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41 базовый узел
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42 элементарная ячейка
1) Mathematics: the unit cell2) Physics: elementary cell (кристаллической решётки), lattice cell (кристаллической решётки), unit cell (кристаллической решётки)3) Information technology: low level cell, low-level cell, single building block4) Oil: elementary cell, space unit, unit cell5) Silicates: space unit (кристаллической решётки)6) Crystallography: primitive unit cell7) Polymers: lattice cell8) Makarov: elementary unit, lattice cell (крист. решётки), unit cell (крист. решётки), unit cell (кристалла)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > элементарная ячейка
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43 cierre
m.1 closing, shutting.cierre patronal lockout2 fastener (mecanismo).cierre de combinación combination lock3 zip (fastener) (British), zipper (United States) (cremallera). (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Mexican Spanish, River Plate)4 closedown, closing, closing down, closure.5 clasp, fastener, zip.6 lock, lock primitive.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: cerrar.* * *\cierre centralizado centralized locking systemcierre de seguridad safety lockcierre patronal lockout* * *noun m.1) closure, closing2) clasp, fastener* * *SM1) (=acto) [de verja, puerta] [gen] closing, shutting; [con llave] locking; [automático] central locking; [de edificio, establecimiento, frontera] closingun dispositivo especial controla el cierre de la puerta — the door is closed o shut by a special device
cuatro horas después del cierre de los colegios electorales — four hours after the polling stations closed
el mal tiempo obligó al cierre del aeropuerto — the airport was forced to close due to the bad weather
cierre empresarial, cierre patronal — lockout
2) (=fin) [de una emisión] closedown; [de campaña electoral] end, close; [de la Bolsa] close; [de año fiscal] end•
al cierre, al cierre de esta edición de noticias — at the end of this news bulletin•
precio de cierre — closing price3) [de negocio, carretera, instalaciones] closurelos vecinos piden el cierre de la factoría — local residents are demanding the closure of the factory
muchos comerciantes se verán obligados al cierre de sus comercios — many traders will find themselves having to close down their businesses
4) (=mecanismo) [de maleta, puerta] catch; [de collar, pulsera, libro] clasp; [de vestido] fastener, snap fastenercierre centralizado — (Aut) central locking
cierre de dirección — (Aut) steering lock
cierre eclair — Chile zip, zip fastener, zipper ( esp EEUU)
cierre metálico — (=persiana) metal shutter; (=cremallera) metal zip
cierre relámpago — Cono Sur, Perú zip, zip fastener, zipper ( esp EEUU)
5)•
echar el cierre —a) [a un local, comercio] [temporalmente] to close; [definitivamente] to close downestaba echando el cierre a la tienda — he was locking the shop up o locking up the shop
b) Esp* (=callar)¡echa el cierre! — give it a rest!
* * *1) ( acción)a) (de fábrica, empresa, hospital) closureb) ( de establecimiento) closingc) ( de frontera) closingd) ( de emisión) end, closehora de cierre — close, closedown
e) ( de negociación) endf) (Fin) close2)a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener; (de puerta, ventana) lockb) ( cremallera) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)•* * *1) ( acción)a) (de fábrica, empresa, hospital) closureb) ( de establecimiento) closingc) ( de frontera) closingd) ( de emisión) end, closehora de cierre — close, closedown
e) ( de negociación) endf) (Fin) close2)a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener; (de puerta, ventana) lockb) ( cremallera) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)•* * *cierre11 = closure, closing, shutdown.Ex: Some of the common auxiliaries are allocated notations in which the facet indicators possess both an opening and a closure sign.
Ex: This article argues that the closings of the University of Chicago Graduate Library School and the Columbia University School of Library Service do not signal a trend.Ex: With our students, with our employees, the stress of the pulp and paper mill's shutdown is starting to hit home.* cierre de plazo = deadline, dateline.* cierre y despedida = sign-off.* fecha de cierre = closed date.* hora de cierre = closing hour, closing time.* horario de cierre = closing hour, closing time.cierre22 = fastener.Ex: Most types of door fasteners and deadbolts extend into a recess in the door jamb when engaged, making the strength of the door jambs vitally important to the overall security of the door.
* cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.* cierre hermético = seal.* cierre metálico = shutter, security shutter.* dispositivo de cierre = fixing arrangement.* mecanismo de cierre = closing mechanism, fastener.* sistema de cierre = locking system.* válvula de cierre = stop valve.* * *A (acción)1 (de una fábrica, empresa, hospital) closure2 (de un establecimiento) closingla hora de cierre closing time3 (de una frontera) closing4 (de una emisión) end, closeal cierre de esta edición at the time of going to presshora de cierre close, closedown5 (de una negociación) end6 ( Fin) closeprecio al cierre closing priceCompuesto:lockoutB1(dispositivo): ¿me abrochas el cierre del vestido? will you fasten/zip up my dress o ( BrE) do my dress up?el cierre de esta pulsera the clasp on this braceletfrasco con cierre hermético airtight containerCompuestos:central locking● cierre cler or eclairsteering lock* * *
Del verbo cerrar: ( conjugate cerrar)
cierre es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
cerrar
cierre
cerrar ( conjugate cerrar) verbo transitivo
1
‹ojos/boca› to shut, close;
‹ frasco› to put the lid on;
‹ sobre› to seal
‹ libro› to close, shut;
‹ puño› to clench
‹ persianas› to lower, pull down;
‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
‹ cremallera› to do … up
‹ válvula› to close, shut off
2
( definitivamente) to close (down)
3
d) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end
verbo intransitivo
1 (hablando de puerta, ventana):
¿cerraste con llave? did you lock up?
2 [puerta/ventana/cajón] to close, shut
3 [comercio/oficina] ( en el quehacer diario) to close, shut;
( definitivamente) to close (down)
cerrarse verbo pronominal
1
2 ( refl) ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
‹ cremallera› to do … up
3 [acto/debate/jornada] to end
cierre sustantivo masculino
1 ( acción)
e) (Fin) close
2a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener;
(de puerta, ventana) lock
cierre relámpago (CS, Per) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)
cerrar
I verbo transitivo
1 to shut, close
(con llave) to lock
(un grifo abierto) to turn off
(el ordenador) to turn off, switch off
(subir una cremallera) to do up
(un sobre) to seal
(los puños) to clench
2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
(definitivamente) to close down
3 (un trato, un acuerdo) to finalize
(liquidar una cuenta bancaria) to close
4 (un acceso, un servicio de transporte) to close
(bloquear) cerrarle el paso a alguien, to block sb's way
II verbo intransitivo
1 to close, shut
2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
(definitivamente) to close down
♦ Locuciones: familiar cerrar el pico, to shut one's trap
cierre sustantivo masculino
1 (acción de cerrar) closing, shutting
2 (cese de un negocio) shutdown, closing-down
3 (artefacto para cerrar un bolso) clasp
(una puerta) catch
(un collar) fastener
4 TV (final de emisión) close-down
5 cierre centralizado, central locking
cierre de seguridad, safety lock
cierre metálico, metal shutter
cierre patronal, lockout
♦ Locuciones: echar el cierre, to close down
' cierre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
clip
- corchete
- hermética
- hermético
- atorar
- automático
- definitivo
- seguro
- trabar
English:
clasp
- closing
- closing price
- closing time
- closure
- collapse
- fastener
- lockout
- mismanagement
- rundown
- seal
- self-closing
- should
- shutdown
- tight
- wedge
- catch
- lock
- press
- shut
- snap
- threat
- zip
- zipper
* * *cierre nm1. [de fábrica, tienda, colegio] [permanente, administrativo] closure;el juez ordenó el cierre del bar the judge ordered the closure of the bar, the judge ordered the bar to be closed;se encarga del cierre de la tienda al final del día he locks up the shop at the end of each day;el horario de cierre de las tiendas the shops' closing times;echar el cierre [a tienda] [cada día] to close up;[permanentemente] to close up shop, to call it a day Ind cierre patronal lockout3. Rad & TV [de emisión] Br closedown, US sign-off;la hora de cierre closedownprecio de cierre closing price5. [finalización] end;las elecciones supusieron el cierre de una época oscura en el país the elections brought to an end o a close a dark chapter in the country's history;al cierre del plazo se habían presentado cinco candidaturas by the closing date, five candidates had put their names forward;según los datos del cierre del ejercicio 1998… according to the figures for the end of the 1998 Br financial o US fiscal year…6. [mecanismo] fastenerAut cierre centralizado central locking;cierre de combinación combination lock;cierre metálico [de tienda] metal shutter7. Andes, Méx, RP [cremallera] Br zip (fastener), US zipperAndes, Méx cierre relámpago, Chile cierre eclair, Urug cierre metálico Br zip (fastener), US zipper8. [de herida] closing up9. [de fronteras] closing* * *mcierre de la Bolsa close of the stock exchange;al cierre de la edición at the time of going to press* * *cierre nm1) : closing, closure2) : fastener, clasp, zipper* * *cierre n1. (de collar, pulsera) clasp / fastener2. (de puerta, caja) lock3. (acción) closure -
44 вихідний
1) ( вільний від роботи)вихідний день — day off, day of rest, free day
2) ( призначений для одягання в святкові дні) dress, evening3) (як ім.) day off4) ч (як ім.) one who has a day offбути вихідним — to have one's day off, to be free
5) ( який служить для виходу) exit6) ( початковий) initialвихідний символ комп. — primitive symbol
7)актор на вихідних ролях — walking actor, supernumerary
8) канц. outgoing9) тех. outgoing, outbound; dischargeвихідний блок — output block, output station, output unit
вихідний буфер — backend, output buffer
вихідний елемент — output element, transmitter
вихідний канал комп. — outbound channel
вихідний отвір — outlet ( hole), discharge hole
вихідний параметр — out parameter, output parameter
вихідний портал — downstream portal, outlet portal
вихідний резонатор (багаторезонаторного клістрона) — catcher, outpot cavity, output resonator
вихідний сигнал — output, output signal
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45 component
1) компонент, составная часть, элемент; деталь, обрабатываемая деталь2) составляющая (напр. силы)•- accessory componentsto reverse the component — поворачивать деталь на 180°
- add-on component
- aerospace components
- affected component
- alloy component
- architectural component
- arm component
- assembled component
- axial component
- axial leaded component
- bar-coded component
- bar-shaped component
- base component
- bought-in component
- bought-out component
- building block components
- Cartesian components of velocity
- centers-mounted component
- chucked component
- component of force
- component of gravity
- component of unbalance
- composed component
- composite component
- computer component
- conjugated component
- constant component
- contour-milled component
- control component
- controlled component
- coupling component
- cross component
- cutting force component
- data handling component
- defense-related components
- delay component
- direct component
- discontinued components
- drive components
- encapsulated component
- error component
- executive component
- expert system component
- fabricated components
- finish-machined component
- first-off component
- floating component
- force component
- forced component
- formed component
- free component
- front component of unbalance
- fundamental component
- gear component
- general components
- generic components
- gravitational component
- harmonic component
- high-frequency component
- incorrect component
- independent component
- injection-molded component
- in-tolerance component
- irregular component
- key component
- key-turned component
- laser beam travel optical component
- lateral component
- lead component
- machine components
- master component
- mid-of-tolerance component
- miniature component
- misbehaving component
- modular components
- multibend component
- multifeature component
- nonrotational component
- nonstock components
- normalized components
- obsolete components
- odd component
- odd-shaped component
- OEM components
- off-the-shelf components
- one-axis component
- one-off component
- pallet-mounted component
- periodic component
- peripheral force component
- piece part component
- point-to-point NC component
- power-steering components
- preamp component
- preformed component
- pre-production components
- primary component
- primitive component
- principal force component
- printed component
- programmable component
- projection component
- radial component of driving force
- radial component
- radial force component
- rear component of unbalance
- replacement component
- restoring component
- ring component
- rotary component
- rotational component
- rotational machined component
- sample component
- scrap components
- scrapped components
- sealing component
- separating component of driving force
- shaft rotary component
- sheet metal component
- short cycle component
- short operation component
- small batch component
- space-related component
- stabilizing component
- stable component
- stamped blank component
- steady state component
- structural component
- subharmonic component
- subminiature components
- substructure components
- surface mounted component
- system's crucial components
- tangential component of driving force
- three-dimensional curved component
- through-hole component
- tooling components
- transient component
- translational component
- transverse component
- turned component
- two-axis component
- two-dimensional component
- undefined component
- under-skin components
- unstable component
- useful component
- variable componentEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > component
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46 concept
1) концепция; принцип2) понятие; концепт ( элемент представления знаний)•- building block concept
- database concept
- general concept
- information hiding concept
- key concept
- numeric concept
- primitive concept
- primordial concept
- subordinate concept
- superprdinate concept
- systems conceptEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > concept
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47 code
1) код2) шифр3) программа•- access code
- adaptive predictive code
- additional code
- address code
- Aiken code
- Alpha code
- alphabetic code
- alphanumeric code
- alternate mark inversion code
- alternating code
- ambush code
- answer-back code
- application code
- area code
- authentication code
- automatic code
- backward f-code
- balanced code
- bar code
- Baudot code
- binary code
- bi-phase code
- block code
- Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenguem code
- cable code
- call direction code
- called station code
- calling code
- carrier recovering code
- CCIT2 code
- central office code
- closed group locking code
- color code
- comma-free code
- command code
- complement code
- completion code
- computer code
- concatenated code
- condition code
- constant code
- Continental code
- continuous-radio code
- convolutional code
- correcting code
- country code
- creeping code
- cyclic code
- data code
- data-network identification code
- decade code
- decimal code
- dense-binary code
- destination point code
- device control codes
- directing code
- display-unlock code
- distribution code
- double-current cable code
- double-pulse code
- drop-frame time code
- dynamic code
- eight-level code
- engineering code
- equal-length code
- error code
- error status code
- error-correcting code
- error-detection code
- even code
- excessless code
- execution operation code
- extended binary-coded decimal-interchange code
- extension-start code
- fault code
- frame rate code
- framing code
- gold code
- Gray code
- group start code
- Hagelbarger code
- Hamming code
- identifying code
- instruction code
- international cable code
- international dialing code
- interpretative code
- invalid code
- inverse code
- iterative code
- letter code
- line code
- linear code
- local code
- long code
- magnetic code
- Manchester code
- marking code
- message-authentication code
- Miller-square code
- minimum-distance code
- modified-AMI code
- modified-Huffman code
- Morse code
- Morse-cable code
- multilevel code
- multiple-address code
- multiple-frequency code
- Murray code
- n-ary code
- natural code
- n-channel code
- n-digit code
- n-level code
- nonbinary code
- nonlinear code
- nonprint code
- n-unit code
- one-address code
- one-level code
- optical line code
- optimum code
- originating point code
- outgoing station code
- overprecision code
- packet-linear code
- paired-disparity code
- pair-separated triple code
- panel code
- paper-tape code
- parallel code
- pattern code
- perfect code
- permutation code
- personal code
- picture start code
- PIN code
- polar code
- polinomial code
- polling ID code
- prefix code
- prefix-free code
- primary code
- primitive code
- printing telegraph code
- private code
- product code
- programmable unlock code
- pseudorandom noise code
- PST code
- pulse code
- punch-tape code
- quant scale code
- quasi-perfect code
- quick-dial code
- radio search code
- recycling code
- redundant code
- Reed-Solomon code
- reference select code
- reflected code
- reflex binary code
- remote fax activation code
- retrieval code
- return code
- road code
- ROMable code
- routing code
- RS-code
- RZ-code
- selector call code
- self-demarcating code
- self-synchronizing code
- self-testing code
- series code
- signaling code
- simple code
- single-digit code
- single-frequency code
- skip code
- slice start code
- speed-dial code
- stage code
- start code
- startstop code
- stop code
- syllable code
- symmetrical code
- synchronization code
- system code
- systematic error checking code
- tag code
- telegraph code
- teleprinter code
- teletypewriter code
- three-digit code
- time code
- transmission system code
- trellis code
- trouble code
- trunk code
- two-digit code
- two-out-of-five code
- uneven code
- unified code
- unit code
- unit-distance code
- user-data start code
- variable length code
- vertical interval time code
- watchdog code
- Z-codeEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > code
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48 road
дорога; путь; улица- abandoned road - access road - all-weather road - approach road - arterial road - asphaltic concrete road - backbone road - ballast road - belt road - bituminous road - bituminous penetration road - bituminous surface-treated road - black-top road - blind road - blind curved road - block-stone road - bottle-neck road - brick road - bridge road - broken-stone road - brushwood road - bumpy road - bypass road - cable road - camber road - cambered road - cart road - cement-bound road - cement-concrete road - clinker road - cold bituminous road - coloured concrete road - concrete road - congested road - construction access road - construction of roads - country road - cross-over road - crowned road - dangerous-bend road - depressed road - detour road - development road - dirt road - divided road - earth road - estate road - fair-weather road - feeder road - fine-crushed rock road - forked road - four-lane road - gravel road - greasy road - gypsum road - heavily travelled road - heavy road - heavy gumbo-soil road - hillside road - ice road - ice-covered road - improved road - levee road - limited-access road - low-cost road - low-type surfaced road - lumber plank road - macadam road - mixed bituminous road - mountain road - multi-lane road - narrow road - natural road - network of road - new road - oiled earth road - overhead road - parting road - poor road - primary road - primitive road - public road - radial road - ramp road - restricted speed road - retread road - ring road - rock road - rural road - sand-clay road - secondary road - service road - silicated road - single-lane road - snow road - soil-cement road - stabilized earth road - steep-ascent road - steep-descend road - stone road - summer road - sunk road - surface treated waterbound road - tangled road - through road - toll road - tote road - tractor road - traffic road - traffic-bound road - trail road - tram road - trunk road - turnpike road - two-coat road - two-lane road - undivided road - uneven road - unsurfaced road - untreated road - wagon road - washboard road - water-bound broken stone road - winding road - winter road - wood road* * *1. дорога, путь2. штрек- access road
- all-purpose road
- approach road
- arterial road
- asphalt road
- backbone road
- bottle-neck road
- bypass road
- classified road
- county road
- cross roads
- crossover road
- densely-trafficked road
- deplaning road
- depressed road
- detour road
- dirt road
- distribute road
- district road
- divided road
- dual carriageway road
- earth road
- elevated road
- emplaning road
- estate road
- haul road
- ice road
- interior road
- land service road
- limited access road
- logging road
- lumber road
- main road
- major road
- minor road
- motor road
- mountain road
- occupation road
- paved road
- pioneer road
- principal road
- private road
- radial road
- relief road
- residential road
- ring road
- scenic road
- secondary road
- service road
- single-purpose road
- slip road
- specific road
- subsidiary road
- toll road
- township road
- trunk road
- unpaved road
- winter snow road -
49 road
1) = safety barrier2) дорога; путь; шоссе; улица; мостовая; II дорожный- road beacon - road-blading - road-block - Road Board - road border - road brightness - road buildings - road call - road clearance - road conditions - road congestion - road contact of tyre - road crossing - road fork - road-hugging - road hump - road illumination - road in a bad state of repair - road inequalities - road lay-out - road leveller - road location - road machinery - road maintenance - road map - road metal - road money - road noise - road obstruction - road of bridge- road oil- road racing - road resistance - road ripper - road roller - road section - road-sense - road service - road shocks - road shoulder - road side - road sign - road speed - road stability - road straights - road surface - road sweeper - road sweeping machine - road system - road-tanker - road tar - road tell-tale light - road train - road transport - road turn - road under repair - road upkeep - road usage - road vehicle units - road wander - road wave - road wear - road weight - road wheel - road wheel contact - road wheel torque meter- by-road- dry road- hay road- ice road- oil mat road - open road - rippled road - rock road - rough road - rural road - rut-road - rutted road - rutty road - safe fast road - sand-clay road - sand-gravel road - sandwich concrete road - second-class road - secondary road - service road - service motor road - side-road - silicated road - single-lane road - slick road - slippery road - slushy road - soil road - soil-asphalt road - soil bituminous road - soil-cement road - spur road - stable soil road - stony road - sunk road - sunken road - surfaced road - tar-sprayed road - tarred road - through road - through traffic road - toll road - top-soil road - tortuous road - tote road - tough road - township roads - traffic road - traffic-bound road - travel road - twisting road - twisty road - two-coat road - two-track road - two-way road - uneven road - unimproved road - unmetalled road - urban through road - wagon road - washboard road - water-bound broken-stone road - well-bottomed road - wet road - winding road - wire-mesh road - wood road - worn-down road -
50 algebra
algebra with minimality condition — алгебра с условием минимальности, алгебра с условием обрыва убывающих цепей
algebra with maximality condition — алгебра с условием максимальности, алгебра с условием обрыва возрастающих цепей
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51 curve
1) кривая || проводить кривую2) выгиб, закругление3) изгиб, искривление || изгибаться, искривляться4) лекало5) траектория6) характеристика; график•to run a curve — мат. снимать характеристику
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52 ideal
1) идеал, предел совершенства || идеальный2) матем. идеал3) мысленный, нереальный, воображаемый•- absolutely unramified ideal - completely simple ideal - disjunctive ideal - invertible ideal - strongly primary ideal - strongly ramified ideal - zero ideal -
53 cube
1. n мат. куб, третья степеньpeat cube — торфоперегнойный кубик, питательный кубик
starch cube — крахмал, отформованный в форме куба
2. n мат. дор. брусчатка3. n мат. кусок сахара4. n мат. кубик льда5. n мат. сл. сверхконсерватор, твердолобый6. v мат. возводить в куб, в третью степень7. v вычислять кубатуру, объём8. v дор. мостить брусчаткой9. v разбивать или резать на куски кубической формы10. v брикетироватьСинонимический ряд:mass (noun) block; brick; cake; chunk; hunk; mass; piece; section; slab -
54 группа
ж. groupгруппа частиц — particle group; cluster of particles
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55 Felted Carpets
Felt carpets were originally an Eastern production, being manufactured from primitive times in Asia. The art of felting wool was also known to the Romans. The wool was opened and the staple separated, then blended into compact, adhesive layers of a uniform thickness and density, they were afterwards hardened and fulled into pieces of definite length for use as a surround for the pile carpets. These felted carpets were coloured and ornamented by block-printing or inlaid designs. -
56 Slendangs
All cotton fabrics woven in shawl lengths and printed in block styles. They are imitation native styles. The natives of Sumatra dye the grey cloth by a primitive method and insert silk and gold threads. They are used by Malay women as head covers. -
57 koltъ
koltъ; kolta; kolto Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: X 158-159Russian:kólot (dial.) `wooden sledge-hammer, heavy club' [m o];kolóta (dial.) `flail, threshing floor' [f ā]Old Russian:kólot (dial.) `instrument for ramming' [m o]Ukrainian:kólot `quarrel' [m o]Czech:Slovak:klát `log, block, primitive bee-hive' [m o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:kláto `log around the neck or feet of livestock' [n o];Čak. klātȍ (Orbanići) `clapper, tongue (of a bell)' [n o], klãta [Nom p]Slovene:kláta `log around the neck of a pig' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: kolH-to- -
58 kolta
koltъ; kolta; kolto Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: X 158-159Russian:kólot (dial.) `wooden sledge-hammer, heavy club' [m o];kolóta (dial.) `flail, threshing floor' [f ā]Old Russian:kólot (dial.) `instrument for ramming' [m o]Ukrainian:kólot `quarrel' [m o]Czech:Slovak:klát `log, block, primitive bee-hive' [m o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:kláto `log around the neck or feet of livestock' [n o];Čak. klātȍ (Orbanići) `clapper, tongue (of a bell)' [n o], klãta [Nom p]Slovene:kláta `log around the neck of a pig' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: kolH-to- -
59 kolto
koltъ; kolta; kolto Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: X 158-159Russian:kólot (dial.) `wooden sledge-hammer, heavy club' [m o];kolóta (dial.) `flail, threshing floor' [f ā]Old Russian:kólot (dial.) `instrument for ramming' [m o]Ukrainian:kólot `quarrel' [m o]Czech:Slovak:klát `log, block, primitive bee-hive' [m o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:kláto `log around the neck or feet of livestock' [n o];Čak. klātȍ (Orbanići) `clapper, tongue (of a bell)' [n o], klãta [Nom p]Slovene:kláta `log around the neck of a pig' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: kolH-to- -
60 Ford, Henry
[br]b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USAd. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA[br]American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.[br]He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.[br]Bibliography1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.Further ReadingR.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN
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