offended

⁺ V 5-20-12-41-26=104 Gn 49,25; Dt 22,27; 28,29.31; 32,38

A: to aid, to help [τινι] Gn 49,25; to come to the rescue, to give aid [abs.] 1 Chr 12,37 P: to be assisted, to receive help Dn^Th 11,34

*2 Chr 32,18 τοῦ βοηθῆσαι αὐτοῖς to assist them corr.? τοῦ πτοηθῆναι αὐτοῖς for MT ם/ירא/ל to frighten them; *1 Chr 12,34 βοηθῆσαι to help-עזר/ל for MT עדר/ל to order; *Is 60,15 βοηθῶν helper-עוזר? for MT עובר passing through; *Prv 18,19 βοηθούμενος helped -עשׁנו for MT עשׁנפ offended, suffering revolt?

→NIDNTT; TWNT

(→ἐπιβοηθέω,,)

⁺ V 12-1-1-3-4=21 Gn 27,46; Lv 18,25.28(bis); 20,22

A: to be irritated by, to be provoked at [τινι] Lv 18,25; id. [ἔν τινι] Nm 21,5; id. [ἀπό τινος] Nm 22,3; to be angry, to be offended, to be provoked [abs.] Ez 36,31; to be irritated by, to be weary of [τινι] Gn 27,46

P: to be treated with contempt, to be as-sailed, reviled 2 Sm 1,21 neol.

Cf. DOGNIEZ 1992 65.168; DORIVAL 1994, 400; HARL 1986a, 80.221; HELBING 1928, 266-267; WEVERS

1993, 442

παραβαίνω, [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf. παρέβασκε (v. infr.): acc. pl. [tense] pres. part.

A

παρβεῶντας Abh.Berl.Akad.1925(5).21

([place name] Cyrene) is prob. from a byform Παραβάω: [tense] fut. - βήσομαι: [tense] pf. - βέβηκα; part. - βεβώς, [dialect] Ep. - βεβᾰώς: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. - βέβασμαι (v. infr. 11.1): [tense] aor. 2 παρέβην: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.

παρεβάθην Th.4.23

:— go by the side of, and in [tense] pf., stand beside, twice in Hom., c. dat., of one standing beside the warrior in the chariot (cf. παραβάτης)

, Ἕκτορι παρβεβαώς Il.11.522

; of two warriors,

παρβεβαῶτε.. ἀλλήλοιιν 13.708

; also [tense] impf. παρέβασκε, of the combatant in the chariot, 11.104; but

παρεβεβήκεέ οἱ ἡνίοχος Hdt. 7.40

.

II pass beside or beyond, mostly metaph. (lit.

π. τὸν ὅρον PHal.1.87

(iii B. C.)), in trans. sense:

1 overstep, transgress,

τὰ νόμιμα Hdt.1.65

;

δίκην A.Ag. 789

(anap.);

δίκην τὴν δεδικασμένην Antipho 5.87

;

εἴ τι τούτων παραβαίνοιμι IG12.15.42

, cf. 76.57;

θεοῦ νόμον E. Ion 230

(lyr.);

οὐ τοὺς νόμους μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς ἀναρρήσεως καὶ τὸν τόπον Aeschin.3.204

; θεσμούς, ὅρκους, Ar.Av. 331, 332 (both lyr.), cf. Th.1.78, Lys.9.15;

τὰς σπονδάς Ar.Av. 461

: c. acc. pers., π. τινὰ δαιμόνων sin against a god, Hdt.6.12, cf. D.H.1.23; οὓς παραβαίνειν αἰσχρόν disappoint, Chor.p.80 B. (cf. v): abs., παραβάντες transgressors, A.Ag.59 (anap.);

ὁ παραβαίνων Arist.Pol. 1325b5

:—[voice] Pass., to be transgressed or offended against,

σπονδὰς.., ἅς γε ὁ θεὸς.. νομίζει παραβεβάσθαι Th.1.123

;

νόμῳ παραβαθέντι Id.3.67

;

ἐὰν καὶ ὁτιοῦν παραβαθῇ Id.4.23

;

παραβεβασμένοις ὅρκοις D.17.12

; παραβαινομένων abs., as offences were committed, Th.3.45.

b with Prep.,

π. παρὰ τὴν συγγραφήν AJA16.13

(Sardes, iv/iii B. C.).

c c. gen., go aside from,

τῆς ἀληθείας Arist.Cael. 271b8

.

2 pass over, omit, S.Tr. 499 (lyr.), D.18.211, Aristeas 297.

3 let pass,

καιρούς Din.1.36

.

4 οὔ με παρέβα φάσμα it escaped me not, E.Hec. 704 (lyr.).

III pass on,

π. εἰς ἀπέχθειαν Plb.38.12.3

(sed leg. προβῆναι).

IV come forward, esp. of the Com. parabasis (v. παραβασις) ,π. πρὸς τὸ θέατρον step forward to address the spectators, Ar.Ach. 629, Eq. 508, Pax 735; also

οὐκ ἂν παρέβην εἰς λέξιν τοιάνδ' ἐπῶν Pl.Com. 92.2

: similarly, metaph.,

δοκεῖν παραβεβηκέναι τῇ πρώτῃ σκηνῇ Procl. in Prm.p.523

S.

V in [voice] Med., c. acc. pers., commit an offence against, Chor.p.68 B.

προσκόπτω,

A strike one thing against another,

πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα LXX Ps.90(91).12

;

π. τὸν δάκτυλόν που Ar.V. 275

(lyr).

b intr., stumble or strike against, τινι X.Eq.7.6, Alex.81, Arist.Pr. 882b18, GC 326a27, etc.; π. τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ (sc. ῥίζῃ κυάμου) Thphr.HP4.8.8; of liquid, to be checked by striking against, c. dat., Plu.Lyc.9; πνεῦμα προσκόπτον broken, interrupted breathing, Hp.Aph.4.68.

2 π. τῷ ἄξονι encounter friction at.., Arist.Mech. 852a32.

II metaph., = προσκρούω 111, offend, Posidipp.36;

τοῖς πολλοῖς Plb.5.49.5

; οὐ μόνον δυσαρεστήσειν ἀλλὰ καὶ προσκόπτειν ἔμελλε προφανῶς, of an open breach, Id.7.5.6.

2 take offence at,

ἵνα μή μοι προσκόψῃς PCair.Zen.463.11

(iii B.C.);

τῇ βαρύτητί τινος Plb.1.31.7

, cf. Carneisc.Herc. 1027.14;

θεοὺς -κόψαντάς τισι D.S.13.59

; of things, π. τῷ ζῆν to be disgusted with life, Id.4.61:—[voice] Pass., δῆμος π. αὐτῷ διά τι being offended with him, App.BC2.27, cf. Phld.Piet.30, M.Ant.9.3.

σκῶλον, τό,= σκῶλος, EM155.37, Hsch. (pl.).

II stumblingblock, hindrance, like σκάνδαλον, LXX Ex.10.7, al.:—whence [full] σκωλόομαι, [voice] Pass., to be offended, Aq.Ho.9.8, Al.De.7.25.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `pointed pole' ( Ν 564), `thorn, prickle' (Ar. a. o.);

Other forms: Also σκῶλον, pl. -α `id.' (EM, H.), metaph. `stumbling block, hindrance, σκάνδαλον' with - όομαι `be offended' (LXX; Aq., Al.).

Compounds: σκωλο-βατίζω `to walk on stilts' (Epich.), - βάτης `kind of weevil' (H.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Can be identcial with Alb. hell `piercer, awl', helle (prop. pl.) `broach, spear, lance' (IE * skōlo-s; G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 145f., Jokl IF 37, 98f., Mann Lang. 26, 386). Beside it the s-less Lith. kuõlas `pole'; further s. σκάλλω, alo κλάω. Cf. also σκόλοψ.

Page in Frisk: 2,745-746

κατάθεμα, ατος, τό (s. next entry; IDefixAudollent 22, 23; AcPh 28 [Aa II/2, 15, 12]) that which is devoted or given over to a deity, i.e. under a curse (חֵרֶם), hence accursed thing (s. ἀνάθεμα 2) Rv 22:3 (Erasmian rdg.: κατανάθεμα). The passage D 16:5 is (perh. purposely) obscure: σωθήσονται ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κ. they will be saved by the accursed one himself (i.e. by Christ who, in the minds of those offended by him, is accursed; cp. also Gal 3:13 κατάρα; Wengst, Didache p. 99 n. 138).—DELG s.v. τίθημι. M-M. Lampe. TW.

προσοχθίζω (ὀχθίζω ‘be very angered’) fut. προσοχθιῶ LXX; 1 aor. προσώχθισα (-ησα v.l. at Hb 3:10, 17; JosAs 9 [cod. A p. 50, 1 Bat.]); pf. προσώχθικα Gen 27:46; aor. 3 sg. pass. προσωχθίσθη 2 Km 1:21 to be very upset over someth. someone has done, be angry, offended, provoked (LXX; TesJud 18:5; SibOr 3, 272) w. dat. of pers. at someone (Cass. Dio 7, 21, 3; TestDan 5:4) Hb 3:17. W. dat. of thing (SibOr 3, 272) τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ vs. 10 (Ps 94:10). Abs. Hs 9, 7, 6.—DELG s.v. ὀχθέω. M-M.

τελώνης, ου, ὁ (τέλος, ὠνέομαι or the related noun ὠνή ‘buying, purchasing’; Aristoph., Aeschin. et al.; ins, pap, ostraca) tax-collector, revenue officer (cp. τέλος 5; Goodsp., Probs. 28; on the semantic range of τελώνη s. New Docs 5, 103; cp. JVergote, Eos 48, ’56, 149–60, s. p. 149). The τελ. in the synoptics (the only part of our lit. where they are mentioned) are not the holders (Lat. publicani) of the ‘taxfarming’ contracts themselves, but subordinates (Lat. portitores) hired by them; the higher officials were usu. foreigners, but their underlings were, as a rule, taken fr. the native population. The prevailing system of tax collection afforded a collector many opportunities to exercise greed and unfairness. Hence tax collectors were particularly hated and despised as a class (s. these condemnatory judgments on the τελῶναι: Demochares [300 B.C.] 75 Fgm. 4 Jac. τελ. βάναυσος; Xeno Com. III 390 Kock πάντες τελῶναι ἅρπαγες; Herodas 6, 64; Diogenes, Ep. 36, 2; Lucian, Necyom. 11; Artem. 1, 23; 4, 42; 57; Heraclid. Crit., Reisebilder 7 p. 76, 6 Pfister; Ps.-Dicaearchus p. 143, 7 Fuhr.; Iambl. Erot. 34; Cicero, De Off. 1, 150; UPZ 113, 9; 16 [156 B.C.]; O. Wilck I 568f; PPrinc II, 20, 1ff [on this OReinmuth, ClPh 31, ’36, 146–62]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 93ff. Rabbinic material in Schürer I 374–76; Billerb. I 377f, 498f). A strict Israelite was further offended by the fact that tax-collectors had to maintain continual contact w. non-Israelites in the course of their work; this rendered an Israelite tax-collector ceremonially unclean. The prevailing attitude is expressed in these combinations: τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί (s. ἁμαρτωλός bβ) Mt 9:10f; 11:19; Mk 2:15, 16ab (RPesch, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 63–87; cp. Theophr., Characters 6, 47); Lk 5:30; 7:34; 15:1 (JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31, 293–300). ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης Mt 18:17. οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ πόρναι 21:31f. As typically selfish 5:46.—Lk 3:12 (Sb 8072, 6 [II A.D.] a prefect reprimands τελ. who demand τὰ μὴ ὀφιλόμενα αὐτοῖς); 5:29; 7:29. A Pharisee and a tax-collector Lk 18:10f, 13. Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης Mt 10:3 (Jos., Bell. 2, 287 Ἰωάννης ὁ τελώνης). τελ. ὀνόματι Λευί Lk 5:27 (cp. Λευί 4).—Schürer I 372–76; JMarquardt, Staatsverw. II² 1884, 261ff; 289ff; AJones, Studies in Rom. Gov’t. and Law, ’60, 101–14; JDonahue, CBQ 33, ’71, 39–61; EBadian, Publicans and Sinners ’72; WWalker, JBL 97, ’78, 221–38; FHerrenbrück, ZNW 72, ’81, 178–94, Jesus und die Zöllner ’90; DBraud, Gabinus, Caesar, and the ‘publicani’ of Judaea: Klio 65, ’83, 241–44; MGoodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea ’87. S. κῆνσος.—Kl. Pauly V 1551; BHHW III 2245f.—New Docs 5, 103, also 8, 47–56. DELG s.v. τέλο and ὀνέομαι. Frisk s.v. τέλο and ὦνο. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἔθνος, ους, τό (Hom.+).

① a body of persons united by kinship, culture, and common traditions, nation, people, τὸ ἔθνος τῆς Σαμαρείας the Samaritan people Ac 8:9 (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 85). τῶν Ἰουδαίων 10:22 (Polyb. in Jos., Ant. 12, 135; Agatharchides: 86 Fgm. 20b Jac. [in Jos., Ant. 12, 6]; Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 1, 2 τὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος; Philo, Decal. 96 al.; Just., D. 56, 10 ὑμῶν al.) ἐ. the (specific) people, contextually the people of Israel (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 5, 15, 24; Did., Gen. 209, 14) J 11:48, 50ff; 18:35. δώδεκα ἔ. Hs 9, 17, 2.—B 13:2 (Gen 25:23); ἔθνη ἑπτὰ ἐν γῇ Χανάαν seven nations in Canaan Ac 13:19 (Dt 7:1). The people in contrast to heads of state 9:15. ἔθνος ἐπὶ ἔθνος one nation against another Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:10 (cp. 2 Ch 15:6); πάντα τὰ ἔ. (Ar. 12, 1; Ath. 14, 2; cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §440 ἐν ἔθνεσιν ἅπασι; Jos., Ant. 11, 215 ἅπαντα τὰ ἔ.) Mt 24:14; 28:19 (SKio, BT 41, ’90, 230–38, prefers 2 below); Mk 11:17 (Is 56:7); 13:10. More specif. πάντα τὰ ἔ. τοῦ κόσμου Lk 12:30; cp. ἅπαντα τὰ ἔ. 1 Cl 59:4; ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔ. 2 Cl 13:2. πᾶν ἔθνος ἀνθρώπων every nation of humankind Ac 17:26. ἄρχοντες ἐθνῶν Mt 20:25; also οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν τῶν ἐ. Mk 10:42; οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν ἐ. Lk 22:25 (cp. Ath. 34, 2 ἡγεμόνας τῶν ἐ.).—In Mt 21:43 ἔ. (not gentiles) in contrast to the leaders described vv. 23; 45.

② (τὰ) ἔθνη people groups foreign to a specific people group (corresp. to Heb. גּוֹיִם in LXX; a nationalistic expression, also usu. in Gk. for foreigners: Aristot., Pol. 1324b, 10 [opp. Ἕλληνες]; Ael. Aristid. 45, p. 3 D.; Cass. Dio 36, 41; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 7, 4 [opp. ἡ Ἑλλάς]; IG II/1, 445 Fgm. ab, 8; Fgm. c, 5; 448, 15 and 17 [c. 150 B.C.]; SIG 760; PStras 22, 19; PFay 20, 11; this is an expression favored by Appian in Rome for foreign peoples in contrast to the Italians: Bell. Civ. 2, 26 §99; 2, 28 §107; 3, 35 §140; 4, 57 §246 and oft.; s. Nägeli 46; B-D-F §254, 3) in our lit.

ⓐ those who do not belong to groups professing faith in the God of Israel, the nations, gentiles, unbelievers (in effect=‘polytheists’) w. ἡγεμόνες κ. βασιλεῖς Mt 10:18. Named w. Israelites (Jos., Ant. 13, 196; cp. SibOr 3, 663; Just., A I, 53, 3ff and D. 123, 2 al.) Ac 14:5; 21:21; 26:17; Ro 3:29; 9:24; 15:10 (Dt 32:43); ISm 1:2. They, too, are to share in salvation (Did., Gen. 182, 19); cp. Ac 11:1, 18; 14:27; 15:3, 7; cp. 2 Cl 13:3 (Just., D. 26, 1 al.) (MKiddle, The Admission of the Gentiles in Lk and Ac: JTS 36, ’35, 160–73; JJeremias, Jesu Verheissung für die Völker ’56 [lit.], Eng. tr. Jesus’ Promise to the Nations ’58). But s. Mt 10:5f (MHooker, ET 82, ’71, 361–65). Their sacrificial rites 1 Cor 10:20 v.l. Paul as διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν 1 Ti 2:7; 2 Ti 1:11 v.l. Contrasted w. Christians Hs 1:10. Offended by Christian behavior ITr 8:2.

ⓑ non-Israelite Christians, gentiles of Christian congregations composed of more than one nationality and not limited to people of Israel (οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν πιστεύοντες Orig., C. Cels. 2, 1, 9; 8, 29, 24): πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 16:4, and their members: μετὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν συνήσθιεν it was his custom to eat w. gentile (non-Israelite) Christians Gal 2:12; cp. vs. 14. ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν τῶν ἐθνῶν for you gentile Christians Eph 3:1. Somet. the word connotes Israelite allegations of religious and moral inferiority of gentiles Mt 6:32 (s. Goodsp., Probs., 26f); Lk 12:30; Hm 4, 1, 9; ἔ. καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί Hs 4:4 al. ἄνομα ἔ. lawless gentiles (= polytheists) MPol 9:2. Contrasted w. the δίκαιοι (w. ἀποστάται) Hv 1, 4, 2; cp. 2, 2, 5.—RFeldmeier/UHeckel, edd., Die Heiden ’94 (essays by a number of scholars); JLaGrand, Proliferation of the ‘Gentile’ in the NRSV: BR 41, ’96, 77–87 (against use of ‘Gentiles’ as a rendering of ἔθνη).—B. 1315; 1489. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἱλάσκομαι (s. two next entries) mid. dep.; fut. ἱλάσομαι LXX; 1 aor. pass. impv. ἱλάσθητι (in mid. mng. ἱλάσθην LXX) (Hom. et al.; ins; LXX [Thackeray 270f]; s. also Dodd and Hill, below).

① to cause to be favorably inclined or disposed, propitiate, conciliate (Il. 1, 100 Apollo; Hdt. 5, 47, 2 an offended Olympic victor; 8, 112, 3 Themistocles; Strabo 4, 4, 6 τὸν θεόν; Cornutus 34 p. 73, 5; Heraclit. Sto. 16 p. 24, 9 τὸν Ἥλιον; Appian, Samn. 12 §6, Hann. 27 §115 θυσίαις κ. εὐχαῖς ἱ. τ. θεούς; Herm. Wr. 1, 22; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 116; Jos., Ant. 6, 124 τὸν θεὸν ἱ.; 8, 112, C. Ap. 1, 308 ἱ. τοὺς θεούς; SibOr 3:625628;). Pass.: of one addressed in prayer, to act as one who has been conciliated, but with focus on the initiative of the one who functions thus: be propitiated, be merciful or gracious (4 Km 24:4; La 3:42; Da 9:19 Theod.) w. dat. (of advantage, Esth 4:17h ἱλάσθητι τ. κλήρῳ σου; cp. also Ps 78:9) ἱλάσθητί μοι τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ (dat. of advantage) have mercy on me, sinner that I am Lk 18:13 (Sb 8511, 7 [ins, imperial times] ἵλαθί μοι, Μανδοῦλι [a divinity]); GJs 5:1 (twice; in the first instance perh. with inf. foll., s. deStrycker 289 n. 2).—B-D-F §314.

② to eliminate impediments that alienate the deity, expiate, wipe out, of Christ as high priest εἰς τὸ ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας τοῦ λαοῦ to expiate the sins of the people Hb 2:17 (so Mft. [NRSV ‘make a sacrifice of atonement’] cp. SIG 1042, 15f [=IG II², 1366; II/III A.D.] ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι ‘let him be liable to Men Tyrranos for a sin he can have no hope of expiating’ [cp. 1Km 3:14; on this ins s. New Docs 3, no. 6]; Ps 64:4 τὰς ἀσεβείας ἱ.; Dssm., NB 52 [BS 225]; Breytenbach 98).—CDodd, JTS 32, ’31, 352–60; also Dodd 82–95 on ἱ. and related words (against Dodd: LMorris, ET 62, ’51, 227–33; RNicole, WTJ 17, ’55, 117–57; in support: NYoung, EvQ 55, ’83, 169–76); SLyonnet, Verbum Domini 37, ’59, 336–52, Sin, Redemption and Sacrifice, ’70, 120–66, 256–61; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebrew Mngs. ’67, 23–48; KGraystone, Ἱλάσκεσθαι and Related Words in the LXX: NTS 27, ’81, 640–56; GHorsley, New Docs, 3, 25 (on Graystone and Hill); JFitzmyer, ‘Reconciliation’ in Pauline Theology, in: No Famine in the Land (McKenzie Festschr.) ’75, 155–77; JLunceford, An Historical and Exegetical Inquiry into the NT Meaning of the ἹΛΑΣΚΟΜΑΙ Cognates, diss. Baylor ’79; CBreytenbach, Versöhnung ’89.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.