of+a+building

gjörð, gerð, f. [göra]:

1. used of making, building, workmanship; görð ok gylling, Vm. 47; kirkju-görð, church-building; húsa-g., house-building; skipa-g., ship-building; garð-g., fence-making:—of performance, vígslu-g., inauguration; messu-g., saying of mass, divine service; þjónustu-g., embættis-g., id.; þakkar-g., thanksgiving; bænar-g., prayer; lof-g., praise; ölmusu-g., alms-giving; frið-g., peace-making; sættar-g., settlement, agreement, arbitration:—of working, akr-g., tillage; ú-gerð, bad workmanship, patchwork; við-gerð, mending:—of yielding (of duties), tíundar-görð, tithe; leiðangrs-g., paying levy:—of cookery and the like, öl-görð, ale-making, brewing; matar-g., cooking; brauð-g., baking: sundr-gerð, show: til-gerð, whims: upp-gerð, dissimulation: eptir-görð, q. v.: í-görð, suppuration.

2. a doing, act, deed; the phrase, orð ok görðir, words and deeds, Fms. iii. 148; ef þú launar svá mína görð, Ísl. ii. 141, Stj. 250, 252, Dipl. i. 7: so in the phrase, söm þín gerð, as good as the deed (in declining a kind offer); góð-görð, vel-görð, a good deed, benefit; íll-görðir (pl.), evil doings; mein-görðir, transgressions: in gramm. the active voice, Skálda 180.

II. a law term, arbitration; the settlement was called sætt or sættar-görð, the umpires görðar-menn, m., Grág., Nj. passim; and the verdict gerð or görð, cp. göra C. IV:—the technical phrases were, leggja mál í görð, to submit a case to arbitration, passim; vóru málin í gerð lagin með umgangi ok sættarboðum góðgjarna manna, Eb. 128; or slá málum í sætt, Rd. 248, Eb. ch. 56; leggja mál undir e-n, Lv. ch. 27: nefna menn til görðar (ch. 4), or taka menn til görðar, to choose umpires; vóru menn til gerðar teknir ok lagðr til fundr, Nj. 146: skilja undir gerð (sátt), or skilja undan, to stipulate, of one of the party making a stipulation to be binding on the umpire (as e. g. the award shall not be outlawry but payment), en þó at vandliga væri skilit undir görðina, þá játaði Þórðr at göra, Eb. 24, cp. Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63; göra fé slíkt sem hann vildi, at undan-skildum hérað-sektum ok utanferðum, var þá handsalat niðrfall af sökum, Fs. 74; lúka upp gerð ( to deliver the arbitration), or segja upp gerð, to pronounce or to give verdict as umpire; skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; hann lauk upp gerðum á Þórsness-þingi ok hafði við hina vitrustu menn er þar vóru komnir, Eb. 246; þeir skyldi upp lúka görðinni áðr en þeir færi af þingi, Bjarn. (fine); Þorsteinn kvaðsk ekki mundu görð upp lúka fyr en á nokkuru lögþingi, Fs. 49:—as to the number of umpires,—one only, a trustworthy man, was usually appointed, Eb. ch. 10 (Thord Gellir umpire), ch. 46, Lv. ch. 27 (Gellir), Valla L. ch. 6 (Skapti the speaker), Rd. ch. 6 (Áskell Goði), Sturl. 2. ch. 103 (Jón Loptsson), Sturl. 4. ch. 27 (Thorvald Gizurarson), Bjarn. 17 (the king of Norway), Flóam. S. ch. 3, Hallfr. S. ch. 10, Bjarn. 55: two umpires, Rd. ch. 10, 16, 18, 24, Valla L. ch. 10 (partly a case of sjálfdæmi), Bjarn. (fine): twelve umpires, Nj. ch. 75, 123, 124 (six named by each party): the number and other particulars not recorded, Vd. ch. 39, 40, Nj. ch. 94, Rd. ch. 11, 13, Eb. ch. 27, 56, Lv. ch. 4, 12, 30, Glúm. ch. 9, 23, 27, etc.:—even the sjálfdæmi (q. v.), self-judging, was a kind of arbitration, cp. Vápn. 31, Vd. ch. 29, 34, 44, Lv. ch. 17, Band. pp. 11–13, Ölk. ch. 2–4: curious is the passage, ek vil at vit takim menn til görðar með okkr, Hrafnkell svarar, þá þykisk þú jafn-menntr mér, Hrafn. 10:—görð is properly distinguished from dómr, but is sometimes confounded with it, vóru handsöluð mál í dóm ok menn til görðar nefndir, Lv. 13; málin kómu í dóm Vermundar, en hann lauk gerðum upp á Þórsness-þingi, Eb. 246; as also Nj. (beginning), where lögligir dómar no doubt refers to görð. A section of law about görð is contained in the Grág. at the end of Kaupa-þáttr, ch. 69–81 (i. 485–497), where even the curious case is provided for of one or all the umpires dying, or becoming dumb or mad, before pronouncing their verdict. ☞ This was a favourite way of settlement at the time of the Commonwealth, and suited well the sagacious and law-abiding spirit of the men of old: nor did the institution of the Fifth Court make any change in this; the görð was even resorted to in public matters, such as the introduction of Christianity in A. D. 1000. Good and leading men acted the part of public peacemakers (e. g. Njál in the 10th, Jón Loptsson in the 12th century); until at last, in the 13th century, the king of Norway was resorted to, but he misused the confidence put in him.

f.

1) ‘toft’, homestead;

Skaði byggvir fornar toptir föður, S. dwells in her father’s old home;

2) a place marked out for a house or building (skyldi þar vera kaupstaðr; hann gaf mönnum toptir til at gera sér þar hús);

3) the mere walls or foundations of a (former) building (út með firðinum eru víða toptir).

* * *

tomt, tupt, toft, tuft; the vowel is short, and toft makes a rhyme to opt (Sighvat), Hr optr, lopt, Skáld H. 6. 8: in mod. pronunc. tótt, cp. Dr. Egilsson’s Poems, p. 95; [the forms in early Swed. and Norse also vary much, tompt, top, toft, Schlyter; the word is identical with Engl. tuft.]

B. A green tuft or knoll, green, grassy place, then generally like mid. Lat. toftum, Engl. toft, a piece of ground, messuage, homestead; en nú Skaði byggir fornar toptir föður, Gm. 11; atgeirs-toptir, poët. ‘halberds-homestead,’ i. e. the hands holding the halberd, Ad.; óðal-toptir, an allodial piece of ground, Fms. vi. (in a verse); ef maðr færir hús frá óðals-tuft, þá skal hann bera einu sinni með vátta tvá á óðals-tuftir, if a man removes a house from its ancient (allodial) ground, N. G. L. i. 379 (v. l. 14, 15); toptar nökkvi, the ‘toft-ship,’ i. e. a house, Ýt.; Hropts sig-toptir, Odin’s homestead of victory, i. e. Walhalla, Vsp.

2. a place marked out for a house or building, a toft; en ef sú kirkja brotnar ok falla hornstafir, þá eigu vér timbri á tuft at koma fyrir tólf mánuðr, bring the timber to the toft within twelve months, N. G. L. i. 7, 8; göra kirkju ok hvergi tuft eyða, build a church, and not lay waste the toft, 8; en ef hón er eigi til, þá skal kaupa tuft þar sem menn vilja svá sem menn meta, purchase a toft where to launch the ship, 100; kirkja á skóg hálfan með tupt ok vexti, Vm. 114; mylnu-hús, tuppt ok grundvöll, D. N. iv. 537, B. K. 55, 57; skyldi þar vera kaupstaðr, hann gaf mönnum toptir til at göra sér þar hús, Hkr. i. 274; hann markaði toptir til garða, ok gaf búondum eðr kaupmönnum, Ó. H. 42; verk Dróttins várs marka topt fyrir verkum órum, Greg. 56.

3. a square piece of ground with walls but without roof (cp. tjalda), this is the special later Icel. sense; Hjörleifr lét göra skála tvá, ok er önnur toptin átján faðma enn önnur nítján, Landn. 35; skógr umb skála-tofst, D.I. i. 475; sér þar tuptina sem hann lét göra hrófit, Ld. 34; en er hús vóru ofan tekin, þá var þar síðan kallat Hrafn-toptir, Eg. 100; út með firðinum eru víða toptir ok vítt land þat er engi maðr á, þar vil ek at vit reisim okkr bústað, Háv. 41; rétt er at kveðja búa at toptum ef búar eru brott farnir, Grág. ii. 124; búðar-tópt, the square walls of a hut without a roof, Rd. 274; toptin var full af torfi ok grjóti, id.; hann lét grafa hann hjá toptum nokkurum, Fs. 141; hús-topt, skála-t., kirkju-t., skemmu-t., fjós-t., fjárhús-t., bæjar-t., nausta-t., the bare walls, ruins of a house, skáli, church …; augna-tópt, eye-socket; svá stóð toptin eptir í varr-símanum at þar var logn, the water in the wake was like a lane, with a wall of waters on both hands, Hkr. i. 283.

(older form øfri), a. compar.,

1) upper, opp. to neðri;

bera efra skjöld, to gain the victory;

verða e-m efri, to be superior to;

hit efra,

a) high above ground (fara hit efra í trjám sem apynjur eða íkornar);

b) the upper or inland road, opp. to ‘hit ytra’, along the shore (sumir fóru hit efra til Þríhyrningshálsa);

by land, opp. to the sea;

c) of the inner part of a building, opposed to ‘hit fremra’ or the part nearest the door (konungr settist í hásæti ok alskipat var hit efra ok hit fremra);

2) latter;

þetta var inn efra hlut sumars, towards the end of summer;

á efra aldri, advanced in years.

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compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form öfri, Hkv. 2. 36, Ó. H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42, N. G. L. i. 10, 384, Íb. 5, Hom. 116; öfstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, Edda 115, 116 (Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superior, supremus, Gr. ὑπέρτερος], but formed from the root syllable ‘of-,’ cp. ofar, yfir; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with ö, a vowel change of o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, efstr, Am. 50, Og. 23:

I. the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra skjöld, to carry the higher shield, i. e. carry the day, Fms. x. 394 (MS. æfra): opp. to neðri = upper, at Mosfelli enu öfra, Íb. 5: the adverb, phrase ‘it efra’ denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra suðr, Eg. 58; sumir fóru it efra til Þríhyrnings-hálsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um Upplönd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of the inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the hindermost, e. liðr, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as adv. highest up, uppermost, efst á stólpanum, 655 xxv. 2.

β. metaph. superior, better; er öllum öfri er, Greg. 43.

II. the latter, last part:

1. temp., á efra aldri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn öfri, the latter, opp. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer, Eg. 712; Ólafs-messa hin öfri (= síðari), the latter (i. e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to Ólafs-messa fyrri (July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dómr, the last judgment, Stj. 58; öfsti dómr, id., 686 l. c.; efsta vika, the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; öfsti dagr Paska, the last day in Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bæn, the last prayer, 623. 50; þeim gef ek erni efstum bráðir, Fas. i. 429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; þó vér ritim hana öfri en aðrar, Hom. 116.

2. loc., where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and efstr are opposed, foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l. c.; sá fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grág. i. 32.

m. [cp. Goth. grunduvaddjus = θεμέλιον; mid. H. G. gruntwal; Dan. grundvold]:

1. prop. ground marked out for a building, marka grundvöll til húss (kirkju), Ld. 298, Fms. i. 203, Korm. 8, Sks. 110, Orkn. 286, Stj. 134.

2. metaph. ground-plan, Mar. 12; setja grundvöll Kristni sinnar, Hom. 147; tólf postular eru grundvöllr undir várri trú, Mar. 12; er lítillæti sannr grundvöllr undir öllum mannkostum, id.; Kristiliga trú vera grundvöll ok upphaf góðra verka, Gþl. viii. (pref.); þann grundvöll, er upphaf er allrar speki, Sks. 4; af þessum grundvöllum timbrask enar mestu höfuð-úgæfur, 26; orð eðr erendi, er tekin eru af mannvits grundvelli, which are founded on good sense, 438; reisa hús af grundvelli, to raise a building from the ground, Fms. vi. 440. grundvallar-maðr, m. a founder, Anecd. 66.

* * *

n. house (leita nú um hvert h. á þeim bœ);

pl. the group of buildings on a farm, = bœr;

taka hús (pl.) á e-m, to take a person by surprise in his house;

at húsa baki, at the back of the houses.

* * *

n. [Ulf. renders οἰκία by gards and razn, and δωμα by hrôt, whereas hûs only occurs once in the compd gudhus = ἱερόν, John xviii. 20; in all other Teut. languages, old and new, hûs is the general word; A. S., O. H. G., Dan., and Swed. hûs; Engl. house; Germ. haus; Dutch huys]:—a house; hús eru þrjú í hvers manns híbýlum, … eitt er stofa, annat eldhús, þriðja búr, Grág. i. 459; leita nú um hvert hús á þeim bæ, 215, x. 270; þeir fara til bæjarins ok hlaupa þar inn í hús, Eg. 385; í næsta húsi, Ld. 318; af hverju húsi, from every house, Fms. x. 226; eitthvert mikit hús, Sks. 62; eitt fagrt hús, Fb. i. 467; at húsinu, nær dyrrum hússins, id.; bæn-hús, a prayer-house, chapel; söng-hús, a choir; eld-hús, fjós (fé-hús), hest-hús (qq. v.)

2. a house, family, rare in old writers; sonr húss, the son of the house, Rm. 11: freq. in eccl. writers, í húsi Heber, 625. 11; af annars-háttar ættum ok húsi, Stj. 246: freq. in the N. T., af húsi Davíðs, Luke ii. 4: a religious house, monastic order; af Prédikara húsi, from the house of the Preaching Friars, the Dominican order, Bs. passim.

3. a case = húsi (q. v.), corporale með hús, B. K. 84, Vm. 83, 189, Pm. 73, Rb. 358.

II. in pl. = bær, the group of buildings of which a house consists, built in a row, the front (hús-bust) facing the sea, or a river if in a dale, or looking south; the back (húsa-bak) turned to the mountain; the pavement along the front is in Icel. called stétt, the open place in front hlað, q. v.; the buildings are parted by a lane (sund, bæjar-sund); the whole surrounded by a wall, called húsa-garðr; a lane, called geilar or tröð, leads up to the houses and house-yard, see Eggert Itin. 22; distinction is made between bæjar-hús or heima-hús, the ‘home-houses,’ homesteads, or úti-hús, the out-houses, and fjár-hús, sheep-houses, which are at a distance from the homesteads; geymslu-hús, store-houses. That this was the same in olden times is borne out by the freq. use of the plur., even when referring to a single house (cp. Lat. aedes, tecta); konur skulu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175, 220; þeir sóttu at húsunum, 115; þeir hlaupa upp á húsin, Eb. 214; biðjast húsa, skipta húsum, ráða sínum húsum, N. G. L. i. 109; hér milli húsa, Ld. 204; taka hús (pl.) á e-m, to take a person by surprise in his houses, Fms. viii. 172; inni í húsum, Sturl. i. 181; þeir stigu af baki fyrir sunnan húsin … ok gengu þá í einum dun heldr hljóðliga heim at húsum, iii. 185; varð þá brátt reykr mikill í húsunum, 189; tóku þá húsin mjök at loga, 186; nú tóku at loga öll húsin, nema elda-hús brann eigi ok litla-stofa ok skyrbúr, 191; þar vóru öll hús mjök vönduð at smíð, 193; hann hljóp upp á húsin ok rifu þakit, 218; rofin húsin yfir þeim, 220. Passages in the Sagas referring to buildings are very numerous: for Iceland, esp. in Sturl. 4. ch. 33, 50, 5. ch. 3–8, 6. ch. 31, 32, 35, 9. ch. 1–5, 8, 20, 52, Nj. ch. 34, 48, 78, 80, 117, 128–133, 137, Gísl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28 sqq., etc.; for the Orkneys, Orkn. ch. 18, 33, 34, 70 (interesting), 105, 113, 115; for Norway, Eg., Hkr., Ó. H. passim.

COMPDS:

I. in plur., húsa-bak, n. the back of the houses; at húsa baki. húsa-búnaðr, m. = búsbúnaðr, Ó. H. 175. húsa-bær, m. buildings, farms, Rm. (prose), Nj. 130; mikill húsabær, Orkn. 244; góðr h., Fms. xi. 192, Fas. iii. 20; lítill h., Ó. H. 152. húsa-garðr, m. = húsabær, the yard-wall, Nj. 120, v. l. húsa-gras, n. herbs growing on a house roof, such as house-leek, Stj. 644. húsa-hagi, a, m. home pasture, Gþl. 404. húsa-kostr, m. lodgings, a means of dwelling, Ísl. ii. 139. húsa-kot, n. a cottage, Sturl. ii. 50, Ó. H. 152. húsa-kynni, n. a dwelling; mikil, góð húsakynni, Bs. i. 700, Fms. ii. 84; h. ok borðbúnaðr, Ó. H. 175. húsa-leiga, u, f. house rent, Barl. 194. húsa-mót, n. pl. the joining of buildings, Sturl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 24. húsa-skildagi, a, m. a contract for the tenure of a house, Gþl. 330. húsa-skipan, f. the order, arrangement of buildings, Gísl. 28, Eg. 235, Post. 656 B. 8. húsa-skipti, n. a sharing of houses, Gþl. 341. húsa-skjól, n. house shelter. húsa-skygni, n. a ‘house-shed,’ shelter, Stj. 121. húsa-smiðr, m. a house-wright, Post. 153. húsa-smíð, f. house-building, Post. húsa-snotra, u, f. a ‘house-neat,’ house-cleaner; the exact meaning of this word is dubious; Finn Magnusson suggested a broom: the word only occurs in Fas. ii. (see hnísa) and in Fb. i. 548 (Symb. 14, Ant. Amer. 291); the latter instance is esp. interesting, as the ‘house-neat’ which is there mentioned (about A. D. 1002) was made from an American tree. húsa-staðr, m. a house-stead, the site of a building, Post. húsa-timbr, n. house timber. húsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof, Dipl. v. 5. húsa-tópt, f. house walls, without the roof, Lat. rudera, Fs. 158 (a local name). húsa-umbót, f. house repairs, Jb. 215. húsa-viðr, m. house timber, Grág. i. 200, Nj. 82 (v. l.), Ld. 32, Bs. i. 144. húsa-vist, f. abiding, an abode, Fb. ii. 456.

II. in local names, Húsa-fell, Húsa-garðr, Húsa-vaðill, Húsa-vík, Landn., Dipl. i. 7: Hús-víkingr, Hús-fellingr, m. a man from H.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) basket, box;

2) the framework of a building.

* * *

m. [A. S. and Old Engl. leap; still used in Lancashire for a weel or fishing-basket]:—a box or basket, in Icel. of lattice-work, to carry on the back, also called meiss, q. v.; lauprinn er hann bar sveininn, Fms. x. 217, Vápn. 16, Vm. 98; selja salt í laupum, N. G. L. ii. 254: in Norway esp. of a measure of butter, Gþl. 491, 493, 524 (smjör-laupr), D. N. passim; kol-laupr, q. v.; ef munda þik hafa upp fætt í ull-laupi mínum ( my wool basket) ef ek vissa at þú mundir einatt lifa, Orkn. 28.

2. metaph. the timber frame or scaffold of a building; þá er þeir höfðu reistan laup kirkjunnar, Fms. ii. 234; á öðru árinu var lauprinn reistr, sem voru allir innstöplar ok syllurnar tvær, Safn i. 66.

* * *

1) hut, shed (put up for temporary use);

2) hall, room (cf. drykkjuskáli, eldaskáli, forskáli, kvennaskáli), esp. sleeping-hall.

* * *

a, m. [cp. Scot. shieling; Ivar Aasen skaale = shieling]:—prop. a hut, shed, put up for temporary use; this is the earliest Norse sense, and it is still so used in Norway; þar sér enn skála-tópt þeirra ok svá hrófit, Landn. 30; skála vist at Rauðabjörgum, of a fisherman’s hut, Vm. 147; skála búi, a hut dweller = a robber, Fs.; hence, leik-skálar, play-shielings, put up when people assembled for sports; gufu-skálar, ‘steam-shieling’ a local name, of bathing-sheds (?), Landn.; fiski-skálar, fishing shielings; it also remains in local names as Skála-holt. II. a hall (höll is only used of the king’s hall), see Orkn. ch. 18, 70, 115, Gísl. 29, Dropl. 18, 28, Fms. i. 288–292, Korm. 58, Bs. i. 41, Fbr. ch. 13 new Ed, Nj. ch. 78, Gunnl. S. ch. 11; in Landn. 1. ch. 2, 2. ch. 13, the skáli is a detached building; drykkju-s., a drinking hall; svefn-s., a sleeping hall. In Grág. i. 459 distinction is made between eldhús and skáli; in the Sturl. skáli is distinguished from stofa; and it seems that the men were seated in the former, the women in the latter. At still later times, and so at present, the skáli is an apartment near the entrance, a kind of for-skáli, q. v.; til þess er sér mann ór skála-dyrum ór fjöru í Nesdal, Vm. 87.

III. compds, skála-búnaðr, the hangings of a skáli, Glúm. 325; skála-dyrr, -endi, -gluggr, -gólf, -hurð, the doors, end, window, floor, hurdle of a skali, Fms. i. 292, iii. 81, Vm. 87, Nj. 201, Landn. 154 (cp. Nj. 114), Krók. 39 C; skála-görð, -smíð, the building a skáli, Vm. 87, Fms. i. 290, Ld. 138, Rd. 245; skála-tópt, -veggr, -viðr, the quadrangle, wall, timber of a skáli, Landn. 30, 136, Ld. 252, Hrafn. 20, Nj. 282.

* * *

(-da, -dr), v.

1) to put to shame;

2) to shorten, make shorter; dagr, nótt skemmist, the day, night shortens;

3) to damage, spoil (skemma vápn manna); vera skemmdr, to be hurt.

f. a small detached building, lady’s bower; storehouse.

* * *

u, f. [prop. from skamr = short], a small detached building in an ancient dwelling, for sleeping in or for a lady’s bower; hann átti eina litla skemmu ok svaf hann þar jafnan, Fær. 259; þau vóru öll í svefni í skemmu einni, Gísl. 7. Ísl. ii. 38; sá hann Steingerði sitja í skemmu einni, Korm. 228; skemmu-búr, a bower, Eg. 560; skemmu-dyrr, -gluggr, -hurð, -veggr, Fms. ii. 125, iii. 67, iv. 335, Fær. 144, Fas. i. 197; skemmu-seta, sitting in a skemma, of ladies, iii. 68, Fms. ii. 90.

2. in mod. usage, a store-house used for keeping things in, an out-house; í skemmu þrettán dýnur ok tuttugu, átján skinn-beðir, hálfr fjórði tugr hæginda, Dipl. iii. 4. skemmu-mær, f. a chamber-maid, Fas. i. 193.

* * *

n. ship (of any kind).

* * *

n. [Ulf. skip = πλοιον; a word common to all Teut. languages, ancient and modern]:—a ship; it is the generic name, including ships of every size and shape; lang-skip, a long ship, a war ship (including dreki, skeið, snekkja); kaup-skip, a merchant ship (including knörr, buzza, kuggr); even of ferry-boats on lakes, rivers, channels, hafa skip á á ( river), Grág. ii. 267; haf-skip, a sea-going ship; segl-skip, róðrar-skip, N. G. L. i. 335, Ld. 300, Hkr. i. 152, Fms. i. 38; ríða til skips, Nj. 4, and in countless instances: of a ship-formed candlestick, járn stika með skipi, Dipl. v. 18. For the heathen rite of burying a man in a ship, see Landn. 81, Ld. 16, Gísl., cp. also Yngl. S. ch. 27; Skjöld. S., of king Ring in Arngrim’s Suppliments (MSS.)

II. COMPDS:

1. with gen. plur.: skipa-afli, a, m. a naval force, Sturl. iii. 65, Fms. vii. 248. skipa-búnaðr (-búningr, Fms. x. 119), m. the fitting out of ships, making ready for sea, Fms. viii. 380, ix. 215. skipa-farir, f. pl. = skipa-ferð, Orkn. 428, Fms. iv. 50, Þiðr. 249. skipa-fé, n. a ship-tax, Rétt. 1. 5, H. E. i. 414, Jb. 459. skipa-ferð, f. = skip-ferð, Gullþ. 67, Fms. vi. 321. skipa-fjöldi, a, m. a multitude of ships, Magn. 450. skipa-floti, a, m. a fleet of ships, Fs. 16, Nj. 8. skipa-gangr, m. = skipaferð, Fms. vi. 238, 321, Bs. ii. 131. skipa-görð, f. ship-building, Fms. ii. 107, viii. 105, Rétt. 42. skipa-herr, m. a naval force. Eg. 13, 31, Fms. iii. 74. skipa-kaup, n. the trading with a ship in harbour, Grág. ii. 406. skipa-kostr, m. = skipaafli, Eg. 117, 527, Fms. i. 20, Orkn. 380. skipa-lauss, adj. without ships, Fms. xi. 180. skipa-leið, f. the ‘ship-road,’ way by sea, Fms. x. 92. skipa-leiðangr, m. a levy in ships, Rétt. 81. skipa-leiði, n. = skipaleið. Fms. x. 85. skipa-leiga, u, f. the hire of a ship, H. E. i. 394. skipa-lið, n. a naval force, Eg. 7, Fms. i. 147, vi. 225. skipa-lýðr, m. shipmen, seamen, Fb. i. 122. skipa-lægi, n. a berth, Landn. 54, Fms. vii. 122. skipa-maðr, m. a shipman. mariner, pl. a crew, Grág. i. 451, Nj. 133, Rd. 227, Fms. x. 244. skipa-meðferð, f. shipping business, Grág. ii. 394. skipa-orrosta, u, f. a sea-fight, Sks. 395. skipa-reiði, a, m. a ship’s rigging, Skálda 194. skipa-saumr, m. [Dan. skibs-stöm], ship-nails, Fms. ix. 377. skipa-smiðr, m. a ship-wright, Eg. 135. skipa-smíð, f. sbip-building, Stj. 570. skipa-stóll, m. a supply of ships, fleet, Fms. vii. 292, viii. 163, 177, x. 414, Stj. 346. skipa-tollr, m. a ship-tax, Rétt. 42. skipa-uppsát, n. the right of laying a ship ashore, Grág. ii. 401. skipa-viða, u, f. ship-timber, Fr. skipa-vöxtr, m. the size of ships, Fms. ii. 299.

2. with gen. sing.; skips-bátr, m. a ship’s boat, Fbr. 103. skips-borð, n. a ship’s board, gunwale, Vkv. 31, Skálda 192, Fms. xi. 140. skips-brot, n. = skipbrot, Grág. ii. 389, Gþl. 482, Fms. ii. 80, Edda 131. skips-bryggja, u, f. a ship’s bridge, gangway. skips-dráttr, m. ship-launching, Grág. ii. 401, Gþl. 371, Fms. ix. 402, Fs. 157. skips-dróttinn, m. a ship’s master, skipper, 655 x. 2. skips-flak, n. a wreck, Fms. ii. 246, Hkr. i. 303. skips-görð, f. = skipgörð, N. G. L. skips-háski, a, m. danger at sea, Jb. 402. skips-höfn, f. a ship’s crew, Fms. ii. 246, vii. 298, Landn. 56, Ld. 118, passim: a harbour, berth; kirkja á s. í Herdísar-vík, Vm. 14. skips-lengd, f. a ship’s length, Grág. i. 209, ii. 399. skips-prestr, m. a ship’s priest, Sturl. i. 117. skips-reiði, a, m. a ship’s tackling, Greg. 76. skips-sátr and skips-uppsát, n. a berth, Gþl. 98, 113. skips-verð, n. a ship’s worth, N. G. L. i. 198.

B. PROP.

COMPDS: skipbatr, skipborð, skipbót, skipbrot, skipbrotsmaðr, skipbuza, skipbúinn, skipbúnaðr, skipdráttr, skipdróttinn, skiperfð, skipfarmr, skipferð, skipfjöl, skipflak, skipfærr, skipför, skipgengr, skipgörð, skipherra, skiphlutr, skiphræ, skiphræddr, skipkaup, skipkostr, skipkváma, skipkænn, skiplauss, skipleggja, skipleiga, skiplesting, skipleysi, skipmaðr, skiprestr, skippund, skippundari, skipreiða, skipreiði, skipreiðumenn, skipreiðuþing, skipreiki, skiprúm, skipsala, skipsaumr, skipsátr, skipskeggja, skipskrokkr, skipsleði, skipsmiðr, skipsmíð, skipsókn, skipstafn, skipstjóri, skipstjórn, skipstjórnarmaðr, skipsveinn, skipsýsla, skipsögn, skiptaka, skiptapi, skiptjón, skiptollr, skiptöturr, skipuppsátr, skipverð, skipveri, skipverjar, skipviðr, skipvist.

(pl. -ir), f.

1) making, building (var þat hús allmjök vandat at allri s.); vera at smíð, to be at the work (H. var nú byrgðr í einu húsi, ok var hann þar at smíðinni); vera í s., to be building (hann sá mann uppi á kirkju þeiri, er í s. var);

2) work of skill or art, structure (Bifröst er gör með list ok kunnáttu meiri en aðrar smíðir).

* * *

f., old plur. smíðir, mod. smíðar; [smiðr and smíð are related to a lost strong verb smíða, smeið]:—craft, smith’s work, work of skill or art; ríss sú smíð síðan í verki, Eluc. 7; ef smíðin únýtisk, Fms. vi. 214; Bifröst er gör með list ok kunnáttu meiri enn aðrar smíðir, Edda 8; öll sjá smíð ( edifice) er studd með stólpum, Eluc. 2; er þar vönduð mjök smíð á, Fas. ii. 541; hús vandað at efnum ok smíð, Fms. vii. 100; til þeirrar smíðar, Bs. i. 134; hann skal hefja smíð upp, K. Þ. K.; taka til smíðar, Fms. ix. 55; var hann þar at smíðinni, he was at the work, vi. 215; vera í smíð, to be ‘on the anvil,’ in hand; hón var í smíð tíu tegi vetra, áðr algör yrði, Ver. 8; hús þat var í smíð sjau vetr, 27 (mod. í smíðum); frum-smíð, a beginner’s work: in the saying, flest frum-smíð stendr til bóta: járn-s., gull-s., tré-s., and metaph. hug-smíð = the ‘mind’s work,’ imagination. ☞ Mod. usage distinguishes between smíð (sing.), the working, and smíði, the work; bar-smíð, beating, battle.

COMPDS: smíðablástr, smíðaremni, smíðarkaup, smíðarkol, smíðarlýti, smíðartól, smíðatól, smíðaröx.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) the stem of a ship, esp. the prow; stafna á meðal, með stöfnum, from stem to stern; hafa e-t fyrir stafni, to be engaged in a work; berjast um stafna, to fight stem to stem; deila um s. við e-n, to have a hard struggle with one;

2) gable-end (of a building).

* * *

and stamn, m. [A. S. stefn; Engl. stem; Dan. stavn]:— the stem of a ship (prow or stern); stafna á meðal, from stem to stern, Fms. i. 278; hann hjó stafna af skipi sinu, vii. 215; áðr stamnar sé seymdir við kjöl, N. G. L. i. 101; fram-s., the fore-stem = the prow; aptr-s., the ‘aft-stem’ = the stern; hvárn-tveggja stafn, Bs. i. 146; varð þeim litið aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 226; fló hann aptr um stafn: esp. of the stem or prow, iv. 57, vi. 78, Eg. 32: the phrase, fyrir stafni, ahead, Sks. 223: and metaph., hafa e-t fyrir stafni, to aim at, be engaged in a work. Fms. iii. 102; þessa iðn hefir hann nú fyrir stafni. Band. 1: berjask um stafna, to fight stem to stem, Fms. i. 93, vi. 76; deila um stafn við e-n, to have a hard struggle with one, Orkn, 232: the gable-end of a building, þykkir mér sem undan sé báðir stafnarnir, Nj. 197. v. l.

B. COMPDS: stafnbúi, stafngláma, stafngluggr, stafnhaf, stafnhár, stafnhvíla, stafnlag, stafnleggja, stafnlé, stafnlok, stafnrekkja, stafnsveit, stafnsæng, stafntjald.

(-s, -ir), m.

1) staff, post in a building, = uppstöðutré;

2) stave of a cask;

3) staff, stick (ganga við staf);

4) written letter, stave;

5) pl. stafir, lore, wisdom (fornir stafir).

* * *

m., gen. stafs, old pl. stafar, Hom. 97. Plac. 48, Korm. 178, 246 (in a verse); stafana (acc.). Fms. x. 16, v. l., [Ulf. stabs = στοιχειον, cp. staua = κρίσις; a word common to all Teut. languages]:—a staff, post, esp. in a building, as is still seen in Norway; bundinn við staf einn, Eg. 232; þrír aurar við staf hvern, ok svá fyrir staflægju hverja, N. G. L. i. 101; ása, stafi, þvertré, syllur, Dipl. iii. 8; hit nyrðra megin við innstafana sat konungr, the inner posts in a hall, Fms. x. 16, v. l.; Egill tók höndum í axlir honum ok kneikti hann upp at stöfum, Eg. 552; hann hafði lagt af sér kápuna uk vápnin ok sat upp til stafa, Ld. 282; kastalarnir vóru svá görvir, at stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllr upp í milli ok þar arinn á, en hurðir milli stafanna, … hann bar kaðalinn um einn kastala-stafinn … tók þá kastalinn at ríða mjök, Fms. viii. 429; cp. Ivar Aasen, s. v. stav-hus, stav-kyrkja, stave-naust; horn-stafir, dyri-s. (q. v.)

2. a stave of a vat or cask; færa ker út af stöfum, Grág. ii. 339; tunnu-stafr, detta í stafi, to fall into staves, i. e. to pieces, also metaph. of amazement.

3. a staff, stick, to walk with; ganga við staf, Nj. 219; hringr var í stafnum, … hann hélt tveim höndum um stafinn en beit í hringinn, Landn. 251; staf þann er þú heldr á, Stj. 197; staf ok skreppu, H. E. i. 243: of a beggar’s staff, see Skíða R.: of a crozier, Bs. i. 489: of a staff used in a horse-fight, Nj. 91, Bs. i. 633, 634; stafs-broddr, Landn. 251; stafs-endi, Sturl. ii. 180; stafs högg, Rd. 304, Fær. 239; brodd-s., klafa-s., göngu-s.: of a magical wand, hafa í húsi sínu staf eðr stalla, N. G. L. i. 383; kerti s., Dipl. v. 18, Pm. 17.

II. written letters, staves, originally derived from the magic twigs and rods used for enquiring into fate, see the remarks s. v. rún: of magic staves, Hm. 143 (stinna stafi, stóra stafi); þurs ríst ek þér ok þrjá stafi, ergi, æði, óþola, Skm. 36.

2. lore, wisdom; forna stafi, Vþm. 1, 55; sanna stafi, Sdm. 14; laun-stafir, hidden staves, Eg.; staðlausu stafi, Hm.

3. letters (Germ. buch-stabe), Skálda 174, Mar., passim; bók-stafr, hljóð-s., raddar-s., a vowel; mál-s., a consonant; upphafs-s., an initial letter; höfuð-s., Látínu-s., q. v.

COMPDS: stafanöfn, stafasetning, stafsetning, stafasetningarregla, stafaskipti, stafasnúning.

* * *

1) sleeve (cf. brynstúka, næfrastúka);

2) wing of a building.

* * *

u, f. [mid. H. G. stuche = manica]:—a sleeve; næfra-stúkan á hendi hans annarri, Fas. ii. 281; bryn-stúka (q. v.), a sleeve of mail.

II. a wing of a building; hús … þar vóru fjórar stúkur, Fms. v. 287: esp. of a church, a wing, chapel, vestry, í musteris-vegginn er stúka, Symb. 57; kemr bróðir í stúkuna, Mar.; leiddi hann í eina stúku norðr frá sönghús-dyrum, Fms. viii. 25; Nikulás-stúka, Vm. 118; Jóns-s., Bs. i. 430; stúku-dyrr, Sturl. iii. 90.

m. ground for a building (marka grundvöll til húss, kirkju); foundation; reisa hús af grundvelli, to make a building from the ground.

f.

1) ‘toft’, homestead;

Skaði byggvir fornar toptir föður, S. dwells in her father’s old home;

2) a place marked out for a house or building (skyldi þar vera kaupstaðr; hann gaf mönnum toptir til at gera sér þar hús);

3) the mere walls or foundations of a (former) building (út með firðinum eru víða toptir).

(-s, -ar), m.

1) arm;

leggja arma um e-n, to embrace (of a woman);

koma á arm e-m, to come into one’s embraces (of a woman marrying);

2) the wing of a body, opp. to its centre;

armar úthafsins, the arms of the ocean, viz. bays and firths;

armr fylkingar, a wing of an army.

1) unhappy, poor;

2) wretched, wicked;

hinn armi Bjarngrímr, the wretch, scoundrel B.;

hin arma kerlingin, the wicked old woman.

* * *

s, m. [Lat. armus; Ulf. arms; Engl. arm; A. S. earm; Germ. arm].

1. Lat. brachium in general, the arm from the shoulder to the wrist; sometimes also used partic. of the upper arm or fore arm; the context only can decide. It is rare in Icel.; in prose armleggr and handleggr are more common; but it is often used in dignified style or in a metaph. sense; undir brynstúkuna í arminn, lacertus (?), Fms. viii. 387; gullhringr á armi, in the wrist, Odd. 18; þá lýsti af höndum hennar bæði lopt ok lög, Edda 22, where the corresponding passage of the poem Skm. reads armar, armar lýsa, her arms beamed, spread light.

β. poët. phrases; sofa e-m á armi, leggja arma um, to embrace, cp. Germ. umarmen; koma á arm e-m, of a woman marrying, to come into one’s embraces, Fms. xi. 100, Lex. Poët. Rings and bracelets are poët. called armlog, armblik, armlinnr, armsól, armsvell, the light, snake, ice of the arm or wrist; armr sólbrunninn, the sunburnt arms, Rm. 10.

2. metaph. the wing of a body, opp. to its centre; armar úthafsins, the arms of the ocean … the bays and firths, Rb. 466; armar krossins, Hom. 103; a wing of a house or building, Sturl. ii. 50; borgar armr, the flanks of a castle, Fms. v. 280; the ends, extremities of a wave, Bs. ii. 50; the yard-arm, Mag. 6; esp. used of the wings of a host in battle (fylkingar armr), í annan arm fylkingar, Fms. i. 169, 170, vi. 406, 413, Fær. 81; in a sea-fight, of the line of ships, Fms. vi. 315; the ends of a bed, sofa upp í arminn, opp. to til fóta; and in many other cases.

adj. [Ulf. arms; A. S. earm; Germ. arm], never occurs in the sense of Lat. inops, but only metaph. (as in Goth.), viz.:

1. Norse, poor, in a good sense (as in Germ.); þær armu sálur, poor souls, Hom. 144; sá armi maðr, poor fellow, 118.

2. Icel. in a bad sense, wretched, wicked, nearly always used so, where armr is an abusive, aumr a benevolent term: used in swearing, at fara, vera, manna armastr; þá mælti hann til Sigvalda, at hann skyldi fara m. a., Fms. xi. 141; en allir mæltu, at Egill skyldi fara allra manna a., Eg. 699; enn armi Bjarngrímr, the wretch, scoundrel Bjarngrim, Fær. 239; völvan arma, the accursed witch, Fms. iii. 214; þetta arma naut, Fas. iii. 498; örm vættr, Gkv. 1. 32, Þkv. 29, Sdm. 23, Og. 32; en arma kerling, the vile old witch, Grett. 154, Fas. i. 60; Inn armi, in exclamations, the wretch!

1. plur. measures, steps taken; litlar atgöðir, small measures, Ísl. ii. 355, Fs. 4; var eigi vaent til atgerða, few expedients, Grett. 124.

2. repair of a building or the like (now freq.), Dipl. v. 145.

β. a surgical operation, medical help, Bs. i. 108, 618, 644: Sturl. i. 43 is a bad reading.

COMPDS: atgörðalauss, atgörðamaðr, atgörðarmikill.

f. the building of a fort, Edda 26, Fms. viii. 180.