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1 organization
Gen Mgtan arrangement of people and resources working in a planned manner toward specified strategic goals. An organization can be any structured body such as a business, company, or firm in the private or public sector, or in a nonprofit association. -
2 organization theory
Gen Mgtthe body of research and knowledge concerning organizations. Organization theory originally focused primarily on the organization as a unit, as opposed to organization behavior, which explored individual and group behavior within the organization. Organization behavior emerged as a separate discipline in the late 1950s and early 1960s but there remains a large amount of overlap between the two. Organization theory covers a variety of areas including organization structure and organizational psychology. -
3 organization structure
Gen Mgtthe form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments, functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages, and may be represented by an organization chart. The complexity of an organization’s structure is often proportional to its size and its geographic dispersal. The traditional organization structure for many businesses in the 20th century was the bureaucracy, originally defined by Max Weber. More recent forms include the flat, network, matrix, and virtual organizations. These forms have become more prevalent during the last decades of the 20th century as a result of the trend toward restructuring and downsizing and developments in telecommunications technology. According to Harold J. Leavitt, organization structure is inextricably linked to the technology and people who perform the tasks. Charles Handy has shown that it is also directly linked to corporate culture. -
4 organization chart
Gen Mgta graphic illustration of an organization’s structure, showing hierarchical authority and relationships between departments and jobs. The horizontal dimension of an organization chart shows the nature of job function and responsibility and the vertical dimension shows how jobs are coordinated in reporting or authority relationships. Some charts include managers’ names, others only job titles. Organization charts are widely used to bring order and clarity to the way the organization is structured. Despite this, they reflect little of the way organizations actually work and can appear complex, especially in highly bureaucratic organizations. The first recorded organization chart was produced in the United States by David C. McCallum for the New York and Erie Railroad. -
5 organization behavior
Gen Mgtthe study of human and group behavior within organizational settings. The study of organization behavior involves looking at the attitudes, interpersonal relationships, performance, productivity, job satisfaction, and commitment of employees, as well as levels of organizational commitment and industrial relations. Organization behavior can be affected by corporate culture, leadership, and management style. Organization behavior emerged as a distinct specialism from organization theory in the late 1950s and early 1960s through attempts to integrate different perspectives on human and management problems and develop an understanding of behavioral dynamics within organizations. -
6 organization hierarchy
Gen Mgtthe vertical layers of ranks of personnel within an organization, each layer subordinate to the one above it. Organization hierarchy is often shown in the form of an organization chart. An extended hierarchy is typical of a bureaucracy, but during the later 20th and early 21st centuries the layers of hierarchical positions within large organizations have often been reduced as part of downsizing exercises. These result in the shallow or nonexistent hierarchies of flexible, flat organizations within which there is greater employee empowerment and autonomy. -
7 organization man
Gen Mgtsomebody who fully accepts and may be absorbed by organizational objectives and values. The Organization Man, a bestselling novel by William Whyte, is the source of the phrase. -
8 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
The ultimate business dictionary > Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
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9 learning organization
Gen Mgtan organizational model characterized by a flat structure and customer-focused teams, that engenders the collective ability to develop shared visions by capturing and exploiting employees’ willingness, commitment, and curiosity. The concept of the learning organization was proposed by Chris Argyris and Donald Schön as part of their work on organizational learning, but was brought back to public attention in the 1990s by Peter Senge. For Senge, a learning organization is one with the capacity to shift away from views inherent to a traditional hierarchical, organization, toward the ability of all employees to challenge prevailing thinking and gain a balanced perspective. Senge believes the five major elements of a learning organization are mental models, personal mastery, systems thinking, shared vision, and team learning. Because of the requirement for an open, risktolerant culture, which is the opposite of the corporate culture of most organizations today, the learning organization remains, for many, an unattainable ideal. -
10 cellular organization
Opsa form of organization consisting of a collection of selfmanaging firms or cells held together by mutual interest. A cellular organization is built on the principles of self-organization, member ownership, and entrepreneurship. Each cell within the organization shares common features and purposes with its sister cells but is also able to function independently. The idea is an extension of the principles of group technology, or cellular manufacturing. -
11 federal organization
Gen Mgta form of organization structure, identified by Charles Handy, in which subsidiaries federate to gain benefits of scale. In a federal organization, the leader provides coordination and vision, and initiatives are generated from the component subsidiary organizations. Federal organization is one of the many ways in which organizations restructure in order to deal with the dilemmas of power and control. According to Handy, federal organization offers an enabling framework for autonomy to release corporate energy for people to do things in their own way, provided that it is in the common interest, and for people to be well informed so as to be able to interpret that common interest. Handy cites Royal Dutch Shell, Unilever, and ABB as exemplars of federalism. -
12 matrix organization
Gen Mgtorganization by both vertical administrative functions, and horizontal tasks, areas, processes, or projects. Matrix organization originated in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly within the U.S. aerospace industry, when organization charts showing how the management of a given project would relate to senior management were often required to win government contracts. A two-dimensional matrix chart best illustrates the dual horizontal, and vertical, reporting relationships. Matrix organization is closely linked to matrix management. -
13 flat organization
Gen Mgt, HRa slimmeddown organization structure, with fewer levels between top and bottom than a traditional bureaucracy, that is supposedly more responsive and better able to cope with fastmoving change. A flat organization can be the result of delayering. -
14 tall organization
Gen Mgtan organization structure with many levels of management. A tall organization contrasts with a flat organization, since it has an extended vertical structure with well-defined but long reporting lines. The number of different levels may cause communication problems and slow decision making. It is for this reason that many companies are converting to flatter structures more suited to the fast responses needed in a rapidly changing business environment. -
15 anorexic organization
Gen Mgtan organization that has become so small that it has lost the strength and depth to compete effectively. An anorexic organization may have been through the process of extreme downsizing or delayering, probably with accompanying layoffs. (slang) -
16 network organization
Gen Mgta company or group of companies that has a minimum of formal structures and relies instead on the formation and dissolution of teams to meet specific objectives. A network organization utilizes information and communications technologies extensively, and makes use of know-how across and within companies along the value chain. -
17 shamrock organization
Gen Mgta form of organization structure with three bases on which people can be employed and on which organizations can be linked to each other. The shamrock organization was identified by Charles Handy. The three bases or groups are professional managers, contracted specialists such as advertising, computing, or catering personnel, and a flexible labor force discharging part-time, temporary, or seasonal roles. -
18 virtual organization
Opsa temporary network of companies, suppliers, customers, or employees, linked by information and communications technologies, with the purpose of delivering a service or product. A virtual organization brings together companies in strategic partnering or outsourcing arrangements, enabling them to share expertise, resources, and cost savings until objectives are met and the network is dissolved. Such organizations are virtual not only in the sense that they exist largely in cyberspace, but also that they employ various forms of flexibility unconstrained by the traditional barriers of time and place, such as virtual teams. A greater level of trust is required between employer and employee or coworkers, or partner organizations, because they will be working out of one another’s sight for the majority of the time. -
19 World Trade Organization
Econthe international organization charged with regulating global rules of trade. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, and established in 1995, the World Trade Organization performs a variety of roles within its overall remit, including administering trade agreements, settling trade disputes, and reviewing national trade policies.Abbr. WTO -
20 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)Portugal joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, as a founding member. Besides complementing the Atlantic orientation of Portugal's foreign and defense policies, this membership also supported the country's close relationship with two leading members of NATO, Great Britain and the United States. Portugal's slight contribution to NATO in the first decades after joining was conditioned mainly by the fact that Portugal's primary concern was in defending its colonial empire, Portuguese India (1954-61) and in conducting several colonial wars in its African empire in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-74). One contentious question during this phase of Portugal's membership was the extent to which Portugal used NATO-issued equipment to fight those wars in Africa and Asia, since several of these colonial territories were neither on the Atlantic nor in NATO's jurisdiction (Mozambique and Portuguese India).The perceived strategic value of Portugal's key Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores and Madeiras, constituted Portugal's primary contribution to NATO and neutralized any U.S. ambivalence about the question of Portugal's NATO membership. The usefulness of Azores' air and naval bases, especially Lajes base at Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores, along with bases in continental Portugal and in the Madeira Islands, trumped international criticism of Portugal's colonial action and influenced American policy toward Portugal. This remained the situation until after the Yom Kippur war, an Arab-Israeli conflict, in October 1973, when Portugal, despite the risks to her energy supplies, gave the United States permission to use Azores bases for resupplying Israel.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 had an impact on Portugal's relationship to NATO. Leftist forces in Portugal were now in command, and Portuguese NATO delegates did not attend highly sensitive NATO defense briefings. But by 1980, after moderate military forces had ousted the radical leftists, Portugal's NATO roles returned to the routing. One of NATO's major subordinate commands became IBERLANT (Iberian Atlantic Command), under SACLANT (Supreme Commander Atlantic), located at Norfolk, Virginia. IBERLANT is located at Oeiras, Portugal and, in 1982, the IBERLAND commander for the first time was a Portuguese Vice Admiral. That same year, Spain joined NATO and, until 1986, when Spain decided not to join NATO's integrated military structure, Portugal was anxious that Portuguese commanders not be subordinate to Spanish commanders in NATO. As a key leader of IBERLANT, along with the representative units of Great Britain and the United States, Portugal's forces remain responsible for surveillance and patrolling of the area from central Portugal to the straits of Gibraltar.Portugal has made symbolic if modest contributions to NATO's mission in the Balkan conflicts beginning in the late 1990s and in Afghanistan since 2001. Among Portugal's contributions has been the service of medical units in Afghanistan.Historical dictionary of Portugal > North Atlantic Treaty Organization
См. также в других словарях:
organization — or‧gan‧i‧za‧tion [ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʆn ǁ ˌɔːrgənə ] also organisation noun 1. [countable] ORGANIZATIONS a company, business, group etc that has been formed for a particular purpose: • a not for profit organization • Federal officials making th … Financial and business terms
organization — or·ga·ni·za·tion n: a body (as a corporation or union) that has a membership acting or united for a common purpose or·ga·ni·za·tion·al adj Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. organization … Law dictionary
Organization — Or gan*i*za tion, n. [Cf. F. organisation.] [1913 Webster] 1. The act of organizing; the act of arranging in a systematic way for use or action; as, the organization of an army, or of a deliberative body. The first organization of the general… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
organization — (n.) mid 15c., act of organizing, from M.Fr. organisation or directly from M.L. organizationem (nom. organizatio), noun of action from pp. stem of organizare, from L. organum instrument, organ (see ORGAN (Cf. organ)). Meaning system,… … Etymology dictionary
organization — [n1] arrangement, arranging alignment, assembling, assembly, chemistry, composition, configuration, conformation, constitution, construction, coordination, design, disposal, format, formation, forming, formulation, framework, grouping, harmony,… … New thesaurus
Organization — group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, and relationships (for example, company, corporation, firm, enterprise, institution, charity, sole trader, association, or parts or combination thereof) (p.… … Словарь-справочник терминов нормативно-технической документации
organization — (Amer.) n. arrangement; state of being organized; organized body; association, union (also organisation)or·gan·i·za·tion || ‚ɔrgÉ™nÉ™ zeɪʃn /‚ɔËgÉ™naɪ … English contemporary dictionary
organization — (also organisation) ► NOUN 1) the action of organizing. 2) a systematic arrangement or approach. 3) an organized body of people with a particular purpose, e.g. a business. DERIVATIVES organizational adjective organizationally adverb … English terms dictionary
organization — [ôr΄gə ni zā′shən, ôr΄gənīzā′shən] n. [ME organizacion < ML organizatio] 1. an organizing or being organized 2. the manner of being organized; organic structure 3. Rare ORGANISM 4. any unified, consolidated group of elements; systematized… … English World dictionary
Organization — For other uses, see Organization (disambiguation). An organization (or organisation see spelling differences) is a social group which distributes tasks for a collective goal. The word itself is derived from the Greek word organon, itself derived… … Wikipedia
organization — organizational, adj. organizationally, adv. /awr geuh neuh zay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of organizing. 2. the state or manner of being organized. 3. something that is organized. 4. organic structure; composition: The organization of this … Universalium
