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process+agent

  • 21 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

    [br]
    b. 2 August 1802 Lille, France
    d. 28 April 1872 Lille, France
    [br]
    French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.
    [br]
    After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

  • 22 cambio1

    1 = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.
    Ex. It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.
    Ex. A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex. This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.
    Ex. This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.
    Ex. The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.
    Ex. Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex. When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex. The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex. A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.
    Ex. The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex. There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.
    Ex. The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex. The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.
    Ex. Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.
    Ex. This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex. This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.
    Ex. The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex. The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.
    Ex. Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    Ex. Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.
    Ex. These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.
    Ex. Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.
    ----
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.
    * adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.
    * adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.
    * agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.
    * agente del cambio = change agent.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * cambio a = flight to.
    * cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.
    * cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.
    * cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.
    * cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.
    * cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.
    * cambio cultural = cultural change.
    * cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.
    * cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.
    * cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * cambio de dueño = change of hands.
    * cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.
    * cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.
    * cambio de look = lick of paint.
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.
    * cambio demográfico = population trend.
    * cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de nombre = rebranding.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.
    * cambio de propietario = change of hands.
    * cambio de proveedor = churn.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de sexo = sex change.
    * cambio de título = title change.
    * cambio escénico = scene changing.
    * cambio estacional = seasonal change.
    * cambio hormonal = hormonal change.
    * cambio inesperado = twist.
    * cambio institucional = institutional change.
    * cambio metereológico = weather modification.
    * cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * cambio profundo = profound change.
    * cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.
    * cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.
    * cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.
    * cambio traumático = traumatic change.
    * cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.
    * clima de cambio = climate of change.
    * efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * efectuar un cambio = effect + change.
    * elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.
    * en proceso de cambio = changing.
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.
    * experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.
    * experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).
    * hacer el cambio = make + the change.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer un cambio = make + change.
    * impulsor del cambio = driver of change.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.
    * lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.
    * mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.
    * no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.
    * ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.
    * operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.
    * permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.
    * proceso de cambio = process of change.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * reacio al cambio = resistant to change.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.
    * resistente al cambio = resistant to change.
    * ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.
    * ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.
    * sin cambio = inviolate.
    * sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.
    * sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio1

  • 23 cambio

    m.
    1 change.
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity
    cambio de domicilio change of address
    cambio horario = putting clocks back or forward one hour (bianual)
    cambio de gobierno change of government
    2 exchange (intercambio).
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for)
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return
    3 change (monedas).
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change
    ¿tiene cambio de cinco mil? have you got change of o for five thousand?
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    5 substitution, change (sport) (sustitución).
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cambiar.
    * * *
    1 change, changing
    2 (intercambio) exchange, exchanging
    3 (dinero suelto) change, loose change; (vuelta) change
    ■ ¿me puedes dar cambio de cien euros? can you change a hundred euros?
    4 (acciones) price, quotation; (divisas) exchange rate
    5 (tren) switch
    6 AUTOMÓVIL gear change
    \
    a cambio de in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio figurado at the first opportunity
    en cambio on the other hand, but, whereas
    ■ tú no puedes cantar, en cambio él sí you can't sing, but he can
    cambio automático AUTOMÓVIL automatic transmission
    cambio de la guardia changing of the guard
    cambio de marchas (acción) gear change 2 (caja) gearbox
    cambio de planes change of plans
    casa de cambio bureau de change
    libre cambio free trade
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) exchange, swap
    •
    - en cambio
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=variación) change

    • necesito un cambio de aires — I need a change of scene

    • siempre nos veíamos durante el cambio de clase — we always used to meet in the break between classes

    • un cambio para mejor/peor — a change for the better/worse

    cambio de agujas — (Ferro) points junction, switch junction (EEUU)

    cambio de gobierno — [completo] change of government; [parcial] reshuffle

    cambio de línea — (Inform) line feed

    cambio de marchas — (=acción) gear change; (=mecanismo) gear stick, gearshift (EEUU)

    cambio de opinión — change of opinion, turn in opinion

    cambio de página — (Inform) form feed

    cambio de rasante, prohibido adelantar en un cambio de rasante — no overtaking on the brow of a hill

    cambio de tercio — (Taur) change of stage ( in a bullfight)

    cambio de velocidades — = cambio de marchas

    cambio de vía — (Ferro) points pl, switches pl (EEUU)

    2) (=intercambio) exchange, swap *

    hicimos un cambio de coche — we exchanged cars, we swapped cars *

    3) (Econ)
    a) (=dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de 50 euros? — do you have change for 50 euros?, can you change 50 euros?

    b) [de moneda extranjera] (=tipo) exchange rate

    Cambio — Bureau de Change, Change

    4)

    • a cambio — in return, in exchange

    "admitimos su coche usado a cambio" — "cars taken in part exchange", "trade-ins accepted"

    • a cambio de — in return for, in exchange for

    reclamaba dinero a cambio de su silencio — he demanded money in return o exchange for keeping quiet (about it)

    5)

    • en cambio — whereas

    yo nunca llego a tiempo, en cambio ella es muy puntual — I never arrive on time, whereas she is very punctual

    ¿pero qué ha sucedido en cambio? — but instead, what has happened?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    cambio1
    1 = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

    Ex: It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

    Ex: A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.
    Ex: This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.
    Ex: The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.
    Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.
    Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex: There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.
    Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex: The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.
    Ex: Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.
    Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex: The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.
    Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    Ex: Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.
    Ex: These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.
    Ex: Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.
    * adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.
    * adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.
    * agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.
    * agente del cambio = change agent.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * cambio a = flight to.
    * cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.
    * cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.
    * cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.
    * cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.
    * cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.
    * cambio cultural = cultural change.
    * cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.
    * cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.
    * cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * cambio de dueño = change of hands.
    * cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.
    * cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.
    * cambio de look = lick of paint.
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.
    * cambio demográfico = population trend.
    * cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de nombre = rebranding.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.
    * cambio de propietario = change of hands.
    * cambio de proveedor = churn.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de sexo = sex change.
    * cambio de título = title change.
    * cambio escénico = scene changing.
    * cambio estacional = seasonal change.
    * cambio hormonal = hormonal change.
    * cambio inesperado = twist.
    * cambio institucional = institutional change.
    * cambio metereológico = weather modification.
    * cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * cambio profundo = profound change.
    * cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.
    * cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.
    * cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.
    * cambio traumático = traumatic change.
    * cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.
    * clima de cambio = climate of change.
    * efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * efectuar un cambio = effect + change.
    * elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.
    * en proceso de cambio = changing.
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.
    * experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.
    * experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).
    * hacer el cambio = make + the change.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer un cambio = make + change.
    * impulsor del cambio = driver of change.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.
    * lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.
    * mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.
    * no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.
    * ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.
    * operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.
    * permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.
    * proceso de cambio = process of change.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * reacio al cambio = resistant to change.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.
    * resistente al cambio = resistant to change.
    * ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.
    * ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.
    * sin cambio = inviolate.
    * sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.
    * sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

    cambio2

    Ex: Forget climate change, voters want more loose change.

    * bolsa de cambio = stock exchange.
    * cambio de divisas = currency rate, currency exchange.
    * cambio de moneda = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange.
    * letra de cambio = bill of exchange.
    * oficina de cambio = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.

    cambio3
    3 = gear, derailleur.

    Ex: Their products were charming and much less expensive than American clockwork toys because they used tinplate gears rather than brass.

    Ex: There is a front and a rear derailleur on most modern bikes.
    * palanca de cambio = shifter.

    * * *
    A
    1 (alteración, modificación) change
    el cambio que ha tenido lugar en él the change he has undergone
    cambio DE algo:
    un brusco cambio de temperatura a sudden change in temperature
    lo que tú necesitas es un cambio de aires or ambiente what you need is a change of scene
    ha habido un cambio de planes there's been a change of plan
    una operación de cambio de sexo a sex-change operation
    a la primera de cambio ( fam); at the first opportunity, the first thing you know ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    hacer un cambio to change gear
    meta el cambio ( AmL); put it in gear
    un coche con cinco cambios ( AmL); a car with a five-speed gearbox
    Compuestos:
    climate change
    change of address
    scene change
    change of guard, changing of the guard
    audible
    (dispositivo) transmission ( AmE), gearbox ( BrE); (acción) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    automatic gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    manual gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    brow of a hill
    audible
    ( Auto) junction
    switch ( AmE), points (pl) ( BrE)
    B
    1 (canje) exchange
    creo que has salido perdiendo con el cambio I think you've lost out in the deal
    [ S ] no se admiten cambios ni devoluciones goods cannot be exchanged or returned
    2 ( en locs):
    a cambio in exchange, in return
    a cambio de in exchange for, in return for
    estoy dispuesto a hacerlo a cambio de un pequeño favor I'm prepared to do it in exchange o in return for a small favor
    daría cualquier cosa a cambio de un poco de paz I'd do anything for a bit of peace
    en cambio: a él le parece espléndido; a mí, en cambio, no me gusta he thinks it's wonderful, but personally I don't like it
    el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio irse en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting whereas o but if you go by train it's very pleasant, the bus journey is exhausting; if you go by train, however o on the other hand, it is very pleasant
    C
    cambio de divisas foreign exchange
    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?
    [ S ] cambio bureau de change, change
    al cambio del día at the current exchange rate
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    2 (diferencia) change
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change
    ¿tienes cambio de diez? can you change ten euros?
    necesito cambio para el teléfono I need some change for the telephone
    Compuestos:
    daily exchange rate o rate of exchange
    foreign exchange
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar)

    cambio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cambió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cambiar    
    cambio
    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

    b) (de lugar, posición):


    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;


    cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

    e) (Fin) to change;

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
    2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
    cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
    ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;


    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear


    ◊ cambio de avión/tren to change planes/train

    d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;


    cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
    cambiarse verbo pronominal

    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

    cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;

    cambiose de casa to move house;
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb

    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)


    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1

    cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth;
    un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);


    cambio de sentido U-turn
    2

    ( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
    b) ( en locs)


    en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting;

    by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant
    3


    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?;

    ( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change



    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1 change
    (de opinión) shift
    un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
    2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
    3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange
    (de unas acciones) price
    4 Auto gear change
    cambio automático, automatic transmission
    cambio de rasante, brow of a hill
    ♦ Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
    en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet
    ' cambio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - aguantar
    - aire
    - alteración
    - apreciarse
    - benéfica
    - benéfico
    - biombo
    - brutal
    - desplazamiento
    - experimentar
    - girar
    - imponerse
    - inflexión
    - letra
    - oscilación
    - por
    - primera
    - primero
    - radical
    - semblante
    - sensible
    - tipo
    - vaivén
    - viraje
    - vuelta
    - acelerar
    - acentuado
    - apreciable
    - apresurar
    - brusco
    - cambiar
    - cara
    - cerrado
    - efectuar
    - feria
    - guardia
    - idea
    - importante
    - inevitable
    - lado
    - libre
    - nuevo
    - observar
    - operar
    - opinión
    - producir
    - quedar
    - rápido
    English:
    abrupt
    - adjustment
    - alarmed
    - alteration
    - bare
    - better
    - change
    - chapter
    - conversely
    - department
    - displacement
    - distinct
    - draft
    - dramatic
    - dramatically
    - drastic
    - euro
    - exchange
    - exchange rate
    - fall
    - float
    - gearshift
    - gearstick
    - instead
    - intend
    - into
    - likely
    - major
    - make
    - modification
    - occur
    - protection money
    - rate
    - refreshing
    - refreshingly
    - return
    - reversal
    - round
    - sex change
    - shift
    - short-change
    - slight
    - small change
    - subject
    - substantial
    - sudden
    - swap for
    - sweep
    - sweeping
    - swing
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [alteración, modificación] change;
    vivimos una época de grandes cambios we live in times of great change;
    cambio de actitud change in attitude;
    cambio de gobierno change of government;
    cambio radical turnabout, turnround;
    cambio de tiempo change in the weather;
    ha ganado con el cambio de trabajo he has benefited from changing jobs;
    con el cambio de política hemos perdido todos we have all lost out as a result of the change in policy;
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation;
    el cambio al sistema métrico ha sido muy sencillo the changeover to the metric system has been very straightforward;
    tu hijo ha pegado un cambio tremendo your son has really changed;
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity;
    abandonó la carrera a las primeras de cambio she dropped out of the race almost as soon as it had started o shortly after it had started;
    cayeron eliminados a las primeras de cambio they fell at the first hurdle
    cambio climático climate change; Ling cambio de código code switching;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de escena Teatro scene change;
    Fig change of scene;
    cambio generacional: [m5] el partido necesita un cambio generacional urgente the party is in urgent need of a new generation of leaders;
    este joven pintor es un ejemplo del cambio generacional en marcha this young man is one of the new generation of painters who are coming to dominate the artistic scene;
    cambio de guardia [ceremonia] changing of the guard;
    cambio horario [bianual] = putting clocks back or forward one hour;
    cambio hormonal hormonal change;
    cambio de imagen image change;
    el cambio de milenio the end of the millennium;
    cambio de rasante brow of a hill;
    cambio de sexo sex change;
    Der cambio de tribunal change of venue; Ferroc cambio de vía Br points, US switch
    2. [reemplazo, trueque] exchange;
    (oficina de) cambio [en letrero] Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;
    durante las rebajas no se admiten cambios while the sales are on, goods may not be exchanged;
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for);
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return;
    se admite su vieja lavadora a cambio we will take your old washing machine in part exchange;
    te dejo el coche a cambio de que lo laves I'll let you use my car if you wash it for me
    Aut cambio de aceite oil change;
    cambio de impresiones exchange of views;
    Quím cambio iónico ion exchange;
    cambio de papeles role reversal
    3. [monedas, billetes] change;
    ¿tiene cambio? have you got any change?;
    ¿tiene cambio de 5.000? have you got change for o Br of 5,000?;
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change;
    quédese con el cambio keep the change;
    me ha dado el cambio incorrecto she gave me the wrong change
    4. Fin [de acciones] price;
    [de divisas] exchange rate;
    ha bajado el cambio del peso the (exchange rate of the) peso has fallen;
    los valores eléctricos han mantenido el cambio share prices in the electricity companies have remained steady;
    ¿a cuánto está el cambio de la libra? what's the exchange rate for the pound?
    cambio base base rate;
    cambio extranjero foreign exchange;
    cambio medio average exchange rate;
    cambio oficial official exchange rate
    5. Aut
    el cambio es muy duro the gears are rather stiff
    cambio automático automatic transmission;
    cambio de marchas [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift;
    cambio sincronizado [en bicicleta] indexed gear;
    cambio de velocidades [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift
    6. Dep [sustitución] substitution, change;
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change;
    el equipo visitante ha pedido (hacer un) cambio the away team want to make a substitution o change;
    el jugador lesionado pidió el cambio al entrenador the injured player signalled to the manager that he wanted to come off
    ♦ interj
    Rad
    ¡cambio (y corto)! over!;
    ¡cambio y cierro! over and out!
    ♦ en cambio loc adv
    [por otra parte] on the other hand, however; [en su lugar] instead;
    ellos no pueden ayudarnos, en cambio tú sí they can't help us, but o whereas you can;
    éste me gusta, en cambio este otro es feo I like this one, but this other one is horrible
    * * *
    m
    1 change;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de aires change of scene;
    cambio de turno change of shift;
    cambio de aceite AUTO oil change;
    ¡cambio! al hablar por radio over!
    2 COM exchange rate;
    el cambio del día the day’s (exchange) rate;
    libre cambio COM free trade
    3 ( suelto)
    :
    ¿tiene cambio? do you have change?
    4
    :
    no se admiten cambios goods will not be exchanged
    :
    a cambio de in exchange for;
    en cambio on the other hand
    * * *
    cambio nm
    1) : change, alteration
    2) : exchange
    3) : change (money)
    4)
    en cambio : instead
    5)
    en cambio : however, on the other hand
    * * *
    1. (en general) change
    ¿tienes cambio? have you got any change?
    2. (divisas) exchange rate

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio

  • 24 tramitar

    v.
    to process (sujeto: autoridades) (pasaporte, solicitud).
    me están tramitando la renovación de la licencia my application for a new license is being processed
    Ellos tramitaron sus permisos They processed their permits.
    María tramita los pedidos Mary processes the orders.
    * * *
    1 (gestionar) to deal with, process
    2 (solicitar, negociar) to arrange, negotiate
    3 formal (despachar) to transmit, convey
    * * *
    VT (=gestionar) [+ pasaporte, permiso] to process; [+ crédito] to negotiate
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < préstamo> funcionario to deal with; interesado to arrange

    están tramitando el divorcio — cónyuges they have started divorce proceedings

    tramitar un permiso de trabajo — organismo to deal with a work permit application; interesado to apply for one's work permit

    * * *
    = handle, transact.
    Ex. The document or photocopy is received and the invoice handled like an ordinary order.
    Ex. The model includes provisions for circulation policy analysis and management and for the recording and controlling of activities transacted at the circulation desk.
    ----
    * tramitar la devolución de un préstamo = discharge + book.
    * tramitar una petición = process + order request.
    * tramitar un préstamo = charge + book.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < préstamo> funcionario to deal with; interesado to arrange

    están tramitando el divorcio — cónyuges they have started divorce proceedings

    tramitar un permiso de trabajo — organismo to deal with a work permit application; interesado to apply for one's work permit

    * * *
    = handle, transact.

    Ex: The document or photocopy is received and the invoice handled like an ordinary order.

    Ex: The model includes provisions for circulation policy analysis and management and for the recording and controlling of activities transacted at the circulation desk.
    * tramitar la devolución de un préstamo = discharge + book.
    * tramitar una petición = process + order request.
    * tramitar un préstamo = charge + book.

    * * *
    tramitar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 «funcionario/departamento» to deal with
    el departamento que me está tramitando el préstamo the department that is dealing with o processing my loan application
    el agente que me está tramitando la venta de la casa the agent who is dealing with o handling the sale of my house
    2
    «solicitante/interesado»: tramitar un crédito to arrange a loan
    tengo que tramitar algunos asuntos en Santiago I have a few matters to attend to o to deal with in Santiago
    están tramitando el divorcio they have started divorce proceedings
    estoy tramitando el permiso de residencia I've applied for my residence permit
    * * *

     

    tramitar ( conjugate tramitar) verbo transitivo ‹ préstamo› [ funcionario] to deal with;
    [ interesado] to arrange;

    tramitar un permiso de trabajo [ organismo] to deal with a work permit application;

    [ interesado] to apply for one's work permit
    tramitar vtr (un permiso, licencia, etc) to process: nos están tramitando el permiso, they are processing our licence
    Juan está tramitando su divorcio, Juan has started divorce proceedings
    ' tramitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cursar
    English:
    process
    - arrange
    * * *
    1. [sujeto: autoridades] [pasaporte, solicitud] to process;
    tardaron tres días en tramitar el crédito it took them three days to do all the paperwork for the loan;
    me están tramitando la renovación de la licencia my application for a new licence is being processed
    2. [sujeto: solicitante] to be in the process of applying for;
    estamos tramitando el divorcio we are in the process of getting a divorce
    * * *
    v/t documento: de persona apply for; de banco etc process
    * * *
    : to transact, to negotiate, to handle

    Spanish-English dictionary > tramitar

  • 25 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé

    [br]
    b. 18 November 1787 Carmeilles-en-Parisis, France
    d. 10 July 1851 Petit-Bry-sur-Marne, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the first practicable photographic process.
    [br]
    The son of a minor official in a magistrate's court, Daguerre showed an early aptitude for drawing. He was first apprenticed to an architect, but in 1804 he moved to Paris to learn the art of stage design. He was particularly interested in perspective and lighting, and later showed great ingenuity in lighting stage sets. Fascinated by a popular form of entertainment of the period, the panorama, he went on to create a variant of it called the diorama. It is assumed that he used a camera obscura for perspective drawings and, by purchasing it from the optician Chevalier, he made contact with Joseph Nicéphore Niepce. In 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into a formal partnership to perfect Niepce's heliographic process, but the partnership was dissolved when Niepce died in 1833, when only limited progress had been made. Daguerre continued experimenting alone, however, using iodine and silver plates; by 1837 he had discovered that images formed in the camera obscura could be developed by mercury vapour and fixed with a hot salt solution. After unsuccessfully attempting to sell his process, Daguerre approached F.J.D. Arago, of the Académie des Sciences, who announced the discovery in 1839. Details of Daguerre's work were not published until August of that year when the process was presented free to the world, except England. With considerable business acumen, Daguerre had quietly patented the process through an agent, Miles Berry, in London a few days earlier. He also granted a monopoly to make and sell his camera to a Monsieur Giroux, a stationer by trade who happened to be a relation of Daguerre's wife. The daguerreotype process caused a sensation when announced. Daguerre was granted a pension by a grateful government and honours were showered upon him all over the world. It was a direct positive process on silvered copper plates and, in fact, proved to be a technological dead end. The future was to lie with negative-positive photography devised by Daguerre's British contemporary, W.H.F. Talbot, although Daguerre's was the first practicable photographic process to be announced. It captured the public's imagination and in an improved form was to dominate professional photographic practice for more than a decade.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1839. Honorary FRS 1839. Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Design, New York, 1839. Honorary Fellow of the Vienna Academy 1843. Pour le Mérite, bestowed by Frederick William IV of Prussia, 1843.
    Bibliography
    14 August 1839, British patent no. 8,194 (daguerrotype photographic process).
    The announcement and details of Daguerre's invention were published in both serious and popular English journals. See, for example, 1839 publications of Athenaeum, Literary Gazette, Magazine of Science and Mechanics Magazine.
    Further Reading
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1956, L.J.M. Daguerre (the standard account of Daguerre's work).
    —1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a very full account).
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (a very full account).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé

  • 26 Tennant, Charles

    [br]
    b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotland
    d. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.
    [br]
    After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.
    In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.
    F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.
    Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Tennant, Charles

  • 27 Cort, Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1740 Lancaster, England
    d. 1800 Hampstead, near London, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the puddling process and grooved rollers for forming iron into bars.
    [br]
    His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1787, A Brief State of Facts Relative to the New Method of Making Bar Iron with Raw Pit Coal and Grooved Rollers (held in the Science Museum Library archive collection).
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1941, "Henry Cort's bicentary", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21: 31–47 (there are further references to grooved rollers and the puddling process in Vol. 49 of the same periodical (1978), on pp. 153–8).
    R.A.Mott, 1983, Henry Con, the Great Finery Creator of Puddled Iron, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cort, Henry

  • 28 a largo plazo

    (adj.) = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term
    Ex. For a scheme to be successfull in the long term it is vital that there should be an organisational structure to support the scheme.
    Ex. This project ought to develop over the long term from a system designed to support the exchange of entries in micro-print to a fully automated network for the processing of records.
    Ex. In September 1973, the University of Washington initiated implementation of a formal long-range planing process for the total university system.
    Ex. Ostensibly, the maneuver was accomplished to curb patronage abuses and make it easier to dismiss deadwood employees in the long run.
    Ex. The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.
    Ex. Some feel that these sessions can be 'self-defeating over the long run because they are based on a reward-punishment psychology that serves to intensify the pressure on the individual'.
    Ex. But over the long haul you'll just find that your data is easier and cheaper to get at if you use XML.
    Ex. Findings indicate that the short-run success of methadone programs does not automatically translate into long-run abstinence.
    Ex. In the far term novel techniques are being developed to remove carbon dioxide from fuel gas or flue gas from energy conversion systems.
    Ex. These processes can be viewed as near-term and far-term.
    * * *
    (adj.) = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term

    Ex: For a scheme to be successfull in the long term it is vital that there should be an organisational structure to support the scheme.

    Ex: This project ought to develop over the long term from a system designed to support the exchange of entries in micro-print to a fully automated network for the processing of records.
    Ex: In September 1973, the University of Washington initiated implementation of a formal long-range planing process for the total university system.
    Ex: Ostensibly, the maneuver was accomplished to curb patronage abuses and make it easier to dismiss deadwood employees in the long run.
    Ex: The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.
    Ex: Some feel that these sessions can be 'self-defeating over the long run because they are based on a reward-punishment psychology that serves to intensify the pressure on the individual'.
    Ex: But over the long haul you'll just find that your data is easier and cheaper to get at if you use XML.
    Ex: Findings indicate that the short-run success of methadone programs does not automatically translate into long-run abstinence.
    Ex: In the far term novel techniques are being developed to remove carbon dioxide from fuel gas or flue gas from energy conversion systems.
    Ex: These processes can be viewed as near-term and far-term.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a largo plazo

  • 29 activar

    v.
    1 to activate (alarma, mecanismo).
    María activa la alarma Mary activates the alarm.
    La ambición activa a María Ambition activates Mary=moves Mary to action.
    El desempleo activa el crímen Unemployment activates=triggers crime.
    2 to arouse.
    Lo prohibido activa la pasión Those things forbidden arouse passion.
    * * *
    1 TÉCNICA to activate (acelerar) to expedite
    2 INFORMÁTICA to enable
    3 figurado (avivar) to liven up, quicken
    1 to become activated
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT (=poner en marcha) to activate; [+ trabajo] to expedite, speed up, hurry along; [+ fuego] to brighten up, poke; [+ mercado] to stimulate
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( agilizar) <proceso/crecimiento> to speed up; <economía/producción> to stimulate; < circulación> to stimulate
    b) ( avivar)
    c) ( poner en funcionamiento) < alarma> to activate, trigger; < dispositivo> to activate; < máquina> to set... in motion
    2.
    activarse v pron
    a) alarma to go off; dispositivo to start working
    b) (Méx) obreros/disidentes to take active steps
    * * *
    = activate, initialize, trip, set on, actuate, set in + motion, energise [energize, -USA], drive.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado drove, participio driven.
    Ex. Deferred orders are activated when the 'claim overdue order' function is run.
    Ex. These fields do not need to be initialized.
    Ex. The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.
    Ex. You can also select this option on the Setup Options screen to set postings on permanently.
    Ex. CRG has always remained an amateur organization in the sense that it does not dispose of large funds, and its members are actuated by enthusiasm for the subject rather than by the hope of wealth.
    Ex. If someone reports that a member of the staff is drunk while on the job, the supervisor must immediately set in motion the prescribed personnel procedures for verifying the charge, issuing a warning, observing and documenting future performance, and, if necessary, initiating a dismissal action.
    Ex. This will enhance the utility of the public libraries and energise the public librarian as a change agent.
    Ex. The notation 796.33 is used for sporst involving an inflated ball propelled ( driven) by foot.
    ----
    * activar una señal = activate + signal.
    * activar un dispositivo de control = set + control.
    * activar un proceso = activate + process.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( agilizar) <proceso/crecimiento> to speed up; <economía/producción> to stimulate; < circulación> to stimulate
    b) ( avivar)
    c) ( poner en funcionamiento) < alarma> to activate, trigger; < dispositivo> to activate; < máquina> to set... in motion
    2.
    activarse v pron
    a) alarma to go off; dispositivo to start working
    b) (Méx) obreros/disidentes to take active steps
    * * *
    = activate, initialize, trip, set on, actuate, set in + motion, energise [energize, -USA], drive.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado drove, participio driven.

    Ex: Deferred orders are activated when the 'claim overdue order' function is run.

    Ex: These fields do not need to be initialized.
    Ex: The cord which trips its shutter may reach down a man's sleeve within easy reach of his fingers.
    Ex: You can also select this option on the Setup Options screen to set postings on permanently.
    Ex: CRG has always remained an amateur organization in the sense that it does not dispose of large funds, and its members are actuated by enthusiasm for the subject rather than by the hope of wealth.
    Ex: If someone reports that a member of the staff is drunk while on the job, the supervisor must immediately set in motion the prescribed personnel procedures for verifying the charge, issuing a warning, observing and documenting future performance, and, if necessary, initiating a dismissal action.
    Ex: This will enhance the utility of the public libraries and energise the public librarian as a change agent.
    Ex: The notation 796.33 is used for sporst involving an inflated ball propelled ( driven) by foot.
    * activar una señal = activate + signal.
    * activar un dispositivo de control = set + control.
    * activar un proceso = activate + process.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.

    * * *
    activar [A1 ]
    vt
    1
    (estimular): medidas que activarán la economía measures to stimulate o revitalize the economy
    para activar la circulación to stimulate the circulation
    esto ayudará a activar las negociaciones this will help to give fresh impetus to the negotiations
    una ráfaga activó las llamas a gust of wind fanned the flames
    2 (poner en funcionamiento) ‹alarma› to activate, trigger, set off; ‹dispositivo› to activate; ‹máquina› to set … in motion
    3 ( Quím) to activate
    1 «alarma» to go off; «dispositivo» to start working
    2 ( Méx) «obreros/disidentes» to take active steps
    * * *

     

    activar ( conjugate activar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( agilizar) ‹proceso/crecimiento› to speed up;

    ‹economía/producción› to stimulate;
    ‹ circulación› to stimulate;
    ‹ negociaciones› to give fresh impetus to

    ‹ dispositivo› to activate;
    ‹ máquina› to set … in motion
    activarse verbo pronominal [ alarma] to go off;
    [ dispositivo] to start working
    activar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en marcha) to activate
    2 (acelerar, animar) to liven up: la publicidad les ayudó a activar el negocio, the publicity campaign helped them to bolster up business
    ' activar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estimular
    - mover
    English:
    activate
    - trip
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alarma, mecanismo] to activate
    2. [explosivo] to detonate
    3. [estimular] to stimulate;
    activar los intercambios comerciales to boost o stimulate trade;
    el ejercicio activa la circulación de la sangre exercise stimulates your circulation
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( estimular) stimulate
    2 bomba activate, set off; sistema de seguridad tb
    trigger
    * * *
    1) : to activate
    2) : to stimulate, to energize
    3) : to speed up

    Spanish-English dictionary > activar

  • 30 dietílico

    Ex. In the diethyl zinc gas process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.
    * * *

    Ex: In the diethyl zinc gas process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dietílico

  • 31 el otro lado de la barrera

    Ex. The article ' The other side of the fence' discusses the process of getting a book published focusing on finding a publisher, the editing component, putting a contract together, getting an agent, and publicity.
    * * *

    Ex: The article ' The other side of the fence' discusses the process of getting a book published focusing on finding a publisher, the editing component, putting a contract together, getting an agent, and publicity.

    Spanish-English dictionary > el otro lado de la barrera

  • 32 humedad

    f.
    1 dampness.
    hay mucha humedad en la casa the house is very damp
    2 humidity.
    3 moisture content, moisture.
    * * *
    1 humidity
    2 (de vapor) moisture
    3 (sensación) dampness
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) dampness, moistness
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en atmósfera] humidity
    2) [en pared, techo] damp, dampness
    * * *
    a) (Meteo) dampness; ( con calor) humidity
    b) (en paredes, suelo) damp
    * * *
    = damp, humidity, moisture, moisture content.
    Ex. In the diethyl zinc process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.
    Ex. A fresh, constant temperature and humidity not only promotes efficiency of use, it encourages use.
    Ex. In such circumstances, even where paper is not in direct contact with water, it rapidly absorbs moisture, resulting in mould and staining.
    Ex. Before being fed into the power plant boilers, coal will be made to pass through a drying plant to reduce its moisture content.
    ----
    * con olor a humedad = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].
    * contenido de humedad = moisture content.
    * humedad ambiental = ambient humidity.
    * humedad atmosférica = atmospheric humidity.
    * humedad relativa = relative humidity.
    * que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.
    * quitar la humedad = dehumidify.
    * * *
    a) (Meteo) dampness; ( con calor) humidity
    b) (en paredes, suelo) damp
    * * *
    = damp, humidity, moisture, moisture content.

    Ex: In the diethyl zinc process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.

    Ex: A fresh, constant temperature and humidity not only promotes efficiency of use, it encourages use.
    Ex: In such circumstances, even where paper is not in direct contact with water, it rapidly absorbs moisture, resulting in mould and staining.
    Ex: Before being fed into the power plant boilers, coal will be made to pass through a drying plant to reduce its moisture content.
    * con olor a humedad = musty [mustier -comp., mustiest -sup.], mousy [mousier -comp., mousiest -sup.].
    * contenido de humedad = moisture content.
    * humedad ambiental = ambient humidity.
    * humedad atmosférica = atmospheric humidity.
    * humedad relativa = relative humidity.
    * que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.
    * quitar la humedad = dehumidify.

    * * *
    1 ( Meteo):
    la humedad relativa ambiente or del aire es del 70% the relative humidity is 70%
    una atmósfera cargada de humedad a moisture-laden o humid atmosphere
    en Londres hay mucha humedad the atmosphere in London is very damp
    2 (en las paredes, el suelo) damp
    manchas de humedad en las paredes damp patches on the walls
    * * *

     

    humedad sustantivo femenino
    a) (Meteo) dampness;

    ( con calor) humidity
    b) (en paredes, suelo) damp

    humedad sustantivo femenino
    1 (de la ropa, una habitación) dampness
    2 (del ambiente) humidity
    ' humedad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    combadura
    - inconfundible
    - olor
    - seca
    - seco
    - filtrar
    - mancha
    - pasar
    - penetrar
    - rizar
    English:
    damp
    - dampness
    - humidity
    - moisture
    - musty
    - patch
    - ooze
    - rising
    * * *
    1. [de suelo, tierra] dampness;
    [de pared, techo] damp;
    hay mucha humedad en la casa the house is very damp;
    hay manchas de humedad en el techo there are damp patches on the ceiling;
    huele a humedad it smells of damp
    2. [de labios, ojos] moistness
    3. [de atmósfera] humidity;
    con una humedad superior al 90 por ciento with over 90 percent humidity
    humedad absoluta absolute humidity;
    humedad relativa relative humidity
    * * *
    f
    1 humidity;
    del aire relative humidity
    2 de una casa damp(ness)
    * * *
    1) : humidity
    2) : dampness, moistness
    * * *
    2. (en la atmósfera) humidity

    Spanish-English dictionary > humedad

  • 33 neutralizador

    adj.
    neutralizing.
    m.
    neutralizer, buffer.
    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo neutralizing (before n)
    II
    masculino neutralizer
    * * *
    = neutralising, dopant.
    Ex. In the vacuum soaking process paper is soaked in a watery neutralising liquid in a vacuum chamber.
    Ex. The exposed part is changed by the radiation or a dopant can be applied to join individual components together.
    ----
    * agente neutralizador = neutralising agent.
    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo neutralizing (before n)
    II
    masculino neutralizer
    * * *
    = neutralising, dopant.

    Ex: In the vacuum soaking process paper is soaked in a watery neutralising liquid in a vacuum chamber.

    Ex: The exposed part is changed by the radiation or a dopant can be applied to join individual components together.
    * agente neutralizador = neutralising agent.

    * * *
    neutralizing ( before n)
    neutralizer
    * * *
    neutralizador, -ora adj
    neutralizing

    Spanish-English dictionary > neutralizador

  • 34 normativa

    f.
    1 regulations.
    2 ground rules.
    * * *
    1 rules plural, regulations plural
    * * *
    SF rules pl, regulations pl, guidelines pl
    * * *
    femenino regulations (pl), rules (pl)
    * * *
    = constitution, provision, regulation, rules and regulations, rules and conditions, ruling, regulatory measures, policy, code.
    Ex. Enter the constitution, charter, or other fundamental law of a jurisdiction under the heading for that jurisdiction.
    Ex. Chapter 9 considered the provisions for selecting headings for added entries.
    Ex. If administrative regulations, rules, etc., are from jurisdictions in which such regulations, etc., are promulgated by government agencies or agents, enter them under the heading for the agency or agent.
    Ex. Examples would include deliberately contriving an authoritarian atmosphere, either institutional, by means of rules and regulations, or personal, by means of academic status, for instance.
    Ex. Rules and conditions concerning book lending are the most important items in a library's statute book, binding the reader by specific obligations in the process of borrowing books.
    Ex. The suggested ruling is that groups 1, 2 and 3 are entered under Place, except for individual species in biology.
    Ex. Methyl bromide has been phased-out in industrialized countries because of international regulatory measures designed to reduce substances that potentially deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.
    Ex. This policy of reflecting the subject labels and relationships present in the literature of a subject is known as being consistent with literary warrant.
    Ex. Codes are sets of rules which indicate how different types of documents are best catalogued, if sensible and consistent headings are to be established in author catalogues and indexes.
    * * *
    femenino regulations (pl), rules (pl)
    * * *
    = constitution, provision, regulation, rules and regulations, rules and conditions, ruling, regulatory measures, policy, code.

    Ex: Enter the constitution, charter, or other fundamental law of a jurisdiction under the heading for that jurisdiction.

    Ex: Chapter 9 considered the provisions for selecting headings for added entries.
    Ex: If administrative regulations, rules, etc., are from jurisdictions in which such regulations, etc., are promulgated by government agencies or agents, enter them under the heading for the agency or agent.
    Ex: Examples would include deliberately contriving an authoritarian atmosphere, either institutional, by means of rules and regulations, or personal, by means of academic status, for instance.
    Ex: Rules and conditions concerning book lending are the most important items in a library's statute book, binding the reader by specific obligations in the process of borrowing books.
    Ex: The suggested ruling is that groups 1, 2 and 3 are entered under Place, except for individual species in biology.
    Ex: Methyl bromide has been phased-out in industrialized countries because of international regulatory measures designed to reduce substances that potentially deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.
    Ex: This policy of reflecting the subject labels and relationships present in the literature of a subject is known as being consistent with literary warrant.
    Ex: Codes are sets of rules which indicate how different types of documents are best catalogued, if sensible and consistent headings are to be established in author catalogues and indexes.

    * * *
    regulations (pl), rules (pl)
    según la normativa vigente under current regulations o rules
    * * *

     

    normativa sustantivo femenino rules pl
    ' normativa' also found in these entries:
    English:
    initiate
    * * *
    regulations;
    según la normativa vigente under current rules o regulations
    * * *
    f rules pl, regulations pl

    Spanish-English dictionary > normativa

  • 35 postular

    v.
    1 to call for (ideas).
    2 to nominate. ( Latin American Spanish)
    3 to collect.
    4 to apply (para trabajo). (Southern Cone)
    5 to nominate as a candidate.
    Postulamos a Ricardo We nominated Richard as a candidate.
    6 to postulate, to posit, to pretend.
    Postulamos un empate We postulated a tie.
    7 to nominate for office, to nominate for employment.
    Postulamos a Ricardo We nominated Richard for office.
    * * *
    1 (defender) to postulate
    1 (pedir) to collect ( para, for)
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=defender) [+ teoría] to postulate
    2) (=pedir) to demand, seek

    en el artículo postula la reforma de... — in the article he sets out demands for the reform of...

    3) [en colecta] to collect (for charity)
    4) LAm (=proponer) [+ candidato] to nominate
    2. VI
    1) [en colecta] to collect (for charity)
    2) LAm to apply ( para for)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (frml)
    a) < hipótesis> to advance, postulate (frml)
    b) ( proponer) <medidas/soluciones> to propose
    2) (AmL) (Pol) < candidato> to nominate, propose
    2.

    postular PARA algo — para puesto (CS) to apply for something; para obra benéfica (Esp) to collect for something

    3.
    postularse v pron (AmL) to stand, run
    * * *
    = advocate, posit, postulate.
    Ex. In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. Vickery has postulated that the following series of facets may be expected: thing-part-constituent-property-measure- patient-process/action operation-agent-(space-time).
    ----
    * se postula que = the argument goes that.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (frml)
    a) < hipótesis> to advance, postulate (frml)
    b) ( proponer) <medidas/soluciones> to propose
    2) (AmL) (Pol) < candidato> to nominate, propose
    2.

    postular PARA algo — para puesto (CS) to apply for something; para obra benéfica (Esp) to collect for something

    3.
    postularse v pron (AmL) to stand, run
    * * *
    = advocate, posit, postulate.

    Ex: In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.

    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: Vickery has postulated that the following series of facets may be expected: thing-part-constituent-property-measure- patient-process/action operation-agent-(space-time).
    * se postula que = the argument goes that.

    * * *
    postular [A1 ]
    vt
    A ( frml)
    1 ‹hipótesis› to advance, put forward, postulate ( frml)
    2 (proponer) ‹medidas/soluciones› to propose
    B ( AmL) ( Pol) ‹candidato› to nominate, propose
    ■ postular
    vi
    A
    1 ( Relig) to be a candidate for admission, to be a postulant
    2 (CS) (para un puesto) postular PARA algo; to apply FOR sth
    B ( Esp) (para una obra benéfica) postular PARA algo; to collect FOR sth
    ( AmL) to stand, run
    * * *

    postular ( conjugate postular) verbo transitivo (AmL) (Pol) ‹ candidato› to nominate, propose
    ■ verbo intransitivo postular PARA algo (CS) ‹ para puesto› to apply for sth
    postularse verbo pronominal (AmL) to stand, run
    ' postular' also found in these entries:
    English:
    apply
    - nominate
    - put
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [defender] to call for
    2. Am [candidatar] to nominate
    ♦ vi
    1. [en colecta] to collect;
    postular para una causa to collect for a cause
    2. CSur [para trabajo] to apply
    * * *
    v/t hipótesis put forward, advance
    * * *
    1) : to postulate
    2) : to nominate
    3) : to propose

    Spanish-English dictionary > postular

  • 36 zinc

    m.
    zinc.
    * * *
    1 zinc
    * * *
    SM zinc
    * * *
    masculino zinc
    * * *
    = zinc.
    Ex. In the diethyl zinc gas process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.
    ----
    * litografía en plancha de zinc = zinc-plate lithograph.
    * óxido de zinc = zinc oxide.
    * plancha de zinc = zinc plate.
    * * *
    masculino zinc
    * * *
    = zinc.

    Ex: In the diethyl zinc gas process damp is drawn from paper and a neutralising agent applied.

    * litografía en plancha de zinc = zinc-plate lithograph.
    * óxido de zinc = zinc oxide.
    * plancha de zinc = zinc plate.

    * * *
    zinc
    techo de chapa de zinc corrugated iron roof
    * * *

    zinc sustantivo masculino
    zinc;

    zinc sustantivo masculino zinc

    ' zinc' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cinc
    English:
    zinc
    - corrugated
    * * *
    zinc nm
    zinc
    * * *
    m zinc
    * * *
    zinc nm
    : zinc

    Spanish-English dictionary > zinc

  • 37 Castner, Hamilton Young

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 11 September 1858 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    d. 11 October 1899 Saranoe Lake, New York, USA
    [br]
    American chemist, inventor of the electrolytic production of sodium.
    [br]
    Around 1850, the exciting new metal aluminium began to be produced by the process developed by Sainte-Claire Deville. However, it remained expensive on account of the high cost of one of the raw materials, sodium. It was another thirty years before Castner became the first to work successfully the process for producing sodium, which consisted of heating sodium hydroxide with charcoal at a high temperature. Unable to interest American backers in the process, Castner took it to England and set up a plant at Oldbury, near Birmingham. At the moment he achieved commercial success, however, the demand for cheap sodium plummeted as a result of the development of the electrolytic process for producing aluminium. He therefore sought other uses for cheap sodium, first converting it to sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent much used in the straw-hat industry. Much more importantly, Castner persuaded the gold industry to use sodium instead of potassium cyanide in the refining of gold. With the "gold rush", he established a large market in Australia, the USA, South Africa and elsewhere, but the problem was to meet the demand, so Castner turned to the electrolytic method. At first progress was slow because of the impure nature of the sodium hydroxide, so he used a mercury cathode, with which the released sodium formed an amalgam. It then reacted with water in a separate compartment in the cell to form sodium hydroxide of a purity hitherto unknown in the alkali industry; chlorine was a valuable by-product.
    In 1894 Castner began to seek international patents for the cell, but found he had been anticipated in Germany by Kellner, an Austrian chemist. Preferring negotiation to legal confrontation, Castner exchanged patents and processes with Kellner, although the latter's had been less successful. The cell became known as the Castner-Kellner cell, but the process needed cheap electricity and salt, neither of which was available near Oldbury, so he set up the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company works at Runcorn in Cheshire; at the same time, a pilot plant was set up in the USA at Saltville, Virginia, with a larger plant being established at Niagara Falls.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Fleck, 1947, "The life and work of Hamilton Young Castner" (Castner Memorial Lecture), Chemistry and Industry 44:515-; Fifty Years of Progress: The Story of the Castner-Kellner Company, 1947.
    T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 549–50 (provides a summary of his work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Castner, Hamilton Young

  • 38 Herschel, John Frederick William

    [br]
    b. 7 March 1792 Slough, England
    d. 11 May 1871 Collingwood, England
    [br]
    English scientist who introduced "hypo" (thiosulphate) as a photographic fixative and discovered the blueprint process.
    [br]
    The only son of Sir William Herschel, the famous astronomer, John graduated from Cambridge in 1813 and went on to become a distinguished astronomer, mathematician and chemist. He left England in November 1833 to set up an observatory near Cape Town, South Africa, where he embarked on a study of the heavens in the southern hemisphere. He returned to England in the spring of 1838, and between 1850 and 1855 Herschel served as Master of the Royal Mint. He made several notable contributions to photography, perhaps the most important being his discovery in 1819 that hyposulphites (thiosulphates) would dissolve silver salts. He brought this property to the attention of W.H.F. Talbot, who in 1839 was using a common salt solution as a fixing agent for his early photographs. After trials, Talbot adopted "hypo", which was a far more effective fixative. It was soon adopted by other photographers and eventually became the standard photographic fixative, as it still is in the 1990s. After hearing of the first photographic process in January 1839, Herschel devised his own process within a week. In September 1839 he made the first photograph on glass. He is credited with introducing the words "positive", "negative" and "snapshot" to photography, and in 1842 he invented the cyanotype or "blueprint" process. This process was later to be widely adopted by engineers and architects for the reproduction of plans and technical drawings, a practice abandoned only in the late twentieth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order 1831. Baronet 1838. FRS 1813. Copley Medal 1821.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1968, Vol. IX, pp. 714–19.
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London; Larry J.Schaaf, 1992, Out of the Shadows: Herschel, Talbot and the Invention of Photography, Newhaven and London (for details of his contributions to photography and his relationship with Talbot).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Herschel, John Frederick William

  • 39 материал

    fabric, absorbent material, material, matter, medium, stuff, substance
    * * *
    материа́л м.
    1. material
    2. ( сырьё) stock
    абрази́вный материа́л — abrasive (material)
    классифици́ровать абрази́вный материа́л (напр. методом ситового анализа) — grade an abrasive (material) (e. g., by the use of screens or sieves)
    автокла́вный материа́л — steam-cured [steam(-and-pressure) cured] material
    агломери́рованный материа́л — sintered material
    акти́вный материа́л — active material
    1. ( для лазеров) laser [lasing] material, laser [lasing] medium
    выра́щивать акти́вный материа́л (напр. из расплава) — grow a laser material (e. g., from melt)
    2. ( для мазеров) maser [masing] material, maser [masing] medium
    акусти́ческий материа́л — acoustical material
    амортизи́рующий материа́л — damping material
    анизотро́пный материа́л — anisotropic material
    антикоррозио́нный материа́л — anticorrosive material
    асбе́стовый руло́нный материа́л — asbestos blanket
    асбестоцеме́нтный материа́л — cementitious [asbestos-cement] material
    би́тумный материа́л — asphaltic material, asphaltic product
    буто́вочный материа́л — filler
    виброизоляцио́нный материа́л — vibrated insulating material
    воздухововлека́ющий материа́л — air-entraining agent
    волокни́стый материа́л — fibrous material
    волокно́вый материа́л ( в порошковой металлургии) — fibrous material
    воспламеня́ющийся материа́л — inflammable material
    воспроизводя́щий материа́л яд. физ. — breeder material
    всплыва́ющий материа́л — floatable material
    вспомога́тельный материа́л
    1. физ. accessory material
    2. ( для уплотнения) auxiliary material
    вспу́чивающий материа́л — bloating agent, bloater
    материа́л в технологи́ческом проце́ссе — in-process material
    высокоогнеупо́рный материа́л — high refractory
    высу́шиваемый материа́л — dryable material
    вя́жущий материа́л — binding material, binder
    вя́жущий, возду́шный материа́л — airbinder
    вя́жущий, гидравли́ческий материа́л — hydraulic binding material
    вя́жущий, ги́псовый материа́л — alabaster binding material
    вя́жущий, магнезиа́льный материа́л — magnesia binding material
    вя́жущий, минера́льный материа́л — mineral binding material
    вя́жущий, органи́ческий материа́л — organic binding material
    вязкоупру́гий материа́л — viscoelastic material
    герметизи́рующий материа́л — sealing material; ( обволакивающий) encapsulant; ( заливающий) potting compound
    гидроизоляцио́нный материа́л — hydraulic insulating material
    горю́чий материа́л — combustible material
    гу́бчатый материа́л — sponge material
    дефици́тный материа́л — scarce material
    диспе́рсно-упрочнё́нный материа́л — dispersion-hardened material
    диэлектри́ческий материа́л — dielectric
    материа́л для уплотне́ния швов — joint-sealing material
    материа́л для я́дерного реа́ктора — nuclear [pile] material
    до́норный материа́л — donor material
    доро́жно-строи́тельный материа́л — roadbuilding material
    дуби́льный материа́л — tanning material
    жаропро́чный материа́л — high-temperature [beat-proof] material
    жаросто́йкий материа́л — beat-resisting material
    жё́сткий материа́л — inflexible [rigid, stiff] material
    жирова́льный материа́л — tanner grease, tanning oil
    закла́дочный материа́л горн. — stowage material
    запра́вочный материа́л — fettling material; ( в производстве огнеупоров) make-up material
    защи́тный материа́л яд. физ. — shielding [protective] material
    звукозаглуша́ющий материа́л — sound-damping material
    звукоизоляцио́нный материа́л — sound insulator, sound-insulating material
    звукоизоляцио́нный, нама́зываемый материа́л — troweled-on acoustical material
    звукоизоляцио́нный, напыля́емый материа́л — sprayed-on acoustical material
    звукопоглоща́ющий материа́л — sound-absorbing material, acoustical absorbent
    звукопоглоща́ющий, моноли́тный материа́л — monolithic sound-acoustical material
    зерни́стый материа́л — granular material
    изоляцио́нный материа́л — insulating material, insulator, insulating
    изотро́пный материа́л — isotropic material
    ине́ртный материа́л — inert material
    инструмента́льный материа́л — tool material
    ионообме́нный материа́л — ion-exchange material
    исхо́дный материа́л — source material
    керами́ческий материа́л
    1. ceramic [sintered] material
    2. ( изделие) стр. (structural) clay product
    кислотосто́йкий материа́л — acid-proof material
    кислотоупо́рный материа́л — acid-proof material
    классифици́рованный материа́л — classified [graded] material
    коксу́ющийся уноси́мый материа́л — charring ablative material
    композицио́нный материа́л — composite material
    конструкцио́нный материа́л — structural material, material of construction
    конструкцио́нный, неру́дный материа́л — nonmetallic construction of material
    конта́ктный материа́л — contact material
    коррозионносто́йкий материа́л — corrosion-resistant [rust-resisting] material
    кристалли́ческий материа́л — crystalline material
    кро́вельный материа́л — roofing material
    кро́вельный, руло́нный материа́л — roll (roofing) material
    кро́ющий материа́л — covering material, coating
    кусково́й материа́л — lump material
    лакокра́сочный материа́л — paintwork material
    листово́й материа́л — ( тонкий) sheet material; ( толстый) plate material
    литьево́й материа́л — (injection-)moulding material
    люминесци́рующий материа́л — fluorescent material
    магни́тно-жё́сткий материа́л — hard magnetic material
    магни́тно-мя́гкий материа́л — soft magnetic material
    магни́тно-твё́рдый материа́л — hard magnetic material
    магни́тный материа́л — magnetic material
    магнитоопти́ческий материа́л — magneto-opticmaterial
    магнитострикцио́нный материа́л — magnetostrictive material
    маслосто́йкий материа́л — oil-resistant material
    ма́тричный материа́л полигр. — flong
    машинострои́тельный материа́л — engineering material
    металлокерами́ческий материа́л — cement, sintered powder metal
    металлокерами́ческий, магни́тный материа́л — magnetic cermet
    металлокерами́ческий, по́ристый материа́л — porous cermet
    металлокерами́ческий, фрикцио́нный материа́л — friction cermet
    многосло́йный материа́л — multilayer material
    мо́лотый материа́л — comminuted [ground] material
    морозосто́йкий материа́л — frost-proof material
    наби́вочный материа́л — ( уплотнительный) packing, stuffing; ( подливочный) padding
    набо́рный материа́л — type matter
    материа́л нава́лом — bulk material
    материа́л накла́дки — facing [lining] material
    насыпно́й материа́л — bulk material
    неакти́вный материа́л — inert material
    невоспламеня́ющийся материа́л — non-flammable material
    негати́вный материа́л кфт. — negative material
    немагни́тный материа́л — non-magnetic material
    неметалли́ческий материа́л — non-metallic material
    неодноро́дный материа́л — heterogeneous material
    непо́ристый материа́л — non-porous material
    несжима́емый материа́л — incompressible material
    низкосо́ртный материа́л — low-grade material
    обё́рточный материа́л — wrapping material, wrap (per)
    обжига́емый материа́л — calcinable material
    оби́вочный материа́л — upholstery material
    обкла́дочный материа́л полигр. — furniture
    облицо́вочный материа́л — ( внешний) facing material; ( внутренний) lining material
    обогащё́нный материа́л — enriched material
    обрабо́танный материа́л — finished stock, finished material
    обти́рочный материа́л — cleaning [wiping] material, wiping rags
    огнезащи́тный материа́л — fire-proof material
    огнесто́йкий материа́л — fire-resistant material
    огнеупо́рный материа́л — refractory
    огнеупо́рный, торкрети́рованный материа́л — sprayed refractory
    однокомпоне́нтный материа́л — single material
    одноро́дный материа́л — homogeneous material
    однофа́зовый материа́л — single-phase material
    озоносто́йкий материа́л — ozone-resisting material
    оптоакусти́ческий материа́л — optoacoustic material
    оседа́ющий материа́л — settling material
    материа́л основа́ния печа́тной пла́ты — base material
    отде́лочный материа́л — leather finishing agent
    парамагни́тный материа́л — paramagnetic material
    перви́чный материа́л — raw material
    печа́тный материа́л полигр. — printed matter
    пласти́чный материа́л — plastic material
    подкисля́ющий материа́л — acidifier
    подкле́ечный материа́л — adhesive backer
    по́довый материа́л — bottoms material
    подо́швенный материа́л кож. — soling
    подсо́бный материа́л — incidental material
    подшихто́вочный материа́л — feed-adjusting [charge-adjusting] material
    позити́вный материа́л кфт. — positive material
    полиме́рный материа́л — polymeric material
    полирова́льный материа́л — polish, polishing compound
    полупроводнико́вый материа́л — semiconducting [semiconductor] material
    по́ристый материа́л — porous material
    порошкообра́зный материа́л — powder(ed) material
    поса́дочный материа́л — planting stock
    посевно́й материа́л — seed grain, seeds
    приро́дный материа́л — natural material
    приса́дочный материа́л — filler material
    пробе́льный материа́л — spacing material
    пробе́льный и обкла́дочный материа́л — furniture
    пробе́льный, междустро́чный материа́л — leads
    пробе́льный, поло́сный материа́л — leads and slogs
    пробе́льный, стро́чной материа́л — quads and spaces
    проводнико́вый материа́л — conducting material
    произво́дственные, вспомога́тельные материа́лы — indirect materials
    произво́дственные, основны́е материа́лы — direct materials
    прока́тный материа́л — rolled stock
    прокла́дочный материа́л — sealing [packing, leak-proofing] material
    противоприга́рный материа́л литейн. — parting material, parting paint
    про́фильный материа́л — section material, sections, shapes; ( полученный методом прессования) extrusions
    прутко́вый материа́л — bar material, bar stock
    псевдопласти́чный материа́л — pseudo-plastic material
    пьезорезисти́вный материа́л — piezoresistive material
    рекла́мный материа́л — advertising matter
    сверхпроводя́щий материа́л — superconductor
    светочувстви́тельный материа́л кфт. — light-sensitive material
    сегнетоэлектри́ческий материа́л — ferroelectric material
    семенно́й материа́л — seed grain, seeds
    материа́л с избира́тельным поглоще́нием — frequency-selective damping material
    силикатобето́нный материа́л — silicate concrete material
    скле́иваемый материа́л — adherend
    сланцезо́льный материа́л — ash-shale [cinder-shale] material
    слежа́вшийся материа́л — packed material
    сма́зочный материа́л — lubricant
    сма́зочный, идеа́льный материа́л — ideal lubricant
    сма́зочный, промы́шленный материа́л — industrial lubricant
    сма́зочный материа́л с противозади́рной приса́дкой — anti-galling [anti-scoring] lubricant
    материа́л с ма́лым коэффицие́нтом расшире́ния — low-expansion material
    сме́шиваемый материа́л ( способный смешиваться с другим) — miscible material
    материа́л с непрямоуго́льной петлё́й (гистере́зиса) — non-square-loop material
    составно́й материа́л — composite material
    спечё́нный материа́л — sintered material
    материа́л с прямоуго́льной петлё́й (гистере́зиса) — square-loop [square BH-loop] material
    материа́л с со́бственной проводи́мостью — intrinsic material
    стекловолокни́стый материа́л — glass-fibre material
    строи́тельный материа́л — building material
    материа́л с у́зкой запрещё́нной зо́ной — narrow-gap material
    материа́л с широ́кой запрещё́нной зо́ной — wide-gap material
    сыпу́чий материа́л — loose [granular] material
    сыро́й материа́л — raw material
    та́рный материа́л — container material
    теплозащи́тный уноси́мый материа́л — ablative beat shield material
    теплоизоляцио́нный материа́л — beat-insulating material
    термомагни́тный материа́л — thermomagnetimaterial
    термопласти́чный материа́л — thermoplastic material
    тонколистово́й материа́л — sheet material
    тонкоплё́ночный материа́л — thin-film material
    трасси́рующий материа́л ( в дефектоскопии) — flaw-detecting material
    упако́вочный материа́л — packaging material
    уплотня́ющий материа́л — sealing [packing, leak-proofing] material, sealant
    упру́гий материа́л — elastic material
    упру́го-пласти́ческий материа́л — elasto-plastic material
    устано́вочные материа́лы — wiring accessories
    фа́зовый материа́л — phase material
    ферромагни́тный материа́л — ferromagnetic material
    фильтру́ющий материа́л — filter medium
    флоти́рующийся материа́л — flotable material
    флюсу́ющий материа́л — fluxing agent
    формо́вочный материа́л — moulding material
    фотографи́ческий материа́л — photographic material
    фотоупру́гий материа́л — photoelastic material
    фотоэмиссио́нный материа́л — photoemissive material
    футеро́вочный материа́л — lining material
    хру́пкий материа́л — brittle material
    шиноремо́нтный материа́л — tyre repair material
    ши́хтовый твё́рдый материа́л — cold-charge [solid charge] material
    шлакобразу́ющий материа́л — slag-forming material
    шлифова́льный материа́л — grinding material
    штукату́рный отде́лочный материа́л — fine stuff
    щёлочесто́йкий материа́л — alkali-resisting material
    экрани́рующий материа́л — shielding material
    электроизоляцио́нный материа́л — electrical insulating material
    электроопти́ческий материа́л — electrooptic material
    электропроводя́щий материа́л — current-conducting material
    электротехни́ческий материа́л — electrotechnical material

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > материал

  • 40 способ

    2) Biology: technique (см. тж method)
    3) Medicine: practice, tool
    4) Colloquial: dodge, gadget, how
    5) Obsolete: instrumentation, wise
    6) Military: technique
    7) Engineering: process, technic, technology, theory
    8) Agriculture: practice (ы), water conveyance and delivery efficiency
    9) Construction: manner apx.
    10) Mathematics: curve, method (of), path, technics, technique (for)
    11) Railway term: modulator operandi
    12) Diplomatic term: modus (действия)
    13) Forestry: style, type
    14) Psychology: government, mechanism (работы)
    15) Information technology: fashion
    16) Immunology: pattern
    17) Geophysics: form
    18) Patents: art, art of process, media, process (патентоспособный класс изобретений - определенная последовательность операций, выполняемых с соблюдением определенных условий и приводящих к получению определенного эффекта)
    19) Automation: course
    20) General subject: way (не путь, если речь явно не идет о дороге)
    22) Archaic: kind (присущий кому-л.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > способ

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  • agent for service of process — The individual designated to receive legal documents and tax notices for a corporation or an LLC. The agent is responsible for ensuring that the business s owners receive important correspondence and legal notices in a timely manner. State law… …   Law dictionary

  • Agent Purple — is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. The name comes from the purple stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents. It was one of the… …   Wikipedia

  • agent for acceptance of service — See: agent for service of process Category: Business, LLCs & Corporations → LLCs, Corporations, Partnerships, etc. Nolo’s Plain English Law Dictionary. Gerald N. Hill, Kathleen Thompson Hill. 2009 …   Law dictionary

  • process cheese — [prä′ses΄] n. a cheese made by heating and blending together several natural cheeses with an emulsifying agent: also processed cheese * * * …   Universalium

  • process cheese — [prä′ses΄] n. a cheese made by heating and blending together several natural cheeses with an emulsifying agent: also processed cheese …   English World dictionary

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