plough

ăro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [cf. aroô = to plough, to till; arotron = aratrum; arotos, aroura = arvum, = Welsh ar; arotêr = arator; armentum; Goth. arjan = to plough; O. H. Germ. aran = to ear], to plough, to till.

A.. Lit.

Absol.:

arare mavelim quam sic amare,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 21:

in fundo Fodere aut arare,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 17:

si quidem L. Quinctio Cincinnato aranti nuntiatum est etc.,

Cic. Sen. 16, 56:

bene et tempestive arare,

Cato, R. R. 61, 1; Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 174:

bos est enectus arando,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 87:

die septimo cessabis arare et metere,

Vulg. Exod. 34, 21; ib. Luc. 17, 7; ib. 1 Cor. 9, 10.—

With acc.:

arare terram,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 16; Ov. F. 1, 703; cf. Col. 2, 4; Pall. 2, 3, 2:

ager non semel aratus, sed novatus et iteratus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 30, 131:

cum terra araretur et sulcus altius esset impressus,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50:

vallem arari,

Vulg. Deut. 21, 4:

campum arare,

Ov. Tr. 3, 328:

olivetum,

Col. 5, 9:

Capuam,

Verg. G. 2, 244:

Campaniam,

Prop. 4, 4, 5 et saep.—

Trop

Of a ship, to plough: aequor. Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 76; so id. Am. 2, 10, 33 Heins.; Verg. A. 2, 780; 3, 495:

aquas,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 36 (cf.:

sulcare aquas,

id. M. 4, 707).—

Of age, to draw furrows over the body, i. e. to wrinkle:

jam venient rugae, quae tibi corpus arent,

Ov. A. A. 2, 118.—

In mal. part.:

fundum alienum,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 24; so id. Truc. 1, 2, 48 al.—

Prov.: arare litus, for to bestow useless labor:

non profecturis litora bobus aras,

Ov. H. 5, 116; so id. Tr. 5, 4, 48; cf. Juv. 7, 49.—

In a more extended sense.

To cultivate land, and absol. to pursue agriculture, to live by husbandry (cf. agricola and arator):

quae homines arant, navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent, i. e. in agriculturā, navigatione, etc., omnia ex virtute animi pendent,

Sall. C. 2, 7 Corte' arat Falerni mille fundi jugera, Hor. Epod. 4, 13:

cives Romani, qui arant in Siciliā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 5.—

To gain by agriculture, to acquire by tillage:

decem medimna ex jugero arare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47 (where, Zumpt, from conjecture, has received exarare into the text; so B. and K.).

* * *

* * *

* * *

būris, is, m. ( būra, ae, f., Varr. R. R. 1, 19, 2) [acc. to Serv. ad Verg. G. 1, 170 (cf. also Isid. Orig. 20, 14, 2), contr. from bous and oura, ox-tail], the curved hinder part of the plough of the ancients, the plough-beam, Varr. ap. Serv. l. l.— Acc. burim, Verg. G. 1, 170 Serv. and Voss.; Varr. R. R. 1, 19, 2.

Būris, is, f., a city of Achaia; acc. Burin, Ov. M. 15, 293.

būris, is, m. ( būra, ae, f., Varr. R. R. 1, 19, 2) [acc. to Serv. ad Verg. G. 1, 170 (cf. also Isid. Orig. 20, 14, 2), contr. from bous and oura, ox-tail], the curved hinder part of the plough of the ancients, the plough-beam, Varr. ap. Serv. l. l.— Acc. burim, Verg. G. 1, 170 Serv. and Voss.; Varr. R. R. 1, 19, 2.

Būris, is, f., a city of Achaia; acc. Burin, Ov. M. 15, 293.

ex-ăro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to plough or dig up (class.).

Lit.: radices, Cato. R. R. 61; id. ap. Plin. 17, 18, 30, § 127; Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 46:

sepulcra,

Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 58:

terminos (with deicere),

Dig. 10, 1, 4, § 4:

deum, puerum,

Cic. Div. 2, 23, 51; 2, 38, 80. —

Transf.

To raise, produce by tillage:

tantum frumenti, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38; cf.

Zumpt,

ib. 2, 3, 47.—

In gen., to plough, till, cultivate, Varr. R. R. 1, 10, 1; Plin. 18, 3, 3, § 9:

locum de integro,

Col. 2, 18, 3:

agrum,

Pall. Aug. 1:

viam publicam,

Dig. 43, 10, 4;

with effodere mala,

i. e. to dig up the earth about them, Pall. Febr. 25, 14.— Poet.: cum rugis vetus frontem senectus exaret, furrows, wrinkles, * Hor. Epod. 8, 4 (cf. aro).—

To write, note, set down something on tablets (used by Cic. only in his letters): undecimo die postquam a te discesseram, hoc literularum [p. 674] exaravi, Cic. Att. 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 13, 38; id. Fam. 12, 20 fin.:

novum prooemium,

id. Att. 16, 6 fin.:

ad te harum exemplum in codicillis,

id. Fam. 9, 26; cf.:

binos codicillos,

Suet. Oth. 10:

id ipsum his versibus exaravi, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 5; cf.:

librum tertium Aesopi stilo,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 29:

versus,

Suet. Ner. 52; Vulg. Job, 19, 23.—

Latera, to flog severely, Amm. 15, 7, 5.

ĭn-ăro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to plough in, cover by ploughing.

Lit.:

sarmenta,

Cato, R. R. 37, 3:

fabalia pro stercore,

Varr. R. R. 1, 23. 3; cf.:

disjectum fimum,

Col. 2, 5, 2:

semina abjecta,

Plin. 18, 18, 47, § 169:

arbores,

Col. 2, 2, 11. —

Transf.

To plough, till, cultivate:

solum,

Plin. 18, 14, 36, § 136:

agrum,

Dig. 43, 23, 9.—

To enter or write in a list, Commod. 70, 15.—

To mark:

stigmatibus vultum,

Ambros. Exhort. Virg. 12, § 83.

mănĭcŭla, ae, f. dim. [manus].

Lit., a little hand, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 125.—

Transf. (cf. Engl. handle), the handle of a plough, plough-tail, Varr. L. L. 5, § 136 Müll. (al. manibula).

sŭbĭgo, ēgi, actum, 3 (sūbĭgĭt, scanned with u long, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 47, 106), v. a. [sub-ago], to bring under, get under; bring or get up, or up to any place.

Lit. (mostly poet.):

sues antequam aestus incipiat, subigunt in umbrosum locum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 6:

qui adverso flumine lembum Remigiis subigit,

i. e. rows up stream, Verg. G. 1, 202:

naves ad castellum,

Liv. 26, 7:

classem ad moenia,

Sil. 15, 218:

saxum contra ardua montis,

id. 13, 610:

frondosum apicem ad sidera,

id. 17, 641 et saep.:

celsos sonipedes ocius subigit jugo,

brings under the yoke, Sen. Hippol. 1002.—In mal. part.:

ancillam,

i. e. to lie with, Aus. Epigr. 142; cf. Suet. Caes. 49.—

In gen., to turn up from beneath, to break up, dig up, plough, cultivate; to work, knead; to rub down, sharpen, whet; to tame, break (class.;

syn. domo): terram ferro,

Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45 fin.:

locum subigere oportet bene: ubi erit subactus, areas facito,

to turn over and over, turn up, Cato, R. R. 161, 1: segetes aratris, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 9:

agrum bipalio,

Col. 3, 5, 3:

glebas,

Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

vomere terram,

Ov. M. 11, 31:

arva,

Verg. G. 1, 125.— Poet.:

ratem conto,

to work, move, Verg. A. 6, 302:

pontum remis,

i. e. to plough, furrow, Val. Fl. 1, 471:

farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito subigitoque pulchre: ubi bene subegeris, defingito,

knead it thoroughly, Cato, R. R. 74; so,

corium pilis,

id. ib. 18, 7: harenam argillae usque ad lentorem, id. ap. Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 111:

panem,

Plin. 18, 11, 27, § 105:

aliquid oleo,

id. 32, 10, 44, § 126:

digitis opus,

Ov. M. 6, 20:

subigunt in cote secures,

i. e. sharpen, Verg. A. 7, 627:

pressa manu (pecudum) terga,

to rub down, Col. 6, 30, 1:

(beluam) facilem ad subigendum frenat,

easy to be tamed, Cic. Rep. 2, 40, 67; cf.

vitulos,

Col. 6, 2, 1:

ubera,

Vulg. Ezech. 23, 3.—

Trop.

To put down, overcome, conquer, subjugate, subject, subdue, etc. (freq. in prose and poetry):

plerique omnes subiguntur sub suum judicium,

Naev. Bell. Pan. Fr. Inc. 7 (p. 18 Vahl.):

Persas, Paphlagonas... subegit solus,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 78: tertiam partem orbis terrarum, Cic. [p. 1777] Rosc. Am. 36, 103:

quos armis subegimus,

id. Balb. 10, 25:

Gallia devicta et subacta,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

urbes atque nationes,

Sall. C. 2, 2:

totam inter Alpes fretumque Italiam armis,

Flor. 1, 26, 9:

Africam,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 14; Just. 30, 3, 9:

poëtae consuetudine subigere aures populi debent,

Varr. L. L. 9, 11, 130:

nos in deditionem,

Curt. 7, 7, 38:

vitulos,

to break in, Col. 6, 2:

bos subactus,

id. 6, 3.— Plur. subst.:

victi ac subacti,

Cic. Font. 16, 36.— Absol.: mors amici subigit, Att. ap. Non. 2, 22.—In mal. part. (cf. signif. I.): Gallias Caesar subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem, Poët. ap. Suet. Caes. 49.—

To bring, incite, impel; to force, compel, constrain to any thing; constr. with ut, ad, or in aliquid; rarely with inf.:

subegi, fenore argentum ab danistā ut sumeret,

Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 14:

tu me numquam subiges, redditum ut reddam tibi,

id. Curc. 4, 3, 8:

subigor, ut, etc.,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 6; cf.:

nec subigi queantur, ut, etc.,

id. Pers. 2, 2, 12:

ut ederet socios, subigi non potuit,

Tac. A. 2, 40:

egestate stipendii ad deditionem subigi,

id. H. 3, 8:

ad deditionem Volscos,

Liv. 6, 2:

hostes ad deditionem,

id. 9, 41; 9, 1:

urbes metu subactae in dicionem,

id. 28, 43:

hostes fame in deditionem,

Curt. 7, 7, 18:

vis subegit verum fateri,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 9:

Tarquiniensem metu subegerat frumentum exercitui praebere,

Liv. 9, 41:

subegit socios ignotae linquere terrae,

Verg. A. 5, 794:

ambitio multos mortalis falsos fieri subegit,

Sall. C. 10, 5:

injuria te subegit decernere, etc.,

id. ib. 51, 18; cf. Tac. A. 1, 39:

insidiis subactus,

Verg. A. 12, 494.—

(Acc. to I. B.) To cultivate, of the mind; to train, discipline (very rare):

subacto mihi ingenio opus est, ut agro non semel arato sed novato et iterato, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 30, 131:

subacti atque durati bellis,

Liv. 42, 52.

sulco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [sulcus], to furrow, cut furrows through, to plough (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit., in agriculture:

agros,

Tib. 2, 3, 85:

(rura) sulcata Camilli Vomere,

Luc. 1, 168:

vomere humum,

Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 68:

campos vomere,

Sil. 9, 191. — Absol.:

recto plenoque sulcare,

Col. 2, 2, 25.—

Transf.

Ingen., to furrow, plough; poet., to sail over, traverse, pass through, etc.:

sulcant fossas, quo pluvia aqua delabatur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 29, 2:

(anguis) harenam Sulcat,

Ov. M. 15, 726:

iter caudā,

Luc. 9, 721:

longā sulcant vada salsa carinā,

Verg. A. 5, 158:

rate undas,

Ov. P. 2, 10, 33; id. M. 4, 707:

maria arbore,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5:

regna volatu,

Luc. 9, 668:

sulcavitque cutem rugis,

furrowed her skin with wrinkles, Ov. M. 3, 276:

gressus,

App. M. 5, p. 167, 22:

sulcatis lateribus,

i. e. by lashes, Amm. 14, 9, 5.—

To elaborate, to work out (cf. exaro), Ven. Fort. Vita Mart.