Extra Rabbits Pissed
    14) Университет: Electronic Research Process
    15) Физика: Event Related Potentials
    16) Электроника: Extended Range Pyrometer
    17) Вычислительная техника: Enterprise Resource Planning (software), ИСУП, Интегрированная система управления предприятием
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: emergency response plan (ning), план ликвидации аварии (emergency response plan), emergency response plan (a document that identifies the management system and associated resources that control the impact of emergencies at a particular site or facility), enterprise resource planning (the co-ordination of all internal information by use of an integrated information system), стеновая панель с аварийными окнами (explosion relief panel)
    22) Нефтегазовая техника взрывопоглощающая переборка
    27) Сахалин Р: emergency response plan
    28) Медицинская техника: effective refractory period (ЭхоКГ)
    29) Авиационная медицина: event related brain potential, evoked (response) potential
    30) Расширение файла: Enterprise Resource Planning
    31) Нефть и газ: Emergency Response Procedure
    32) Общественная организация: The Edmunds Reading Project
    33) Международная торговля: European Recovery Program

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ERP

  • 90 установка

    1) General subject: adjustment, aligner, arrangement, assembling, assembly, bump-in, establishment, fitting, fixing (предмета), guidepost, installation, line, mounting, orientation, placing, plant, policy, prescription, set, setting, setup, directive, precept, tenet
    2) Geology: positioning
    3) Aviation: deadheading, rigging up
    6) Sports: stance
    8) Engineering: complex, device, erecting work, erection, erection (машины), erection work, fixing, gear, incorporation, installation process, level (технологического параметра), machine (производственная), outfit, placement, range, rig, rigging, set-in, setup (регулируемой величины), site, startup, system
    11) Mathematics: aim, (детали на станок) loading, purpose, set (up)
    16) Automobile industry: making-ready, refitting, unit (величины)
    17) Architecture: (технологическая) plant
    19) Diplomatic term: philosophy
    20) Cinema: mental set
    21) Forestry: assemblage, manifold, mill, planting
    22) Metallurgy: contrivance
    24) Psychology: (психологическая) attitude, mindset
    27) Information technology: install, set point, setting movement, situation
    28) Oil: aggregate, equipment, holddown, installation (оборудования), landing (колонны труб в скважине), lay down, mounting (процесс), positioned operation, seating, setting up, setting-up, seek
    29) Special term: tube
    32) Mechanic engineering: set hands square
    33) Metrology: console, packaging
    34) Mechanics: setting-out
    35) Coolers: work
    36) Ecology: mechanism, processor
    37) Advertising: target
    38) Business: operation
    40) Production: production plant
    41) Microelectronics: tool
    42) Solar energy: utility
    43) Programming: (принудительная) coercion
    45) Quality control: bed, setup (заданной величины), station
    46) Plastics: making true
    51) Aviation medicine: disposition, preparatory set
    52) Psychoanalysis: suggestion (в гипнозе)
    53) Makarov: adjustment (процесс), adjustment (регулировка), adjustment (регулировка величины по прибору), app (apparatus), apparatus (устройство, прибор), assembly (процесс сборки, монтажа), erection (напр., машины), erection (процесс сборки, монтажа), facility (устройство, прибор), fit, fit (в проектное положение), fitting-up, fixation, frame, framework, installation (оборудование), installation (производственная), installation (процесс), installation (процесс сборки, монтажа), installation (устройство, прибор), interposition, maker, mounting (процесс сборки, монтажа), plant (агрегат), plant (в зависимости от производства, получения какого-л. продукта, материала и т.п.), plant (устройство, прибор), set (агрегат), set-up (конкретной величины), setting (конкретной величины), stage (процесс), unit (агрегат), unit (устройство, прибор)
    55) Gold mining: setup (приборов и т.д.)
    56) SAP.tech. fetching
    58) Combustion gas turbines: setting (чего-л.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > установка

  • 91 Material

    Material n GEN material, MAT
    * * *
    n < Geschäft> material (MAT)
    * * *
    Material
    material, matter, (Ausrüstung) equipment, (Börse) [floating] supply, offerings, offer (US), (Handwerkszeug) findings (US), (Stoff) substance, stuff, body, (Verarbeitung) stock, (Vorrat) [dead] stock;
    abzusetzendes Material (drucktechn.) matter, manuscript;
    anfallendes Material material as it becomes available;
    angebotenes Material (Börse) floating supply;
    heute angebotenes Material (Börse) offerings of stock today;
    reichhaltig angebotenes Material (Börse) material offerings;
    aufgearbeitetes Material worked material;
    unterwegs befindliches Material supplies in transit;
    in Verarbeitung befindliches Material stock (work) in process [of production];
    belastendes Material (Rechtsstreit)incriminating evidence;
    für einen Arbeitsvorgang benötigtes Material batch;
    unmittelbar benötigtes Material direct material;
    bereitgestelltes Material reserved material;
    bestelltes (noch nicht eingegangenes) Material material on order;
    bewährtes Material reliable material;
    gesamtes eingelagertes Material materials on hand;
    einlaufendes Material incoming stock;
    fehlerhaftes Material defective material;
    flottantes Material (Börse) floating supply;
    gewebeäquivalentes Material tissue equivalent material;
    glattes Material plain material;
    wenig haltbares Material sleazy material;
    kriegswichtiges (kriegsentscheidendes) Material strategic goods;
    minderwertiges Material low-value material, material of inferior quality;
    rollendes Material (Bahn) equipment, rolling stock;
    schwimmendes Material (Börse) floating supply;
    solides Material genuine materials;
    statistisches Material statistical (census) data;
    verarbeitungsfähiges Material material fit for the job;
    äußerst widerstandsfähiges Material inflexible material;
    Material und Arbeitslöhne material and labo(u)r (making);
    Material in Verarbeitung stock (work) in process;
    Material gemeinsam einsetzen to pool material;
    belastendes Material gegen j. haben to have s. th. on s. o. (US sl.);
    aus schlechtem Material herstellen to fake;
    Material sammeln to gather evidence;
    Material sichten to sift material;
    nur bestes Material verarbeiten to employ the best workmanship only;
    Material für eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zusammenstellen to collect material for a scientific work;
    Materialabnahme quality control [of material];
    Materialabrechnung material accounting;
    Materialanforderung requisition for material, material requisitioned;
    Materialangebot mit variablen Zinssätzen offering in the floating-rate sector;
    Materialanlieferung supply of material;
    unmittelbarer (direkter) Materialaufwand direct material costs;
    Materialausgabe giving out, issuance of material (US), property issue;
    Materialausgabeschein property-issue form;
    Materialausgeber issuer of materials, storekeeper, giver-out;
    Materialbeanspruchung material stressing, working stress;
    Materialbearbeitung working-up of material, materials handling (US);
    Materialbedarf material requirements;
    Materialbedarfsplanung direct materials budget;
    Materialbehandlung materials handling (US);
    Materialbeistellung supply of material;
    Materialbelege vouchers;
    Materialbeschaffung material procurement;
    Materialbestand materials on hand;
    Materialbestandskarte perpetual inventory card;
    Materialbestandskonten direct goods accounts;
    Materialbewegungsliste material transaction register;
    Materialbuchführung store accounting;
    Materialdisposition material utilization;
    Materialeingangsverrechnung costing of purchases;
    günstiger Materialeinkauf market purchasing;
    Materialeinsatzplanung material scheduling;
    Materialeinsparung material saving;
    Materialempfangsbescheinigung materials-received report (US);
    Materialentnahme withdrawal of material, stock requisition;
    Materialentnahmeschein material requisition slip;
    Materialermüdung fatigue;
    Materialfehler defective (faulty) material;
    Materialfestigkeit tensile strength;
    Materialfluss material flow;
    Materialgemeinkosten indirect material costs (materials and supplies);
    Material gemeinkostensatz, Materialgemeinkostenzuschlag material cost-burden rate.
    vergeuden, Material
    to spoil materials;
    Vermögen vergeuden to dilapidate a fortune.

    Business german-english dictionary > Material

  • 92 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

  • 93 vigilancia

    f.
    1 vigilance (cuidado).
    2 security.
    tras la fuga aumentaron la vigilancia after the escape security was increased
    3 arousal.
    * * *
    1 (acción) surveillance
    2 (cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness
    \
    torre de vigilancia lookout post
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=custodia) vigilance

    tener bajo vigilancia[+ paciente] to keep under observation; [+ prisionero] to keep under surveillance

    vigilancia intensiva — (Med) intensive care

    2) (=servicio) security
    * * *
    a) (atención, cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness; (por guardias, la policía)
    b) ( servicio) security service
    * * *
    = surveillance, oversight, vigilance, policing, watch.
    Ex. Professionals are expected to be highly skilled and motivated, which I certainly am, so that little external surveillance over us should be required.
    Ex. This article argues that it is essential that the press and public continue their oversight of the criminal justice process.
    Ex. Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.
    Ex. The article has the title ' Policing fraud and deceit: the legal aspects of misconduct in scientific enquiry'.
    Ex. During his watch, the US economy as well as the global monetary situation have been thrown into a precarious situation.
    ----
    * concesión de permisos de vigilancia = surveillance licensing.
    * extremar la vigilancia = be extra vigilant.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * sin vigilancia = unattended.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * torre de vigilancia = watchtower.
    * vigilancia ciudadana = community policing, community policing.
    * vigilancia de la frontera = border control.
    * vigilancia tecnológica = technological surveillance.
    * * *
    a) (atención, cuidado) vigilance, watchfulness; (por guardias, la policía)
    b) ( servicio) security service
    * * *
    = surveillance, oversight, vigilance, policing, watch.

    Ex: Professionals are expected to be highly skilled and motivated, which I certainly am, so that little external surveillance over us should be required.

    Ex: This article argues that it is essential that the press and public continue their oversight of the criminal justice process.
    Ex: Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.
    Ex: The article has the title ' Policing fraud and deceit: the legal aspects of misconduct in scientific enquiry'.
    Ex: During his watch, the US economy as well as the global monetary situation have been thrown into a precarious situation.
    * concesión de permisos de vigilancia = surveillance licensing.
    * extremar la vigilancia = be extra vigilant.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * sin vigilancia = unattended.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * torre de vigilancia = watchtower.
    * vigilancia ciudadana = community policing, community policing.
    * vigilancia de la frontera = border control.
    * vigilancia tecnológica = technological surveillance.

    * * *
    1 (atención, cuidado) vigilance, alertness, watchfulness
    2
    (por guardias, la policía): habrá que extremar la vigilancia security will have to be tightened
    el edificio está bajo vigilancia the building is under surveillance o watch, guards keep watch on o guards patrol the building
    servicio de vigilancia security patrol
    burlaron la vigilancia policial they escaped police surveillance o the police patrols
    3 (servicio) security service
    * * *

     

    vigilancia sustantivo femenino (atención, cuidado) vigilance;
    (por guardias, la policía) surveillance;

    servicio de vigilancia security patrol
    vigilancia sustantivo femenino vigilance, watchfulness
    bajo vigilancia, under surveillance

    ' vigilancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cuidada
    - cuidado
    - guardia
    - patrulla
    - redoblar
    - reforzar
    - ronda
    - UVI
    - ver
    - burlar
    - estrecho
    - observación
    - resguardo
    - unidad
    English:
    guard
    - observation
    - scrutiny
    - stake-out
    - surveillance
    - unit
    - watch
    - watchdog committee
    - watchfulness
    - marshal
    - vigilance
    * * *
    1. [atención]
    los niños jugaban bajo la atenta vigilancia de su madre the children were playing under the watchful eye of their mother;
    2. [con aparatos] surveillance;
    equipo de vigilancia surveillance equipment;
    sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica/ambiental epidemiological surveillance systems/environmental monitoring systems;
    están al cargo de la vigilancia en todo el edificio they are in charge of security for the whole building
    Med vigilancia intensiva intensive care
    3. [vigilantes] guards, security
    * * *
    f watchfulness, vigilance
    * * *
    : vigilance, watchfulness
    bajo vigilancia: under surveillance
    * * *
    vigilancia n surveillance

    Spanish-English dictionary > vigilancia

  • 94 cost

    ком., бухг. 1. pl витрати; затрати; видатки; кошти; 2. ціна; вартість; собівартість; актив
    1. сума грошей на купівлю, виробництво, утримання і т. д. товарів і надання послуг; ♦ витрати класифікуються: за функціями — витрати на виробництво, адміністрацію, фінансування тощо; за характером функціонального зв'язку з обсягом випуску продукції (output) чи діяльності — змінні (variable costs) і постійні витрати (fixed costs); за місцезнаходженням — витрати відділів, підвідділів, філіалів (subsidiary), підприємств та ін. структур чи підрозділів організації; 2. грошова вартість товару чи послуги
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    absorbed cost поглинуті витрати; accounting cost бухгалтерські витрати • балансові витрати • облікові витрати; accrued costs нараховані витрати; acquisition cost первісна вартість • вартість придбання • купівельна ціна; actual cost фактичні витрати • фактична вартість • фактична собівартість; added cost додаткова вартість • додаткові витрати; adjusted historical cost уточнена вартість • перерахована вартість • вартість в поточних цінах; adjustment cost(s) витрати регулювання; administration cost адміністративні витрати; advertising cost витрати на рекламу; aftershipment cost(s) витрати після відправки вантажу; aggregate costs сукупні витрати; agreed cost договірна ціна; airfreight cost вартість авіа-фрахту; allocated costs розподільні витрати; allowable costs дозволені витрати; alternative cost альтернативні витрати; amortization costs амортизаційні витрати; amortized cost амортизована вартість; ancillary costs додаткові витрати; annual cost(s) річні витрати; anticipated cost(s) передбачені витрати; applied cost віднесені витрати • зараховані витрати; appraisal cost витрати на оцінку; arbitration costs арбітражні витрати; assembly costs вартість монтажу; assessed cost оцінена вартість; attributed costs витрати, перенесені на собівартість; average cost (AC) середня вартість • середня собівартість • середні витрати; average fixed cost середні постійні витрати • середні фіксовані витрати; average input cost середні витрати на ресурс; average resource cost середні витрати на ресурс; average total cost середні загальні витрати; average variable cost середні змінні витрати; avoidable costs витрати, яких можна уникнути; back order cost витрати за невиконане замовлення; basic cost первісна вартість • основні витрати; beforeshipment cost(s) витрати до відправки вантажу; billed cost фактурна вартість; bond issue costs витрати на випуск облігації; book cost балансова вартість • первісна вартість; borrowing cost вартість позики • вартість кредиту; break-even costs витрати за критичним обсягом виробництва • витрати у точці беззбитковості; budgeted costs кошторисні витрати; burden costs накладні витрати; calculated costs обчислені витрати; capacity costs постійні витрати на розширення виробництва • витрати виробництва при повному використанні виробничих можливостей; capital cost(s) капітальні витрати • витрати основного капіталу; capitalized cost вартість реального основного капіталу; carrying costs витрати зберігання запасів; changeover cost вартість переходу на іншу модель; clerical cost(s) канцелярські витрати; collection costs витрати на інкасо; combined cost(s) сукупні витрати; commercial cost(s) торговельні витрати • комерційна вартість; committed cost вкладені витрати • призначені витрати • доручені витрати; common cost спільні витрати • побічні витрати • витрати спільного виробництва; comparative cost(s) порівняльні витрати • відносні витрати; competitive costs конкурентні витрати; conditional cost умовна вартість; constant cost постійна вартість • постійні витрати • незмінні витрати; contract costs витрати на контракт; contractual costs витрати контракту; controllable costs регульовані витрати; conversion cost конверсійні витрати • собівартість конверсії; credit costs витрати на кредит; cumulative costs сукупні витрати; current costs поточні витрати; current outlay costs поточні витрати • витрати грошових засобів; current standard cost поточна норма витрат; cycle inventory cost(s) витрати на періодичне поповнення запасів; decreasing costs витрати, що зменшуються • спадні витрати • витрати, що скорочуються; deductible cost(s) витрати, які підлягають відрахуванню; deferred cost витрати майбутнього періоду • відстрочені витрати; delivery cost вартість доставки • витрати на доставку; departmental cost(s) витрати відділу • цехові витрати; depleted cost залишкова вартість; depreciated cost амортизована вартість; depreciation cost(s) амортизаційні витрати; designing cost(s) витрати на проектування; development cost витрати на розробку; differential cost додаткові витрати; direct costs; direct labour costsdirect labour; direct material costdirect material; direct operating cost(s) прямі операційні витрати; direct payroll cost(s) виробнича заробітна плата • виробнича зарплата; discounted cost дисконтована вартість; discretionary cost довільні витрати; displacement cost витрати на зміну структури виробництва; distribution costs витрати збуту продукції • витрати на розподіл; economic costs економічні витрати • оптимальні витрати; employment cost; environmental cost(s) витрати на охорону навколишнього середовища; equipment capital costs капітальні витрати на устаткування; estimated cost(s) кошторисні витрати • кошторисна вартість • орієнтовна вартість • передбачені витрати; excess cost надмірна вартість • надмірні витрати; executory cost витрати на здійснення; exhibition costs виставкові витрати; expected costs передбачені витрати; expired costs витрати поточного періоду; explicit costs зовнішні витрати • явні витрати • фактичні витрати • грошові витрати; external costs зовнішні витрати; extra costs додаткові витрати; extraordinary costs надзвичайні витрати; fabrication cost вартість виготовлення; factor cost(s) прямі витрати • витрати на фактори виробництва; factory costs виробничі витрати • виробнича собівартість • виробничі накладні витрати; final cost кінцева вартість; first cost фабрична ціна • собівартість; fixed costs; flat cost собівартість; freight costs витрати на перевезення; full cost(s) повні витрати; fuel costs витрати на пальне; function cost функціональна класифікація витрат; general costs загальні витрати; gross cost валова собівартість • гуртова собівартість; guaranteed cost(s) гарантовані витрати • гарантована вартість; handling cost(s) витрати на обробку • вартість навантажувально-розвантажувальних робіт; hauling cost(s) транспортні витрати; hidden costs приховані витрати; hiring costs витрати на наймання; historical cost; hospitality costs представницькі витрати; hotel costs витрати на готель; hourly cost погодинні витрати; idle capacity costs непродуктивні витрати; idle time costs витрати з причин простою • витрати у зв'язку з неробочим періодом • витрати періоду бездіяльності; immediate costs безпосередні витрати; implicit costs внутрішні витрати • неявні витрати; imputed costs умовно нараховані витрати • ставлені витрати; incidental costs побічні витрати; increasing costs зростаючі витрати; incremental costs додаткові витрати • прирощені витрати; incremental energy costs додаткові витрати на енергію • прирощені витрати на енергію; incremental production costs додаткові виробничі витрати • прирощені витрати на виробництво; incurred costs зазнані витрати; indirect costs; indirect labour costsindirect labour; indirect manufacturing costsmanufacturing overheads; indirect payroll costs нарахування на заробітну плату; indirect production costs накладні витрати виробництва; industrial cost(s) промислові витрати; initial cost первісна вартість • початкові витрати; initial production cost первісна собівартість; input cost витрати на фактори виробництва; installation costs вартість монтажу • витрати на становлення • витрати на розташування; insurance cost витрати на страхування; intangible cost(s) нематеріальні витрати; integrated cost сумарна вартість; inventoliable costs витрати виробництва • інвентаризована вартість • виробнича собівартість; inventory cost вартість товарно-матеріальних запасів; inventory acquisition costs витрати на придбання матеріалів; inventory holding cost витрати на зберігання запасів; investment costs витрати на капіталовкладення; invoice cost фактурна вартість; joint cost спільна вартість • спільні витрати; labour costs витрати на робочу силу • витрати на заробітну плату • витрати на зарплату; launching costs витрати на випуск виробу; layoff costs витрати, пов'язані зі звільненням персоналу; legal costs судові витрати; legitimate costs дозволені витрати; life cycle cost(s) витрати за термін служби; liquidation cost ліквідаційна вартість; living costs прожиткові витрати • витрати на життя; loading costs вантажні витрати; loan cost вартість позики; long run cost довгострокові витрати; long run average cost довгострокові середні витрати; long run marginal cost довгострокові граничні витрати; long run total cost довгострокові загальні витрати; lot quantity cost(s) витрати на виготовлення партії; lump sum cost(s) одноразові витрати; maintenance costs витрати на технічне обслуговування • вартість технічного обслуговування • експлуатаційні витрати; managed cost регульовані витрати; managed fixed costs регульовані фіксовані витрати; management cost(s) адміністративні витрати; management fixed costs адміністративні фіксовані витрати; manpower cost(s) витрати на робочу силу; manufacturing costs виробничі витрати • виробнича собівартість; marginal costs гранична вартість • гранична собівартість • граничні витрати; marginal capital costs граничні витрати на використання капіталу; marginal factor cost(s) граничні витрати, пов'язані із придбанням додаткового виробничого ресурсу; marginal industry costs галузеві граничні витрати; marginal input cost граничні витрати на ресурс; marginal labour cost граничні витрати на використання робочої сили • гранична вартість робочої сили; marginal private cost граничні приватні витрати • граничні індивідуальні витрати; marginal resource cost граничні витрати на ресурс • граничні ресурсні витрати; marginal social cost граничні суспільні витрати • граничні суспільні втрати; marginal unit costs граничні витрати на одиницю продукції; maritime costs витрати на морське транспортування; marketing cost(s) витрати на збут; material costs матеріальні витрати • вартість матеріалу; merchandising costs витрати збуту • витрати на продаж і розповсюдження; minimum cost мінімальні витрати • мінімальна вартість; miscellaneous cost(s) інші витрати; mixed cost змішані витрати • змішана вартість; negotiated cost договірна вартість; net cost чиста собівартість; nominal cost номінальна вартість; noncontrollable costs нерегульовані змінні витрати; non-manufacturing cost(s) невиробничі витрати; nonrecurring cost(s) неперіодичні витрати; normal costs середня виробнича собівартість; normal pension cost середні витрати пенсійного плану; one-off costs одноразові витрати; operating costs операційні витрати; opportunity cost альтернативна вартість • альтернативні витрати; ordering costs витрати на виконання замовлення • вартість виконання замовлення; ordinary costs звичайні витрати; organizational costs організаційні витрати; original cost первісна вартість; outlay cost затратні кошти; out-of-pocket costs прямі витрати • дійсні витрати; output cost(s) виробнича собівартість; overall cost повна вартість; overhead costs накладні витрати; overtime cost(s) витрати на понаднормову роботу; packaging cost витрати на пакування • вартість пакування; past costs минулі витрати; past sunk costs безповоротні витрати; payroll cost(s) вартість робочої сили • витрати на робочу силу; payroll fringe costs додаткові витрати на робочу силу; period costs витрати звітного періоду; planned cost(s) плановані витрати; policy cost витрати на політику; pollution abatement cost(s) витрати на охорону навколишнього середовища; postmanufacturing costs післявиробничі витрати; postponable cost(s) витрати, які можуть бути відкладені; predetermined costs нормативні витрати • кошторисні витрати; premanufacturing costs довиробничі витрати; preparation cost(s) витрати цехової підготовки виробництва; preproduction cost(s) витрати підготовки виробництва; prime cost; process cost(s) виробничі витрати; processing costs витрати на переробку • собівартість конверсії; procurement costs витрати на матеріально-технічне постачання; product cost; production cost; programme cost вартість програми; progressive costs прогресивні витрати; project cost(s) витрати проектування • витрати на розробку нового продукту • витрати на здійснення проекту; projected costs заплановані витрати; publicity costs витрати на рекламу • представницькі витрати; purchase cost(s) витрати на придбання; purchasing costs витрати на придбання; quality costs витрати на забезпечення якості; quality inspection costs витрати на перевірку якості; quality related costs витрати, пов'язані з якістю • витрати на забезпечення рівня якості; real cost витрати виробництва в незмінних цінах • витрати виробництва в натуральному обчисленні • чиста вартість; realized cost(s) фактичні витрати; recoverable cost амортизаційні витрати • залишкова вартість; recurring costs періодичні витрати; redistributed cost перерозподілені витрати; reduction costs витрати на зниження будь-чого; related costs непрямі витрати • змінні витрати • зв'язані витрати; relative cost відносна вартість; relevant costs витрати майбутнього періоду • актуальні витрати • відповідні витрати; removal costs витрати переміщення • витрати вивезення • витрати ліквідації; renewal cost витрати відновлення; reoperating cost(s) витрати на перероблення; reorder cost вартість повторного замовлення; repair costs ремонтні витрати; replacement cost відновна вартість • вартість заміщення вибуття основного капіталу; replacement depreciation cost зношення, яке нараховане за відновною вартістю • амортизація в поточних цінах; replenishment cost вартість поповнення запасів; reproduction cost повна поновлена вартість; reservation costs витрати на попереднє замовлення; residual cost залишкова вартість; round-trip cost(s) витрати на транспортування за круговим маршрутом; rising costs зростаючі видатки; running costs виробничі витрати • поточні витрати • експлуатаційні витрати; salvage cost ліквідаційні витрати; scheduled costs плановані витрати; selling costs витрати реалізації • торговельні витрати; semi-variable costs частково змінні витрати • напівзмінні витрати; separable costs подільні витрати; service costs витрати на обслуговування; set-up costs витрати на налагодження; shadow costs приховані витрати; shelter costs складові витрати; shipping cost(s) витрати на транспортування; shop cost цехова собівартість; social costs суспільні витрати; social marginal cost суспільні граничні витрати; sorting costs витрати на розсортування; specific cost спеціальна ціна • вартість конкретних виробів; spillover cost витрати переливу • побічні витрати; spiralling costs швидко зростаючі ціни • різко зростаючі ціни; spoilage costs витрати внаслідок псування продукції • витрати внаслідок браку; staff costs витрати на персонал; standard costs нормативні витрати • нормативна собівартість; standing costs постійні витрати; starting-and-stopping cost(s) витрати, пов'язані із запуском виробництва і зупинкою; starting-load cost(s) витрати підготовки виробництва; start-up costs витрати підготовки виробництва • витрати, пов'язані із запуском; stock-holding cost вартість зберігання запасів; stocking cost вартість запасів; storage cost вартість зберігання запасів; sunk costs безповоротні витрати; supervision costs витрати на контроль • витрати на нагляд; supplementary costs додаткові витрати • побічні витрати • непрямі витрати; support costs витрати на технічне обслуговування • вартість технічного обслуговування • експлуатаційні витрати; tangible costs матеріальні витрати; target cost планована вартість • плановані витрати; tentative cost орієнтовна вартість • пробна вартість; total cost сукупні витрати • загальна собівартість • повна собівартість; total delay cost сукупні витрати на чекання; total external cost сукупні зовнішні витрати; total labour costs сукупні витрати на робочу силу; total private cost сукупні особисті витрати • сукупні індивідуальні витрати; total-revenue cost принцип зіставлення сукупної виручки і сукупних витрат; total social cost сукупні суспільні витрати; total system cost сукупні витрати системи; total unit cost сукупні витрати на одиницю продукції; traceable cost витрати, які можна простежити; training cost витрати на навчання • вартість навчання; transaction costs трансакційні витрати; transfer costs витрати на транспортування; transhipment costs витрати на перевантаження; transport costs транспортні витрати; transportation costs транспортні витрати; travel costs дорожні витрати; treating costs витрати на переробку; true cost справжня вартість; ultimate cost кінцева вартість; unabsorbed costs непоглинуті витрати • непокриті витрати; unamortized cost неамортизована частина вартості • чистий капітал; unavoidable costs необхідні витрати • постійні витрати; uncontrollable costs нерегульовані витрати; underwriting cost вартість підписки; unexpired costs витрати майбутніх періодів; unit costs витрати на одиницю продукції • питомі витрати • витрати виробництва на одиницю продукції • собівартість одиниці продукції; unit labour costs вартість праці в одиниці продукції • витрати на робочу силу в одиниці продукту • трудомісткість; unit operating costs операційні витрати на одиницю продукції; unit wage costs вартість праці в одиниці продукції • витрати на робочу силу в одиниці продукту; unloading costs витрати на розвантаження; unrecovered cost залишкова вартість; unscheduled costs понадплановані витрати; upkeep costs витрати на технічне обслуговування • вартість технічного обслуговування • експлуатаційні витрати • витрати на утримання; user costs витрати використання; variable costs; wage costs витрати на заробітну плату • витрати на зарплату; warehousing costs складські витрати; warranty costs витрати на гарантійне зобов'язання; weighted average cost середньозважена вартість; welfare costs соціально-культурні витрати; working costs експлуатаційні витрати • вартість обробки
    ═════════□═════════
    above cost вище від собівартості • вище від вартості; at cost за собівартість • за вартість; at any cost за будь-яку ціну; below cost нижче від собівартості • нижче від вартості; cost accountant; cost accounting виробничий облік; cost allocation розподіл витрат; cost allocation base база розподілу витрат; cost analysis аналіз витрат; cost and freight (C and F) (CFR) (C & F) вартість і фрахт; cost and insurance (C and I) вартість і страхування; cost and price difference різниця між собівартістю і ціною; cost apportionment постатейний розподіл витрат; cost awareness обізнаність з витратами; cost-benefit analysis аналіз витрат і вигод • аналіз затрат і результатів; cost burden тягар витрат; cost calculation калькуляція витрат; cost centre; cost-centre accounting виробничий облік • виробнича бухгалтерія; cost-centre variance відхилення від нормативних витрат; cost charged to витрати, віднесені на; cost classification класифікація витрат; cost clerk обліковець витрат; cost containment стримування витрат; cost control контроль за рівнем витрат; cost control account контрольний рахунок витрат; cost curve крива витрат; cost depletion allowance податкова знижка на вичерпування природних ресурсів; cost development зростання собівартості; cost distribution розподіл витрат; cost effectiveness ефективність витрат • результативність витрат; cost efficiency економічна ефективність • ефективність витрат; cost escalation зростання витрат; cost estimating оцінка витрат • оцінка вартості; cost factor фактор витрат; cost formula формула обрахування витрат; costfree безплатно; cost function функція витрат; cost increase зростання вартості; costs incurred to date витрати на поточну дату; cost, insurance, freight (OF) вартість, страхування, фрахт; cost, insurance, freight and commission (CIFC, CIF&C) вартість, страхування, фрахт і комісія посередника; cost, insurance, freight and exchange (CIF&E) вартість, страхування, фрахт включно з курсовою різницею; cost method методика калькуляції; cost minimization мінімізація витрат • мінімізація витрат виробництва • мінімізація собівартості; cost of acquisition вартість купівлі • вартість придбання; cost of administration адміністративні витрати; cost of appraisal витрати на оцінку; cost of arbitration вартість арбітражу • витрати на арбітраж; cost of borrowing кошти, пов'язані з позикою • вартість кредиту • позичковий процент; cost of capital; cost of carriage витрати перевезення; cost of carrying inventory витрати зберігання товарно-матеріальних запасів; cost of delivery витрати на доставку; cost of demolition вартість розформування; cost of dismantling вартість демонтажу; cost of doing business витрати експлуатації підприємства; cost of equipment вартість устаткування; cost of equity вартість акціонерного капіталу; cost of financing вартість фінансування • витрати фінансування; cost of fixed capital вартість основного капіталу; cost of goods вартість товару; cost of goods manufactured собівартість виробленої продукції; cost of goods sold собівартість реалізованих товарів; cost of haulage вартість транспортування; cost of heating вартість опалення; cost of installation вартість монтажу; cost of insurance вартість страхування; cost of inventory витрати на проведення інвентаризації; cost of legal proceedings вартість судового розгляду; cost of living прожитковий мінімум; cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) cost надбавка на подорожчання • поправка до заробітної плати у зв'язку з підвищенням прожиткового мінімуму; cost-of-living allowance cost поправка (до заробітної плати) у зв'язку з підвищенням прожиткового мінімуму; cost-of-living bonus поправка (до заробітної плати) у зв'язку з підвищенням прожиткового мінімуму; cost-of-living clause захист індексації заробітної плати; cost-of-living index індекс прожиткового мінімуму • індекс вартості життя; cost of manufacture вартість виробництва; cost of materials consumed вартість використаних матеріалів; cost of an order вартість замовлення; cost of packaging вартість пакування; cost of product sold вартість проданого товару; cost of a project вартість проекту; cost of publication вартість публікації; cost of renting вартість оренди; cost of sales собівартість реалізованих товарів; cost of service вартість обслуговування • вартість послуг; cost of servicing вартість обслуговування; cost of tare вартість тари; cost of upkeep вартість утримання; cost-plus витрати плюс • витрати плюс фіксований прибуток; cost price ціна виробництва; cost price estimate оцінка ціни виробництва; cost-push inflation інфляція, викликана зростанням витрат виробництва; cost recovery відшкодовування витрат виробництва; cost structure структура собівартості • структура витрат; cost to the consumer витрати споживача; cost type вид витрат; cost unit одиниця вартості; cost value величина витрат • собівартість • вартість витрат • первісна вартість; cost variance відхилення від нормативних витрат; free of cost безплатно; full-cost pricing ціноутворення на основі повних витрат; incremental costs of service додаткові витрати на обслуговування; less costs за відрахуванням витрат; marginal cost(s) of acquisition граничні витрати, пов'язані з придбанням додаткового виробничого ресурсу; marginal cost of capital (MCC) гранична вартість капіталу; marginal cost of pollution abatement граничні витрати на зменшення забруднення; net cost of purchases чисті витрати на закупівлю; next to cost майже за собівартістю; oncosts накладні витрати • побічні видатки • непрямі витрати; opportunity cost of capital альтернативна вартість капіталу; research and development (R&D) costs витрати на науково-дослідні та проектно-конструкторські роботи; to absorb costs покривати/покрити витрати; to assess costs оцінювати/оцінити витрати; to award costs against somebody присуджувати/присудити комусь судові видатки; to bear costs переносити/перенести видатки; to calculate costs підраховувати/підрахувати витрати • калькулювати видатки; to cover costs покривати/покрити видатки; to cover the cost покривати/покрити вартість; to curtail costs зменшувати/зменшити видатки • зменшувати/зменшити витрати; to cut down on costs зменшувати/зменшити видатки • зменшувати/зменшити витрати; to cut production costs знижувати/знизити собівартість продукції; to decrease costs зменшувати/зменшити видатки • зменшувати/зменшити витрати; to defray the costs оплачувати/оплатити витрати • оплачувати/оплатити видатки; to determine the cost оцінювати/оцінити вартість; to estimate costs оцінювати/оцінити видатки • оцінювати/оцінити витрати; to exceed the cost перевищувати/перевищити вартість; to increase costs підвищувати/підвищити вартість; to incur costs понести видатки; to itemize costs розподіляти/розподілити витрати; to keep down costs стримувати/стримати витрати; to meet costs покривати/покрити витрати • покривати/покрити вартість; to offset the costs відшкодовувати/відшкодувати витрати; to recoup costs відшкодовувати/відшкодувати витрати; to recover costs стягувати/стягнути витрати • покривати/ покрити видатки; to reduce costs зменшувати/зменшити витрати • зменшувати/ зменшити видатки; to refund the cost повертати/повернути витрати • повертати/повернути вартість; to revise the cost переглядати/переглянути вартість; to save costs занижувати/знизити витрати • економити на витратах; to share the cost розділяти/розділити витрати; to work out the cost обраховувати/обрахувати витрати; to write off capital costs списувати/списати капітальні витрати; under cost нижче від собівартості • нижче від вартості
    * * *
    витрати; видатки; собівартість; вартість

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > cost

  • 95 continuous

    1 adj
    GEN continuo
    2

    English-Spanish technical dictionary > continuous

  • 96 module

    1) модуль; блок; узел
    4) космонавт. отсек
    module of package dimensionsмодуль размеров тары
    -
    access module
    -
    albedocollecting solar module
    -
    all-space module
    -
    amorphous silicon power module
    -
    analog divider module
    -
    analog timing module
    -
    antilock module
    -
    applications software module
    -
    applications module
    -
    astronaut free-flying propulsion module
    -
    basic building-block module
    -
    basic module
    -
    bifacial solar module
    -
    biological module
    -
    biomedical module
    -
    buoyancy riser module
    -
    CAE module
    -
    CAM module
    -
    card module
    -
    carriage module
    -
    ceiling module
    -
    cell control module
    -
    close-pack module
    -
    computation module
    -
    concentrating photovoltaic module
    -
    control module
    -
    controller module
    -
    co-orbiting module
    -
    coplanar module
    -
    cordwood module
    -
    core module
    -
    crew module
    -
    definition module
    -
    descent module
    -
    digital module
    -
    docking module
    -
    docking payload module
    -
    dummy module
    -
    EDP module
    -
    electronic module
    -
    engine module
    -
    enlarged module
    -
    final drive exchange module
    -
    finite state-automata module
    -
    flat-plate solar module
    -
    flexible assembly module
    -
    free-flying module
    -
    fuel module
    -
    full interchangeable modules
    -
    functional module
    -
    function module
    -
    gas-compressor module
    -
    habitable module
    -
    hardware interface module
    -
    hardware module
    -
    hardware/software module
    -
    horizontal baseline module
    -
    hybrid module
    -
    hydraulic module
    -
    implementation module
    -
    inference control module
    -
    input/output control module
    -
    instrumentation module
    -
    instrument module
    -
    instrument-assembly module
    -
    instrumentation-propulsion module
    -
    interface module
    -
    irrigation module
    -
    laboratory space module
    -
    landing module
    -
    laterally docked module
    -
    linear module
    -
    living quarter module
    -
    loading module
    -
    load module
    -
    logistics module
    -
    longitudinal docked module
    -
    machining module
    -
    man-tended module
    -
    measurement module
    -
    meteorological module
    -
    microcircuit module
    -
    microminiature module
    -
    motorized pump module
    -
    multistring photovoltaic module
    -
    nuclear-power module
    -
    number assignment module
    -
    object module
    -
    oceanographic module
    -
    OMS module
    -
    orbit transfer vehicle module
    -
    orbital maneuvering system module
    -
    OTV module
    -
    payload module
    -
    pellet module
    -
    personality module
    -
    personal module
    -
    photovoltaic module
    -
    pilot cell module
    -
    plug-in module
    -
    point-focusing photovoltaic module
    -
    potted module
    -
    power module
    -
    power shift transmission module
    -
    prefabricated module
    -
    pressurized module
    -
    probe module
    -
    process execution module
    -
    programmable module
    -
    propulsion module
    -
    radially docked module
    -
    RCS module
    -
    reaction control system module
    -
    redocked modules
    -
    reenterable module
    -
    regulator module
    -
    replaceable module
    -
    replacement modules
    -
    retro propulsion module
    -
    robot grip module
    -
    robot module
    -
    robotic slip module
    -
    scientific equipment module
    -
    scientific research module
    -
    self-contained module
    -
    sensor module
    -
    service module
    -
    shingle-type photovoltaic module
    -
    signal processing module
    -
    single-ended module
    -
    software module
    -
    solar array module
    -
    solar battery module
    -
    solar module
    -
    solar-power module
    -
    source module
    -
    space station module
    -
    stacked module
    -
    standard module
    -
    subordinate module
    -
    tanker module
    -
    terrain monitoring module
    -
    three-dimensional module
    -
    transfer module
    -
    transmit-receive module
    -
    unmanned module
    -
    up-and-down module
    -
    utility module
    -
    working module

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > module

  • 97 data

    1) величины

    2) данные
    accumulate data
    all or none data
    analog data
    application-specific data
    ascertain data
    body of data
    cite data
    code data
    control data
    CRT displays data
    cumulative data
    data array
    data bank
    data bus
    data call
    data channel
    data communication
    data concentrator
    data control
    data conversion
    data converter
    data descriptor
    data display
    data element
    data file
    data format
    data gathering
    data handling
    data input
    data line
    data link
    data modem
    data network
    data output
    data packing
    data panel
    data path
    data placard
    data point
    data potentiometer
    data processing
    data processor
    data rate
    data recorder
    data reducer
    data reduction
    data repeater
    data reproduction
    data set
    data set allocation
    data smoothing
    data storage
    data structure
    data switching
    data teleprocessing
    data transfer
    data unit
    data updating
    data windowing
    display data
    exchange data
    experimental data
    flight data
    generate data
    initial data
    input data
    insert data
    key in data
    load data
    move data
    output data
    performance data
    present data
    process data
    ranked data
    raw data rate
    receive data
    reduction of data
    reference data
    reproduce data
    retrieve data
    sampled data
    sequence of data
    set data into
    set data manually
    store data
    update data
    withdraw data

    abstract data type<math.> объект информационный абстрактный


    areal data densityинформационная поверхностная плотность записи


    automatic data processing — автоматизация информационных работ, <comput.> обработка данных автоматическая


    binary data outputвывод данных в двоичной форме


    data display panelпанель индикации данных


    data enrichment methodметод обогащения данных


    data flow controlуправление потоком данных


    data link controlпроцедура контроля передачи данных


    data packet switchingпакетная коммутация данных


    data processing centerцентр обработки данных


    data reduction systemсистема обработки информации


    data storage unit<comput.> блок хранения данных


    data transmission equipmentаппаратура передачи данных


    digital data outputвывод данных в цифровой форме


    digital data transmissionцифровая передача данных


    exclusive data controlмонопольное управление данными


    lineary data densityинформационная продольная плотность записи


    navigation data logнавигационный журнал


    off-line data processingавтономная обработка данных


    on-line data processingоперативная обработка данных


    partitioned data setбиблиотечный набор данных


    produce a listing of dataвыводить данные на листинг


    randomly fluctuating data — нерегулярно изменяющиеся, флуктуирующие данные


    remote data indicatorиндикатор данных вынесенный


    serial synchronous data — последовательно передаваемые данные, данные последовательно передаваемые совместно с тактовыми сигналами


    service data unitсервисный блок данных


    visual data outputвизуальный вывод данных

    Англо-русский технический словарь > data

  • 98 automated

    - automated cement-handling air pump - automated concrete-mixing plant - automated control system - automated conveyor system - automated design and optimization of control system - automated design engineering - automated distribution system - automated drive - automated engineering - automated equipment - automated finishing - automated grinding line - automated guided vehicle - AGV - automated guided vehicle system - AGVS - automated hoist transport system - automated lift truck - automated line - automated machine assembly line - automated machinery - automated management system - automated material handling - automated material handling system - AMHS - automated material/part handling device - automated measurement - automated measuring system - automated output - automated palletizer - automated part delivery - automated parts handling - automated parts input-output system - automated pipe handling system - automated process - automated production control system - automated proportioning - automated QC means - quality control means - automated quality checking - automated reliability and maintenance management system - automated rotor-type transfer line - automated router - automated routing - automated storage and retrieval - automated storage and retrieval warehouse - automated storage-and-retrieval system - automated technical control - automated tool setting arm - automated transfer vehicle - automated trolley - automated warehouse - automated workpiece conveyance

    Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > automated

  • 99 Eastman, George

    [br]
    b. 12 July 1854 Waterville, New York, USA
    d. 14 March 1932 Rochester, New York, USA
    [br]
    American industrialist and pioneer of popular photography.
    [br]
    The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Ackerman, 1929, George Eastman, Cambridge, Mass.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Eastman, George

  • 100 Junghans, Siegfried

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1887
    d. 1954
    [br]
    German pioneer of the continuous casting of metals.
    [br]
    Junghans was of the family that owned Gebrüder Junghans, one of the largest firms in the German watch-and clockmaking industry. From 1906 to 1918 he served in the German Army, after which he took a course in metallurgy and analytical chemistry at the Technical High School in Stuttgart. Junghans was then given control of the brassworks owned by his family. He wanted to make castings simply and cheaply, but he found that he lacked the normal foundry equipment. By 1927, formulating his ideas on continuous casting, he had conceived a way of overcoming this deficiency and began experiments. By the time the firm was taken over by Wieland-Werke AG in 1931, Junghans had achieved positive results. A test plant was erected in 1932, and commercial production of continuously cast metal followed the year after. Wieland told Junghans that a brassfounder who had come up through the trade would never have hit on the idea: it took an outsider like Junghans to do it. He was made Technical Director of Wielands but left in 1935 to work privately on the development of continuous casting for all metals. He was able to license the process for non-ferrous metals during 1936–9 in Germany and other countries, but the Second World War interrupted his work; however, the German government supported him and a production plant was built. In 1948 he was able to resume work on the continuous casting of steel, which he had been considering since 1936. He pushed on in spite of financial difficulties and produced the first steel by this process at Schorndorf in March 1949. From 1950 he made agreements with four firms to work towards the pilot plant stage, and this was achieved in 1954 at Mannesmann's Huckingen works. The aim of continuous casting is to bypass the conventional processes of casting molten steel into ingots, reheating the ingots and shaping them by rolling them in a large mill. Essentially, in continuous casting, molten steel is drawn through the bottom of a ladle and down through a water-cooled copper mould. The unique feature of Junghans's process was the vertically reciprocating mould, which prevented the molten metal sticking as it passed through. A continuous length of steel is taken off and cooled until it is completely solidified into the required shape. The idea of continuous casting can be traced back to Bessemer, and although others tried to apply it later, they did not have any success. It was Junghans who, more than anybody, made the process a reality.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    K.Sperth and A.Bungeroth, 1953, "The Junghans method of continuous casting of steel", Metal Treatment and Drop Forging, Mayn.
    J.Jewkes et al., 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 287 ff.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Junghans, Siegfried

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