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81 over
over [ˈəʊvər]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adverb2. adjective3. preposition4. noun5. modifier━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adverb► to have sb over ( = invite) inviter qn chez soib. ( = there) làc. ( = above) dessusd. (with adverb/preposition)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When followed by an adverb or a preposition, over is not usually translated.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. ( = more) plusf. ( = in succession) he did it five times over il l'a fait cinq fois de suite• William played the same tune over and over again William a joué le même air je ne sais combien de fois• I got bored doing the same thing over and over again je m'ennuyais à refaire toujours la même choseg. ( = remaining) there are three over il en reste troish. (on two-way radio) over! à vous !• over and out! terminé !2. adjective( = finished) after the war was over après la guerre3. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When over occurs in a set combination, eg over the moon, an advantage over, look up the noun. When over is used with a verb such as jump, trip, step, look up the verb.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. ( = on top of) surb. ( = above) au-dessus dec. ( = across) de l'autre côté ded. ( = during) over the summer pendant l'étéf. ( = more than) plus de• spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation les dépenses ont augmenté de 7 %, hors inflation• over and above the fact that... sans compter que...h. ( = while having) they chatted over a cup of coffee ils ont bavardé autour d'une tasse de caféi. ( = recovered from)► to be over sth [+ illness, bad experience] s'être remis de qch4. noun5. modifier* * *Note: over is used after many verbs in English ( change over, fall over, lean over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, fall, lean etc)over is often used with another preposition in English (to, in, on) without altering the meaning. In this case over is usually not translated in French: to be over in France = être en France; to swim over to somebody = nager vers quelqu'unover is often used with nouns in English when talking about superiority ( control over etc) or when giving the cause of something ( concern over, worries over etc). For translations, consult the appropriate noun entry (control, concern, worry etc)over is often used as a prefix in verb combinations ( overeat), adjective combinations ( overconfident) and noun combinations ( overcoat). These combinations are treated as headwords in the dictionary['əʊvə(r)] 1.1) ( across the top of) par-dessusover here/there — par ici/là
3) ( above) au-dessus de4) (covering, surrounding) gen sur5) ( physically higher than)6) ( more than) plus detemperatures over 40° — des températures supérieures à 40°
7) ( in the course of)8) ( recovered from)to be over — s'être remis de [illness, operation]
9) ( by means of)10) ( everywhere)2.over and above prepositional phrase3.adjective, adverb2) ( finished)to be over — [term, meeting] être terminé; [war] être fini
3) ( more)4) ( remaining)5) (to one's house, country)to invite ou ask somebody over — inviter quelqu'un
6) Radio, Television7) ( showing repetition)I had to do it over — US j'ai dû recommencer
I've told you over and over (again)... — je t'ai dit je ne sais combien de fois...
8) GB ( excessively) -
82 owing
owing [ˈəʊɪŋ]1. adjective2. preposition* * *['əʊɪŋ] 1.2.£20 is still owing — il y a encore 20 livres à payer
owing to prepositional phrase en raison de -
83 previous
previous [ˈpri:vɪəs]* * *['priːvɪəs] 1.1) ( before) [day, meeting, manager] gen précédent; ( further back in time) antérieurhe has no previous convictions — Law il a un casier judiciaire vierge
‘previous experience essential’ — ‘expérience préalable indispensable’
2) (colloq) ( hasty) [decision] hâtif/-ive; [action] prématuré2.previous to prepositional phrase avant -
84 prior
prior [ˈpraɪər]1. adjectiveprécédent ; [consent] préalable2. adverb* * *['praɪə(r)] 1.noun Religion prieur m2.1) ( previous) préalableprior notice — préavis m
2) ( more important) prioritaire3.prior to prepositional phrase avant -
85 reference
reference [ˈrefrəns]1. nouna. référence f (to à)b. ( = allusion) allusion f (to à)2. compounds* * *['refərəns] 1.1) ( allusion) référence f (to à), allusion f (to à)to make reference to somebody/something — faire allusion à quelqu'un/quelque chose
there are three references to his son in the article — son fils est mentionné trois fois dans l'article
2) ( consultation)to do something without reference to somebody/something — faire quelque chose sans consulter quelqu'un/quelque chose
‘for reference only’ — ( on library book) ‘consultation sur place’
without reference to — sans tenir compte de [statistics, needs]
3) (in book, letter, memo) référence f4) (also reference mark) renvoi m5) ( testimonial) références fpl6) ( referee) personne f pouvant fournir des références7) Linguistics référence f8) Geography2.map references — coordonnées fpl
with reference to prepositional phrase en ce qui concerne, quant à3.with reference to your letter/request — suite à votre lettre/demande
transitive verb fournir les sources de [book, article] -
86 spite
spite [spaɪt]1. noun* * *[spaɪt] 1. 2.in spite of prepositional phrase malgré3.transitive verb faire du mal à; ( less strong) ennuyer•• -
87 thanks
[θæŋks] 1.plural noun remerciements mpl2.‘received with thanks’ — Commerce ‘avec nos remerciements’
thanks to prepositional phrase grâce à3.we did it, no thanks to you! — (colloq) on a réussi, mais tu n'y es pour rien! (colloq)
(colloq) exclamation merci!thanks a lot — merci beaucoup also iron
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88 together
together [təˈgeðər]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ adverba. ensemble• together with what you bought yesterday that makes... avec ce que vous avez acheté hier ça fait...• he, together with his colleagues, accepted... lui, ainsi que ses collègues, a accepté...b. ( = simultaneously) en même temps ; [sing, play] à l'unisson• all together now! (shouting, singing) tous en chœur !* * *together frequently occurs as the second element in certain verb combinations ( get together, pull together, put together, tie together etc). For translations for these, see the appropriate verb entry (get, pull, tie etc)For examples and further uses, see the entry below[tə'geðə(r)] 1.1) gen ensembleshe's cleverer than all the rest of them put together — elle est plus intelligente que tous les autres réunis
they belong together — ( objects) ils vont ensemble; ( people) ils sont faits l'un pour l'autre
2) ( at the same time) à la fois3) ( without interruption) d'affilée2.(colloq) adjective équilibré3.••to get one's act together —
to get it together — (colloq) s'organiser
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89 top
top [tɒp]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun2. plural noun3. adverb4. adjective6. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nouna. ( = highest point) [of mountain, hill] sommet m ; [of tree] cime f ; [of ladder, stairs, page, pile] haut m ; [of list] tête f► at the top of [+ hill] au sommet de ; [+ stairs, ladder, page] en haut de ; [+ list, division] en tête de ; [+ profession] au faîte de• there was a thick layer of cream on top of the cake il y avait une épaisse couche de crème sur le gâteau• he's bought another car on top of the one he's got already il a acheté une autre voiture en plus de celle qu'il a déjà• then on top of all that he refused to help us et puis par-dessus le marché il a refusé de nous aider► from top to bottom [redecorate] complètement ; [clean] de fond en comble ; [cover] entièrement• to go over the top [soldier] monter à l'assaut• to be over the top (inf) [film, book] dépasser la mesure ; [person] exagérer ; [act, opinion] être excessifb. ( = upper part, section) [of car] toit m ; [of bus] étage m supérieur ; [of box, container] dessus m• "top" (on box) « haut »c. [of garment, bikini] haut m2. plural noun3. adverb• it'll cost £50, tops ça coûtera 50 livres max (inf)4. adjectivea. ( = highest) [shelf, drawer] du haut ; [floor, storey] dernier• in the top class ( = top stream) dans le premier groupe• he was or came top in maths il a été premier en mathsd. ( = maximum) the vehicle's top speed la vitesse maximale du véhiculea. ( = remove top from) [+ tree] écimerb. ( = kill) (inf!) to top o.s. se flinguer (inf !)c. ( = exceed) dépasser• and to top it all... et pour couronner le tout...d. ( = be at top of) [+ list] être en tête de6. compounds► top banana (inf!) noun• to pay top dollar for sth payer qch au prix fort ► top-down adjective [approach, management] directifin top gear (four-speed box) en quatrième ; (five-speed box) en cinquième ► top hat noun haut-de-forme m► top-heavy adjective [structure] trop lourd du haut ; [business, administration] où l'encadrement est trop lourd► top-level adjective [meeting, talks, discussion] au plus haut niveau ; [decision] pris au plus haut niveau► top-selling adjective = best-sellingcan I give you a top-up? je vous ressers ? adjective ► top-up card noun (for mobile phone) carte f prépayée• can I top you up? (inf) je vous ressers ?* * *[tɒp] 1.1) ( highest or furthest part) (of page, ladder, stairs, wall) haut m; ( of list) tête f; (of mountain, hill) sommet m; (of garden, field) (autre) bout m; ( of vegetable) fane f; (of box, cake) dessus m; ( surface) surface fat the top of — en haut de [page, stairs, street, scale]; au sommet de [hill]; en tête de [list]
to be at the top of one's list — fig venir en tête de sa liste
to be at the top of the agenda — fig être une priorité; Military
2) ( highest position)to get to ou make it to the top — réussir
to be top of the class — être le premier/la première de la classe
to be top of the bill — Theatre être la tête d'affiche
3) (cap, lid) ( of pen) capuchon m; ( of bottle) gen bouchon m; ( with serrated edge) capsule f; (of paint-tin, saucepan) couvercle m4) ( item of clothing) haut m5) ( toy) toupie f2.1) ( highest) [step, storey] dernier/-ière; [bunk] de haut; [button, shelf, layer, lip] supérieur; [speed] maximum; [concern, priority] fig majeurthe top notes — Music les notes les plus hautes
to pay the top price for something — [buyer] acheter quelque chose au prix fort
to get top marks — School avoir dix sur dix or vingt sur vingt
2) ( furthest away) [field, house] du bout3) ( leading) [adviser, authority, agency] plus grand; [job] élevé; [wine, restaurant] meilleur3.on top of prepositional phrase1) sur [cupboard, fridge, layer]to live on top of each other — fig vivre les uns sur les autres
to be on top of a situation — fig contrôler la situation
things are getting on top of her — fig ( she's depressed) elle est déprimée; ( she can't cope) elle ne s'en sort plus
2) ( in addition to) en plus de [salary, workload]4.transitive verb (p prés etc - pp-)1) ( head) être en tête de [charts, polls]2) ( exceed) dépasser [sum, figure]3) ( finish off) gen compléter ( with par); Culinary recouvrir [cake]5.(colloq) reflexive verb (p prés etc - pp-)Phrasal Verbs:- top off- top up••on top of all this —
to top it all — par-dessus le marché (colloq)
to be over the top —
to be OTT — (colloq) [behaviour, reaction] être exagéré
to be/stay on top — avoir/garder le dessus
to come out on top — ( win) l'emporter; ( survive) s'en sortir
to say things off the top of one's head — ( without thinking) dire n'importe quoi
I'd say 30, but that's just off the top of my head — ( without checking) moi, je dirais 30, mais c'est approximatif
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90 upwards
upwards [ˈʌpwədz]• place your hands palm upwards on your knees placez les mains sur les genoux, paumes vers le haut► upwards of ( = more than) plus de• to cost upwards of £100,000 coûter plus de 100 000 livres* * *['ʌpwədz] 1.1) lit [look, point] vers le hautto go ou move upwards — monter
2) fig2.from five years/£10 upwards — à partir de cinq ans/10 livres sterling
upwards of prepositional phrase plus de -
91 virtue
virtue [ˈvɜ:tju:]a. ( = good quality) vertu fb. ( = advantage) mérite m, avantage mc. ► by virtue of en vertu de* * *['vɜːtʃuː] 1.1) ( goodness) vertu f2) ( advantage) avantage m2.by virtue of prepositional phrase en raison de -
92 fugitive
['fjuːʤətɪv] 1. сущ.1)а) беглецto track down a fugitive — разыскивать беглеца; поймать беглеца
Syn:б) беженец, эмигрантSyn:в) уст. перебежчик, дезертирSyn:2) бродяга; странникSyn:3) поэт. нечто эфемерное, ускользающее2. прил.1)а) спасающийся бегством, беглыйб) укользающий, мимолётный, преходящийfugitive interest in smth. — мимолётный интерес к чему-л.
в) с трудом фиксируемый; сложный для анализаIt's the fugitive prepositional phrase that causes the most trouble. — Больше всего сложностей вызывают неоднозначные предложные обороты.
Syn:2) бродячий, странствующийSyn:3) сиюминутныйSyn:4)а) хим. летучий, быстро испаряющийся ( о соединениях)б) бот. быстро опадающий, быстро увядающийSyn: -
93 WITH
For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, the best translation of "with" (in the sense of "together with") is probably \#as, attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A string of various prepositional elements meaning "with" are attested, but all are probably not meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the details. The preposition lé, le found in early material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; it was used "in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may seem to be this yo that occurs as an independent preposition in yo hildinyar in SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with various prepositional elements for the phrase "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was replaced with aselyë in the final version. Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the connecting vowel before it leaves us with \#as as the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may also have an instrumental force, which is best rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer"). -
94 nested structure
1. структура вложенности; гнездовая структура; вложенная структураstructure of capital — структура капитала; строение капитала
2. гнездовая структура; вложенная структураcrumble structure — зернистая структура, зернистое строение
structure synthesis — структурный синтез; синтез структуры
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