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printed+in+england

  • 1 print

    print
    1. noun
    1) (a mark made by pressure: a footprint; a fingerprint.) huella, marca
    2) (printed lettering: I can't read the print in this book.) letra, caracteres
    3) (a photograph made from a negative: I entered three prints for the photographic competition.) copia
    4) (a printed reproduction of a painting or drawing.) grabado

    2. verb
    1) (to mark (letters etc) on paper (by using a printing press etc): The invitations will be printed on white paper.) imprimir
    2) (to publish (a book, article etc) in printed form: His new novel will be printed next month.) publicar, editar
    3) (to produce (a photographic image) on paper: He develops and prints his own photographs.) imprimir, sacar una copia
    4) (to mark designs on (cloth etc): When the cloth has been woven, it is dyed and printed.) estampar
    5) (to write, using capital letters: Please print your name and address.) escribir en mayúsculas
    •
    - printing
    - printing-press
    - print-out
    - in / out of print
    print1 n
    1. letra
    the print is very small, I need my glasses la letra es muy pequeña, necesito ponerme las gafas
    2. huella / marca
    print2 vb
    1. imprimir
    2. escribir con letra de imprenta
    please type or print clearly por favor, escriba a máquina o con letra de imprenta
    tr[prɪnt]
    1 (lettering) letra
    ■ in small print en letra menuda, en letra pequeña
    2 (photo) copia; (picture) grabado
    3 (printed fabric) estampado
    4 (mark - of finger, foot) huella, marca
    1 (book, page, poster, etc) imprimir; (publish) publicar, editar
    2 (photo - negative) imprimir; (- copy) sacar una copia de
    3 (write clearly) escribir con letra de imprenta
    4 (fabric) estampar
    5 (make impression) marcar; (mentally) grabar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in print (published) publicado,-a 2 (available) a la venta
    out of print agotado,-a
    print ['prɪnt] vt
    : imprimir (libros, etc.)
    print vi
    : escribir con letra de molde
    1) impression: marca f, huella f, impresión f
    2) : texto m impreso
    to be out of print: estar agotado
    3) lettering: letra f
    4) engraving: grabado m
    5) : copia f (en fotografía)
    6) : estampado m (de tela)
    n.
    • estampa s.f.
    • grabado s.m.
    • impresión s.f.
    • letra s.f.
    • lámina s.f.
    • marca s.f.
    • positiva s.f.
    • tipo s.m.
    v.
    • estampar v.
    • imprimir v.
    • publicar v.
    • tirar v.
    prɪnt
    I
    1) u ( Print)
    a) ( lettering) letra f

    in large print — en letra grande or en caracteres grandes

    the fine print (AmE) o (esp BrE) small print — la letra menuda or pequeña or (AmL tb) chica

    b) ( text)

    in print — ( published) publicado; ( available) a la venta

    to get into print — publicarse*

    to go out of print — agotarse; (before n)

    print worker — tipógrafo, -fa m,f

    2) c
    a) (Art, Print) grabado m
    b) ( Phot) copia f
    3) c (of foot, finger) huella f, marca f
    4) c u ( fabric) estampado m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<letter/text/design\>\> imprimir*

    to print something ON/ONTO something — imprimir* algo en algo

    b) \<\<fabric\>\> estampar
    c) ( publish) publicar*, editar
    d) printed past p impreso

    printed matter — ( Post) impresos mpl

    2) ( write clearly) escribir* con letra de imprenta
    3) ( Phot) \<\<negative\>\> imprimir*

    to print a copy from something — sacar* una copia de algo

    4) ( make impression) (usu pass)

    2.
    vi
    a) ( Print) imprimir*
    b) ( write without joining the letters) escribir* con letra de imprenta or de molde
    c) ( Phot) salir*
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [prɪnt]
    1. N
    1) (Typ) (=letters) letra f ; (=printed matter) texto m impreso

    I can't read this print, it's too small — no puedo leer esta letra, es demasiado pequeña

    columns of tiny print — columnas fpl de letra pequeña or menuda

    • in bold print — en negrita

    • the fine print — la letra pequeña or menuda

    • to be in print — (=be published) estar publicado; (=be available) estar a la venta

    to appear in print — [work] publicarse

    • to get into print — publicarse

    • in large print — con letra grande

    • to be out of print — estar agotado

    • to rush into print — lanzarse a publicar

    • in small print — con letra pequeña or menuda

    2) (=mark, imprint) [of foot, finger, tyre] huella f, marca f ; (=fingerprint) huella f digital, huella f dactilar
    3) (=fabric) estampado m
    floral 2.
    4) (Art) (=etching, woodcut, lithograph) grabado m ; (=reproduction) reproducción f
    5) (Phot, Cine) copia f ; contact 3.
    2. VT
    1) (=set in print) [+ letters, text] imprimir; [+ money] emitir

    • printed by — impreso por

    • to print sth on or onto sth — estampar algo en algo

    2) (=write in block letters) escribir con or en letra de imprenta, escribir con or en letra de molde
    3) (Phot) [+ negative] imprimir; [+ photo] sacar una copia de; [+ copy] sacar
    4) (fig) grabar
    3.
    VI [person] escribir con or en letra de imprenta, escribir con or en letra de molde; [machine] imprimir; [negative] salir
    4.
    CPD

    print dress N — vestido m estampado

    print journalist N — periodista mf de prensa escrita

    print media NPL — medios mpl de comunicación impresos

    print reporter N (US) — = print journalist

    print run N — tirada f

    print shop N — (Typ) imprenta f ; (=art shop) tienda f de grabados

    print union N — sindicato m de tipógrafos

    print wheel N — rueda f de tipos

    * * *
    [prɪnt]
    I
    1) u ( Print)
    a) ( lettering) letra f

    in large print — en letra grande or en caracteres grandes

    the fine print (AmE) o (esp BrE) small print — la letra menuda or pequeña or (AmL tb) chica

    b) ( text)

    in print — ( published) publicado; ( available) a la venta

    to get into print — publicarse*

    to go out of print — agotarse; (before n)

    print worker — tipógrafo, -fa m,f

    2) c
    a) (Art, Print) grabado m
    b) ( Phot) copia f
    3) c (of foot, finger) huella f, marca f
    4) c u ( fabric) estampado m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<letter/text/design\>\> imprimir*

    to print something ON/ONTO something — imprimir* algo en algo

    b) \<\<fabric\>\> estampar
    c) ( publish) publicar*, editar
    d) printed past p impreso

    printed matter — ( Post) impresos mpl

    2) ( write clearly) escribir* con letra de imprenta
    3) ( Phot) \<\<negative\>\> imprimir*

    to print a copy from something — sacar* una copia de algo

    4) ( make impression) (usu pass)

    2.
    vi
    a) ( Print) imprimir*
    b) ( write without joining the letters) escribir* con letra de imprenta or de molde
    c) ( Phot) salir*
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > print

  • 2 print

    print [prɪnt]
    1. noun
       a. ( = mark) [of hand, foot] empreinte f ; ( = finger print) empreinte f (digitale)
       b. ( = letters) caractères mpl ; ( = printed material) texte m imprimé
       c. [of picture, photo] tirage m ; ( = material, design) imprimé m
       a. [+ text] imprimer
       b. [+ textile] imprimer ; [+ negative] tirer
       c. ( = write in block letters) écrire en majuscules
       a. [machine] imprimer
    • "printing" « impression en cours »
       b. (on form) "please print" « écrivez en majuscules »
    * * *
    [prɪnt] 1.
    1) [U] ( typeface) caractères mpl

    the small ou fine print — fig les détails

    to put ou get something into print — publier quelque chose

    ‘at the time of going to print’ — ‘à l'heure où nous mettons sous presse’

    3) Art ( etching) estampe f; ( engraving) gravure f
    4) Photography épreuve f
    5) Cinema copie f
    6) (of finger, hand, foot) empreinte f; ( of tyre) trace f
    7) ( fabric) tissu m imprimé
    8) ( handwriting) script m
    2.
    noun modifier [ curtains, dress] en tissu imprimé
    3.
    1) ( on press) imprimer also Art
    2) ( publish) publier
    3) Photography tirer [copy]; faire développer [photos]
    4) ( write) écrire [quelque chose] en script
    4.
    1) ( write) écrire en script
    2) ( on press) imprimer
    5.
    printed past participle adjective imprimé

    ‘printed matter’ — Postal services ‘imprimés’ mpl

    printed notepaper — papier m à lettres à en-tête

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > print

  • 3 Caxton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c.1422 Kent, England
    d. 1491 Westminster, England
    [br]
    English printer who produced the first book to be printed in English.
    [br]
    According to his own account, Caxton was born in Kent and received a schooling before entering the Mercers' Company, one of the most influential of the London guilds and engaged in the wholesale export trade in woollen goods and other wares, principally with the Low Countries. Around 1445, Caxton moved to Bruges, where he engaged in trade with such success that in 1462 he was appointed Governor of the English Nation in Bruges. He was entrusted with diplomatic missions, and his dealings with the court of Burgundy brought him into contact with the Duchess, Margaret of York, sister of the English King Edward IV. Caxton embarked on the production of fine manuscripts, making his own translations from the French for the Duchess and other noble patrons with a taste for this kind of literature. This trend became more marked after 1470–1 when Caxton lost his post in Bruges, probably due to the temporary overthrow of King Edward. Perhaps to satisfy an increasing demand for his texts, Caxton travelled to Cologne in 1471 to learn the art of printing. He set up a printing business in Bruges, in partnership with the copyist and bookseller Colard Mansion. There, late in 1474 or early the following year, Caxton produced the first book to be printed in English, and the first by an English printer, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, which he had translated from the French.
    In 1476 Caxton returned to England and set up his printing and publishing business "at the sign of the Red Pale" within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. This was more conveniently placed than the City of London for the likely customers among the court and Members of Parliament for the courtly romances and devotional works he aimed to produce. Other printers followed but survived only a few years, whereas Caxton remained successful for fifteen years and then bequeathed a flourishing concern to his assistant Wynkyn de Worde. During that time, 107 printed works, including seventy-four books, issued from Caxton's press. Of these, some twenty were his own translations. As printer and publisher, he did much to promote English literature, above all by producing the first editions of the literary masterpieces of the Middle Ages, such as the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate and Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Among the various dialects of spoken English in use at the time, Caxton adopted the language of London and the court and so did much to fix a permanent standard for written English.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Blades, 1877, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer, London; reprinted 1971 (the classic life of Caxton, superseded in detail by modern scholarship but still indispensable).
    G.D.Painter, 1976, William Caxton: A Quincentenary Biography of England's First
    Printer, London: Chatto \& Windus (the most thorough recent biography, describing every known Caxton document and edition, with corrected and new interpretations based on the latest scholarship).
    N.F.Blake, 1969, Caxton and His World, London (a reliable account, set against the background of English late-medieval life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Caxton, William

  • 4 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

  • 5 Whatman, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    baptized 4 October 1702 Loose, near Maidstone, Kent, England
    d. 29 June 1759 Loose, near Maidstone, Kent, England
    [br]
    English papermaker, inventor of wove paper.
    [br]
    The Whatman family had been established in Kent in the fifteenth century. At the time of his marriage in 1740, Whatman was described as a tanner. His wife was the widow of Richard Harris, papermaker, and, by the marriage settlement, he with his wife became joint tenants of Turkey Mill, near Maidstone. The mill had been used for fulling since the Middle Ages, but towards the end of the seventeenth century it had been converted to papermaking. Remarkably quickly, Whatman became one of the leading papermakers in England, doubtless helped by the shortage of imported paper that resulted from the Spanish Succession War of the 1740s. By the time of his death, his mill had the largest output in England, with a reputation for good-quality writing paper.
    According to his son's account much later, Whatman introduced wove paper, made in a wove wire gauze mould, in 1756. It gave a smoother paper with a more even surface, and was probably made at the suggestion of the celebrated printer and type founder John Baskerville. Whatman printed a book in 1757 on paper with an even texture but with laid lines still discernible, indicating that at first the wire gauze was placed in a conventional wire mould. In a book printed by Baskerville two years later, these lines are no longer visible, so a wire gauze mould was in use by then.
    After Whatman's death, Turkey Mill was managed by his widow for three years, until his son James (1741–98) was old enough to take charge. Under the management of the son, the mill maintained the scale and quality of its output, and in 1769 it was described as the largest paper mill in England where the best writing paper was made.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    T.Balston, 1957, James Whatman, Father and Son, London: Methuen.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Whatman, James

  • 6 a todo color

    = full-colour, in full colour
    Ex. Engelmann's technique used only three colour stones (red, yellow, and blue) to make a full-colour print.
    Ex. But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of 'chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.
    * * *
    = full-colour, in full colour

    Ex: Engelmann's technique used only three colour stones (red, yellow, and blue) to make a full-colour print.

    Ex: But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of 'chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a todo color

  • 7 cromolitografía

    f.
    chromolithograph, chromolithography, color printing, colour printing.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cromolitografiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: cromolitografiar.
    * * *
    1 colour printing
    * * *
    Nota: Proceso litográfico or el que se imprime un dibujo a partir de la combinación de piedras litográficas de diferentes colores.
    Ex. But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of ' chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.
    * * *
    Nota: Proceso litográfico or el que se imprime un dibujo a partir de la combinación de piedras litográficas de diferentes colores.

    Ex: But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of ' chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.

    * * *
    1 (técnica) chromolithography
    2 (estampa) chromolithograph
    * * *
    1. [arte] chromolithography
    2. [estampa] chromolithograph

    Spanish-English dictionary > cromolitografía

  • 8 juegos de

    Ex. But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of 'chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.
    * * *

    Ex: But in the late 1830s Engelmann in France and Hullmandel in England developed processes of 'chromolithography' whereby pictures in full colour were printed from suites of stones.

    Spanish-English dictionary > juegos de

  • 9 tranquilidad

    f.
    1 calm, peacefulness (sosiego) (de lugar, música, vida).
    2 peace of mind (falta de preocupaciones).
    para mayor tranquilidad to be on the safe side
    para tu tranquilidad to put your mind at rest
    3 clearness.
    4 calm.
    5 tranquility, calm, quiet, calmness.
    * * *
    1 (quietud) calmness, tranquillity (US tranquility); (sosiego) peace and quiet
    \
    para mayor tranquilidad to be on the safe side
    para tu tranquilidad for your own peace of mind
    perder la tranquilidad to get het up
    paz y tranquilidad peace and quiet
    * * *
    noun f.
    tranquility, quietness
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=placidez) peace

    ¡qué tranquilidad se respira en el campo! — the countryside is so peaceful!

    2) (=falta de prisa)
    3) (=aplomo) calm
    4) (=falta de preocupación)

    para mayor tranquilidad llama a tus padres — call your parents, to put your mind at rest

    ¡qué tranquilidad! ya se han acabado los exámenes — what a relief, the exams are over at last!

    puedes decírmelo con total tranquilidad, no se lo contaré a nadie — you're quite safe telling me, I won't tell anyone

    5) (=descaro)

    dijo con toda tranquilidad que no pensaba pagar — she said quite calmly o as cool as you please o like that she didn't intend to pay

    * * *
    a) ( calma) peace

    la tranquilidad del campo — the peace o tranquility of the countryside

    llámame a la hora que sea, con toda tranquilidad — feel free to call me at any time

    * * *
    = quiet, ease, reassurance, serenity, quietness, peace of mind, calm, calmness, tranquillity [tranquility, -USA], stillness.
    Ex. During the parliamentary debates he pointed out the advantages to the public that would accrue from such havens of quiet and reasonableness as the library.
    Ex. Reaching such a point of ease may be a long haul with some children.
    Ex. Such reassurance becomes particularly important if the inquirer has not sampled the file, either in a printed format or in browsing online.
    Ex. The state capital where she worked as a reference librarian has an almost rural serenity about it.
    Ex. Study space in the library was most used by groups of unsupervised pupils, of different ages, browsing and studying, requiring different levels of quietness.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Licensing of digital publications: peace of mind for research libraries or an expensive nightmare?'.
    Ex. Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.
    Ex. Patience, calmness and clear thinking must be the virtues to aspire to in such circumstances.
    Ex. There are only a few really large areas of tranquillity left in England and we must all work together to protect them.
    Ex. Today is day one of my twenty one day challenge -- spending a minimum of 10 minutes a day in quiet stillness.
    ----
    * con toda tranquilidad = casually.
    * con tranquilidad = tranquilly.
    * oasis de tranquilidad = calm oasis.
    * perturbar la paz y la tranquilidad = disturb + the peace and tranquillity.
    * * *
    a) ( calma) peace

    la tranquilidad del campo — the peace o tranquility of the countryside

    llámame a la hora que sea, con toda tranquilidad — feel free to call me at any time

    * * *
    = quiet, ease, reassurance, serenity, quietness, peace of mind, calm, calmness, tranquillity [tranquility, -USA], stillness.

    Ex: During the parliamentary debates he pointed out the advantages to the public that would accrue from such havens of quiet and reasonableness as the library.

    Ex: Reaching such a point of ease may be a long haul with some children.
    Ex: Such reassurance becomes particularly important if the inquirer has not sampled the file, either in a printed format or in browsing online.
    Ex: The state capital where she worked as a reference librarian has an almost rural serenity about it.
    Ex: Study space in the library was most used by groups of unsupervised pupils, of different ages, browsing and studying, requiring different levels of quietness.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Licensing of digital publications: peace of mind for research libraries or an expensive nightmare?'.
    Ex: Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.
    Ex: Patience, calmness and clear thinking must be the virtues to aspire to in such circumstances.
    Ex: There are only a few really large areas of tranquillity left in England and we must all work together to protect them.
    Ex: Today is day one of my twenty one day challenge -- spending a minimum of 10 minutes a day in quiet stillness.
    * con toda tranquilidad = casually.
    * con tranquilidad = tranquilly.
    * oasis de tranquilidad = calm oasis.
    * perturbar la paz y la tranquilidad = disturb + the peace and tranquillity.

    * * *
    1 (calma) peace
    la tranquilidad del campo the peace o tranquility of the countryside
    no he tenido ni un minuto de tranquilidad en toda la semana I haven't had a moment's peace all week
    llamemos a la estación para mayor tranquilidad let's call the station just to be on the safe side o to make absolutely sure
    necesita paz y tranquilidad she needs some peace and quiet
    para poder trabajar con tranquilidad to be able to work in peace
    léelo con tranquilidad read it at your leisure o in your own time
    respondió con tranquilidad she replied calmly
    2
    (falta de preocupación): llámame a la hora que sea, con toda tranquilidad feel free to call me at any time
    * * *

     

    tranquilidad sustantivo femenino
    a) ( calma) peace;


    con tranquilidad ( sin prisas) at my (o your etc) leisure;

    ( sin nerviosismo) calmly

    ◊ llámame a la hora que sea, con toda tranquilidad feel free to call me at any time;

    lo hice para mi propia tranquilidad I did it for my own peace of mind
    tranquilidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (sosiego, quietud) stillness, tranquillity
    2 (serenidad) calmness, tranquillity, US tranquility
    3 (despreocupación) se lo toma con una tranquilidad pasmosa, he takes it incredibly calmly
    te puede despedir con toda tranquilidad, he can fire you without a moment's worry
    ' tranquilidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    flema
    - paz
    - quietud
    - respirar
    - revolucionar
    - añorar
    - descanso
    - romper
    English:
    calm
    - ease
    - peace
    - peacefulness
    - quiet
    - quietness
    - quietud
    - stillness
    - tranquillity
    - tranquility
    * * *
    1. [sosiego] [de lugar, calle, tarde, vida] calm, peacefulness;
    [de ambiente, tono de voz] quietness, calmness; [de mar] calmness; [de movimientos, paso] unhurriedness, calmness;
    ¡qué tranquilidad se respira aquí! it's so peaceful here!;
    el presidente pidió tranquilidad a los ciudadanos the president called on citizens to remain calm;
    piénsalo con tranquilidad take your time to think it over;
    se tomó la noticia con mucha tranquilidad she took the news very calmly
    2. [falta de preocupaciones] peace of mind;
    para mayor tranquilidad to be on the safe side;
    para tu tranquilidad to put your mind at rest
    3. [de carácter] calmness, calm
    4. [despreocupación] calm;
    me extrañó la aparente tranquilidad con la que siguió su camino I was surprised by how calmly she seemed to just carry on;
    puedes llamar por teléfono con toda tranquilidad please feel free to use the phone;
    ¿puedo servirme más? – ¡con toda tranquilidad! can I have some more? – feel free!
    5. [de conciencia] clearness;
    la tranquilidad que te da saber que has hecho lo que debías the peace of mind you get from knowing you've done what you had to do
    * * *
    f calm, quietness;
    para tu tranquilidad for your peace of mind
    * * *
    : tranquility, peace
    * * *
    1. (paz) quiet / peace
    2. (calma) calm

    Spanish-English dictionary > tranquilidad

  • 10 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

    [br]
    b. August 1860 Brittany, France
    d. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and photographer.
    [br]
    Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Gordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.
    —1966, The Kinetoscope.
    —1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

  • 11 Senefelder, Alois

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of lithography.
    [br]
    Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.
    He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.
    He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.
    With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).
    Further Reading
    W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.
    M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois

  • 12 score

    1. noun
    1) (points) [Spiel]stand, der; (made by one player) Punktzahl, die

    final score — Endstand, der

    keep [the] score — zählen

    know the score — (fig. coll.) wissen, was Sache ist od. was läuft (salopp)

    2) (Mus.) Partitur, die; (Film) [Film]musik, die
    3) pl. score or scores (group of 20) zwanzig
    4) in pl. (great numbers)

    scores [and scores] of — zig (ugs.); Dutzende [von]

    5) (notch) Kerbe, die; (weal) Striemen, der
    6)

    pay off or settle an old score — (fig.) eine alte Rechnung begleichen

    7) (reason) Grund, der

    on that score — was das betrifft od. angeht; diesbezüglich

    2. transitive verb
    1) (win) erzielen [Erfolg, Punkt, Treffer usw.]

    score a direct hit on something — [Person:] einen Volltreffer landen; [Bombe:] etwas voll treffen

    they scored a success — sie konnten einen Erfolg [für sich] verbuchen

    score a goal — ein Tor schießen/werfen

    2) (make notch/notches in) einkerben
    3) (be worth) zählen
    4) (Mus.) setzen; (orchestrate) orchestrieren [Musikstück]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (make score) Punkte/einen Punkt erzielen od. (ugs.) machen; punkten (bes. Boxen); (score goal/goals) ein Tor/Tore schießen/werfen

    score high or well — (in test etc.) eine hohe Punktzahl erreichen od. erzielen

    2) (keep score) aufschreiben; anschreiben
    3) (secure advantage) die besseren Karten haben ( over gegenüber, im Vergleich zu)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/110167/score_out">score out
    * * *
    [sko:] 1. plurals - scores; noun
    1) (the number of points, goals etc gained in a game, competition etc: The cricket score is 59 for 3.) die Punktzahl
    2) (a written piece of music showing all the parts for instruments and voices: the score of an opera.) die Partitur
    3) (a set or group of twenty: There was barely a score of people there.) zwanzig
    2. verb
    1) (to gain (goals etc) in a game etc: He scored two goals before half-time.) erzielen
    2) ((sometimes with off or out) to remove (eg a name) from eg a list by putting a line through it: Please could you score my name off (the list)?; Is that word meant to be scored out?) streichen
    3) (to keep score: Will you score for us, please?) aufschreiben
    •
    - scorer
    - score-board
    - on that score
    - scores of
    - scores
    - settle old scores
    * * *
    [skɔ:ʳ, AM skɔ:r]
    I. n
    1. (of points) Punktestand m; (of game) Spielstand m
    at half time, the \score stood at two all zur Halbzeit stand es zwei zu zwei
    final \score Endstand m
    to keep [ BRIT the] \score die Punkte [o den Spielstand] mitschreiben
    2. SCH Punktzahl f, Ergebnis nt
    an IQ \score of 110 ein IQ von 110
    3. (act of getting point) Treffer m
    4. ( esp form: twenty) zwanzig
    he lived to be three \score [years] er wurde sechzig Jahre alt
    the play has only been performed a \score of times das Stück wurde nur an die zwanzig Mal aufgeführt
    ▪ \scores pl Dutzende pl
    there have been \scores of injuries es hat Dutzende von Verletzten gegeben
    by the \score reihenweise fam
    5. ( fam: reason) Grund m
    there's nothing to worry about on that \score darüber brauchst du dir nicht den Kopf zu zerbrechen
    6. (dispute) Streit[punkt] m
    it's time these old \scores were forgotten es ist an der Zeit, diese alten Streitereien zu vergessen
    to settle a \score eine Rechnung begleichen fig
    7. MUS Partitur f
    8. (for musical/film) [Titel]musik f
    9. (mark scratched into a surface) Kerbe f, Einschnitt m
    10.
    ▶ to know the \score wissen, wie der Hase läuft fam
    ▶ what's the \score? ( fam) wie sieht's aus? fam
    II. vt
    to \score a goal ein Tor [o SCHWEIZ Goal] schießen
    to \score a point einen Punkt machen
    2. (achieve result)
    ▪ to \score sth etw erreichen [o erzielen]
    she \scored 18 out of 20 sie erreichte 18 von 20 möglichen Punkten
    two of the machines we tested \scored high marks zwei der getesteten Maschinen erzielten hohe Wertungen
    to \score a hit einen Treffer landen fam
    nearly every shot \scored a hit nahezu jeder Schuss war ein [voller] Treffer
    to \score points ( fig) sich dat einen Vorteil verschaffen
    to \score a triumph einen Triumph erzielen
    to \score a victory einen Sieg erringen
    3. (mark, cut)
    ▪ to \score sth etw einkerben
    to \score the surface of sth die Oberfläche einer S. gen verkratzen
    4. ( fam: obtain, esp illegally)
    ▪ to \score sth etw beschaffen
    to \score drugs sich dat Stoff beschaffen sl
    ▪ to \score sth etw orchestrieren
    6. (get cheaply, easily)
    ▪ to \score sth [from sb] etw [von jdm] abstauben sl
    III. vi
    1. (make a point) einen Punkt machen [o erzielen
    2. (achieve result) abschneiden
    to \score well/badly gut/schlecht abschneiden
    3. (record) aufschreiben
    that's where you \score over your opponents darin liegt dein Vorteil gegenüber deinen Mitbewerbern
    this new CD player really \scores in terms of sound quality dieser neue CD-Spieler ist in punkto Klangqualität eindeutig überlegen
    5. (sl: make sexual conquest) eine Eroberung machen
    ▪ to \score with sb jdn aufreißen sl, bei jdm zum Schuss kommen fig sl
    6. (sl: obtain illegal drugs) [sich dat] Stoff beschaffen sl
    * * *
    [skɔː(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= number of points) (Punkte)stand m; (of game, Sport) (Spiel)stand m; (= final score) Spielergebnis nt

    what was your score in the test? — wie viele Punkte hast du bei dem Test erreicht or gemacht? (inf)

    England didn't get a very good score — England hat nicht sehr gut abgeschnitten; (in game, test also) England hat nicht sehr viele Punkte erzielt; (Ftbl etc also) England hat nicht sehr viele Tore erzielt or geschossen

    the score was Rangers 3, Celtic 0 — es stand 3:0 für Rangers (gegen Celtic)

    there was no score at half-time — zur Halbzeit stand es 0:0

    to keep (the) score — (mit)zählen; (officially) Punkte zählen; (on scoreboard) Punkte anschreiben

    what's the score? — wie steht es?; (fig also) wie sieht es aus? (on mit) (inf)

    he doesn't know the score (fig) — er weiß nicht, was gespielt wird (inf)

    2) (= reckoning, grudge) Rechnung f

    what's the score? — was bin ich schuldig?, wie viel macht das?

    3) (MUS: printed music) Noten pl; (esp of classical music) Partitur f; (of film, musical) Musik f
    4) (= line, cut) Rille f, Kerbe f; (on body) Kratzer m; (= weal) Striemen m
    5) (= 20) zwanzig

    a score of people —

    scores and scores — hunderte or Hunderte, jede Menge (inf)

    scores of times — hundertmal, zigmal (inf)

    6) (= reason, ground) Grund m

    on that score — aus diesem Grund, deshalb

    2. vt
    1) (= win) erzielen; marks, points erzielen, bekommen; goals schießen, erzielen; runs schaffen; (RUGBY) try erzielen; (GOLF) hole-in-one machen
    2) (= groove) einkerben, Rillen/eine Rille machen in (+acc); (= mark) Kratzer/einen Kratzer machen in (+acc); (COOK) fat, meat etc einschneiden
    3) (MUS) schreiben

    the film was scored by Michael Nyman — die Musik zu dem Film ist or stammt von Michael Nyman

    4) (inf) drugs sich (dat) beschaffen
    3. vi
    1) (= win points etc) einen Punkt erzielen or machen (inf); (FTBL ETC) ein Tor schießen

    to score well/badly — gut/schlecht abschneiden; (in game, test etc also) eine gute/keine gute Punktzahl erreichen; (Ftbl etc also)

    2) (= keep score) (mit)zählen
    3) (inf

    sexually) did you score (with her)? — hast du sie flachgelegt? (sl)

    4) (inf: obtain drugs) sich (dat) Stoff beschaffen (inf)
    * * *
    score [skɔː(r); US auch ˈskəʊər]
    A s
    1. Kerbe f, Einschnitt m, Rille f
    2. (Markierungs)Linie f
    3. SPORT Start- oder Ziellinie f:
    a) losrasen, rangehen wie Blücher umg,
    b) aus dem Häuschen geraten umg
    4. SPORT
    a) (Spiel)Stand m
    b) (erzielte) Punkt- oder Trefferzahl, (Spiel)Ergebnis n, (Be)Wertung f
    c) Punktliste f:
    score at half time Halbzeitstand, -ergebnis;
    the score stood at ( oder was) 3-2 at half time bei oder zur Halbzeit stand das Spiel 3:2;
    what is the score? wie steht das Spiel oder es?, fig US wie ist die Lage?;
    the score is even das Spiel steht unentschieden;
    keep (the) score anschreiben;
    know the score umg Bescheid wissen;
    score one for me! umg eins zu null für mich!
    5. Rechnung f, Zeche f:
    run up a score Schulden machen, eine Rechnung auflaufen lassen;
    have a score to settle with sb fig eine Rechnung mit jemandem zu begleichen haben;
    what’s the score? wie viel macht oder kostet das?;
    on the score of aufgrund (gen), wegen (gen);
    on that score in dieser Hinsicht;
    on what score? aus welchem Grund?
    6. (Gruppe f oder Satz m von) zwanzig, zwanzig Stück:
    a score of apples 20 Äpfel;
    7. pl eine große (An)Zahl:
    scores of times hundertmal, x-mal umg
    a) jemandem eins auswischen,
    b) jemanden lächerlich machen
    9. MUS Partitur f:
    in score in Partitur (gesetzt oder herausgegeben)
    B v/t
    1. SPORT
    a) einen Punkt, Treffer erzielen, ein Tor auch schießen
    b) die Punkte, den Spielstand etc anschreiben
    c) fig Erfolge, Siege verzeichnen, erringen, verbuchen, feiern:
    score a hit einen Treffer erzielen, fig einen Bombenerfolg haben;
    score points for sth fig mit etwas imponieren
    2. besonders SPORT zählen:
    3. SCHULE, PSYCH jemandes Leistung etc bewerten
    4. MUS
    a) in Partitur setzen
    b) instrumentieren, setzen ( for für)
    5. GASTR Fleisch etc schlitzen
    6. einkerben, -schneiden
    7. markieren:
    score out aus- oder durchstreichen;
    score under unterstreichen
    8. oft score up Schulden, eine Zeche etc anschreiben:
    score (up) sth against ( oder to) sb fig jemandem etwas ankreiden
    9. besonders US scharf kritisieren oder angreifen
    C v/i
    1. SPORT
    a) einen Punkt oder Treffer oder ein Tor erzielen, Tore schießen:
    he scored twice er war zweimal erfolgreich
    b) die Punkte anschreiben
    2. umg Erfolg oder Glück haben ( with mit):
    a) jemandem eins auswischen,
    b) jemanden lächerlich machen;
    score over sb (sth) jemanden (etwas) übertreffen
    3. gezählt werden, zählen:
    that scores for us das zählt für uns
    4. Linien oder Striche ziehen oder einkerben
    5. sl sich Stoff (Rauschgift) beschaffen
    6. score with a girl sl ein Mädchen ins Bett kriegen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (points) [Spiel]stand, der; (made by one player) Punktzahl, die

    What's the score? - The score was 4-1 at half-time — Wie steht es? - Der Halbzeitstand war 4: 1

    final score — Endstand, der

    keep [the] score — zählen

    know the score — (fig. coll.) wissen, was Sache ist od. was läuft (salopp)

    2) (Mus.) Partitur, die; (Film) [Film]musik, die
    3) pl. score or scores (group of 20) zwanzig
    4) in pl. (great numbers)

    scores [and scores] of — zig (ugs.); Dutzende [von]

    5) (notch) Kerbe, die; (weal) Striemen, der
    6)

    pay off or settle an old score — (fig.) eine alte Rechnung begleichen

    7) (reason) Grund, der

    on that score — was das betrifft od. angeht; diesbezüglich

    2. transitive verb
    1) (win) erzielen [Erfolg, Punkt, Treffer usw.]

    score a direct hit on something — [Person:] einen Volltreffer landen; [Bombe:] etwas voll treffen

    they scored a success — sie konnten einen Erfolg [für sich] verbuchen

    score a goal — ein Tor schießen/werfen

    2) (make notch/notches in) einkerben
    3) (be worth) zählen
    4) (Mus.) setzen; (orchestrate) orchestrieren [Musikstück]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (make score) Punkte/einen Punkt erzielen od. (ugs.) machen; punkten (bes. Boxen); (score goal/goals) ein Tor/Tore schießen/werfen

    score high or well — (in test etc.) eine hohe Punktzahl erreichen od. erzielen

    2) (keep score) aufschreiben; anschreiben
    3) (secure advantage) die besseren Karten haben ( over gegenüber, im Vergleich zu)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Auswertung f.
    Ergebnis -se n.
    Punktzahl f.
    Spielergebnis n.
    Spielstand m.
    Stand eines Wettkampfes m. v.
    erringen v.

    English-german dictionary > score

  • 13 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England
    d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England
    [br]
    English civil and mechanical engineer.
    [br]
    The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.
    From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).
    Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).
    The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.
    Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.
    As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.
    The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).
    The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

  • 14 ampliar

    v.
    1 to expand.
    2 to enlarge, to blow up (photography).
    La máquina amplió la fotografía The machine enlarged the photograph.
    3 to further, to continue (estudios).
    4 to increase, to augment, to amplify, to enlarge.
    Su estrategia amplía las posibilidades His strategy increases the...
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DESVIAR], like link=desviar desviar
    1 to enlarge, extend
    2 ARQUITECTURA to build an extension onto
    3 (fotografía) to enlarge
    4 (capital) to increase
    5 (estudios) to further
    6 (tema, idea) to develop, expand on
    * * *
    verb
    1) to expand, extend
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [en tamaño] to extend

    queremos ampliar el salón — we want to extend the living room, we want to make the living room bigger

    2) [en número] to increase

    no ampliarán la plantilla — they are not going to increase o expand the headcount o the payroll

    3) [+ prórroga, período] to extend

    han ampliado el plazo de matrícula — they have put back the closing date for enrolment, they have extended the period for enrolment

    4) (Fot) to enlarge
    5) (Com) [+ empresa, compañía] to expand, grow; [+ capital] to increase

    deseamos ampliar el campo de acción de la empresa — we want to extend o expand o broaden the company's area of business

    6) [+ sonido] to amplify
    7) [+ idea, explicación] to elaborate on
    8) [+ poderes] to extend, widen
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <local/carretera> to extend; < negocio> to expand
    b) <capital/plantilla> to increase
    c) <conocimientos/vocabulario> to increase; < explicación> to expand (on); < campo de acción> to widen, broaden
    d) <plazo/período> to extend
    e) < fotografía> to enlarge, blow up
    * * *
    = augment, broaden, elaborate on, expand, extend, magnify, widen, add to, amplify, aggrandise [aggrandize, -USA].
    Ex. These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.
    Ex. The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.
    Ex. The documents cited may support and provide precedent for, illustrate or elaborate on what the author has to say.
    Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex. The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.
    Ex. More libraries should make use of the Tieman tv-loop which enables the partially-sighted to magnify pages of printed text.
    Ex. The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.
    Ex. In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.
    Ex. The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.
    Ex. He established Samarkand as his imperial capital in the 1360s and set about aggrandising it with plunder from his conquests.
    ----
    * ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar el horario de apertura = extend + hours.
    * ampliar el horizonte = broaden + perspective, widen + the scope.
    * ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.
    * ampliar la cobertura = broaden + coverage, broaden + the scope.
    * ampliar la experiencia = extend + experience, broaden + experience.
    * ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * ampliar los horizontes = broaden + horizons, extend + horizons, enlarge + horizons, widen + horizons, expand + Posesivo + horizons, expand + views.
    * ampliar los recursos = broaden + resources.
    * ampliar + Posesivo + educación = extend + Posesivo + education.
    * ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.
    * ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <local/carretera> to extend; < negocio> to expand
    b) <capital/plantilla> to increase
    c) <conocimientos/vocabulario> to increase; < explicación> to expand (on); < campo de acción> to widen, broaden
    d) <plazo/período> to extend
    e) < fotografía> to enlarge, blow up
    * * *
    = augment, broaden, elaborate on, expand, extend, magnify, widen, add to, amplify, aggrandise [aggrandize, -USA].

    Ex: These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.

    Ex: The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.
    Ex: The documents cited may support and provide precedent for, illustrate or elaborate on what the author has to say.
    Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex: The term author is normally extended to include writers, illustrator, performers, producers, translators, and others with some intellectual or artistic responsibility for a work.
    Ex: More libraries should make use of the Tieman tv-loop which enables the partially-sighted to magnify pages of printed text.
    Ex: The quality of machine indexing can be enhanced by widening the indexing field.
    Ex: In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.
    Ex: The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.
    Ex: He established Samarkand as his imperial capital in the 1360s and set about aggrandising it with plunder from his conquests.
    * ampliar el alcance de = extend + the reach of.
    * ampliar el conocimiento = widen + knowledge, broaden + knowledge, deepen + understanding.
    * ampliar el horario de apertura = extend + hours.
    * ampliar el horizonte = broaden + perspective, widen + the scope.
    * ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.
    * ampliar la cobertura = broaden + coverage, broaden + the scope.
    * ampliar la experiencia = extend + experience, broaden + experience.
    * ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * ampliar los horizontes = broaden + horizons, extend + horizons, enlarge + horizons, widen + horizons, expand + Posesivo + horizons, expand + views.
    * ampliar los recursos = broaden + resources.
    * ampliar + Posesivo + educación = extend + Posesivo + education.
    * ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.
    * ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹local/carretera› to extend; ‹negocio› to expand
    2 ‹capital/plantilla› to increase
    3 ‹conocimientos/vocabulario› to increase, improve; ‹explicación› to expand (on); ‹campo de acción› to widen, broaden, extend
    una versión ampliada y corregida an expanded and corrected version
    para ampliar sus estudios to further her studies
    quiere ampliar sus horizontes he wants to broaden his horizons
    4 ‹plazo/período› to extend
    5 ‹fotografía› to enlarge, blow up
    * * *

     

    ampliar ( conjugate ampliar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹local/carretera› to extend;

    ‹ negocio› to expand
    b) ‹capital/personal› to increase

    c) ‹conocimientos/vocabulario› to increase;

    ‹ explicación› to expand (on);
    ‹ campo de acción› to widen, broaden;

    d) ‹plazo/período› to extend


    ampliar verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer más largo un plazo) to extend
    2 (hacer más grande un edificio) to enlarge
    3 (extender un negocio) to expand
    4 (una fotografía) to enlarge, to blow up
    5 (el campo de acción) to widen: los sindicatos proponen ampliar las sanciones a los defraudadores, the unions propose greater penalties for those committing fraud
    ' ampliar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - extender
    - refacción
    English:
    amplify
    - blow up
    - enlarge
    - expand
    - expand on
    - extend
    - magnify
    - widen
    - add
    - blow
    - broaden
    - develop
    - push
    * * *
    1. [negocio] to expand;
    han ampliado el servicio a todo el país they have extended the service to cover the whole country;
    van a ampliar el catálogo de productos they are going to expand o extend their product range;
    ampliarán la plantilla del banco they are going to take on additional staff at the bank, they are going to increase staff numbers at the bank;
    no quieren ampliar más la Unión Europea they don't want to enlarge the European Union any further
    2. [local, vivienda] to extend;
    [aeropuerto] to expand;
    queremos ampliar el salón we want to make the living-room bigger
    3. Econ [capital] to increase
    4. [plazo] to extend
    5. [fotografía] to enlarge, to blow up;
    [fotocopia] to enlarge
    6. [estudios] to further, to continue;
    [conocimientos] to increase, to expand
    * * *
    v/t
    1 plantilla increase; negocio expand; plazo, edificio extend;
    ampliar estudios continue one’s education;
    ampliar sus horizontes broaden one’s horizons
    2 FOT enlarge, blow up
    * * *
    ampliar {85} vt
    1) : to expand, to extend
    2) : to widen
    3) : to enlarge (photographs)
    4) : to elaborate on, to develop (ideas)
    * * *
    1. (edificio, plazo) to extend
    2. (negocio, mercado) to expand
    3. (número, cantidad) to increase
    4. (una foto) to enlarge

    Spanish-English dictionary > ampliar

  • 15 instalment

    сущ.
    тж. амер. installment
    1) торг., фин. частичный платеж; очередной взнос (при покупке в рассрочку, при погашении банковского кредита серией платежей и т. п.; в атрибутивной позиции, как правило, переводится "в рассрочку", "погашаемый в рассрочку" или "с погашением в рассрочку")

    ATTRIBUTES:

    by/in instalments; on an/the instalment plan — в рассрочку, с рассрочкой платежа

    to pay by/in instalments — платить частями, платить в рассрочку

    to buy on the instalment plan, to buy by instalments — покупать в рассрочку

    in/by weekly [monthly\] instalments — еженедельными [ежемесячными\] взносами

    payment by instalments — оплата в рассрочку, оплата частями

    For example, if you borrow $100 and pay it back in 12 monthly instalments, you pay just $6.50 in interest — that's cheap! — Например, если вы заимствуете $100 и выплачиваете долг в виде 12 ежемесячных взносов [выплачиваете долг 12-ю ежемесячными взносами\], вы платите в виде процентов всего $6,50 — это дешево!

    instalment credit [loan\] — кредит [заем, ссуда\] с погашением в рассрочку

    to miss an instalment — не выплатить периодический платеж в срок; не выплатить вовремя очередной взнос (напр., при покупке в рассрочку)

    See:
    2) (в общем смысле: одна из частей чего-л., выполняемого частями в течение определенного времени)
    а) торг. партия, часть (напр., заказанного товара)

    Where a credit account has been established with us, payment must be made for each instalment of goods delivered within 30 days from date of invoice. — При покупке товаров по открытому у нас кредитному счету оплата каждой партии товаров должна быть произведена в течение 30 дней после выставления счета-фактуры.

    See:
    б) СМИ часть, фрагмент (какого-л. издания, публикуемого по частям, напр., по одной главе в каждом номере журнала)

    In the USA the work was at first published in instalments (on March 6 and April 2 and 28, 1853) in the democratic Boston newspaper Neue-England-Zeitung and at the end of April 1853 it was printed as a separate pamphlet. — В США эта работа была вначале издана частями (6 марта, 2 и 28 апреля 1853 г.) в демократической бостонской газете "Neue-England-Zeitung", а в конце апреля 1853 г. была отпечатана в виде отдельной брошюры.

    3) тех. установка, монтаж

    We also offer proper and professional instalment of equipment and on-call service whenever needed. — Мы предлагаем тщательный и профессиональный монтаж оборудования, а также обслуживание по требованию.

    Syn:
    * * *
    взнос; очередной взнос; частичный платеж; очередной платеж (при оплате в рассрочку)
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > instalment

  • 16 imprenta

    f.
    1 (printing) press.
    2 printing house (establecimiento).
    3 printing press, press.
    4 printing works.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: imprentar.
    * * *
    1 (arte) printing
    2 (taller) printer's, printing house
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) printing

    dar o entregar a la imprenta — to send for printing

    2) (=máquina) press
    3) (=taller) printer's
    4) (=impresos) printed matter
    letra 1)
    * * *
    femenino ( taller) printer's; ( aparato) (printing) press; ( actividad) printing
    * * *
    = book house, printing house, printing office, printing press, press [presses, -pl.], establishment, printing machine, printing company, printing firm, print shop.
    Ex. Although most London book houses owned galley presses for making slip proofs by the 1870, it appears that companionship bookwork was generally made up into pages and imposed before proofing until the mid 1880s.
    Ex. Companionship systems were operated in the Boston printing house of Hobart and Robins in the early 1850s.
    Ex. Companionships had probably been developed in late eighteenth-century London for dealing with rush jobs in the larger printing offices.
    Ex. The place of printing is the location where the printing press is situated, of failing this, the organization acting for it.
    Ex. Several of the commercial and university publishers that had been prominent in 1983 have been replaced by new presses.
    Ex. Certainly the larger establishments of the early machine-press period, which produced comparable numbers of damp sheets, found it necessary to install heated drying rooms.
    Ex. The author list reprographic equipment suitable for use in libraries (copiers, cutting equipment, printing machines, collators, driers).
    Ex. The first formally organized photomechanical printing company in the world was created by Paul Pretsch in 1854 in England.
    Ex. These archives are so complete that they present a rare insight into the early history of a printing firm which under 4 generations of owners produced work for 127 years.
    Ex. The only feminist print shop in North America has closed down after 23 years.
    ----
    * al principio de la imprenta = early printing.
    * cajista de imprenta = compositor, typesetter.
    * carácter de imprenta = block capital, block letter.
    * era de la imprenta, la = print era, the.
    * GPO (Imprenta del Gobierno Americano) = GPO (Government Printing Office).
    * historia de la imprenta = history of printing.
    * imprenta de galeradas = galley press.
    * imprenta de material efímero = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * imprenta de periódico = news press.
    * imprenta especializada en remendería = jobbing house.
    * imprenta pequeña = small press.
    * imprenta privada = private press.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * letra de imprenta = block capital, block letter.
    * máquina de imprenta = printing machine.
    * metal de imprenta = type-metal [typemetal].
    * oficial aprendiz de imprenta = journeyman printer.
    * papel de imprenta = printing paper, copy paper.
    * pie de imprenta = edition imprint, imprint statement, imprint.
    * taller de imprenta = printing house, printing firm, printing company, print shop.
    * tinta de imprenta = printing ink.
    * tipo de imprenta = book face, printing type, type.
    * * *
    femenino ( taller) printer's; ( aparato) (printing) press; ( actividad) printing
    * * *
    = book house, printing house, printing office, printing press, press [presses, -pl.], establishment, printing machine, printing company, printing firm, print shop.

    Ex: Although most London book houses owned galley presses for making slip proofs by the 1870, it appears that companionship bookwork was generally made up into pages and imposed before proofing until the mid 1880s.

    Ex: Companionship systems were operated in the Boston printing house of Hobart and Robins in the early 1850s.
    Ex: Companionships had probably been developed in late eighteenth-century London for dealing with rush jobs in the larger printing offices.
    Ex: The place of printing is the location where the printing press is situated, of failing this, the organization acting for it.
    Ex: Several of the commercial and university publishers that had been prominent in 1983 have been replaced by new presses.
    Ex: Certainly the larger establishments of the early machine-press period, which produced comparable numbers of damp sheets, found it necessary to install heated drying rooms.
    Ex: The author list reprographic equipment suitable for use in libraries (copiers, cutting equipment, printing machines, collators, driers).
    Ex: The first formally organized photomechanical printing company in the world was created by Paul Pretsch in 1854 in England.
    Ex: These archives are so complete that they present a rare insight into the early history of a printing firm which under 4 generations of owners produced work for 127 years.
    Ex: The only feminist print shop in North America has closed down after 23 years.
    * al principio de la imprenta = early printing.
    * cajista de imprenta = compositor, typesetter.
    * carácter de imprenta = block capital, block letter.
    * era de la imprenta, la = print era, the.
    * GPO (Imprenta del Gobierno Americano) = GPO (Government Printing Office).
    * historia de la imprenta = history of printing.
    * imprenta de galeradas = galley press.
    * imprenta de material efímero = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * imprenta de periódico = news press.
    * imprenta especializada en remendería = jobbing house.
    * imprenta pequeña = small press.
    * imprenta privada = private press.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * letra de imprenta = block capital, block letter.
    * máquina de imprenta = printing machine.
    * metal de imprenta = type-metal [typemetal].
    * oficial aprendiz de imprenta = journeyman printer.
    * papel de imprenta = printing paper, copy paper.
    * pie de imprenta = edition imprint, imprint statement, imprint.
    * taller de imprenta = printing house, printing firm, printing company, print shop.
    * tinta de imprenta = printing ink.
    * tipo de imprenta = book face, printing type, type.

    * * *
    1 (taller) printer's
    2 (aparato) printing press, press
    3 (actividad) printing letra
    * * *

     

    imprenta sustantivo femenino ( taller) printer's;
    ( aparato) (printing) press
    imprenta sustantivo femenino
    1 (taller) printing works
    2 (máquina) printing press
    3 (técnica) printing
    ' imprenta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    error
    - original
    - pliego
    - prensa
    - errata
    - letra
    English:
    misprint
    - press
    - print
    - printing
    - block
    - printer
    - proof
    - type
    * * *
    1. [máquina] (printing) press
    2. [establecimiento] printing house, printer's
    * * *
    f
    1 taller printer’s
    2 arte, técnica printing
    3 máquina printing press;
    dar a la imprenta send for printing
    * * *
    1) : printing
    2) : printing shop, press
    * * *
    1. (arte) printing
    2. (taller) printer's

    Spanish-English dictionary > imprenta

  • 17 Applegath, Augustus

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    fl. 1816–58 London, England
    [br]
    English printer and manufacturer of printing machinery.
    [br]
    After Koenig and Bauer had introduced the machine printing-press and returned to Germany, it fell to Applegath and his mechanic brother-in-law Edward Cooper to effect improvements. In particular, Applegath succeeded Koenig and Bauer as machine specialist to The Times newspaper, then in the vanguard of printing technology.
    Applegath and Cooper first came into prominence when the Bank of England began to seek ways of reducing the number of forged banknotes. In 1816 Cooper patented a device for printing banknotes from curved stereotypes fixed to a cylinder. These were inked and printed by the rotary method. Although Applegath and Cooper were granted money to develop their invention, the Bank did not pursue it. The idea of rotary printing was interesting, but it was not followed up, possibly due to lack of demand.
    Applegath and Cooper were then engaged by John Walter of The Times to remedy defects in Koenig and Bauer's presses; in 1818 Cooper patented an improved method of inking the forme and Applegath also took out patents for improvements. In 1821 Applegath had enough experience of these presses to set up as a manufacturer of printing machinery in premises in Duke Street, Blackfriars, in London. Increases in the size and circulation of The Times led Walter to ask Applegath to build a faster press. In 1827 he produced a machine with the capacity of four presses, his steam-driven four-feeder press.
    Its flat form carrying the type passed under four impression cylinders in a row. It could make 4,200 impressions an hour and sufficed to print The Times for twenty years, until it was superseded by the rotary press devised by Hoe. By 1826, however, Applegath was in financial difficulties; he sold his Duke Street workshop to William Clowes, a book printer. In the following year he gave up being a full-time manufacturer of printing machinery and turned to silk printing. In 1830 he patented a machine for printing rolls of calico and silk from bent intaglio plates.
    In 1848 Applegath was persuaded by The Times to return to newspaper printing. He tackled rotary printing without the benefit of curved printing plates and roll paper feed, and he devised a large "type revolving" machine which set the pattern for newspaper printing-presses for some twenty years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Applegath, Augustus

  • 18 Baxter, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 31 July 1804 Lewes, Sussex, England
    d. 11 January 1867 Sydenham, London, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in colour printing.
    [br]
    The son of a printer, Baxter was apprenticed to a wood engraver and there began his search for improved methods of making coloured prints, hitherto the perquisite of the rich, in order to bring them within reach of a wider public. After marriage to the daughter of Robert Harrild, founder of the printing firm of Harrild \& Co., he set up house in London, where he continued his experiments on colour while maintaining the run-of-the-mill work that kept the family.
    The nineteenth century saw a tremendous advance in methods of printing pictures, produced as separate prints or as book illustrations. For the first three decades colour was supplied by hand, but from the 1830s attempts were made to print in colour, using a separate plate for each one. Coloured prints were produced by chromolithography and relief printing on a small scale. Prints were first made with the latter method on a commercial scale by Baxter with a process that he patented in 1835. He generally used a key plate that was engraved, aquatinted or lithographed; the colours were then printed separately from wood or metal blocks. Baxter was a skilful printer and his work reached a high standard. An early example is the frontispiece to Robert Mudie's Summer (1837). In 1849 he began licensing his patent to other printers, and after the Great Exhibition of 1851 colour relief printing came into its own. Of the plethora of illustrated literature that appeared then, Baxter's Gems of the Great Exhibition was one of the most widely circulated souvenirs of the event.
    Baxter remained an active printer through the 1850s, but increasing competition from the German coloured lithographic process undermined his business and in 1860 he gave up the unequal struggle. In May of that year, all his oil pictures, engravings and blocks went up for auction, some 3,000 lots altogether. Baxter retired to Sydenham, then a country place, making occasional visits to London until injuries sustained in a mishap while he was ascending a London omnibus led to his death. Above all, he helped to initiate the change from the black and white world of pre-Victorian literature to the riotously colourful world of today.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.T.Courtney Lewis, 1908, George Baxter, the Picture Printer, London: Sampson Lowe, Marsden (the classic account).
    M.E.Mitzmann, 1978, George Baxter and the Baxter Prints, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Baxter, George

  • 19 Mercer, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 21 February 1791 Great Harwood, Lancashire, England
    d. 30 November 1866 Oakenshaw, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in textile chemistry.
    [br]
    Mercer began work at the age of 9 as a bobbinwinder and then a hand-loom weaver. He had no formal education in chemistry but taught himself and revealed remarkable ability in both theoretical and applied aspects of the subject. He became the acknowledged "father of textile chemistry" and the Royal Society elected him Fellow in 1850. His name is remembered in connection with the lustrous "mercerized" cotton which, although not developed commercially until 1890, arose from his discovery, c. 1844, of the effect of caustic soda on cotton linters. He also discovered that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper oxide in ammonia, a phenomenon later exploited in the manufacture of artificial silk. As a youth, Mercer experimented at home with dyeing processes and soon acquired sufficient skill to set up as an independent dyer. Most of his working life was, however, spent with the calico-printing firm of Oakenshaw Print Works in which he eventually became a partner, and it was there that most of his experimental work was done. The association was a very appropriate one, for it was a member of this firm's staff who first recognized Mercer's potential talent and took the trouble in his spare time to teach him reading, writing and arithmetic. Mercer developed manganese-bronze colours and researched into catalysis and the ferrocyanides. Among his innovations was the chlorination of wool in order to make it print as easily as cotton. It was many years later that it was realized that this treatment also conferred valuable shrink-resisting qualities. Becoming interested in photochemistry, he devised processes for photographic printing on fabric. Queen Victoria was presented with a handkerchief printed in this way when she visited the Great Exhibition of 1851, of which Mercer was a juror. A photograph of Mercer himself on cloth is preserved in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. He presented papers to the British Association and was a member of the Chemical Society.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1850.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Manchester Memoirs, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    E.A.Parnell, 1886. The Life and Labours of John Mercer, F.R.S., London (biography). 1867, biography, Journal of the Chemical Society.
    A.E.Musson and E.Robinson, 1969, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (includes a brief reference to Mercer's work).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Mercer, John

  • 20 Smirke, Sydney

    [br]
    b. 1798 London, England
    d. 8 December 1877 Tunbridge Wells, England
    [br]
    English architect who created the circular reading room in the British Museum in London.
    [br]
    Apart from his considerable architectural practice, Sydney Smirke was responsible, in particular, for two structures in which he utilized the increasingly popular combination of iron and glass, their popularity stemming not least from the fire hazard in urban centres. In 1834 he adapted James Wyatt's Pantheon, the famous concert and masquerade hall in Oxford Street that had been opened in 1772, refitting the building as a shopping centre.
    Smirke is best known for his creation of the circular reading room in London's British Museum, which had been designed by his brother Sir Robert Smirke (1823–47). The reading room was designed within a central courtyard, conceived as a circular domed structure by the Chief Librarian and Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, Antonio Panizzi, and executed by Smirke; he covered the courtyard with a cast-iron domed structure (1854–7).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RA 1859. Royal Academy Professor of Architecture 1861–5. FRS. RIBA Royal Gold Medal 1860.
    Further Reading
    Roger Dixon and Stefan Muthesius, 1978, Victorian Architecture, Thames \& Hudson. J.Mordaunt-Crook, 1977, Seven Victorian Architects, Pennsylvania State University Press.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Smirke, Sydney

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