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121 Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 15 December 1832 Dijon, Franced. 27 December 1923 Paris, France[br]French engineer, best known for the famous tower in Paris that bears his name.[br]During his long life Eiffel, together with a number of architects, was responsible for the design and construction of a wide variety of bridges, viaducts, harbour installations, exhibition halls, galleries and department stores; he set up his own firm in 1867 to handle such construction. Of particular note were his great arched bridges, such as the 530 ft (162 m) span arch over the River Douro at Oporto in Portugal (1877–9) and the 550 ft (168 m) span of the Pont de Garabit over the Truyère in France (1880–4). He was responsible in 1884 for the protective iron-work for the Statue of Liberty in New York and, a year later, for the great dome over the Nice Observatory. In 1876 he had collaborated with Boileau to build the Bon Marché department store in Paris. The predominant material for all these structures was iron, and, in some cases glass was important. The famous Eiffel Tower in Paris is entirely of wrought iron, and the legs are supported on masonry piers that are each set into concrete beneath the ground. The idea of the tower was first conceived in 1884 by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nougier, and Eiffel won a competition for the commission to built the structure. His imaginative and practical scheme was for a strong lightweight construction 984 ft (300 m) high, with its 12,000 sections to be prefabricated and riveted together largely before erection; the open, perforated design reduced the problems of wind resistance. The tower was constructed on schedule by 1889 to commemorate the centenary of the outbreak of the French Revolution and was the tallest structure in the world until the erection of the Empire State Building in New York in 1930–2.[br]Further ReadingJ.Harriss, 1975, The Tallest Tower: Eiffel and the Belle Epoque, Boston: Hough ton Mifflin.F.Poncetton, 1939, Eiffel: Le Magicien du Fer, Paris: Tournelle.DYBiographical history of technology > Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave
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122 Rastrick, John Urpeth
[br]b. 26 January 1780 Morpeth, Englandd. 1 November 1856 Chertsey, England[br]English engineer whose career spanned the formative years of steam railways, from constructing some of the earliest locomotives to building great trunk lines.[br]John Urpeth Rastrick, son of an engineer, was initially articled to his father and then moved to Ketley Ironworks, Shropshire, c. 1801. In 1808 he entered into a partnership with John Hazledine at Bridgnorth, Shropshire: Hazledine and Rastrick built many steam engines to the designs of Richard Trevithick, including the demonstration locomotive Catch-Me-Who-Can. The firm also built iron bridges, notably the bridge over the River Wye at Chepstow in 1815–16.Between 1822 and 1826 the Stratford \& Moreton Railway was built under Rastrick's direction. Malleable iron rails were laid, in one of the first instances of their use. They were supplied by James Foster of Stourbridge, with whom Rastrick went into partnership after the death of Hazledine. In 1825 Rastrick was one of a team of engineers sent by the committee of the proposed Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) to carry out trials of locomotives built by George Stephenson on the Killingworth Waggonway. Early in 1829 the directors of the L \& MR, which was by then under construction, sent Rastrick and James Walker to inspect railways in North East England and report on the relative merits of steam locomotives and fixed engines with cable haulage. They reported, rather hesitantly, in favour of the latter, particularly the reciprocal system of Benjamin Thompson. In consequence the Rainhill Trials, at which Rastrick was one of the judges, were held that October. In 1829 Rastrick constructed the Shutt End colliery railway in Worcestershire, for which Foster and Rastrick built the locomotive Agenoria; this survives in the National Railway Museum. Three similar locomotives were built to the order of Horatio Allen for export to the USA.From then until he retired in 1847 Rastrick found ample employment surveying railways, appearing as a witness before Parliamentary committees, and supervising construction. Principally, he surveyed the southern part of the Grand Junction Railway, which was built for the most part by Joseph Locke, and the line from Manchester to Crewe which was eventually built as the Manchester \& Birmingham Railway. The London \& Brighton Railway (Croydon to Brighton) was his great achievement: built under Rastrick's supervision between 1836 and 1840, it included three long tunnels and the magnificent Ouse Viaduct. In 1845 he was Engineer to the Gravesend \& Rochester Railway, the track of which was laid through the Thames \& Medway Canal's Strood Tunnel, partly on the towpath and partly on a continuous staging over the water.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1837.Bibliography1829, with Walker, Report…on the Comparative Merits of Locomotive and Fixed Engines, Liverpool.Further ReadingC.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, The Locomotive Publishing Co.R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.C.Hadfield and J.Norris, 1962, Waterways to Stratford, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (covers Stratford and Moreton Railway).See also: Stephenson, RobertPJGR -
123 waft
wɑ:ft
1. сущ.
1) взмах( крыла)
2) дуновение (ветра) ;
струя запаха;
мимолетное ощущение
3) отзвук
2. гл.
1) нести(сь) The leaves were wafted along by the breeze. ≈ Ветерок гнал листья.
2) доносить( звуки, запахи) A song was wafted to our ears. ≈ До нас донеслись звуки песни. взмах;
махание, размахивание порыв( ветра) ;
дуновение;
струя (воздуха) струя аромата;
донесшийся запах отдаленный отзвук;
донесшийся звук клуб или кольцо дыма привкус( особ. неприятный) мимолетное ощущение (специальное) плавающее тело нести, доносить (звук и т. п.) - the leaves were *ed along by the breeze ветерок гнал листья - scents, sounds were *ed abroad ароматы и звуки разносились (ветром) повсюду - a distant song was *ed to our ears до нас доносилась далекая песня уносить( ветром;
обыкн. * away) отмахиваться от чего-л.;
обыкн. * away, * aside) нестись, плыть( по воздуху, воде) - shouts *ed near the citadel возле крепости слышались крики (тж. across, over) обыкн. переносить, перевозить, переправлять( по воде) - * her hence to France увезите ее во Францию - the ferryman *ed them over the river паромщик перевез их через реку гнать судно, облака( о ветре) дуть( о ветерке) ~ нести;
the leaves were wafted along by the breeze ветерок гнал листья ~ доносить;
a song was wafted to our ears до нас донеслись звуки песни waft взмах (крыла) ~ доносить;
a song was wafted to our ears до нас донеслись звуки песни ~ дуновение (ветра) ~ мимолетное ощущение ~ нести;
the leaves were wafted along by the breeze ветерок гнал листья ~ нестись (по воздуху, по воде) ~ отзвук, донесшийся звук ~ струя (запаха) -
124 be fathoms deep in love
(be fathoms deep in love (тж. be over head and ears in love, be head over ears in love или be up to the ears in love))быть безумно влюблённым; ≈ быть влюблённым по уши‘I don't mind your knowing,’ he said, ‘I'm over head and ears in love with her.’ (J. Galsworthy, ‘Over the River’, ch. X) — - Я не собираюсь скрывать от вас, - сказал молодой человек, - что безумно влюблен в Клер.
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125 стать I
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126 carry
['kæri]1) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) nositi2) (to go from one place to another: Sound carries better over water.) nesti3) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) podpirati4) (to have or hold: This job carries great responsibility.) vsebovati5) (to approve (a bill etc) by a majority of votes: The parliamentary bill was carried by forty-two votes.) izglasovati6) (to hold (oneself) in a certain way: He carries himself like a soldier.) nositi se•((slang) a fuss; excited behaviour.)
prevelika gorečnost- carry-cot((of bags or cases) that passengers can carry with them on board a plane.)
ročna prtljaga
- be/get carried away
- carry forward
- carry off
- carry on
- carry out
- carry weight* * *I [kaeri]nounstreljaj, lučaj; Scottish voziček; podenje oblakovII [kaeri]1.transitive verbnositi, nesti; s seboj vzeti, peljati, prevažati; donašati, obroditi; doseči; podpirati, pospeševati; zmagati; zaslediti; izglasovati, sprejeti;2.intransitive verbsegati; aportirati, nesti; slang nadaljevatito carry all before one — imeti velik uspeh, biti zelo priljubljen, premagati vse zapreketo carry coals to Newcastle — zaman se truditi, vodo v morje nositito carry the House — navdušiti, zase pridobiti parlamentto carry o.s. — vesti, obnašati seto carry a thing too far — iti predaleč, pretiravatito carry weight — biti vpliven, narediti vtisto fetch and carry — prinesti, aportirati; biti pokoren, vršiti podrejeno službo -
127 carry
['kærɪ] 1. vt( take) nieść (zanieść perf); ( transport) przewozić (przewieźć perf); ( involve) nieść za sobą; disease, virus przenosić (przenieść perf); gun, donor card nosić (przy sobie); newspaper report, picture zamieszczać (zamieścić perf)2. visound nieść sięthe placards carried the slogan: … — na transparentach widniało hasło: …
this loan carries 10% interest — pożyczka jest oprocentowana na 10%
Phrasal Verbs:- carry on* * *['kæri]1) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) przenosić2) (to go from one place to another: Sound carries better over water.) nieść się3) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) unosić4) (to have or hold: This job carries great responsibility.) nieść ze sobą5) (to approve (a bill etc) by a majority of votes: The parliamentary bill was carried by forty-two votes.) przyjmować6) (to hold (oneself) in a certain way: He carries himself like a soldier.) nosić się•((slang) a fuss; excited behaviour.)
szaleństwo- carry-cot((of bags or cases) that passengers can carry with them on board a plane.)
podręczny (bagaż)
- be/get carried away
- carry forward
- carry off
- carry on
- carry out
- carry weight -
128 waft
1. [wɑ:ft,wɒft] n1. взмах; махание, размахивание3. струя аромата; донёсшийся запах4. отдалённый отзвук; донёсшийся звук5. клуб или кольцо дыма6. привкус (особ. неприятный)7. мимолётное ощущение8. спец. плавающее тело2. [wɑ:ft,wɒft] v1. 1) нести, доносить (звук и т. п.)scents, sounds were wafted abroad - ароматы и звуки разносились (ветром) повсюду
2) уносить ( ветром; обыкн. waft away)2. отмахиваться (от чего-л.; обыкн. waft away, waft aside)3. нестись, плыть (по воздуху, воде)5. гнать судно, облака ( о ветре)6. дуть ( о ветерке)
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