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21 fundamental
1. adjective(of great importance; essential; basic: Respect for law and order is fundamental to a peaceful society.) fundamental
2. noun(a basic or essential part of any thing: Learning to read is one of the fundamentals of education.) fundamento, piedra angular, aspecto básicofundamental adj fundamental
fundamental adjetivo fundamental
fundamental adjetivo fundamental
la diferencia fundamental, the basic difference ' fundamental' also found in these entries: Spanish: elemental - primordial - principio - sustancial - sustantiva - sustantivo - básico - esencial - primero - sagrado - vital English: basic - cardinal - essential - fundamental - hygiene - main - primal - primary - vital - central - imperative - parttr[fʌndə'mentəl]1 (central, basic) fundamental, básico,-a2 (necessary, essential) esencial (to, para)1 (essential part, basic rule) fundamentos nombre masculino plural, reglas nombre femenino plural básicasfundamental [.fʌndə'mɛntəl] adj1) basic: fundamental, básico2) principal: esencial, principal3) innate: innato, intrínseco: fundamento madj.• fundamental adj.• principio, -a adj.n.• fundamento s.m.'fʌndə'mentḷa) ( basic) <principle/error> fundamental, básicoto be fundamental TO something/-ING — ser* fundamental or básico para algo/+ inf
b) ( essential) <skill/constituent> esencialc) (intrinsic, innate) < absurdityuth> intrínseco; < optimism> innato[ˌfʌndǝ'mentl]1. ADJ1) (=basic) [question, problem, principle] fundamentalthey are being denied their fundamental human rights — se les está privando de los derechos humanos fundamentales
2) (=profound, great) [change, difference] fundamentalit is a fundamental mistake to think that... — es un error fundamental pensar que...
3) (=essential) fundamental, esencialto be fundamental to sth — ser fundamental or esencial para algo
it is fundamental to our understanding of the problem — es fundamental or esencial para que entendamos el problema
4) (=intrinsic) [honesty, good sense] intrínseco2.NPLthe fundamentals — los fundamentos, lo básico
* * *['fʌndə'mentḷ]a) ( basic) <principle/error> fundamental, básicoto be fundamental TO something/-ING — ser* fundamental or básico para algo/+ inf
b) ( essential) <skill/constituent> esencialc) (intrinsic, innate) <absurdity/truth> intrínseco; < optimism> innato -
22 element
1) элемент; составная часть; деталь; звено2) орган (напр. станка)3) устройство; узел4) датчик•element without self-regulation — звено или элемент без самонастройки; звено или элемент без автоматической компенсации
- adaptive threshold elementelement with self-regulation — звено или элемент с самонастройкой; звено или элемент с автоматической компенсацией
- adding element
- all-pass element
- amplifier element
- amplifying element
- arithmetic element
- binary storage element
- bistable element
- bistable trigger element
- braking element
- chucking elements
- circuit element
- claw element
- closure element
- comparing element
- computing element
- conditioning element
- cone element
- constituent element
- constructional elements
- contact element
- control element
- controlling element
- conversion element
- core elements
- correcting element
- coupling element
- cutter elements
- dead time element
- decision element
- delay element
- delayed element
- derivative element
- detectable element
- detecting element
- detector element
- differentiating element
- driven element
- driving element
- element of a kinematic pair
- element of vacuum system
- elements of gear
- embedded heating element
- executive element
- fast element
- feedback element
- filter element
- final control element
- final controlling element
- fixture element
- foolproofing elements
- forward control element
- forward controlling element
- forward element
- function element
- gaging element
- gate circuit element
- gate element
- gear element
- guidance element
- heating element
- holding element
- impulse element
- input element
- instruction element
- insulated tape heating element
- integral element
- integrating element
- interchangeable cutter elements
- irreversible element
- lag element
- lagging element
- leading element
- lineal element
- linear element
- load element
- locating element
- logic element
- logical element
- loop element
- machine elements
- matched gaging element
- measuring element
- memory element
- mobility element
- monitoring element
- monostable trigger element
- motor element
- mounting element
- movable operating element
- moving element
- network element
- neural processing element
- no-control element
- nondimensioned element
- nonlinear element
- normalized elements
- normally closed control element
- normally opened control element
- output element
- picture element
- piezoelectric load measuring element
- pitch cone element
- pitch element
- primary detecting element
- primary element
- probe element
- processing element
- program controlling element
- program element
- protected heating element
- recording element
- reference element
- reference-input element
- regulating element
- relay element
- reverse-acting control element
- robot element
- rolling element
- sampling element
- self-adapting fixture element
- sensing element
- sensory processing element
- servo element
- shape elements
- shut-off-and-regulating element
- stable element
- standard elements
- storage element
- structural element
- summation element
- summing element
- supporting element
- suppression element
- switching element
- thermal sensing element
- thermosensitive element
- threshold element
- time lag element
- tool guidance element
- transmitting element
- trigger elementEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > element
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23 assembly
əˈsemblɪ
1. сущ.
1) сбор, собрание, сходка to convene an assembly ≈ проводить собрание Syn: assemblage
1), concourse, throng, congregation
2) ассамблея United Nations General Assembly ≈ Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Наций
3) (Assembly) законодательный орган legislative assembly ≈ законодательное собрание national assembly ≈ национальное собрание
4) тех. монтаж, сборка (машин, агрегатов, фильмов и т. д.) ;
агрегат, сборка (результат монтажа) Syn: assemblage
5)
5) воен. сигнал для сбора (с помощью барабана или сигнальной трубы) ;
сбор, сосредоточение
6) компьют. трансляция с языка ассемблера, ассемблирование
2. прил.
1) сборочный assembly line ≈ сборочный конвейер assembly shop ≈ сборочный цех
2) воен. сборный The marking-out of the assembly position was not difficult. ≈ Отметить сборный пункт было нетрудно.сбор, собрание, общество - * of stockholders собрание акционеров - unlawful * (юридическое) незаконное сборище - the right of * право собраний - to convoke /to summon/ an * созывать собрание - never had there been so full an * никогда еще не было такого большого сборища ассамблея, собрание - constituent * учредительное собрание - United Nations General A. Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Наций законодательное собрание, обыкн нижняя палата законодательного органа штата (в США) (техническое) комплект( техническое) агрегат (техническое) узел, сборка ( специальное) монтаж, сборка - * drawing монтажный чертеж - * shop сборочный цех - * line сборочный конвейер, линия поточной сборник - to come off the * line сходить с конвейера - * jig (техническое) сборочный стенд;
(морское) стапель( военное) сигнал для сбора (военное) сбор, сосредоточение - * area район сосредоточения - * point сборный пункт( физическое) ансамбль (частиц) (биология) наименьшее сообщество организмов (колония) (компьютерное) трансляция (с языка ассемблера)assembly агрегат ~ ассамблея;
United Nations General Assembly Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Наций ~ ассамблея ~ (A.) законодательное собрание;
законодательный орган (в некоторых штатах США) ~ законодательное собрание ~ комплект ~ тех. монтаж, сборка ~ монтаж ~ общество ~ сборка ~ воен. сигнал сбора;
сбор, сосредоточение ~ собрание, сбор ~ собрание assy: assy сокр. от assembly~ attr. сборочный;
assembly line сборочный конвейер;
assembly shop сборочный цех~ attr. сборочный;
assembly line сборочный конвейер;
assembly shop сборочный цех line: assembly ~ линия сборки~ of data вчт. набор данных~ attr. сборочный;
assembly line сборочный конвейер;
assembly shop сборочный цехcarriage ~ вчт. узел кареткиcharacter ~ вчт. сборка символаconditional ~ вчт. условная компоновкаconnector ~ вчт. соединительный узелcontrol ~ вчт. узел управленияgeneral ~ генеральная ассамблея general ~ общее собраниеjudicial ~ судейская коллегияlegislative ~ законодательное собрание legislative ~ законодательный органmagnetic-head ~ вчт. блок магнитных головокmodular ~ вчт. модульная конструкцияnational ~ национальная ассамблея national ~ национальное собрание national: ~ национальный, народный;
national assembly национальное собраниеpacket ~ вчт. формирование пакетаparagraph ~ вчт. компоновка текста из фрагментовpopular ~ народная ассамблеяprimary ~ предварительное предвыборное собрание для выдвижения кандидатовprint-wheel ~ вчт. блок печатающих колесpublic ~ открытое собраниеrepresentative ~ представительная ассамблея representative ~ представительное собраниеresponse ~ вчт. компоновка ответа~ ассамблея;
United Nations General Assembly Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Наций UNGA: UNGA: United Nations General Assembly Генеральная Ассамблея Организации Объединенных Нацийunlawful ~ незаконное сборищеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > assembly
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24 part
1) часть; доля || распадаться на части; разделять, разделяться2) деталь; часть ( изделия); элемент; компонент; сегмент || детализировать3) раздел (напр. программного обеспечения)•to build around an actual part — изготавливать (напр. приспособление) применительно к обрабатываемой детали
- 2D partto handle parts randomly — загружать детали, загружать обрабатываемые детали ( на станок) в произвольной последовательности
- 3D part
- accepted part
- accessible moving parts
- active gas parts
- active part of cutting tool
- active part
- actuated part
- address part
- aspheric part
- aspherical part
- assembled part
- assembly base part
- associated part
- axially symmetrical part
- baffled-off part
- bar part
- bar-coded part
- basic part
- blank part
- body part
- bottom-most part
- bought-out parts
- box-like part
- box-shaped part
- box-type part
- candidate part
- case-type part
- catapulting part
- ceramic-machined part
- ceramic-turned part
- certified part
- change part
- chuck part
- chucked part
- chucking part
- circular part
- clamped part
- close tolerance part
- common parts
- completed part
- complex geometry part
- complex part
- component part
- conductive part
- constituent part
- consumable part
- contoured part
- conveyorized part
- current part
- curved part
- cutting part
- defective part
- detail part
- die-cast part
- disoriented part
- duplicate part
- end part
- exceptional parts
- exposed rotating machine parts
- extension part
- fabricated part
- facing part
- facsimile part
- failed part
- family part
- family-related part
- fast-revolving part
- faulty part
- figurine part
- figurine-shaped part
- filler part
- finish turned part
- finished part
- finishing part
- first-off piece part
- first-run part
- fixed part of the machine
- flat bar part
- flat-pattern parts
- FMS rotational part
- fractional part
- functioning part
- green part
- half-done part
- half-machined part
- hand-fed part
- hard part
- HBM-type parts
- hemispherical part
- high value-added part
- high-load part
- high-precision part
- high-production parts
- high-volume parts
- incoming part
- injection-molded part
- in-process part
- integral part
- integral-rib part
- integrated part
- interchangeable part
- in-tolerance part
- labor-intensive part
- lathe-turned part
- live parts
- long-run parts
- loose part
- low value-added part
- low-mix parts
- low-volume parts
- machined part
- machinery parts
- main journal part
- male die part
- mass production parts
- master part
- master threaded part
- mating parts
- medium-run parts
- medium-volume parts
- microsized part
- mid-volume parts
- minor part
- moving part
- multiple parts
- multiple-diameter part
- multiple-operation part
- NC-machined part
- near-net-shape part
- necked part
- net shape part
- nonconforming parts
- non-FMS part
- nonproductive parts of the cycle
- nonrecurring parts
- nonrotational part
- nonservice part
- numerical part of identity
- odd parts
- odd-shaped part
- offending part
- off-gage part
- off-queue part
- off-the-shelf part
- one-of-a-kind parts
- one-off parts
- on-queue part
- open tolerance part
- operative parts
- option part
- out-of-spec part
- out-of-tolerance part
- pallet-fixtured part
- palletized part
- partially completed part
- part-machined part
- passive part
- piece part
- pin journal part
- pliable part
- PM part
- powder metal part
- powder part
- precision part
- precision-machined part
- prismatic part
- processed part
- production part
- program part
- projected part
- proof part
- prototype part
- quality part
- quality-checked part
- randomly fabricating parts
- randomly sequenced parts
- rapidly wearing part
- raw part
- raw primary part
- reference part
- related parts
- removable parts
- repair part
- replacement part
- representative part
- revolving part
- rotary part
- routing part
- rubbing part
- sample part
- scored part
- semicompleted part
- semifinished part
- service parts
- shaft part
- shaped part
- shaping part
- short-run parts
- short-run time parts
- single-diameter part
- sizing part
- slender part
- small-envelope part
- snap-in part
- software part
- spare part
- stack-machined parts
- stack-routed parts
- stationary part
- stepped part
- stereolithography part
- stress-relieved part
- structural part
- substandard part
- tapered part
- test part
- threaded part
- tool cutting part
- top quality part
- transmission parts
- turned part
- ultra-high-precision part
- ultra-precision part
- unworked part
- wearing parts
- wire-frame CAD parts
- work part
- working part of cutting toolEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > part
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25 instrument
1) инструмент; орудие2) документ, представляющий собой правовой акт•- instrument of crime
- instrument of evidence
- instruments of gaming
- instrument of government
- instrument of proof
- instruments of ratification
- basic instrument
- bearer instrument
- congressional instrument
- constituent instrument
- constitutional instrument
- contestable instrument
- corroborated instrument
- corroborating instrument
- crime instrument
- Crown instrument
- demand instrument
- doubtful instrument
- evidenced instrument
- evidencing instrument
- false instrument
- governor's instrument
- legal instrument
- legislative instrument
- monetary instrument
- negotiable instrument
- negotiable instrument of title
- original instrument
- parliamentary instrument
- presidential instrument
- primary instrument
- proved instrument
- proving instrument
- quasi-negotiable instrument
- questionable instrument
- questioned instrument
- ratification instrument
- recited instrument
- sealed instrument
- signed instrument
- statutory instrument
- testamentary instrument
- torture instrument
- vesting instrument
- written instrument
- criminal instrument
- dubious instrument -
26 hypothesis
1) гипотеза2) допущение; предположение3) постулат•hypothesis states that — гипотеза утверждает, что
- concurrent hypothesis - empirically testable hypothesis - incompletely confirmable hypothesis - indirectly testable hypothesis - multiple hypothesis - multivariate hypothesisto make a hypothesis — строить гипотезу; выдвигать гипотезу
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27 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
28 group
[ɡru:p]age group возрастная группа age group возростная группа banking group группа банков group pl слои, круги (общества); business groups деловые круги business-related group торгово-промышленное объединение commodity group товарная группа community group общественная группа constituent group группа учредителей contact group группа по связям data set group вчт. группа наборов данных device group вчт. группа устройств diversified group многоотраслевое объединение компаний diversified group объединение разнопрофильных предприятий editing group редакционная группа employee group рабочая бригада ethnic group этническая группа executive group руководство following group группа контроля group ав. авиагруппа group группа group группировать(ся) group группировка, фракция group группировка group класс group классифицировать, распределять по группам group классифицировать group концерн group монополистическое объединение group объединение компаний group организация group подбирать гармонично краски, цвета group хим. радикал group распределять по группам group синдикат group pl слои, круги (общества); business groups деловые круги group слой, круги (общества) group трест group укрупненная группа отраслей group of buildings ансамбль зданий group of companies группа компаний group of companies концерн group of contractors группа подрядчиков group of experts группа экспертов group of investors группа вкладчиков капитала group of investors группа инвесторов group of taxes совокупность налогов horizontal group эк.произ. группа равноправных участников income group группа населения по размерам дохода income group категория дохода incoming group вчт. группа ввода industrial group производственный синдикат interest group группа, объединенная общими интересами interest group группа лиц, имеющих общие интересы international group международный концерн language group группа языков large-scale group крупное объединение компаний liaison group группа связи linguistic group лингвистическая группа lobby group группа, проталкивающая выгодный ей законопроект lobby group группа, проталкивающая выгодную ей кандидатуру low-income group группа лиц с низким доходом low-salary group группа лиц с низкой заработной платой majority group группа большинства management group административная группа management group группа управления medium income group группа лиц со средним доходом minority group группа, представляющая меньшинство minority group группа меньшинства minority group меньшинство minority group национальное меньшинство national group группа населения occupational group профессиональная группа outcoming group вчт. группа вывода outside the group не входящий в группу компаний parent group вчт. родительская группа parliamentary group парламентская группа parliamentary group парламентская фракция pharmaceutical group фармацевтическое объединение population group группа населения power group влиятельная группировка pressure group влиятельная группа pressure: group group влиятельная группа, оказывающая давление на политику (преим. путем закулисных интриг) primary group основная группа principal group вчт. главная группа producer group производственная группа professional group профессиональная группа project management group группа управления проектом record group вчт. блок записей reference group контрольная группа religious group религиозная группа residents' group группа жителей residual group остаточная группа select group отобранная группа self-help groups группы самопомощи (например, Анонимные Алкоголики и Анонимные Наркоманы) selling group продающая группа банков social group общественная группа socialist group социалистическая группа socio-economic group социально-экономическая группа splinter group отколовшаяся (политическая) группировка study group исследовательская группа study group семинар tape group вчт. блок лентопротяжных механизмов target group целевая группа tariff group тарифная группа tenants' group объединение арендаторов trunk group вчт. магистральная группа typical group рекл. ключевая группа user group вчт. группа пользователей user group группа пользователей vertical group группа с вертикальной структурой working group рабочая бригада working group вчт. рабочая группа working group рабочая группа -
29 INFO
система INFO
Важнейший информационный механизм во время Игр, позволяющий поддерживать эффективную и своевременную связь со всеми, кто участвует в их проведении. Пользователями INFO являются в первую очередь аккредитованные СМИ, вещатели и пресса. Система помогает им оперативно освещать Игры и получать доступ к таким информационным ресурсам, как результаты соревнований в реальном времени, расписания мероприятий, текущие новости, предпросмотры и анонсы мероприятий, высказывания спортсменов, стенограммы пресс-конференций, биографические справки, исторические обзоры, данные о движении транспорта, метеосводки и объявления других пользователей.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
INFO
Games-time information system. Critical Games service ensuring effective and timely communication to all Games constituent groups. For the accredited media, broadcasters and press, the primary users of INFO, it ensures that they can effectively cover the Games by providing them with live results, schedules, breaking news, events previews and highlights, athletes quotes, press conference transcripts, biographies, historical data, transport, weather information and bulletin boards.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > INFO
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См. также в других словарях:
primary constituent — index necessity Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
primary — pri•ma•ry [[t]ˈpraɪ mɛr i, mə ri[/t]] adj. n. pl. ries 1) first in rank or importance; chief: one s primary goal in life[/ex] 2) first in order in any series, sequence, etc 3) first in time; earliest 4) of or pertaining to primary school: the… … From formal English to slang
Primary elections in Italy — The mechanism of primary elections was used for the first time in Italy by Lega Nord in 1995 [ [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/marzo/04/paese partiti lumbard co 0 9503049703.shtml Un paese, 2 partiti lumbard ] ] , but was scarcely used… … Wikipedia
primary — Synonyms and related words: Maxwell triangle, Munsell scale, ab ovo, abecedarian, aboriginal, all absorbing, antenatal, anterior, arch, austere, autochthonous, banner, bare, basal, basic, basilar, beginning, bottom, budding, by election, capital … Moby Thesaurus
constituent — Synonyms and related words: ab ovo, adjunct, adoptive, air, appointive, appurtenance, aspect, atom, atomic particles, basal, basic, brute matter, building block, census, chemical element, choosing, choosy, circumstance, component, composition,… … Moby Thesaurus
primary solid solution — noun a homogeneous solid that can exist over a range of component chemicals; a constituent of alloys that is formed when atoms of an element are incorporated into the crystals of a metal • Syn: ↑solid solution • Hypernyms: ↑solution • Hyponyms:… … Useful english dictionary
Table of United States primary census statistical areas — The following table of the 719 primary census statistical areasA primary census statistical area is a census defined metropolitan region that is not a component of another census defined metropolitan region. In the United States, the 719 primary… … Wikipedia
List of Primary Care Trusts in England — Source: http://www.nhs.uk/England/AuthoritiesTrusts/Pct/list.aspxDate: 22/11/05See articles: *National Health Service *NHS Trust *NHS Strategic Health Authority *NHS Primary Care TrustNote: During 2006 all Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) outside the… … Wikipedia
Estonian Constituent Assembly — The Estonian Constituent Assembly ( et. Asutav kogu) was elected on 5 7 April 1919, [http://www.riigikogu.ee/?id=34582 langchange=1 Chronology at riigikogu.ee] ] called by the Estonian Provisional Government during the Estonian War of… … Wikipedia
List of Primary Urban Areas in England by population — This is a list of Primary Urban Areas in England ordered by population. It should be noted however that a large number of these areas do not hold official City status in the United Kingdom and these figures do not correspond with List of largest… … Wikipedia
Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence — Le Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence est un test en vigueur dans l éducation scolaire du Canada. Sommaire 1 Histoire 2 Sous tests 2.1 Pour les enfants de 2 ans et 6 mois à 3 ans et 11 mois … Wikipédia en Français