not+quite

= líkr.

* * *

adj., mod. líkr; in old poems in alliteration the g is always sounded, e. g. glíkr er geira sækir | gunnsterkr …, Bjarn. 33; urðu-a it glíkir | þeim Gunnari, Gh. 3; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, Hm. 45; Baldri glíkan bur, Ls.; but the vellum MSS. use both forms, though glík is more freq. in the older, líkr in the later; sometimes false readings arose, e. g. ólíkt ( unlike) hafa gört þeir menn, Bs. i. 140, where the sense requires glíkt, but the lower part of the g having been obliterated, the transcriber read it as o; or Fs. 22, where ugglikt ( suspicious) yields no meaning, and is to be read úglíkt (different, quite another thing): [Ulf. galeiks = ομοιος; A. S. gelîc; Engl. alike, like; O. H. G. glîk; mod. Germ. gleich; Swed. lik; Dan. lig]:—like, alike; with dat., sonr er feðr glíkari en dóttir, Eluc. 10; annarr atburðr varð enn þessum glíkr, Bs. i. 346; ekki því grjóti glíkt öðru er þar er, Eg. 142; því glíkt, as adv. such-like, in like manner, Post. 686 C. 2; lifði því líkara sem hann væri ílldýri, Ísl. ii. 481; fríðr sýnum ok mjök líkr föður sínum, Fms. i. 14, x. 265; ok er Kári öngum manni líkr, K. has no match, Nj. 265; skal ek eigi göra þik þeim líkastan er þú vill líkastr vera en þat er Óðinn, Sturl. i. 101; þat þótti mér líkara harmi en skaða, Ld. 126; landi líkari en fiski, Sks. 139; þá munu þit verða Guði lík, 503; svá sem þeir menn verða líkastir er tvíburar eru, Rb. 100; hnot eða myl, eða líkt, or the like, Edda 109; líkt ok ekki, like nothing, Gullþ. 54; er ok eigi líkt (i. e. it is beyond comparison) hvárt sannari er sú saga, eðr hin, Fms. viii. 1; cp. ok er þat úglíkt hvárt þú ferr í lofi mínu, eðr …, Fs. 22 (vide above):—at glíku (líku), adv. all the same, nevertheless; því at jarl hefir at líku líf várt, ef hann vill eptir því leita, Nj. 267; þykki mér þat at glíku, it seems to me all the same, Ísl. ii. 483: so in the phrase, leggja til líka, to settle; at þeir vildi allt til líka leggja með góðra manna ráði, Dipl. ii. 11; því-líkr, ‘that-like,’ such; ú-líkr, unlike; slíkr, qs. svá-líkr, such, Germ. solch = so like.

II. metaph. likely, probable, Fs. 4; en þó er þat líkast at hann snúisk til várrar ættar, Nj. 38; þat er líkara at fyrir öðru þurfi ráð at göra, 261; þat er ok líkast at þeir komist þar at keyptu, Eg. 64; Björn segir þat líkast at hann mundi fara af landi á brott, 156; þat var líkara, Ísl. ii. 141: neut. líkt, likely; ok líkt at þér fylgi gipta, Fms. vi. 8; hann kallaði þá líkasta til slíkra íllbragða, 379; ok líkara at hann mundi koma í Þórarinsdal, Bjarn. 6l; þá þyki mér þat líkt, at …, Sks. 52.

2. likely, promising, to the purpose; taka oss þar fari hverr sem líkast þykkir, Nj. 259; nær líkast væri til at veita atför jarli, Fms. i. 54; þá leituðusk þeir um hvar líkast var út at komask, Eg. 233; mér þykir eigi til líkt ( it looks not well) um ferð þeirra bræðra, Vígl. 25; sá hann eigi annan líkara útveg, Bs. i. 690; því at þeir sá þá sinn kost engan annan líkara, Fb. i. 405; kann vera at endirinn verði líkari ( better) en upphafit, Bs. ii. 64; at þat væri líkast til heilla sátta, Fms. iv. 139; til þeirrar stundar sem mér þyki nokkuru líkast at fram megi komask þetta eyrendi, 133.

a. hollow;

holr innan, hollow within (þetta guð er holt innan).

* * *

adj. [A. S. hol; O. H. G. holi; Engl. hollow; Dan. huul; Swed. hol; Gr. κοιλός]:—hollow; var leikit undan bökkunum svá at holt var með landinu, Grett. 131 A; holr steinn, Str. 32; holr innan, hollow within, Ó. H. 108, Njarð. 378; klappa eigi holan baug um e-t, not to hammer a hollow ring, i. e. to be quite in earnest, Fb. iii. 404; cp. hulda.

n. whit, bit; hóti heldr, a bit more, a good deal more; with superl., hóti líkast, most likely; þat er hóti úmakligast, that is least undeserved.

n. pl. threats; hafa í hótum við e-n, to threaten one.

* * *

n., contr. from hvat (q. v.), a whit, bit; hóti heldr, a bit more, i. e. a good deal more, Fms. vii. 141; hóti ráðhollari, a good deal better, Ísl. ii. 347; hóti neðar, Hrafn. 18: hóti mun, a whit, a grain, a hair’s breadth; hóti mun skjótara, a bit swifter, Rb. 106, Fms. vii. 170, cp. Rb. 1812. 66: with superl., hóti helzt, a whit better, Ísl. ii. 134; hóti líkast, most likely, Fms. vi. 351; þat er hóti úmaklegast, i. e. that is least undeserved! iii. 25; endisk því þetta hóti helzt, þótt ekki væri með fullu, Gísl. 136, denoting a slight difference: gen. plur., er nú lítilla hóta ávant, Karl. 96: dat. plur., hótum framar, Clar.: gen., hóts annan veg, quite the other way, Nj. (in a verse).

2. the phrase, ekki hót, not a whit.

* * *

1) clean (hrein klæði);

2) bright (hreinir kyndlar, hrein vápn);

3) clear (hrein rödd);

4) pure, sincere.

(-s, -ar), m. reindeer.

* * *

adj. [Ulf. hrains = καθαρός; A. S. hrân; lost in Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H. G. hreini; Germ. rein; Dan.-Swed. ren]:—clean; h. líndúkr, Hom. 138, Fs. 1; hrein klæði, Fms. vi. 207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326; hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lögr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i. 489; h. mjöll, fresh snow, Rm. 26.

β. bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles, Sól. 69; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lex. Poët.; h. sól, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagnsær, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sverð, hrein vápn, Fms. x. 360, Rétt. 120; h. rönd, a bright shield, Lex. Poët.

γ. eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean beasts, Hom. 29.

II. metaph. clean, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iðran, hreint líf, Bs. i. 270, Sól. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim.

β. = Gr. καθαρός in the N. T. of the cleansed leper; ú-hreinn, unclean; tá-hreinn, quite clean.

m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred, (þa deor he hâtað hrânas, Orosius i. 1, § 15, Bosworth’s Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere’s tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers’ track, the phrase is prob. merely poët. for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icel. text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the government only a century ago]:—a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hreins fit, Hkr. ii. 250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hold, Sks. 191. The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (the stæl-hrânas of king Alfred), cp. tálhreinn, Haustl. In northern poetry, ships are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Poët., byr-hreinn, haf-h., hún-h., unnar-h., hlýrvangs-h., Gylfa-h., all of them meaning ships, Lex. Poët.: a giant is called gnípu-h. = ‘crag-rein,’ Þd.: the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-field of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn.

COMPDS: hreinbraut.

* * *

in compds., very, extremely.

* * *

[Goth. hund only found in pl. hunda], a form of hundrað, only used in poët. compds, many, very, like Lat. multi-, Germ. tausend: hund-forn, adj. very old, Þd. 14; in mod. conversation hund-gamall and hund-margr, adj. hundred-fold, innumerable, Hkv. 1. 21; h. víkingr, Sighvat (Ó. H. 190); h. herr, Hallfred, Fms. xi. 208 (in a verse), Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 3), Hm. 17; hunnmörg hof, Vþm. 38. hund-villr, adj. utterly lost, quite astray, Eb. (in a verse): esp. of sailors, fóru þeir þá hundvillir, Nj. 267. hund-víss, adj. very wise, esp. used of giants and partly as a term of abuse; hundvíss jötunn, Hým. 5, Hkv. Hjörv. 25, Fas. iii. 15; hann var jötunn h. ok íllr viðreignar, Edda; at jötnar hundvísir skulu þar drekka, 57. The similarity of hundr, a dog, seems here to have given a bad sense to the word (= dog-wise, cunning), which etymologically it did not deserve.

(acc. hösvan), a. grey, of a wolf (úlfr hinn hösvi).

* * *

adj., acc. hösvan, with a characteristic v; [A. S. hasu, gen. hasweg and haswig; Engl. hazy; Lat. caesius]:—gray, of a wolf; úlfr enn hösvi, Em. 6; hösvan serk hrísgrisnis, a gray wolf’s coat, Hl., Edda 86; höss örn, a gray eagle, Fms. vi. 159 (in a verse); and höss sverð, a dusky sword blade (or = hvöss?), Lex. Poët.: in pr. names, Hös-kollr, in common pronunciation Höskuldr, the gray Coll; the old form is freq. presented in good MSS., e. g. Arna-Magn. 468, as also in the old ditty, trautt man ek trúa þér | troll kvað Hös kollr, Sturl. ii. 136; but that even in the 13th century the name was pronounced as at the present day is shewn by the pun in the words Höskuld and haustskuld, Sturl. iii. 216. The word is quite obsolete, and does not occur elsewhere in prose.

(pl. knegum; knátta), a defective verb, I can (could); knákat ek segja, I cannot say (poet.).

* * *

a defect. verb, for the conjugation of which see Gramm. p. xxxiii; the pres. infin. knegu nowhere occurs, whereas a pret. infin. knáttu occurs in Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); a subj. pres. knega, knegi, knegim, Hkv. 2. 34, Fsm. 22, 25, 41, Stor. 15, N. G. L. i. 89; pret. knáði for knátti, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse), Rekst.; with a suff. neg. kná-at, non potest, Gm. 25; knák-a, non possum, Hým. 32, Am. 52; knegu-t, plur. non possunt, Hkv. Hjörv. 13: [A. S. cnáwan; Engl. know]:—I know how to do a thing, I can, or quite paraphrastically like Engl. do; ek kná sja, I can see, i. e. I do see, freq. in poetry, always followed by an infinitive, but very rare in prose:

I. in poetry; öllu gulli kná hann einn ráða, Fm. 34; hver er þær kná hafa óviltar, Sdm. 19; knáttu sjá mey und hjálmi, Fm. 44; melta knáttu, Akv. 36; er vörðr né verr vinna knátti, Gkv. 33; ef ek sjá knætti, 22; ef hann eiga knætti, Skv. 3. 3; ok knætta ek þér í faðmi felask, Hkv. 2. 27; knættim hefna, Gh. 5; kneguð oss fara, ye cannot confound us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; knega ek grami fagna, Hkv. 2. 34: knegi hníga, Fsm. 25; knegi sofa, 41, 42; sá er trúa knegim, Stor. 15; skjöldu knegut þar velja, Akv. 4; knákat ek segja, I can never say, Hým. 32; knáka ek þess njóta, Am. 52; ek hykk þá knáttu (pret. infin.) kjósa, Sighvat; ginnunga-vé knáttu brinna, did burn, Haustl.; knáttu drúpa, they did droop, Eg. (in a verse); knátti svelgja, Ýt. 4; unnir knegu glymja, Gm. 7; bjöllur knegu hringjask, Ó. H. (in a verse); hann kná kjósa, he does choose, Vsp. 62; knáttu sporna, they did spur, 28, Og. 9; hann knáði velja, Rekst.; knáði lenda, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse); hann knátti vakna, did awake, Bragi; ér knáttuð skipta, ye did share, Edda (in a verse); ek kná stýra, Landn. (in a verse); kná-at sú veig vanask, Gm. 25; kná snúa, Vsp. (Hb.)

II. in prose; þá kná þat grafa í kirkju-garði, then it can be buried in a churchyard, N. G. L. i. 12:—I shall, in law phrases, várr kná engi blandask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18:—I can, I do, þá skulu þingmenn veita honum vápnatak til þess at hann knegi verja jörð sína lögum at dómi, N. G. L. i. 89; hann knátti engu bergja ( he did not taste) af himneskum sætleik, Eluc. 59; þeir báðu at þeir knætti sjá líkama Clement pafa, Clem. 47.

m. pl. (thus pronounced on the spot, not Mann-heimar, as it is often spelt), the name of a farm in western Icel.; the local legend attributes the name to English captives kept there by lady Olöf, for having slain her husband, during the English trade (1467). But at that time the word man had become quite obsolete, and so the name must be older, prob. dating from the time of the first settler Geirmund, who had been a freebooter in the British waters before he came to Icel.; he may have had his household of bondmen at this farm, see Safn i. 353 (foot-note).

* * *

(að), v.

1) to cultivate;

2) to treat, entertain (vel plagaðir í mat ok drykk);

3) to be used, wont.

* * *

að; this word, although found in old writers, is now almost out of use; it was no doubt borrowed from the German or English, perhaps through the Hanseatic trade, for it appears about the end of the 13th century; in Stj., Laur. S. (14th century):—the Flóam. S. l. c. is the sole instance of its occurrence in the classical Íslendinga Sögur (see List of Authors D.I. II), but that Saga is not preserved quite in its original form: [A. S. plægan; Engl. play; Germ. pflegen; Dan. pleje]:—to cultivate; prisa ok plaga sannleik, Stj. 298; plagar hann ok elskar náttina, 86; hann plagaði í honum allskonar ávöxt, Barl. 23 (v. l. to plantaði); allar þær listir er þá plöguðu dýrar konur, Fas. iii. 238.

2. to treat, entertain; presta sína lét hann sitja yfir sitt borð, ok plagaði þá alla vel með góðan kost ok öl, Bs. i. 903; sátu þeir sunnu-daginn vel plagaðir í mat ok drykk, 860, Fas. iii. 373; plagar sik nú alla vega við skraut ok skart, Stj. 417.

3. to be used, wont; eigi hafa menn þat plagat mjök hér til at gabba mik, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 159; þeir verða með Guðligum boðorðum þar til samdir ok plagaðir, Stj. 255.

4. reflex., kvennbúnað sem þar plagaðisk, which was there fashionable, Stj. 186.

adj. (spelt spánýr), [Engl. span in ‘spick and span’], span-new, very freq. in mod. usage; vín spánnýtt at drekka, fresh wine, Þiðr. 15, v. l.

2. metaph. quite fresh, not exhausted, Eg. 585, Fms. viii. 405, 413; spánnýjar sakir, Ld. 144; hann strýkr af sér eitrið allt ok verðr þá spánýr eptir, Hom. (St.)

f. the nightingale; einn fugl þann er heitir philomela á Látinu en á Norrænu heitir súsvort, sumir kalla ok niktigalu, Barl. 39: the word is obsolete in Icel., and the passage in Barl. stands alone in the old literature; not even does the Edda (Gl. in the list of birds) record this word; but it is preserved in provincial Norse sysvorta (sisvorta, svisvorta) = turdus torquatus, the ring ousel, Ivar Aasen: the etymology is quite uncertain.

f. (often spelt Sviðioð), dat. Svíþjóðu, Gs. 13, Fas. ii. 485 (in a verse); Svíþjúðu, Rafn 181, 189: [Svíar and þjóð; the d in the forms Suede, Schweden, Sweden is from the þ in þjóð: the etymology (Edda 107) from Odin’s name Sviðrir is quite fanciful, for even Tacitus calls the people Swiones, not Swithones]:—the people, land of the Swedes, i. e. Sweden, orig. only of Sweden proper as opp. to Gothland; í Danmörku, Gautlandi eðr í Svíþjóð, N. G. L. ii. 277; afterwards used as a general name for the later Swedish empire, including Gothland (Svía-veldi, Svía-ríki): again, Svíþjóð in Kalda or in Mikla, Svíþjóð, ‘the Cold, the Great,’ was the old name of the east of Europe, ‘Scythia,’ see Hkr., Yngl. S. ch. 1; Symb. (begin.), Al. 131: the European Svíðjóð was therefore Svíþjóð in minni, or Swecia Minor,’ Symb. 13.

(vör. vart), a.

1) aware; verða e-s varr, verða varr við e-t, to be aware of, learn, hear; gera e-n varan við e-t, to warn a person; gera vart við e-t, to draw attention to a thing;

2) wary, cautious; vera varr um sik, to be on one’s guard; varr við e-t, on one’s guard against.

* * *

vár, várt, mod. vor, a possess. pron. This word has undergone several changes, starting from an original form uns, Goth. unsar, which was contracted into ús, cp. órir, p. 469; next the s changed into r (as in vera, heyra, eyra, járn), thus it became ûrr or ór-r, cp. A. S. ûre, Engl. our; lastly, the initial vowel was turned into the cognate consonant v, prob. from being confounded with the personal pronoun vér. The old poets seem only to know the vowel form, as is always seen in alliteration, Vþm. 4, 7, Hým. 33, Hkv. Hjörv. 23; and so in rhymes, stórr, órar, Kormak. Thorodd cites this form, órar eru ú-rækðir órar; and the earliest vellums use it throughout. About A. D. 1200 várr begins to appear, an innovation prob. imported from abroad; thus in Clem. S. (Arna-Magn. 645), p. 147, ‘ór,’ ‘órum,’ six times (ll. 1, 4, 9, 12, 13, 28), but ‘várra,’ ‘vár,’ twice (ll. 6, 25); in a few poems of the 12th century, preserved in late vellums, the spelling is ‘vórr,’ whereas the alliteration and rhyme demand ó, e. g. Líkn. 24, Harms. 53, 54, 58; in Ls. 52 ‘vömmin vár’ is an exception and otherwise corrupt, for ‘vár’ could not have existed at the time when that poem was composed. In this way the modern várr arose, being quite peculiar to the Scandinavian: [Dan. vor, Swed. vår; whereas Goth. unsar, Germ. unser, answer to the obsolete Icel. ossir; and A. S. ûre, Engl. our, answer to early Icel. órr]:—our.

B. USAGES.—Our; várt höfuð, Fms. x. 7; várs herra, Stj.; várrar, id.; með vórum afla, Hkr. ii. 92; várra glæpa, Stj.

2. neut. as subst.; [cp. Engl. ours]; láta slíka sitja yfir váru, Ísl. ii. 224.

3. with another pron.; várr skal hverr eina konu eiga, N. G. L. i. 20; várr skal engi blandask við búfé, each of us, 18; skipi hvert várt stýrði, Am. 96; einn várn, one of us, Fms. vi. 165; hverjum várum, each of us Ó. H. 61; kvað hvern várn skyldu falla þveran of annan, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse); sjám hverr várr ( who of us) fái fyrst búnar snekkjur. Fas. i. 350 (in a verse); engum várum, none of us, Glúm. 332; fundir várir Hákonar, our meetings, i. e. of H. and myself, Fms. vii. 256.

* * *

(vinn; vann, unnum, unninn), v.

1) to work, labour, do work (Ásmundr vildi lítit vinna);

vinna á akri ok plœgja, to work in the field and plough;

2) to work, till, cultivate (vinna akr, jörðina);

3) to work, perform, do;

vinna verk sin, to do one’s work;

þat verðr hverr at vinna, er ætlat er, every one must do the work that is set before him;

þér hafið mikit stórvirki unnit, ye have done a great deed;

vinna eið, sœri, to take an oath;

vinna bœtr á e-u, to redress;

vinna e-m beinleika, beina, to show hospitality to one;

vinna e-m geig, bana, to work harm, death, to one;

vinna e-m úsœmd, to bring shame, disgrace on one;

vinna e-m bót (illt), to do one good (harm);

vinna e-m hefnd, to take revenge on;

4) vinna e-m, to wait upon, attend to, tend (Höskuldr bað hana vinna þeim hjónum);

5) to win, gain;

vinna orrustu, sigr, to gain a battle, victory;

vinna sigr á e-m, to obtain a victory over, defeat, one;

6) to win, conquer (vinna land, borgir, skip);

vinna e-t aptr, to recover by conquest, reconquer (vinna aptr þat ríki, er látit er);

7) to overcome, master, get the better of (þeir ætla, at þeim muni illa sœkjast at vinna oss);

8) to avail (veit ek eigi, hvat þat vinnr);

e-t vinnr e-m þörf, it suffices, is sufficient for one (þörf vinnr hverjum presti at segja eina messu);

vinna e-m at fullu, to be quite sufficient for one, do away with, kill (tók hann sótt þá, er honum vann at fullu);

9) to withstand, with dat., = vinna við e-u;

sköpum viðr (= vinnr) manngi, no man can withstand his fate;

10) followed by an a. or pp., to make (vinna e-n sáran, reiðan, barðan, felldan);

vann hann yfirkominn Harald, he succeeded in vanquishing H.;

vinna hefnt, to take revenge;

vinna annat, to prove;

11) to reach (smíðuðu einn stöpul, þann er þeir ætluðu at vinna skyldi til himins);

12) with preps., vinna at e-u, to be busy with (vinna at heyi);

vinna at svínum, sauðfé, to tend swine, sheep;

fá ekki at unnit, to effect nothing (ekki munu þér fá at unnit svá búit);

vinna at e-m, to do away with, kill (þat var markat á tjaldinu, at Sigurðr vann at Fáfni);

vinna e-t á, to do, effect (höfum vér mikit á unnit í várri ferð);

vinna á e-m, to do one bodily injury, = vinna áverka á e-m (með þann hug at vinna á Gunnari);

vinna e-t til e-s, to do one thing in order to obtain or effect another (vildi hann vinna þat til sættar með þeim brœðrum);

þat vil ek til vinna, that I am ready to do;

vinna til e-s, to make oneself worthy of, deserve (vinna til dauða);

vinna til fjár ok frægðar, to act so as to gain money and fame;

vinna við e-u, to withstand (mátti hann ok eigi við sköpum vinna né sínu aldrlagi);

vinna e-n yfir, to overcome;

13) refl., vinnast, to last, suffice;

meðan dagrinn vannst, as long as the day lasted;

Illugi elti hann meðan eyin vannst, to the end of the island;

festrin vannst eigi til jarðar, the rope was not long enough to touch the ground;

þar sátu konur úti frá sem vannst, as there was room;

ek vinnst eigi til þér at launa, I am unable to reward thee;

ekki unnust þau mjök fyrir, they did little to support themselves;

recipr., vinnast á, to wound one another.

f. work, labour;

vera at vinnu, to be at work.

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u, f. a work, labour, business; fá sér e-t til vinnu, Gþl. 483; taka vinnur af e-m, Fms. i. 33; vera at vinnu, to be at work, vi. 187; at-vinna, q. v.

COMPDS: vinnuafli, vinnufólk, vinnufullr, vinnufærr, vinnugóðr, vinnugreifi, vinnuhjún, vinnulítill, vinnumaðr.

(pl. -ir), f. people, nation (allar þjóðir ok tungur); þjóð eru þrír tigir, thirty make a ‘þjóð’; þjóð veit, ef þrir ‘ro, what three know, all the world (soon) knows.

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f., dat. þjóðu, so always in old writers, mod. þjóð; [Ulf. renders ἔθνος by þjuda; A. S. þeôd; Hel. þiôd; O. H. G. diot]:—a people, a nation; þessar þjóðir er svá heita, Rusci, Polavi, Fms. i. 142; þú spenr allar þjóðir frá blótum, 623. 25; heiðnar þjóðir, heathen people, 625. 170, Post. 293, N. T.; öll Kristileg þjóð, N. G. L. ii. 22; Tyrkir, ok Blökumenn, ok mörg önnur íll þjóð, Fb. ii. 126; með mikinn her ok marga ílla þjóð, 127; með öllum þjóðinn, Stj. 67; vísaðu þeir mörgum þjóðum á réttan veg, Barl. 29; allar þjóðir þjóna yðru valdi, Róm. 117; af öllum þjóðum ok tungum, 119; hinn sjúki svaraði á þá tungu, sem hann hefði með þeirri þjóðu fæddr verit, Pr. 458; allar skepnur … allar þjóðir, 461; þjóð veit ef þrír’ro, a saying, Hm, 6l; þjóð eru þrír tigir, thirty make a þjóð, Edda. 108; allri þjóðu, Ýt.; heldr er honum þægr í hverri þjóðu ( among any people), sá er á hann trúir, Post. (Unger) 290; hann er lofaðr af allri þjóðu Gyðinga, id.; mikla þjóð, a mighty people, Stj. 116; suðr-þjóðir, the southerners, Akv.: Lat. turma is rendered by þjóð, Róm. 269; fira þjóð, a community of men, Lex. Poët.; þyrja þjóð yfir, Skm.: in compds, sal-þjóð, household, Vkv.; sigr-þjóð, Hkv.; al-þjóð, all people, Ad.; ver-þjóð or yr-þjóð, q. v.

2. like ‘lög’ and ‘þing,’ þjóð may assume a local sense, thus, Sví-þjóð = Sweden; Goð-þjóð = the Goth. Gut-þjuda, Gg.

II. in olden times þjóð- in composition (like A. S. þeod) was intensive = great, powerful, very; but in quite modern times (the last 30–40 years) a whole crop of compds with þjóð- has been formed to express the sense of national; þjóð-réttr, þjóð-frelsi, þjóð-réttindi, þjóð-vili, þjóð-vinr, national rights, freedom, etc.; as also þjóð-ligr, national, popular, liberal; ó-þjóðligr, illiberal, unpopular; but all such phrases sound foreign, and are not vernacular.

III. pr. names; Þjóð-arr; Þjóð-ólfr; Þjóð-rekr (= Germ. Diet-rich); Þjóð-hildr, Landn.; Þjóð-marr, Germ. Dit-mar, Sæm.

B. Goth. þjuþ, = το ἀγαθόν, occurs only in a compounded form; ó-þjóð, bad people, Vellekla; óþjóða-lýðr, tramps and refuse, Dan. utyske; cp. Goth. unþjuþs = κακόν. In many compds it is difficult to say whether the primitive is þjuda or þjuþ; in words like þjóð-á, -drengr, -góðr, -glaðr, -hagi, -skáld, -skati, -mart, -niðr, -lygi, -vel, we prefer the latter.

(þrýt; þraut, þrutum; þrotinn), v. impers.;

1) þrýtr e-t (acc.) it fails, comes to an end; en er veizluna þrýtr, when it came to the end of the banquet; þar til er þraut dalinn, till the dale ended (among the hills); þar til er þraut sker öll, till there was an end of all the skerries; seint þrýtr þann, er verr hefir, the man with a bad case has a hundred excuses;

2) with acc. of person and thing (e-n þrýtr e-t); en er hann (acc.) þraut orendit, when breath failed him; Hrapp þraut vistir í hafi, H. ran short of food at sea;

3) to become exhausted, fail; mara þraut óra, our steeds were exhausted.

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pres. þrýtr; pret. þraut; subj. þryti; part. þrotinn: the verb being impersonal, forms as þrauzt or pl. þrutu hardly occur: [A. S. â-þreôtan]:—to fail one, come to an end, impers. with acc. of the person and thing, e-n þrýtr e-t, it fails one in a thing, one comes to an end of it; en er veizluna þrýtr, when it came to the end of the banquet, Ld. 16; er nú vænast at þrjóti okkra samvistu, Fær. 174; þar til er þraut dalinn, to the end of the dale, Nj. 35; inn á fjörðinn, þar til er þraut sker öll (acc.), till there was an end of all the skerries, Landn. 57; en er hann þraut eyrendit, when the breath failed him, Edda 32: the saying, seint þrýtr þann er verr hefir, the man with a bad case has a hundred excuses, Fms. viii. 412; þá er í ráði at rögn (acc.) um þrjóti, Hdl. 41; ey eða ei, þat er aldregi þrýir, Skálda.

2. to want, lack, be short of a thing, fail in it; Hrapp þraut vistir í hafi, Nj. 128; íllt er þat ef föður minn þrýtr drengskapinn, Lv. 11; þá er menn Magnúss konungs þraut grjót ok skotvápn, Fms. viii. 139; at eigi þrjóti oss at vætta miskunnar af Guði, that we do not fail, Hom. 97; ef hinn þrýtr er við tekr, Grág. i. 227; þat hann viðr er þrjóta mun flesta menn þótt fé eigi, Ad. 21; ef hann þrýtr at veraldar auðæfum, Greg. 30.

3. as a law term, to become a pauper; annat-tveggja, at hann andisk eða þrýtr hann (acc.) at fé, þá …, Grág. i. 274; ef þess er ván at þau þrjóti þau misseri, 241.

II. part. at an end, past, gone; ok er þrotin ván þótti þess at …, past hope, forlorn, Eg. 719, Fms. vi. 152, Ó. T. 8; get ek at þrotin sé þín en mesta gæfa, Nj. 182; þrotinn at drykk, short of drink, Fms. ix. 41; en er allir voru þrotnir á at biðja hann til, were exhausted in begging him, Bs. i. 128; Trojumenn sá sik þrotna at vega sigr á Grikkjum, Bret.; hestrinn var þrotinn, quite exhausted, Fms. vi. 211; ok vóru þá þrotnir yxninir, Eb. 176.

2. bankrupt; ef hinn er þrotinn er fram færir úmagann, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 10.

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ð, [Germ. üben; Dan. öve], to exercise, quite a mod. word: æfing, f. an exercise.

or æva, adv. abbreviated for æva-gi (= ever-not), like ei for ei-gi:—never; eina ögr-stund, æva skyldi! Vkv. 39; Gísli kvað þá vísu, er æva skyldi, G. said a verse that he never should (= hvað aldrei skyldi verit hafa), Gísl. 33: freq. in poetry, Skm. 26; æva til snotr sé, Hm. 53; æva ekki, never, Akv. 39; þó hann æva hendr, Vsp. 38; sá er æva þegir, Hm. 28; er ek æva kennig, 164; hví hlær þú æva? Gkv. 3. 1; jörð fannsk æva, Vsp. 3; er hón æva grét, Akv. 38; hverr æva þegir? Gsp.; far þú nú æva, Gg. 15.

1) svá f., such-like, so made or constituted (hví man hinn sami maðr svá f.); svá f. órskurðr, a decision as follows;

2) vel, illa f., well, ill-disposed (hann var vænn maðr ok vel f.); fitted, worthy (bezt til konungs f.); at hann væri betr til f. at deyja fyrir þá sök en faðir hans, that he more deserved to die than his father did;

3) neut., fallit, fit; ok hætti þá er honum þótti f., stopped when he thought fit; kallaði vel til f., said it was quite right;

4) suited to one (e-m); eigi þykki mér þér sú ferð vel fallin, I think this journey will not do for thee.

a. span-new, bran-new (mér er þessi atburðr spánnýr); quite fresh, not exhausted (látum nú sem vér sém spánnýir).

a. not reluctant, willing; neut., útrautt, as adv. quite.